EUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 16120-1 NORME EUROPEENNE EUROPAISCHE NORM June 2017 Ic$ 77,140.60 Supersedes EN ISO 16120-1:2011 English Version Non-alloy steel wire rod for conversion to wire - Part General requirements (ISO 16120-1:2017) Fil-machineen acier non alié desting la fabrication \Waledraht aus unlegiertem Stahl zur Zichen ~Teil 1: de fils- Partie 1: Exigences générales (ISO 16120- Allgemeine Anforderangen (ISO 16120-1:2017) 1:2017) ‘This European Standard was approved by CEN on 20 April 2017 CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be abtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in thrve official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENBLEC Management Contre has the same status as the offical versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austea, Helgium, Bulgaria, Croat, Cyprus, Czech Republie, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugeslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Lawembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slavakl, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzeriand, Turkey and United Kingdom. aa! EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITE EUROPEEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPAISCHES KOMITEE FUR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels ©2017 CEN Al rights of exploration n any form and by any means reserved Ref, No. EN ISO 16120-1:2017 ‘worlewide for CEN national Members:2017 (E) European foreword This document (EN ISO 16120-1:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17 “Steel” in collaboration with Technical Committee ECISS/TC 106 “Wire rod and wires” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2017, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2017. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights, CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN ISO 16120-1:2011 According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of 180 16120-1:2017 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16120-1:2017 without any modification.ISO 16120-1:2017(E) Contents Foreword Yoaueone 10 11 Scope Normative references. ‘Terms and definitions Classification Ordering information to be supplied by the purchaser Production process Requirements 7.1 General 72 — Quality system 7.3. Method of delivery. 7.4 Delivery condition. Dimensions, mass and tolerances Inspection 9.1 Inspection and inspection documents 9.2 Extension of inspection 9.3 Acceptance unit, number of samples and test pieces. 9.4 Sampling and preparation of samples and test pieces: 9.4.1 Chemical composition 9.4.2 Tensile strength 9.4.3 Decarburization, surface discontinuities, non-metallic inclusions, core segregation and microstructure 9.5 Test methods 9.5.1 Chemical composition 9.5.2. Tensile strength 9.5.3 Surface discontinuities 9.5.4 Decarburization 9.5.5 Non-metallic inclusions 9.5.6 Core segregation 95.7 Microstructure 9.5.8 Determination of cementite network in high-carbon steel wire rod. 9.6 Retest. Marking Disputes Annex A (normative) Determination of core segregation Annex B (informative) Measurement of surface discontinuities Annex C (informative) Mechanical damage Annex D (normative) Determination of percentage of resolvable pearlite in high-carbon steel wire rod Annex E (normative) Determination of cementite network in high-carbon steel wire rod. Bibliography © [50 2017 ~ Allrights reserved Page = wenn aannaan a ussae bw @ Wa VUaG Mana Bo 18 22 27 iilISO 16120-1:2017(E) Foreword 150 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees, Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. 1SO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of [50 documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or ‘on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: || Committee IS0/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 17, Steel wire This document was prepared by Techni rod and wire products. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 16120-1:2011), which has been technically revised. ‘The main changes compared to the previous edition are: — core segregation, surface discontinuity and mechanical damage have been added to the terms and definition: —_ determination of cementite network in high-carbon steel wire rod (9.5.8 and Annex E) added. Alist of all parts in the ISO 16120 series can be found on the ISO website. iv © 180 2017 ~ Al cights reservedINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16120-1:2017(E) Non-alloy steel wire rod for conversion to wire — Part 1: General requirements 1 Scope ‘The ISO 16120 series is applicable to wire rod of non-alloy steel intended for wire drawing and/or cold rolling, The cross-section can be circular, oval, square, rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal, half-round or