Wireline 2

Wireline Module 2
Index
Page
1 FACILITY SAFETY 1-1

1.1 RULES AND REGULATIONS 1-1
1.1.1 Classroom House Rules 1-1
1.1.2 Workshop Or Well Site Rules 1-2
1.1.3 Course Rules 1-3
1.1.4 Fire Plan 1-4
2 SAFETY OFFSHORE 2-1

2.1 CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH) 2-1
2.1.1 Ill Health And Hazardous Substances At Work 2-1
2.1.2 COSHH Regulations 2-1
2.1.3 Hazard And Risk 2-2
2.1.4 Hazard 2-2
2.1.5 Risk 2-2
2.1.6 Complying With COSHH 2-2
2.1.7 Assessment 2-3
2.1.8 Who Carries Out The Assessment 2-3
2.1.9 Recording And Reviewing The Assessment 2-3
2.2 H2S GAS 2-3
2.2.1 H2S May Be Found 2-4
2.2.2 Precautions Against H2S Gas 2-4
2.2.3 Control 2-4
2.3 LIFTING TECHNIQUE 2-4
2.4 THE PERMIT TO WORK SYSTEM 2-9
2.4.1 Safe Working System 2-9
2.4.2 Overview Of The Permit To Work System 2-9
2.4.3 Permits To Work 2-10
2.4.4 Supplementary Certificate 2-15
2.4.5 Definition Of Personnel And Responsibilities 2-17
2.4.6 Procedure For Completing A Permit To Work Form 2-18
3 LANDING NIPPLES & LOCK MANDRELS 3-1

3.1 GENERAL 3-1
3.1.1 Advantages 3-1
3.1.2 Non-Selective (No-Go Landing Nipples) 3-1
3.1.3 Selective Landing Nipples 3-2
3.1.4 Baker Type ‘AF, ‘HF’ and ‘VF’ Nipples 3-4
3.1.5 Baker Type ‘AR’, ‘HR’ and ‘VR’ Nipples 3-6
3.1.6 Baker ‘AF’, ‘HF’ and ‘VF’ Sur-Set Lock Mandrels 3-8
3.1.7 Baker ‘AR’, ‘HR’ and ‘VR’ Sur-Set Lock Mandrels 3-9
3.1.8 Model ‘M’ Single Trip Bypass Blanking Plug 3-10
3.1.9 Model ‘MH’ Positioning Tool 3-13
3.1.10 Equalising Prong for Model ‘M’ Single-Trip Bypass Blanking Plug 3-14
3.1.11 Model ‘A’ Running Tool 3-15
3.1.12 Model ‘D’ Probe Extension 3-15
 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 i

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3.1.13 Baker ‘AFT-2’ and ‘ART-2’ Sur-Set Check Valves 3-16
3.1.14 Baker Type ‘B’ SSSV Landing Nipple 3-18
3.1.15 Baker Type ‘B-1’ Lock Mandrel 3-20
3.1.16 Camco Type ‘DB’ Landing Nipple 3-21
3.1.17 Camco Type ‘B’ SSSV Landing Nipple 3-23
3.1.18 Camco Type ‘BA-6’ SSSV Landing Nipple 3-25
3.1.19 Camco Series ‘BA-6’ Hydraulic Safety Valve Landing Nipple 3-27
3.1.20 Camco Type ‘DB-6’ Lock Mandrel 3-28
3.1.21 Camco Type ‘Z-6’ Running Tool 3-30
3.1.22 Camco Type 'PRS' Pulling Tool 3-32
3.1.23 Camco ‘DB-HP’ Blanking Plug 3-37
3.1.24 The Camco ‘DB-P’ Blanking Plug 3-40
3.1.25 Otis Type ‘X’ Landing Nipple 3-42
3.1.26 Otis Type ‘XN’ Landing Nipple 3-44
3.1.27 Otis Type ‘X’ Lock Mandrel 3-46
3.1.28 Otis Type ‘XN’ Lock Mandrel 3-48
3.1.29 Otis ‘X’ and ‘R’ Plug Chokes 3-52
3.1.30 Otis ‘PX’ and ‘PR’ Plug Chokes 3-54
4 BASIC PULLING TOOLS 4-1

