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Lab 7

This document describes an experiment to determine the discharge coefficient of an orifice under constant head using an orifice discharge apparatus. The apparatus contains different shaped orifice inserts to compare discharge coefficients. Measurements of jet diameter, pressure differences, and flow rates are used to calculate theoretical and actual velocities. Contraction and velocity coefficients are derived and multiplied to obtain the discharge coefficient, which represents the ratio of actual to ideal flow rates. Repeating the process with different inserts allows comparison of discharge coefficients for various orifice shapes.

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Talha Jutt
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
62 views

Lab 7

This document describes an experiment to determine the discharge coefficient of an orifice under constant head using an orifice discharge apparatus. The apparatus contains different shaped orifice inserts to compare discharge coefficients. Measurements of jet diameter, pressure differences, and flow rates are used to calculate theoretical and actual velocities. Contraction and velocity coefficients are derived and multiplied to obtain the discharge coefficient, which represents the ratio of actual to ideal flow rates. Repeating the process with different inserts allows comparison of discharge coefficients for various orifice shapes.

Uploaded by

Talha Jutt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAB SESSION # 07

Objective:-
To find the discharge coefficient of an orifice under a constant head. Also compare discharge
coefficient of different shapes.

Apparatus:-
The apparatus used in this experiment is known as Orifice Discharge Apparatus. Following are
its parts:
1. Inlet Strainer.
2. Water Connection.
3. Overflow.
4. Twin Tube Manometers.
5. Pitot tube.
6. Water Jet
7. Measuring Device for Jet Diameter.

Figure 1: Orifice Discharge Apparatus

Technical Data:
Tank
 capacity: approx. 13L
 Overflow height: max. 400mm
 Max. flow rate: 14L/min
Inserts
Inner diameters: d1=inlet, d2=outlet
 1x cylindrical hole, d=12mm
 1x outlet from the insert: cone d1=24mm, d2=12mm
 1x inlet to the insert: orifice plate d1=24mm, d2=12mm
 1x inlet to the insert: cone d1=30mm, d2=12mm
 1x inlet to the insert: rounded, d=12mm
Measuring ranges

 pressure: 500mmWC
 jet radius: 0…10mm

Theory:-
Orifice discharge is a model for calculating how quickly a fluid will come out of a punctured
vessel or pipe. Orifice discharge is affected by flow disturbances which originate in valves,
bends, and other fittings located upstream from the orifice.
Discharge Coefficient:-
In a nozzle or other constriction, the discharge coefficient is the ratio of the actual discharge to
the ideal discharge, i.e., the ratio of the mass flow rate at the discharge end of the nozzle to
that of an ideal nozzle which expands an identical working fluid from the same initial conditions
to the same exit pressures.
Mathematically, discharge coefficient can be calculated by
Discharge Coefficient= (Contraction Coefficient) (Velocity Coefficient)

Where,
Contraction Coefficient= α
And Velocity coefficient = Φ
To calculate discharge coefficient first we have to calculate velocity coefficient and contraction
coefficient. Their mathematical form is given below:
D2jet / D2inlet = α___________ (i)
Where D jet is diameter of jet and D inlet is diameter of inlet.
And velocity coefficient is
Φ= √h total / √h static_____________(ii)
Where,
h total= total head
h static= static head
There are some of other terminologies which are used in this experiment e.g theoretically
calculated velocity (W theo) and velocity of fluid at jet (W jet). Mathematically these are given by
W theo= √2g h static
(W jet)= √2gh total

Pressure losses in the flow from tanks are essentially the


result of two processes: the jet deflection upon entry into
the opening and the wall friction in the opening. As a
result of the pressure losses the real discharge is smaller
than the theoretical flow rate.
Orifice discharge apparatus determines these losses at
different flow rates. Different diameters as well as inlet
and outlet contours of the openings can be studied.
Additionally, the contraction coefficient can be
Figure 2: Pressure Dif. btw Water jet and Static water
determined as a characteristic for different contours.
The experimental unit includes a transparent tank, a measuring device as well as a Pitot tube
and twin tube manometers. An interchangeable insert is installed in the tank’s water outlet to
facilitate the investigation of various openings. Five inserts with different diameters, inlet
contours and outlet contours are provided along with the unit.
The issued water jet is measured using a measuring device. A Pitot tube detects the total
pressure of the flow. The pressure difference (read on the manometer) is used to determine
the velocity.
The tank is fitted with an adjustable overflow and a measuring point for static pressure. In this
way, the level can be precisely adjusted and read on the manometer. The experimental unit is
positioned easily and securely on the work surface of the orifice discharge apparatus base
module. The water is supplied and the flow rate measured by orifice discharge apparatus.
Alternatively, the experimental unit can be operated by the laboratory supply.
Procedure:-
 First we connect the orifice discharge apparatus with hydraulic bench for fluid flow.
 Now open the valve and then water flow through the pipe and it collect in inlet strainer
and at the bottom of the water there is a outlet cone shape hole through which water
fall down.
 This hole produce water jet and we calculate the pressure of water jet and static water
separately.
 After noting down readings from tube we will then calculate volume flow rate with the
help of a stop watch.
 As we know the values of static head and total head so, with the help of these two
components we will calculate theoretical velocity and velocity of fluid at jet by above
mentioned equations.
 The diameter of inlet and jet is known so we will calculate contraction coefficient from
these components from equation i.
 Also we can find velocity coefficient by dividing total head and static head and taking
their square root as shown in equation ii.
 We can now easily calculate the discharge coefficient by following formula
(Φ) (α) =  μ
 Repeat the process three to four time to take extra readings so that we can have
accurate answer.

Observation and Calculation:-


Table:-

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