another shape, generally with at least 5 mm nominal dimension, and with a smooth surface. ‘This document specifies general requirements for non-alloy steel wire rod for conversion to wire. It is not applicable to products for which standards exist or are in development, for example: — steel wire rod intended for heat treatment; — free-cutting steel wire rod; — steel wire rod for cold heading and cold extrusion; — steel wire rod intended for the production of electrodes and products for weldin, — steel wire rod for welded fabric for reinforcement for concrete; — steel wire rod for ball and roller bearings (see ISO 683-17); — steel wire rod for wire for high fatigue strength mechanical springs, such as valve springs. In addition to the requirements of this document, the general technical delivery requirements specified in ISO 404 apply. 2 Normative references ‘The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. 1S0 377, Steel and stee! products — Location and preparation of samples and test pieces for mechanical testing ISO 404:2013, Steel and steel products — General technical delivery requirements 1SO 3887, Steels — Determination of depth of decarburization ISO 4885, Ferrous products — Heat treatments — Vocabulary ISO 4948-1, Steels — Classification — Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy steels based ‘on chemical composition ISO 4948-2, Steels — Classification — Part 2: Classification of unalloyed and alloy steels according to main quality classes and main property or application characteristics 1S0 6892-1, Metaillic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature 1S0 6929, Steel products — Vocabulary 1S0/TR 9769, Steel and iron — Review of available methods of analysis © [50 2017 ~ Allrights reserved 1ISO 16120-1:2017(E) 1S0 10474, Steel and steel products — Inspection documents ISO 14284, Steel and iron — Sampling and preparation of samples for the determination of chemical composition 1S0 16120-2:2017, Non-ailoy steel wire rod for conversion to wire — Part 2: Specific requirements for general-purpose wire rod ISO 16120-3:2011, Non-alloy steel wire rod for conversion to wire — Part 3: Spe rimmed and rimmed substitute, low-carbon steel wire rod c requirements for 150 16120-4:2017, Non-alloy steel wire rod for conversion to wire — Part 4: Specific requirements for wire rod for special applications 1S 16124, Steel wire rod — Dimensions and tolerances 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 377, 180 404, ISO 4885, ISO 4948-1, ISO 4949-2 and ISO 6929 and the following apply. ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: — IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/ — 180 Online browsing platform: available at http://rwrw.iso.org/obp BA rod hot rolled finished product hot- wound into irregular coils, Note 1 to entry: Rod used for wire-drawing purposes in coil form is generally termed wire rod. 3.2 heat analysis chemical analysis representative of the heat, by a method determined at the steelmaker’s discret [SOURCE: ISO 404:2013, 3.11, modified] 3.3 product analysis chemical analysis carried out on a sample of the product taken after the final hot rolling operation [SOURCE: ISO 404:2013, 3.12, modified] 34 resolvable pearlite two-phased structure in which ferrite an microscopy in certain conditions 3.5 core segregation local variation in chemical composition that is noticeable over a cross-section of wire rod (3.1) by macrographic examination and that concerns primarily the segregation resulting from a solidification process in continuous casting on carbide lamellae can be clearly observed under optical Note 1 to entry: Itis for this reason that an examination, specifically for carbon core segregation, will reveal the presence of segregation Note 2 to entry: A different technique is used to assess grain boundary cementite (which may be detrimental to further processing), the formation of which is related to carbon segregation and the cooling rate after wire rod rolling. However, grain boundary cementite should not he confused with core segregation, 2 © 180 2017 ~ Al cights reservedISO 16120-1:2017(E) 3.6 surface discontinuity measurable discontinuity in the surface of the wire rad (3.1), introduced at some point during the ‘manufacturing process 37 mechanical damage discernible contact which the wire rod (3.1) encounters after the rolling and coiling operation, i.c. during subsequent handling of the coll, and which marks the surface Note 1 to entry: The contact can be introduced by abrasion or impact and can occur between coils or between the coil and any other material capable of inducing damage (concrete, steel or other materials). Note 2 to entry: See Annex C. 4° Classification The classification of the steel grades covered by this document is indicated in ISO 16120-2, ISO 16120-3 and ISO 16120-4 for the corresponding steel grades. 