4.1 INTRODUCTION 4-1
4.1.1 Identification of Shear Direction 4-2
4.2 EXTERNAL BASIC PULLING TOOLS 4-4
4.2.1 Otis ‘S’ Series Pulling tools 4-4
4.2.2 Otis ‘R’ Series Pulling Tools 4-9
4.2.3 Camco ‘JU’ Series Pulling Tool 4-13
4.2.4 Camco ‘JD’ Series Pulling Tools 4-17
4.2.5 Type 'SSJ' Pulling Tool 4-23
4.2.6 Type 'UO' Pulling Tool 4-27
4.2.7 The ‘SSR’ Universal Pulling Tool 4-29
4.3 INTERNAL PULLING TOOLS 4-30
4.3.1 Otis ‘GS’ Pulling Tool 4-30
4.3.2 Otis ‘GR’ Pulling Tool 4-34
4.3.3 Otis ‘GU’ Adaptor 4-37
5 WELL CALCULATIONS 5-1

5.1 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 5-1
5.1.1 Relationship between Pressure, Force & Area 5-3
5.1.2 Hydrostatics 5-12
6 CIRCULATION DEVICES 6-1

6.1 SLIDING SLEEVES 6-1
6.1.1 Otis ‘XO’ Sliding Sleeve 6-3
6.1.2 Otis ‘XD’ Sliding Sleeve 6-3
6.1.3 Otis ‘XA’ Sliding Sleeve 6-3
6.1.4 Otis ‘AO’ Sliding Sleeve 6-3
6.1.5 Otis ‘RD’ and ‘RO’ Sliding Sleeve 6-3
6.1.6 Otis ‘RA’ Sliding Sleeve 6-3
6.1.7 Baker Model ‘L’ Sliding Sleeve 6-4
ii  Expro North Sea Ltd.
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6.1.8 Baker Model ‘CM’ Sleeve 6-5
6.2 POSITIONING TOOLS 6-6
6.2.1 Otis Type ‘B’ Positioning Tool 6-6
6.2.2 Otis ‘BO’ Selective Shifting Tool 6-8
6.2.3 Baker ‘D2’ Shifting Tool 6-10
6.2.4 Straddle Tool (Pack Off) 6-12
6.3 SEPARATION TOOL 6-14
7 INTRODUCTION TO GAS LIFT 7-1

7.1 GAS LIFT 7-1
7.2 SIDE POCKET MANDRELS 7-3
7.2.1 Camco ‘MMG’ SPM 7-3
7.2.2 Camco ‘KBMG’ SPM 7-5
7.2.3 Camco ‘KBUG’ SPM 7-6
7.2.4 Otis ‘WB’ SPM 7-6
7.2.5 Otis ‘RW’ SPM 7-6
7.3 KICKOVER TOOLS 7-6
7.3.1 Camco Type ‘O’ Kickover Tool 7-6
7.3.2 Teledyne Merla ‘TP’ and ‘TMP’ Kickover Tool 7-9
8 LATCHES 8-1
8.1 INTRODUCTION 8-1
8.1.1 ‘BK’ Latch 8-1
8.1.2 ‘BEK-2’ Latch 8-1
8.1.3 ‘RK’ Latch 8-1
8.1.4 ‘RK-1’ Latch 8-4
8.1.5 ‘RKP’ Latch 8-4
8.1.6 Otis ‘R’ Latch 8-4
8.1.7 ‘RA’ Latch 8-4
8.1.8 ‘M’ Latch 8-4
9 SIDE POCKET VALVES 9-1

9.1 GAS LIFT VALVES 9-1
9.1.1 Camco ‘BK’ Gas Lift Valve 9-2
9.1.2 Camco ‘DK-1’ Dummy Valve 9-4
 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 iii

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iv  Expro North Sea Ltd.

