Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF ALAMINOS CITY
ALAMINOS CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
POBLACION, ALAMINOS CITY ,2404 PANGASINAN, PHILIPPINES

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS

QUARTER 2 WEEK 7-8 January 31-February 11, 2022

I. Title: LOGIC1

II. Learning Competency With Code:

1. illustrates and symbolizes propositions. M11GM-IIg-1&2
2. distinguishes between simple and compound propositions. M11GM-IIg-3
3. determines the truth values of propositions. M11GM-IIh-1
4. illustrates different types of tautologies and fallacies. M11GM-IIi-1

III. Background Information For Learners:

Logic- study of correct reasoning or good arguments.
Propositional logic- a branch of mathematical logic that studies the truth and falsity of
propositions.
A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both. If a proposition is
true, then its truth value is true, which is denoted by T; otherwise, its truth value is false, which is
denoted by F. Propositions are usually denoted by small letters.
Example. p: Everyone should study logic.
(Maybe read as p is the proposition “ Everyone should study logic”)
If a sequence of propositions is considered, we denote the propositions by p 1, p2,…
Other Examples:
1) p: Mindanao is an island in the Philippines.
Ans. This is a declarative sentence, and Mindanao is an island in the Philippines.
Hence, p is a proposition.
2) q: Find a number which divides your age.
Ans. This is an imperative sentence, and so it is not a proposition.
3) r: My seatmate will get a perfect score in the logic exam.
Ans. The statement is a declarative sentence but its truth value will only be known after the
logic exam. It can either be true or false, but not both. Hence, r is a proposition.
4) s: Welcome to the Philippines!
Ans. This statement is exclamatory, and is not a proposition.
5) t: 3 + 2 = 5
Ans. The given equation is a mathematical sentence which reads “ the sum of three and two
is
five.” It is a declarative sentence and t is a true proposition.

6) u: f(x) =
√x is a rational function.
( x +1)
Ans. This is a declarative sentence. Since the numerator of a function is not a polynomial
function, the function f is not a rational. It is a false proposition.
7) v: What is the domain of the function?
Ans. This is an interrogative sentence and not a proposition.
8) w: I am lying.
Ans. w is a declarative sentence, it is not a proposition because it can neither be true or false.
9) p1: It is not the case that √ 2is a rational number.
Ans. √ 2cannot be expressed as a quotient of two integers. Thus, p1 is a false proposition.
Alaminos City National High School
Address: San Jose Drive, Poblacion, Alaminos City, 2404 Pangasinan,Philippines
Contact Number: (075) 552 7185/ 0917 146 9595
Email Address: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF ALAMINOS CITY
ALAMINOS CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
POBLACION, ALAMINOS CITY ,2404 PANGASINAN, PHILIPPINES
10) p2: Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
Ans. This is a declarative sentence which is true since students may find logic either fun or
boring. Hence, p2 is a true proposition.
11) p3: If you are a Grade 11 student, then you are a Filipino.
Ans. There are also Grade 11 students of other nationalities. This is not a proposition.
12) p4: If you are more than 60 years old, then you are entitled to a Senior Citizen’s card, and if you
are entitled to a Senior Citizen’s card, then you are more than more than 60 years old.
Ans. True proposition.
Simple proposition- a proposition which cannot be broken down any further into other component
propositions.
Examples: p: Mindanao is an island in the Philippines.
r:My seatmate will get a perfect score in the logic exam.
t: 3 + 2 = 5

u: f(x) =
√x is a rational function.
( x +1)
Compound proposition- a proposition formed from simpler proposition using logical connectors or
some combination of logical connectors. Some logical connectors involving propositions p and/or q
maybe expressed as follows:
not p p and q p or q If p, then q
Examples: p1: It is not the case that √ 2 is a rational number.
p2: Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
p3: If you are a Grade 11 student, then you are a Filipino.
p 4: If you are more than 60 years old, then you are entitled to a Senior Citizen’s card,
and if you are entitled to a Senior Citizen’s card, then you are more than more than 60 years
old.
Logical operators are operations of propositions involving two or more propositions which make
use of connectors. Combining propositions using a connector will result in the formation of a new
proposition. To determine whether this resulting proposition
Since a proposition has is true or false, a scheme for listing all possible truth values
two possible truth values, a in the so-called truth table will be used.
proposition p would have the Given a proposition,
Suppose p, q, and r are
following truth value. its truth table show
propositions then the truth
all its possible
p table given has 23= 8.
truth values.
T
F p q r
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
The truth values of two propositions In general, a truth table
p and q will be 22 = 4.
involving n propositions has
p q 2n rows.
T T
T
Alaminos FCity National High School
F Poblacion,
Address: San Jose Drive, T Alaminos City, 2404 Pangasinan,Philippines
F 552
Contact Number: (075) F 7185/ 0917 146 9595
Email Address: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF ALAMINOS CITY
ALAMINOS CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
POBLACION, ALAMINOS CITY ,2404 PANGASINAN, PHILIPPINES

5 Logical Operators/Connectives

1. Conjunction. This is a proposition which is the result of combining two other propositions called
conjuncts with the connector word “and.” In symbol, p and q or p∧ q.
The conjunction of two statements is true only if both conjuncts are true.
p q p∧ q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

2. Disjunction. This is a proposition which is the result of combining two other propositions called
disjuncts with the connective word “or”. In symbol, p or q ( p ∨ q)
The disjunction of two statements is false only if both disjuncts are false.