5 Ordering information to be supplied by the purchaser ‘The following information shall be supplied by the purchaser at the time of enquiry and order, to enable the supplier to comply satisfactorily with the requirements of the ISO 16120 series: a) quantity to be delivered; }) cross-section and product type (e.g. round wire rod, square wire rod, hexagonal wire rod, etc.) nominal dimensions of the wire rod and tolerance class in accordance with ISO 16124 (if another tolerance class such as T1 is required); ) reference to the relevant part of IS0 16120, ie. ISO 16120-2; ©) steel grade, including any variations, and/or the addition of other elements, as permitted by ISO 16120-2 and ISO 16120-4; (For steels according to ISO 16120-2 and ISO 16120-4, wire rod can also be ordered by the mean tensile strength; see ISO 16120-2:2017, Clause 3 and 4.6 and ISO 16120-4:2017, Clause 3 and 4.8. When ordering to tensile strength, itis necessary also to indicate the required tolerances on tensile strength ranges — Option A or Option B.) f) type of inspection and inspection document in accordance with ISO 10474 (or in accordance with other regional standards, e.g. EN 10204); ) surface condition (where different from the as-rolled condition}; h)_ dimensions and mass of coils; 4) where applicable, indication of the type of descaling (chemical cleaning or mechanical); i) where applicable, the amount of microalloying elements (see ISO 16120-2 and ISO 16120-4); Kk) where applicable, class B for the depth of decarburization (See ISO 16120-4); NOTE Ifnothingis mentioned in the order, class A will be delivered; 1) where applicable, the microstructure (see ISO 16120-4:2017, 4.11); m) where applicable, suitability for galvanizing; n) where applicable, suitability for direct drawing; © [50 2017 ~ Allrights reserved 3ISO 16120-1:2017(E) 0) where applicable, the quality system (see 2.2); p) where applicable, the method of binding and labelling. Items g) to p) are options. If the purchaser does not indicate a wish to implement any of these options, the supplier shall supply the product in accordance with the basic specifications of items a) to f) Examples 1 and 2 provide two ordering examples. EXAMPLE 1 For grades ordered according to chemical composition, 100 tonnes of round wire rod, nominal diameter of 12 mm with dimensional tolerances according to ISO 16124, class T1, steel grades ISO 16120-2 ~ 52D in the as-rolled condition with an inspection document 3.1 according to 150 10474, 100 t round wire rod 180 16124-12,0T1 1S0 16120-2 - C520 ISO 10474 inspection document 3.1 EXAMPLE 2 Forgrades ordered according to tensile strength, 200 tonnes of round wire rod, nominal diameter of 5.5 mm with dimensional tolerances according to 1S0 16124, class T1, steel grades ISO 16120-4 ~ C##D2 with tensile strength 1 020 MPa, tensile strength tolerance Option A, in the as-rolled condition with an inspection document 3.1 according to 1S0 10474. 200 t round wire rod ISO 16124-5, 5T1 ISO 16120-4- C##D2-1020A 1S0 10474 inspection document 3.1 NOTE __‘Thesymbol “#i#t” means “to be left blank’ since the carbon content is at the discretion of the supplying, mill, and the supplying mill indicates the exact number of #4 based on the grade designation until shipment. See ISO 16120-2:2017, Table 1 and ISO 16120-4:2017, Table 1, respectively, for the grade designation, 6 Production process Atthe request of the purchaser at the time of enquiry and ordering, the steel making and manufacturing process shall be made known to the purchaser. Those processes that are specifically agreed upon shall not be changed without the prior agreement of the purchaser. 7 Requirements 7.1 General Suppliers are responsible, using the means they think fit, for inspecting their product in accordance with various quality criteria specified. In view of the practical difficulties in inspecting a coil of wire rod along its entire length, it cannot be proved that no value greater than the specified limits is to be found in the coil as a whole. Statistical evaluation of performances applicable to all coils may be agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer at the time of ordering. 7.2 Quality system If agreed between the supplier and purchaser at the time of enquiry and order, the wire rod supplied shall be produced under a mutually acceptable quality system, 7.3. Method of delivery Wire rod shall be delivered by heat or part of a heat, Unless other per delivery should be minimized as far as possible. specified, the number of heats 4 © 180 2017 ~ Al cights reservedISO 16120-1:2017(E) 7.4 Delivery condition Wire rod shall be supplied in the as-rolled state, in coils of one continuous length with non-aligned turns, but capable of being unwound in a regular manner during subsequent processing. ‘The coils shall be cut back at both ends to provide a product of uniform shape and properties. 