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1 FACILITY SAFETY
1.1 RULES AND REGULATIONS

1.1.1 Classroom House Rules
a) Starting time will be 08:30 and finishing time 17:30, Monday through Friday.
• Coffee Breaks - 15 minutes in the morning.
- 15 minutes in the afternoon, depending on workload.
• Lunch break will be 30 minutes or at the instructor's discretion.
b) All materials, handouts etc. will be collected and left tidy on your desk at the end of
each day.
• Empty coffee cups and rubbish must be disposed in the bins provided.
c) Due to the number of students which may be using the facility at the same time, the
canteen will become busy. We therefore request that after you have finished eating
you return to the recreation area, smoking area or elsewhere until the class begins
again. This will allow other students and staff access to the canteen.
d) A sensible dress code will be expected while working in the classroom.
 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 1-1

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1.1.2 Workshop Or Well Site Rules
a) Lockers
Lockers will be provided for all students during the course. The locker will be your
personal responsibility and kept clean and tidy. Also keep the changing room tidy.
b) Wellsite
We must assume the work area is a pipe deck offshore and respect it the same manner.
• All equipment must be rigged up and laid out neatly.
• All oil or diesel spillage must be mopped up immediately using the oil spill
granules or cleaning fluids provided.
• After rigging down the unit, the workbench and tools must be cleaned and
returned to the appropriate storage place and left as you would expect to find it.
c) All downhole tools used will be stripped, cleaned and redressed, if necessary, ready
for the next class.
d) When outside on the Training Well you will always wear the following:
• Hard Hat
• Safety Boots
• Coveralls
• Safety Glasses
• Gloves
• Hearing Protection as required
e) Equipment operating signals

There are a number of signals that must be learnt know in order to acknowledge proper
functioning and movement of the wireline equipment. These signals will be demonstrated
to you and must be used at all times when working with the wireline unit.
f) Safety harness
As offshore, all students must wear a safety harness while working any more than 1.5
metres off the ground.
• While rigging the equipment up or down these safety harnesses will be
provided and will be used.
1-2  Expro North Sea Ltd.

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1.1.3 Course Rules
1) Personnel safety is paramount. Always wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
when working outside, in the workshop or wellhead areas.
2) Report all accidents or incidents to your instructor, no matter how trivial they may
seem at the time. Seek medical aid if required. If accidents are not reported,
appropriate actions cannot be implemented to prevent similar future occurrences.
3) No alcohol is to be consumed in the training centre, unless authorised for special non-
training occasions. Any student found under the influence of alcohol will be
immediately expelled from the class and reported to his immediate line manager.
4) Full effort by students is expected on all courses.
5) Random alcohol and/or substance abuse test may be carried out during the term of
the course.
6) PPE and dirty clothes/shoes shall not be worn inside the building i.e. classroom,
recreation area, office, etc.
7) As you are not the only students using the facility, please show respect for others.
No foul language and no obscene materials are allowed.
8) Good housekeeping is required everywhere, including the locker facilities and toilets.
9) You are expected to be in class by 08.30 am each day and you will be allowed coffee
and lunch breaks at the set times. Your course instructor will advise you of these
times.
10) The course register must be filled in each day. The register keeper should deliver it
to the training secretary by 08.45 am.
11) Tristar operate a no smoking policy within the training centre, however a designated
smoking area is provided for delegates.
SIGNED DATE

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1.1.4 Fire Plan
Figure 1.1 - Emergency Fire Plan

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2 SAFETY OFFSHORE
2.1 CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH

(COSHH)
2.1.1 Ill Health And Hazardous Substances At Work
Every year exposure to hazardous substances at work affects the health of many thousands
of people. The results can be discomfort, pain, time off work and, all too often, premature
retirement and early death. Some common examples are:
• Long term disability from lung disease following years of work in industry
conditions.
• Injuries to hands and eyes from contact with corrosive liquids.
• Death or injury from exposure to toxic fumes - damage can be caused by the
fumes and by falling after losing consciousness.
Apart from the pain and suffering, there is also a high economic price to be paid for all this
occupation ill health. The workers and their families lose earnings. Employers lose money
from reduced productivity and lost production. Accidents cause disruption. Prosecutions
and civil actions can be very expensive. The nation as a whole has to pay for the sickness
benefit and National Health Service care involved.
2.1.2 COSHH Regulations