p q p∨q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

3. Negation. This is a proposition which is the result of reversing the truth value of a given
proposition. The negationof a proposition p is denoted by “ notp” p.
If a proposition is true, its negation is false, and if a proposition is false, its negation is true.
p p
T F
F T
4. Implication. Also called conditional which is the result of combining a hypothesis or antecedent
to a conclusion or consequent in the form “If…then”. In symbol, p →q.
The implication is true in all cases, except when the antecedent is true and the consequent is false.
In other words, a true hypothesis cannot imply a false conclusion.
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
5. Equivalence. Also called biconditional proposition, is a proposition which is the result of
combining two propositions in the form “ if and only if” p ⟷q.
The equivalence is true if both propositions are true or both are false.
p q p ⟷q

Alaminos City National High School

Address: San Jose Drive, Poblacion, Alaminos City, 2404 Pangasinan,Philippines
Contact Number: (075) 552 7185/ 0917 146 9595
Email Address: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF ALAMINOS CITY
ALAMINOS CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
POBLACION, ALAMINOS CITY ,2404 PANGASINAN, PHILIPPINES
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Solved Examples
A. State the negation of the following propositions.
1. p: Sophiareceived a text message from her friend.
Ans. p:Sophia did not receive a text message from her friend.
2. p: x + y2 = z2
2

Ans. p:x2 + y2≠ z2

3. p: Micah was not able to fetch his sister from school today.
Ans. p :Micah was able to fetch his sister from school today.

B. Let p: Annie has a stomach ache.

q: Annie misses the exam.
r: Annie receives a passing grade for the subject.
Express the following in symbols:
1. Annie does not have a stomach ache, yet she misses the exam. ( yet is used as a conjunction)
Ans. ( p)∧ q
2. If Annie has a stomach ache, then she misses the exam and does not receive a passing grade for
the subject.
Ans. p →(q∧ ( r)
3. Either Annie has a stomach ache and misses the exam, or she does not miss the exam and she
receives a passing grade for the subject.
Ans. (p ∧q)∨( ( q )∧r )

C.Determine the truth value of each propositions.

1. (p ∧ q)
Ans. p q p∧q (p∧ q)
T T T F
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T
2. (p→ q )
Ans.
p q q p→ q (p → q)
T T F F T
T F T T F
F T F T F
F F T T F
3. (p →r) ∧(q→ r)
Ans.
p q r p →r q→r (p →r) ∧ (q → r)
T T T T T T
T T F F F F
T F T T T T

Alaminos City National High School

Address: San Jose Drive, Poblacion, Alaminos City, 2404 Pangasinan,Philippines
Contact Number: (075) 552 7185/ 0917 146 9595
Email Address: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF ALAMINOS CITY
ALAMINOS CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
POBLACION, ALAMINOS CITY ,2404 PANGASINAN, PHILIPPINES
T F F F T F
F T T T T T
F T F T F F
F F T T T T
F F F T T T

Summary of Logic Connectors

TAUTULOGY. This is a proposition that is always true.

Solved Examples. 1. p ∨ p Ans p p p∨ p The proposition
T F T p ∨ pis a
tautology. F T T

2. p →(q⟷(p ∧ q)) Ans. p q p∧q q ⟷(p ∧q) p →(q ⟷ (p ∧ q))

T T T F T
T F F T T
F T F T T
F F F T T

The proposition p → (q ⟷ (p ∧ q)) is a tautology.

CONTRADICTION. This is a proposition that is always false.

Solved Examples.
1. (p ∧ ( q)) ∧ (p ∧ q)
Ans. p q q (p ∧ ( q)) p ∧ q (p ∧ ( q)) ∧ (p ∧ q)
T T F F T F
T F T T F F
F T F F F F
F F T F F F
Alaminos City National High School
Address: San Jose Drive, Poblacion, Alaminos City, 2404 Pangasinan,Philippines
Contact Number: (075) 552 7185/ 0917 146 9595
Email Address: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF ALAMINOS CITY
ALAMINOS CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
POBLACION, ALAMINOS CITY ,2404 PANGASINAN, PHILIPPINES

IV. Exercises/Activities
Activity 1. Proposition Or Not?
___________1. Is the traffic heavy along EDSA?
__________2. Please close the door.
__________3. x + 2 = 11
__________4. 144 is a perfect square.
__________5. Keep right while passing through the corridor.
__________6. 2 ≤ -1
__________7. The year 2016 is a a leap year.
__________8. If a triangle has a right angle, then the triangle is called a right triangle.
5
__________9. What is in simplest form?
10
__________10. This is a false statement.

Activity 2. Complete the truth value of each proposition.

1-10 ( s→r )

s r s s→r ( s→r)
T T (1) (5) (9)
T F (2) (6) (10)
F T (3) (7) F
F F (4) (8) T

11-20 p→ q

p q p q p→ q
T T (11) (15) T
T F (12) (16) T
F T (13) (17) (19)
F F (14) (18) (20)

V. References:
General Mathematics Learner’s Material DepEd
General Mathematics Quarter 2- Module 13-20 DepEd

Prepared by:

LORNA E. CABANAYAN
MT II

Approved by:

Alaminos City National High School

Address: San Jose Drive, Poblacion, Alaminos City, 2404 Pangasinan,Philippines
Contact Number: (075) 552 7185/ 0917 146 9595
Email Address: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF ALAMINOS CITY
ALAMINOS CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
POBLACION, ALAMINOS CITY ,2404 PANGASINAN, PHILIPPINES

JOSE RAMIL A. SIBUN

OIC- Asst. Principal II Academics

Alaminos City National High School

Address: San Jose Drive, Poblacion, Alaminos City, 2404 Pangasinan,Philippines
Contact Number: (075) 552 7185/ 0917 146 9595
Email Address: [email protected]