8 Dimensions, mass and tolerances ‘The dimensions, mass and tolerances of the wire rod shall be in accordance with the requirements of ISO 16124, 9 Inspection 9.1. Inspection and inspection documents Inspection and inspection documents shall be in accordance with ISO 404 and ISO 10474. 9.2 Extension of inspection If the order is accompanied by a request for an inspection certificate or an inspection report, the inspection shall be carried out in accordance with Table 1. If the order requires an inspection document 3.1 or 3.2, the purchaser shall supply to the manufacturer the name and address of the organization or person nominated to carry out the inspection. Table 1 — Extension of inspection Generatpurpose | ,,,Rimmedand Wire rod for Mipeuiex wirered, | rimmed substitute, | necial applications (050 16120-2) (180 16120-3) (080 16120-4) Surface discontinuities 0 0 0 Decarburization - - 0 Non-metallic inclusions 0 0 core segregation 0 - 0 Product analysis 0 0 0 ‘Tensile strength 0 oO 0 microstructure = - > seeannex: isnot caried ot ois cared out only part ef the options agreed at the tne of orering 9.3. Acceptance unit, number of samples and test pieces Unless otherwise agreed, the acceptance unit is composed of wire rod of the same cross-sectional dimension, originating from the same heat, and rolled in the same continuous lot. If specific inspection is required, the number of samples and test pieces given in Table 2 shall apply. For wire rod for special applications, a higher frequency of sampling may be agreed. If non-specific inspection is required, the performance statistics or suitable data may be used, © [50 2017 ~ Allrights reserved 5ISO 16120-1:2017(E) Table 2 — Acceptance unit, number of samples and test pieces ‘Type ofrequirement Number of samples and test pieces Product analysis ‘Three, from three different coils originating from the same heat, but not necessarily rolled in the same continuous lot Permissible depth of surface discontinuities Permissible depth of decarburization ibn metallic falusibne One per 20 ¢with a minimum of three anda maximum of five per acceptance unit® Tensile strength Microstructure Core segregation 10> [Comentite network |Atleast 10 samples fs Another number of samples to be examined may be agreed upon between the supplier and purchaser at the time of ordering, depending upon the process capability +The number ofsamples to be examined may be agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser, with preferably a minimum of 10. 9.4 Sampling and preparation of samples and test pieces 9.4.1 Chemical composition Where it has been agreed to verify the chemical composition of the product, sampling and preparation of samples for heat analysis shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 14284. 9.4.2 Tensile strength If it is agreed to perform the tensile test, samples shall be taken and prepared in accordance with 180 377, 9.4.3. Decarburization, surface discontinuities, non-metallic inclusions, core segregation and microstructure For testing for decarburization, surface discontinuities, non-metallic inclusions, core segregation and microstructure, the required number of test pieces shall be taken from one end of individual cropped coils (see 7.4). 9.5 Test methods 9.5.1 Chemical composition ‘The methods for heat analysis shall be in accordance with IS0/TR 9769. The methods to be applied for the verification of the product analysis shall be agreed upon at the time of ordering. In case of dispute about analytical methods, the chemical composition shaill be determined in accordance with a reference method. 9.5.2 Tensile strength nin accordance with [80 6892-1. ‘The tensile test shall be carried out on wire rod in the as-rolled condi 9.5.3 Surface discontinuities ‘The method to be used for revealing and measuring surface discontinuities shall be chosen by the supplier, as described in Annex B. 6 © 180 2017 ~ Al cights reservedISO 16120-1:2017(E) 9.5.4 Decarburization Testing for decarburization shall be carried out on the wire rod in the as-rolled condition, in accordance with ISO 3887. Decarburization is inspected by microscope, preferably at a magnification of 200 x, ona transverse metallographic test piece that has been suitably etched ‘The depth of decarhurization of the sample is considered as being the average of eight measurements at the ends of four diameters (or diagonals) located at 45° to each other, starting from the zone of ‘maximum decarburization and avoiding starting from a defective zone. In the calculation of the above average value, any measuring point of the seven remaining situated in a local surface discontinuity shalll not be taken into account in the calculation. The depth of decarburization is measured normal to the surface of the test piece. 