The COSHH Regulations provide a framework to help protect personnel in the workplace
against health risks from hazardous substances. Some examples of such substances were
given above. There are many others. They may be used directly in the work, like paints,
cleaning materials and chemical reagents, or they may arise from the work, like dusts,
fumes and waste products. Others occur naturally, such as fungal spores in agriculture.
COSHH lays down a sensible step-by-step approach to the necessary precautions. It sets
out essential measures that employers, and sometimes employees have to take. Failure to
comply with COSHH may expose people to risk and is an offence subject to penalties
under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HSWA), but it is better to look at
COSHH as a useful tool of good management. In a recent HSE survey, employers who put
real effort into making COSHH work reported many benefits from doing so. For example,
they had saved money from tighter control over the use and storage of materials, through
staff training on COSHH and led to better understanding of health and safety, improved
morale and industrial relations.
All employers have to consider how COSHH affects their business. Many are able to
comply with the regulations with little trouble, while others whose work involves greater
risks have more to comply with.

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2.1.3 Hazard And Risk
The words hazard and risk are used often in this section. They have special meanings in
the regulations and guidance about substances at work. The difference between them is
important for a correct understanding of COSHH.
2.1.4 Hazard
The hazard presented by a substance is its potential to cause harm. It may cause coughing,
damage to internal organs or even cause death. Some substances can cause harm in several
ways, by breathing, swallowing or absorption through the skin.
2.1.5 Risk
The risk from a substance is the likelihood that it will cause harm during use. This depends
on:
• The hazard presented by the substance
• How it is used
• Control of exposure
• Quantity exposed to
• Length of exposure
• Personal vulnerability
There can be a substantial risk even from a substance that is not particularly hazardous, if
exposure is excessive. With proper precautions, however, the risk of being harmed by even
the most hazardous of substances can be very small.
2.1.6 Complying With COSHH

Complying with COSHH involves:
• Assessing the risks to health arising from your work.
• Deciding what precautions are needed. Work must not be carried out, which
may expose employees to hazardous substances unless both the risks and
necessary precautions have been assessed, it will be unlikely that the correct
precautions have been taken.
• Preventing or controlling the risks. The advice in this leaflet, and in the other
guidance it refers to, will help you get the assessment right, but remember that
even a perfect assessment achieves nothing unless its conclusions are put into
practice.
• Ensuring that control measures are used and maintained properly, and that any
safety procedures that have been laid down are followed.
• Monitoring the exposure of workers to hazardous substances and carrying out
appropriate health surveillance, where necessary.
• Informing, instructing and training employees about the risks and the
precautions required.

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2.1.7 Assessment
Assessment means identifying the hazards, weighing up the risks and deciding what further
action is required.
Only by such a systematic approach can it be ensured the protection of the health of
personnel who may be harmed by work activities. Piecemeal efforts are likely to be costly
and waste effort without achieving the correct results.
2.1.8 Who Carries Out The Assessment

The responsibility for the assessment rests with safety management even when others do
some or even most of the work of preparing the assessment. Whoever carries out the
assessment will need to:
• Have access to the COSHH Regulations and appropriate Approved Codes of
Practice
• Understand the requirements of those Regulations and Codes of Practice
• Have the ability and authority to get all the necessary information and to make
correct decisions about the risk and the precautions needed
If it has been concluded that there is no likelihood of risk to health, or any risk is
insignificant, the assessment is complete and no further action is needed (until review of
the assessment). If it is concluded that there are risks to health, it has to be decided what
else is needed to comply fully with the regulations.
2.1.9 Recording And Reviewing The Assessment

Unless assessment is so simple that it can easily be recalled and the conclusions explained
at any time, it should be put it in writing. Sufficient information should be included to
show how decisions about risks and precautions were arrived at and to make it clear to your
employees and others what role they have to play in the precautions.
The assessment should be reviewed regularly, at intervals of no less than 5 years duration,
whenever there is reason to believe that it is no longer valid or where there has been a
significant change in the work. It should be stated in the assessment when the next review
is intended.
2.2 H2S GAS

