Lesson 4: Text Structure

A. The Paragraph

The structure of a text is the sequence of ideas it contains and how it is put together. No text will
make sense unless it is structured clearly.

1. Definition of Paragraph

According to the online Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, a paragraph is “a section of a piece of
writing, usually consisting of several sentences dealing with a single subject. The first sentence a
paragraph starts on a new line.

Paragraphs are, then, groups of related sentences serving three important purposes:

- Paragraphs join together sentences into a unit that works to support an essay’s main idea or thesis.
- Paragraphs provide breaks that allow readers to pause and make sense of what they are reading.

- Paragraphs indicate the movement or development of ideas in an essay.

2. Types of Paragraphs 

Writers use four types of paragraphs:

- Introductory paragraphs identify an essay’s topic, give basic background or contextual information,
and indicate the writer’s purpose for writing, approach to the topic (including the scope of
treatment), and thesis.

- Body paragraphs provide the main development and support of an essay’s main idea or thesis

- Transitional paragraphs connect the various body paragraphs together and join the body of an
essay to the introduction and conclusion.

- Concluding paragraphs review an essay’s main points, discuss the significance of those points, and
sometimes point ahead to future treatments of the topic.

3. Paragraph Unity and Continuity

Just as paragraphs work together to develop a thesis, the sentences within an effective paragraph
support and extend one another to develop a single idea. Thus, you can think of a paragraph as a
kind of “miniessay.” Like a full essay, an effective paragraph:

- Presents a clear main or controlling idea.

- Supports or develops that main idea .

- Arranges ideas and supporting material in an orderly pattern.

- Uses logical associations and transitions to link one idea to the next one.

a) Paragraph Unity
As a rule, every effective paragraph has an explicit topic sentence, which is stated at or near the
beginning and to which all other sentences in the paragraph are logically related. We refer to that
logical relationship as paragraph unity. To test for paragraph unity, ask yourself how each sentence
of a paragraph helps support or develop the topic sentence of that paragraph.

b) Paragraph Continuity

Continuity, or the linkage between sentences in a paragraph or between paragraphs, requires

It is a good idea to make these relationships between sentences and paragraphs explicit by using
cohesive ties (e.g., word repetition, related words, pronouns, and demonstrative adjectives) and
transitional expressions. Some common relationships and transitional expressions that can be used
to bring those relationships up to the surface include: addition (e.g., moreover, in addition,
furthermore), likeness or similarity (e.g., similarly, likewise), contrast (e.g., however, but, on the
other hand, nevertheless), exemplification (e.g., for example, for instance, e.g.), consequence (e.g.,
therefore, thus, as a result, accordingly), sequence (e.g., first, next, finally, subsequently),
restatement (e.g., that is, in other words, i.e.) and summary (e.g., to conclude, in summary, overall).

4. Practice

Task One: Read the paragraph and discuss the questions that follow.

Glenn Gould is widely regarded as Canada’s most famous and eccentric pianist. He is renowned for
his recordings of the music of Johann Sebastian Bach. For example, Bach’s Goldberg Variations,
Gould’s first recording, was among the best-selling classical music albums of its time. Gould is also
famous for his unusual behaviour. He would only play concerts while sitting on an old chair his father
had made, and he usually hummed while he played. Contrary to most pianists, he disliked playing in
concert halls, and devoted most of his career to the recording studio until his death in 1982. In brief,
Glenn Gould was an unconventional pianist who made a significant impact on the world of music.

1. What is this paragraph about?

2. What is the topic sentence? How is it different from your answer to question 1?

3. What are the details that support the topic sentence?

4. What transitions are used? What is the purpose of each transition? 5. What is the purpose of the
concluding sentence?

Task 2: Number the sentences below (from 1 to 5) to form a paragraph. On each line, write topic
sentence, supporting detail or concluding sentence to indicate the sentence’s purpose. Then write
the paragraph in order, adding appropriate transitions.

(.....) Hydroelectric power is a valuable source of renewable energy………………………………

(.....) Nickel is another natural resource used in the making of stainless steel as well as coins……
(.....) These are just a few of the resources Canada offers……………..

(.....) Canada offers a variety of natural resources that are used for different purposes. …………..

(.....) Timber is used for building materials and furniture…………………