9.5.5 Non-metallic inclusions The tests shall he carried out on the wire rod in the as-rolled condition and in accordance with 1S0 16120-3:2011, 5.5 and ISO 16120-4:2017, 4.6. 9.5.6 Core segregation ‘The method for determining the core segregation shall be macrographic examination on a transverse section of the sample, as specified in Annex A. 9.5.7 Microstructure The tests shall be carried out on the wire rod in the as-rolled condition. The method for determining the microstructure shall be carried out as specified in Annex D. 9.5.8 Determination of cementite network in high-carbon steel wire rod ‘The method for the determination of cementite network in high-carbon steel wire rod shall be carried out as specified in Annex E. 9.6 Retest Retests of wire rod and their criteria should be as specified in ISO 404. 10 Marking Each coil in each consignment shall be marked with the following information: a) dimensions of the cross-section of the wire rod; b) steel grade; ©) heat number; 4) thename and, if applicable, the symbol of the supplying mill; ¢) any subsequently agreed information (e.g, coil weight). Unless otherwise agreed upon, the marking shall withstand pickling. ‘The durability of the labels utilized for marking shall be agreed upon at the time of ordering. 11 Disputes In case of dispute, the sampling conditions and test methods used to evaluate the dispute characteristics shall be those described in the relevant International Standard, or in ISO 404:2013, 8.3.3 and 8.3.4. © [50 2017 ~ Allrights reserved 7ISO 16120-1:2017(E) Annex A (normative) Determination of core segregation Al Overview This annex is applicable for wire rod made from continuously cast steel with a carbon content of at least 0,4 % and defined in this document. The method described in A.2 and A.3 is a macrographic method aimed at determining and evaluating the core segregation present in continuously cast high-carbon wire rod by revealing the carbon segregation. A2 Principle Chemical heterogeneity is revealed by chemical etching of a cross-section of the wire rod using a nital solution. The images observed by macrographic examination are compared with the pictures shown in the reference chart and are classified accordingly. A3. Preparation of samples ABA Cutting ‘The surface to be examined is a transverse section from each sample to be examined. This is obtained by gradually cutting at low speed. At all times, excessive heating shall be avoided by means of appropriate cooling. 3.2 Polishing The specimen is polished stepwise by using graduated emeries and finishing with fine diamond paste of grain size 1 um. After polishing to a mirror finish, the specimen is carefully washed with water and dried using alcohol. A3.3. Etching ‘The nital solution isa solution of 2 ml of nitric acid (p20 = 1,33 g/ml) in 100 ml of ethanol, ‘The polished surface is etched at ambient temperature in the nital solution for a minimum of 10 s until the surface is etched clearly. After etching, the surface is dried using alcohol. 3.4 Evaluation of the segregation ‘The etched surface is observed with a binocular microscope using illumination under a small angle with such a magnification as to obtain approximately the same dimension as in the reference chart. ‘The pictures in the chart are limit references for each class concerned. Actual pictures are compared, positioned and graded within the reference chart. They are assigned the class of the reference picture equal to or worse than the picture under observation, 8 © 180 2017 ~ Al cights reservedISO 16120-1:2017(E) A3.5 Classes of the segregation ‘The reference chart presents five classes of segregation; see Figure A.1 — Glass 1: without segregation zone; — Class 2: core segregation with slight contrast (medium-grey); — Class 3: core segregation with medium contrast (dark grey}; — Class 4: core segregation with pronounced contrast (small black core); — Class 5: core segregation with heavy contrast (big black core) A.3.6 Evaluation of the test results It is generally accepted that a large number of results are required for a statistically significant evaluation of the core segregation of a heat or a shipment. The core segregation evident on an individual sample is only of limited value, For this reason, and to limit the number of tests to an economically acceptable level, itis advisable to use the determination of the segregation as part of a quality system, © [50 2017 ~ Allrights reserved 9ISO 16120-1:2017(E) Figure A.1 — Reference chart for core segregation comparison 10 © 180 2017 ~ Al cights reservedISO 16120-1:2017(E) Annex B (informative) Measurement of surface discontinuities B.1 Overview This annex is applicable for all grades of wire rod specified in ISO 16120-2, ISO 16120-3, and ISO 16120-4. ‘The method described is a micrographic method aimed at determining and evaluating