Properties and dangers of H2S gas
• H2S is a highly toxic (as dangerous as cyanide), flammable, colourless gas
heavier than air with the odour of rotten eggs.
• Even very low concentrations impairs the sense of smell, quickly causes
unconsciousness and kills.
• Be aware of the hazards and the proper precautions to avoid its effects.
• H2S concentrations greater than 10 parts per million are dangerous.
• H2S dangerously corrodes equipment not designed for H2S (sour) service.

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2.2.1 H2S May Be Found
• At any well site.
• In the yard, when breaking down equipment even if the equipment has come
from sweet field due to the effects of sulphate reducing bacteria.
• In laboratories.
2.2.2 Precautions Against H2S Gas

In the absence of any other information, always assume H2S is likely to be present. In areas
where there is a risk of H2S being present, either portable or fixed H2S detection equipment
must be used.
In well test operations a check for H2S will be carried out and reported as soon as reservoir
fluids reach surface. Regular subsequent checks will be carried out and reported.
Should the presence of H2S be established, supervisors must be informed so that action can
be taken to control the risk.
Persons in areas of risk must withdraw to a safe area, generally upwind in an elevated
position.
In established H2S areas, breathing apparatus and resuscitators must be available.
Personnel must familiarise themselves with the locally available breathing apparatus and
resuscitators.
PPM %
1 .0001 Can Smell.
10 .001 Allowable exposure – 8 Hours.
Danger Level
100 .01 Kills smell in 3-15 mins – burns
eyes and throat.
500 .05 Loses sense of reasoning and
balance. Respiratory disturbances
in 2-15 minutes.
700 .07 Becomes unconscious quickly.
1000 .1 Unconscious at once. Permanent
brain damage may result.
Table 2.1 – Toxicity Table
2.2.3 Control
As with other hazardous substances, safe working with H2S is controlled by the Control of
Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations. Company Health and Safety
System N0. 802 - Hydrogen Sulphide, details the procedures that have to be followed to
control exposure to H2S.
2.3 LIFTING TECHNIQUE

AVOID UN-NECESSARY INJURY, GET INTO THE KINETIC LIFTING HABIT.
Here are some important points, using a basic lifting operation as an example.

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a) Stop and think
Plan the lift. Where is the load to be placed?
Use appropriate aids if possible. Do you need
help with the load? Remove obstructions such
as discarded wrapping materials. For a long
lift, such as floor to shoulder height, consider
resting the load mid-way on a table or bench in
order to change grip.
b) Position the feet

Feet apart, giving balanced and stable base for
lifting (tight skirts and unsuitable footwear
make this difficult). Leading leg as far
forward as is comfortable.

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c) Adopt a good posture
When lifting from a low level, bend the knees.
But do not kneel or overflex the knees. Keep
the back straight (tucking in the chin helps).
Lean forward a little over the load if necessary
to get a good grip. Keep the shoulders level
and facing the same direction as the hips.
d) Get a firm grip

Try to keep the arms within the boundary
formed by the legs. The best position and type
of grip depends on the circumstances and
individual preference; but it must be secure. A
hook grip is less tiring than keeping the fingers
straight. If you need to vary the grip as the lift
proceeds, do it is smoothly as possible.

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e) Keep close to the load
Keep the load close to the trunk for as long as possible. Keep the heaviest side of the load
next to the trunk. If a close approach to the load is not possible, slide it towards you before
trying to lift.
f) Don’t jerk
Lift smoothly, keeping control of the load.
g) Move the feet

Don’t twist the trunk when turning to the side.
h) Put down, then adjust

If precise positioning of the load is necessary, put it down first, then slide into the desired
position.
i) Individual capability
For the working population the guideline weights will give reasonable protection to nearly
all men and between one-half and two-thirds of women. To provide similar protection to
nearly all working women, reduce the guideline weights by about a third.
Any operation involving more than twice the guideline weights should be rigorously
assessed - even for very fit, well-trained individuals working under favourable conditions.

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CAUTION: The guidelines are not precise weights. Use them with caution. If in
doubt, make a more detailed assessment.

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2.4 THE PERMIT TO WORK SYSTEM
2.4.1 Safe Working System
The purpose of the Permit To Work system (PTW) is to achieve a safe working
environment by providing management control over the various activities which may have
hazardous interactions. The system has four key features:
• It limits the potentially harmful effects of the actions of the person doing the
work, by specifying safety precautions and setting limits to the duration and
extent of the work
• It allows those responsible for overall Installation safety to be aware of the
various hazardous activities and to take a systematic overview which identifies
interactions and allows priorities to be set for conflicting work tasks
• It encourages formal and careful attention to safe systems of working, by
requiring the signature of specified individuals who must confirm that all
hazards have been identified and effective precautions taken
• It encourages those responsible for overall site safety to plan the carrying out of
tasks so that minimal inconvenience and interference is caused to other tasks or
production.
The PTW system requires the involvement of competent and responsible persons as well as
the application of particular safety measures in a controlled sequence. The PTW system
ensures that responsibility and accountability for safe working practices is passed in a
logical sequence to those responsible for the work being carried out at any given time, and
ensures that specified effective safeguards are provided.
The Tristar PTW system in operation at the training centre, has been formulated from
various offshore PTW systems to cover the activities carried out at Tristar’s unique training
facility.
2.4.2 Overview Of The Permit To Work System

The PTW system requires the allocating of a task to one of the following categories:
• Hot Work (Naked Flame)
• Hot Work (Spark Potential)
• Cold Work (Well Intervention)
• Cold Work (General Operation)
• No Permit Required.
Supplementary certificates may be required to augment the PTW when specialist activities
are performed in conjunction with a task. While separate from the PTW, they are clearly
cross-referenced on each document.
• Confirmation of isolation
• Entry

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2.4.3 Permits To Work
Hot Work (Naked Flame) Permit
a) Activities Covered
• A Hot Work (Naked Flame) Permit is required if the task involves the use of a
flame or other source of ignition. For example:
• Electrical welding
• Flame cutting
• Electrical induction pre-heating/stress relieving
• Use of heat shrink blowers
• Grinding.
b) Colour
The Hot Work (Naked Flame) Permit is red in colour.
c) Period of Validity
The Hot Work (Naked Flame) Permit is valid for a continuous period of up to 24 hours.
Revalidation is required every 12 hours or at a shift change.
d) Signatories
The Hot Work (Naked Flame) Permit must be approved by the Permit Officer or his
appointed deputy.
e) Copies
There are two copies of each Hot Work (Naked Flame) Permit. They are distributed as
follows:
• Original Performing Authority, for display at worksite
• First Copy Permit office.

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Hot Work (Spark Potential) Permit
A Hot Work (Spark Potential) Permit is required if the task may produce or expose a
possible source of ignition. For example:
• Use of non-certified electrical/electronic equipment (megger, avometer, battery
drills, power tools, etc.)
• Opening live junction boxes
• Use of air or hydraulic powered metal cutting, chipping or caulking tools
• Use of electrical soldering irons
• Use of explosives and perforating guns
• Use of powered steel wire brushes
• Dry grit/shot blasting
• Use of battery powered camera with/without flash
• Needle gunning.
b) Colour
The Hot Work (Spark Potential) Permit is green in colour.
The Hot Work (Spark Potential) Permit is valid for a continuous period of up to 72 hours.
d) Signatories
The Hot Work (Spark Potential) Permit must be approved by the Permit Officer or his
appointed deputy..
e) Copies
There are two copies of each Hot Work (Spark Potential) Permit. They are distributed as
follows:

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Cold Work (Well Intervention) Permit
A Cold Work (Well Intervention) Permit is required for a task which may not involve hot
work but still has a high risk potential. For example:
• Well servicing/wireline/coiled tubing/ logging operations.
b) Colour
The Cold Work (Well Intervention) Permit is yellow in colour.
The Cold Work (Well Intervention) Permit is valid for continuous period of up to 24 hours.
d) Signatories
The Cold Work (Well Intervention) Permit must be approved by the Permit Officer or his
appointed deputy.
e) Copies
There are two copies of each Cold Work (Well Intervention) Permit. They are distributed
as follows:
• First Copy Permit Office.