the magnitude of surface discontinuities as described in B.2 and B.3. B.2. Principle Surface discontinuities are revealed by examination, using a microscope, of a polished section of the wire rod. The polished section may be etched. B.3. Preparation of samples B3.1 Cutting The surface to be examined is a transverse section. B.3.2 Polishing ‘The specimen is polished stepwise using graduated emeries, finishing with the fine diamond paste After polishing to a mirror finish, the specimen is carefully washed with water, cleaned with alcohol and dried, B.3.3 Etching The specimen may be examined in the etched or unetched condition. If etched, a nital etchant, which is a solution of 2 ml of nitric acid (p20 = 1,33 g/ml) in 100 ml of ethanol, is used. The polished surface is etched at ambient temperature in the etching solution for a minimum of 10 s or until the surface is etched clearly. After etching, the surface is cleaned using alcohol and dried. B,3.4 Evaluation of the depth of the surface discontinuity The surface is observed with an optical microscope at a magnification appropriate to the rod diameter and depth of discontinuity. The whole circumference of the specimen shall be examined, B.3.5. Reporting of results ‘The results may be reported in two ways, “radial depth’ or “actual length’: Radial depth is defined as the distance between the surface of the wire rod and the end point of the discontinuity, measured along a radius, as shown in Figure B.1. Actual length is defined as the distance from the point at which the discontinuity breaks the surface to its end point; see Figure B.2. In cases where the discontinuity is nonlinear, an approximation method © [50 2017 ~ Allrights reserved vyISO 16120-1:2017(E) is used by notionally dividing the discontinuity into a number of linear portions, then summing the individual lengths; see Figure B.3. Key 1 discontinuity L radial depth Figure B.1 — Measurement of surface discontinuities: Case 1 Key 1 discontinuity Ly actual length Figure B.2 — Measurement of surface discontinuities: Case 2 12 © 180 2017 ~ Al cights reservedISO 16120-1:2017(E) Key 1 discontinuity Ly actual lengthy NOTE — by=Ly 4 La +L3 Figure B.3 — Measurement of surface discontinuities: Case 3 © [50 2017 ~ Allrights reserved 13ISO 16120-1:2017(E) Annex C (informative) Mechanical damage CA Overview This annex is intended to provide information concerning the types and appearance of mechanical damage on wire rod, which, if sufficiently severe, can result in failure either during drawing or during subsequent processing, C.2 Ilustrations of mechanical damage and the consequences €.2.1 Types of damage and probable causes There are three types of damage, which are shown in Figures C.l to C.3. Figure C.1 — Damage caused by contact with other coils and other metal material 14 © 180 2017 ~ Al cights reservedISO 16120-1:2017(E) Figure C.2 — Damage caused by abrasive contact with concrete floor Figure €.3 — Damage caused by contact with other coils or other metallic materials during stacking 2.2 Consequences of mechanical damage Figure C.4'shows an area of mechanical damage on the rod surface (indicated by an arrow) thathas acted as the initiation point for a fracture which has occurred, Figures C.5 and C.6 are photomicrographs (at magnifications of 18 x and 118 x, respectively) showing that the mechanical damage can be associated with frictional martensite, the result of abrasive contact between the wire rod surface and a harder material © [50 2017 ~ Allrights reserved 15ISO 16120-1:2017(E) Figure C4 — Mechanical damage on the rod surface (indicated by the arrow) Figure C.5 — Photomicrograph (magnification 18 x ) of mechanical damage Figure C.6 — Photomicrograph (magnification 118 x ) of mechanical damage 16 © 180 2017 ~ Al cights reservedISO 16120-1:2017(E) .3 Avoidance of mechanical damage C.3.1 General The measures in C.3.2 to (3.4 are normally adopted to avoid mechanical damage during the various stages of processing after the rod is discharged from the production line. 3.2. Transposition of coils (i. lifting, loading and unloading) ‘The contact surface between the carrying device (C-hook or pole truck) and the coil should be made of soft steel or fitted with an inlay of aluminium or another “soft” material. Lifting of coils should be vertical, to avoid dragging against the ground, steelwork or other coils. Slings should be of fabric or another non-metallic material. If the use of chain or rope is unavoidabl should be coated or sleeved with plastic or another non-harmful material. C33. Coil storage Coils should be stored on wood, rubber matting, or another softer material. “Soft” spacers (made of hardboard or cardboard) should be placed between coils. Where coils are stacked on top of each other in layers, “soft” spacers should be used between layers. For those grades of