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Cold Work (General Operation) Permit
A Cold Work (General Operation) Permit is required for work which does not fall into the
preceding categories of Permit, yet still requires to be covered by a Permit.
For example:
• Brush painting operations
• General maintenance
• Erection and dismantling of scaffolds
• Work on isolated electrical equipment
• Installation of instrumentation pipework, cables and termination’s (no live tie-
ins)
• Wet shot/grit blasting
• Any work affecting the integrity or availability of safety or emergency systems
e.g., fire pumps, fire mains, shutdown systems, fire and gas detection
• Any repair, construction or overhaul work on communication systems or
equipment
• Persons(s) being in exposed locations e.g., outboard of handrails, underneath
the Installation, access to flare or derrick, or where persons may fall 2 metres or
more
• Pressure testing of plant and equipment
• Any work inside enclosed or confined spaces including tanks, vessels or non-
operational, non-ventilated areas where hazardous concentrations of toxic or
flammable gases, fumes or vapours might arise or where the oxygen content of
the air could be reduced to below 20% by volume or an excess of oxygen may
be present
• Work involving use of certified personnel work baskets
• Removal of handrails, gratings, ladders, etc.
• Chemical cleaning
• Handling of hazardous substances e.g., radioactive sources, toxic/corrosive
chemicals, asbestos, etc.
• High pressure water jetting
• Spraying of paint
• Heavy lifts, e.g. over wellheads
• Specialised rigging operations
• Any out of the ordinary activity.
b) Colour
The Cold Work (General Operation) Permit is blue in colour.
The Cold Work (General Operation) Permit is valid for a continuous period of up to 72
hours. Revalidation is required every 12 hours or at a shift change.

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d) Signatories
The Cold Work (General Operation) Permit must be signed by the Permit Officer or his
appointed deputy.
e) Copies
There are two copies of each Cold Work (General Operation) Permit. They are distributed
as follows:
No Permit Required
Under certain circumstances the Permit Officer may allow work to be carried out in his
area of control without the issue of a Permit. The discretion to use this facility lies entirely
with the Permit Officer. The decision must be taken only after deliberate consideration of
the circumstances.
The Permit Officer may give a verbal instruction or use a Maintenance Request form to
allow work to be carried out by suitably competent persons.
The work must not be hazardous to either the person who carries it out or to anyone else,
and the Permit Officer must be satisfied that all reasonably practicable steps have been
taken to ensure the safety of those involved, and anyone else that the work might affect.
Activities covered may include:
• Routine materials handling
• Routine work in offices.
• General cold work inside workshops
• Visual inspection of areas (not including confined spaces)
• Operating or demonstrating portable fire-fighting equipment or life saving
appliances during drills or training.
b) Workshop Operations
At his discretion the Permit Officer may issue, in the form of a memorandum, standing
orders to cover operations in workshops. Such orders can be valid only for designated
workshops and the authorised use of permanent facilities provided in the workshops. The
order should be prominently displayed in the workshops to which it refers. The
memorandum should include specific precautions and conditions to be observed.

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2.4.4 Supplementary Certificate
Isolation Confirmation Certificate
Before a Permit to Work can be issued for a task it may be necessary for the equipment or
plant to be worked on to be isolated. The Isolation Confirmation Certificate (ICC)
combines on one document a record of all the isolations required for a task to proceed in
safety. The equipment may require isolation from:
• Sources of electricity
• Process fluids and pressure
• Mechanical drive
• Control systems.
The ICC ensures that the isolations are applied and documented in a thorough, systematic
manner.
b) Period of Validity
The ICC is raised before the Permit to Work is issued, and it remains in force at least until
the Permit to Work is cancelled. The ICC will only be cancelled upon the cancellation
declaration being signed by the Area Authority.
c) Signatories
The ICC must be signed by the Permit Officer or his deputy and each of the involved
Isolating Authorities. The Permit Officer signs for isolations to be applied or removed and
to certify that the plant is available for return to normal operations.
The Isolating Authorities sign for each isolation they apply and remove.
d) Copies
There are two copies of each ICC. One copy is retained by the issuing Isolating Authority,
the second copy is given to the Permit Office.