wire rod where the surface quality is especially sensitive, single-layer storage should be used. (3.4 Transportation ‘Trucks and wagons should ideally be fitted with purpose-designed carriers (normally termed “wells” or “cradles") to prevent movement of the coil during transportation and to prevent contact with other coils. Asa minimum, the floor of the truck/wagon/vessel should be of wood or another non-harmful material, or protected with the same, “Soft” spacers should be placed vertically between coils to prevent coil-to-coil abrasive damage. (Movement of coils during transportation can result in considerable abrasive damage if such a measure is not adopted.) Where coils have to be strapped into a fixed position to ensure safe transportation, strapping material should be softer than the steel (ag. fabric). © [50 2017 ~ Allrights reserved 17ISO 16120-1:2017(E) Annex D (normative) Determination of percentage of resolvable pearlite in high-carbon steel wire rod D.1 Overview This annex is applicable to wire rod made from unalloyed continuously cast steel with a carbon content greater than 0,65 % Where the purchaser and the supplier have agreed to specify the percentage of resolvable pearlite, this annex describes the procedure for the microscopic revealing and assessing of resolvable pearlite. “Resolvable pearlite” is defined as the percentage of pearlite showing a clearly distinguishable lamellar structure at a magnification of $00:1 and with a numerical aperture of at least 0,8. The visible lamellae can be very broad up to fairly tight but always with clearly visible ferrite between the carbide lamellae. D.2 Principle Resolvable pearlite is revealed by chemical etching of a polished section of the wire rod using an appropriate etchant. ‘The surface to be examined can be a longitudinal or transversal section of the wire rod in the as-rolled. or patented condition, [n addition to a suitable magnification, a suitable size of the examined area shall also be ensured in order to assess a sufficient number of grains; see D4. D3. Preparation of samples and etching ‘The specimens should be prepared metallographically using a well-conceived method, starting with sectioning without mechanical deformation, followed by an appropriate sequence of grinding and polishing steps aiming at a mirror-like, undeformed surface. After the last polishing (usually with diamond paste), the specimen is carefully washed with water, cleaned with ethanol and finally dried. For the revealing of the pearlite, the following etchants are recommended: a) anital etchant, which isa solution of 2 ml of nitric acid (p20 = 1,33 g/ml) in 100 ml ethanol; b) apicral etchant, which isa saturated solution of pieric acid in ethanol. The recommended etching time is from 10s to 15s After the etching process, the specimen finally dried again carefully washed with water, cleaned with ethanol and A preparation leading to the same result is also allowed D4 Evaluation of the percentage of resolvable pearlite ‘The etched surface is observed with an optical microscope using the following conditions: — magnification at 500:1; 18 © 180 2017 ~ Al cights reservedISO 16120-1:2017(E) — numerical aperture ofat least 0,8; — sample area with a diameter of at least D = 0,2 mm (corresponding to the scale length of the platform micrometre at a magnification of 500:1); — typically, a white light source (another effective light source may be used, including green light) For a manual assessment of the resolvable pearlite, four measuring points (01, 02, 03, 04) are defined, displaced by 90° and arranged in the middle between the core and the wire surface (1/2 radius of the section) (see Figure D.1), and the percentage of resolvable pearlite is examined visually for each of these ‘measuring points (see Figure D.2). (An examination by an automatic image analysis is principally possible ifit leads to the same result. The examination must be carried out under the same conditions described above for the manual method and in the half radius of the section.) In case of a dispute, the manual method shall be followed. DS Reporting of results If the assessment of the four measuring points leads to different values, only the maximum value will be reported. The other values should be reported only if agreed at the time of enquiry and order. If by agreement the average values shall be reported, these values should be rounded up. Examples of indication are given in Table D. ‘Table D.1 — Examples of indication Measuring point No. Average value Report? on Op 03 04 ii 5 5 10 20 10 20 2 10 0 5 5 25 io 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 0 5 w 15 125 15 5 5 5 5 10 625 10 fp Hlagreed atthe tne of enquiry and order, othr values shall be also be repored. The average values shouldbe rounded! up. If requested by the purchaser, the percentage of resolvable pearlite shall be reported in the certificate. ‘The reporting of the results shall include: — percentage of resolvable pearlite (indication as described above); — etchant; — magnification; — numerical aperture of the objective lens; — method (manual or automatic image analysis); — fan automatic image analysis, the method used. © [50 2017 ~ Allrights reserved 19ISO 16120-1:2017(E) Key R radius of sample area Figure D.1 — Schematic diagram of measuring points for the manual examination of resolvable pearlite 20 © 180 2017 ~ Al cights reservedISO 16120-1:2017(E) Figure D.2 — Pearlitic structure with largely unresolvable pearlite and small areas of resolvable pearlite (500 *) © [50 2017 ~ Allrights reserved 21ISO 16120-1:2017(E) Annex E (normative) Determination of cementite network in high-carbon steel wire rod E.1 Overview This annex is applicable to wire rod made from unalloyed continuously cast steel with a carbon content greater than 0,65 % In a wire rod with a strong segregation (C-content > 0,8 %) and a slow cooling rate, the carbon segregates as secondary cementite at the grain boundaries. Depending on the segregation level and the cooling rate this cementite forms a more or less closed network along the grain boundaries. Where the purchaser and the supplier have agreed to specify the cementite network, this annex describes the procedure for the microscopic revealing and assessing the cementite network, E2 Principle ‘The cementite network is revealed by chemical etching of a polished transverse section of the wire rod using an appropriate etchant. ‘The surface to be examined shall be a transversal section of the wire rod in the as-rolled condition. E3. Preparation of samples and etching ‘The specimens should be prepared metallographically using a well-conceived method, starting with sectioning without mechanical deformation, followed by an appropriate sequence of grinding and polishing steps aiming at a mirror-like, undeformed surface After the last polishing (usually with diamond paste), the specimen is carefully washed with water, cleaned with ethanol and finally dried, A commonly used etchant is picral After the etching, the specimen is again carefully washed with water, cleaned wit finally dried. ethanol and After this etching, the matrix structure is visible only very slightly. The presence of cementite at the grain boundaries appears as a black phase; see Figures E.1 and E.2. CAUTION — Ina patented microstructure, a cementite network may appearasa spherodized form. Alternative methods of preparation, leading to the same result, are allowed E.4 Examination of the cementite network ‘The etched surface is observed with an optical microscope using the following conditions: — magnification at 500:1; — numerical aperture of at least 0,8; — typically, white light source (green light source can also be used), 22 © 180 2017 ~ Al cights reservedISO 16120-1:2017(E) For the examination, the sample area with the most developed cementite network shalll be chosen. This cementite network shall be compared with the process described in Table E.1 and the results shown in Figure E.1 Table E.1 — Etching to reveal traces or a network of cementite Etching process Requirements [Actions Grinding and polishing Rinsing Drying Solution 750 ml Hiz0 [250 mg sodium hydroxide | 20 piericacid Time 20 min Temperature 60°C © [50 2017 ~ Allrights reserved 23ISO 16120-1:2017(E) Figure E.1 — Results of etching to reveal traces or a network of cementite In Figure E.1, the appearance of the cementite network is classified in five classes. — Class A: complete absence of a network — Class B: traces of cementite (no complete grains) — Class C:at least 1 grain ora beginning network — Glass D: at least 3 grains and a beginning network, — Glass &: atleast 5 grains as a continuous network For a better examination of the cementite network, these classes are described schematically in Figure E.2. 24 © 180.2017 Alrights reservedISO 16120-1:2017(E) | SKI J RE ay ae complete absence of a network traces of cementite (ho complete grains) at least 1 grain ora beginning network at Jeast 3 grains and a beginning network at Jeast 5 grains as a continuous network mooaae Figure E,2 — Evaluation of a cementite network. For each metallographic section, the class best describing the revealed cementite network © [50 2017 ~ Allrights reserved 25ISO 16120-1:2017(E) ES Reporting of the results Ifrequested by the purchaser, the result shall be reported in the certificate (indication of the cementite network class for each metallographic section). 26 © 180 2017 ~ Al cights reservedISO 16120-1:2017(E) Bibliography [1] 180 683-17, Heat-treated steels, allay steels and free-cutting steels — Part 17: Ball and roller bearing steels [2] EN 10204, Metallic products — Types of inspection documents © [50 2017 ~ Allrights reserved 27