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Entry Certificate
An Entry Certificate must be issued when it is necessary for personnel to enter vessels,
tanks, sumps, structural members and enclosed void spaces. Adequate safety precautions
must be taken to prevent anyone who enters these confined spaces from suffering harm or
injury.
The purpose of the Entry Certificate is to certify the atmospheric conditions inside the
confined space and stipulate the level or precautions while work is being carried out. The
Entry Certificate does not permit any work to be carried out. The appropriate Permit to
Work must be raised before any task can be undertaken.
The Entry Certificate only allows visual inspection by the Authorised Gas Tester Level 1 to
be done within the space.
b) Period of Validity
The Entry Certificate is valid for an indefinite period subject to gas retest which will be
carried out at a maximum interval of 12 hours. The Permit Officer or Authorised Gas
Tester may stipulate a more frequent retest if conditions dictate.
c) Signatories
The Entry Certificate must be signed by the Permit Officer.
d) Copies
There are two copies of each Entry Certificate. They are distributed as follows:

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2.4.5 Definition Of Personnel And Responsibilities
Everyone involved on a site or Installation, including owners, employers, contractors and
workers, may have responsibilities under Permit to Work procedures. It is important that
each individual knows what his own responsibilities and duties are and carries them out
properly.
Paragraph 10 Oil Industry Advisory Committee 'A Guide to Principles and
Operations of Permit to Work Procedures'.
a) Permit Officer (PO)

The Permit Officer is responsible for ensuring that written procedures and systems for
Permits to Work are in place. He is responsible for ensuring the competence of relevant
personnel to carry out the functions of the Permit to Work System.
The Permit Officer must approve all Hot Work (Naked Flame), Hot Work (Spark
Potential), Cold Work (Well Intervention) and Entry Certificates.
The Permit Officer may delegate the signing of Cold Work (General Operation) Permits.
b) Performing Authority
The Performing Authority is the senior person actually in charge of the task on a
continuous basis who is present on the site during the work.
The Performing Authority is responsible for and signs the Permit to acknowledge that both
he/she and his/her men will:
• Comply with the conditions specified on the Permit
• Use the protective equipment specified on the Permit.
The Performing Authority signs the Permit at the end of the task to certify:
• The status of the task specified on the Permit
• That all his workforce has been withdrawn from the worksite
• That the worksite has been left safe and clean.
c) Isolating Authority
An Isolating Authority is appointed by the Permit Officer and is responsible for the
application and removal of isolations under an ICC. The Isolating Authority carries out his
duties under the instructions of the Permit Officer. His expertise in his particular discipline
will enable him to advise the Permit Officer as to the isolations required for an ICC or
Sanction to Test. His discipline can be:
• Mechanical
• Electrical
• Process
• Control.
d) Permit Clerk (PC)

The Permit Clerk (PC) is appointed by the Permit Officer. He/she is responsible for
maintaining an up to date register of all active Permits and Certificates.

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2.4.6 Procedure For Completing A Permit To Work Form
The detailed procedures involved in completing the various sections of the Permit to Work
forms are set out in the following subsections. The sequence of compiling a Permit to Work
form is summarised below.
Section Action By Action to be Taken

Number
1 PERFORMING Ensures that Section 1 is completed giving sufficient
AUTHORITY information for subsequent personnel to assess the
task. Dates the anticipated time frame for the task then
signs the section.
2. PERMIT OFFICER Indicates the hazard potential in the equipment, tools,
work area and adjacent or associated work.
3. PERMIT OFFICER Specifies the type of protective clothing to be worn
and equipment to be carried whilst the task is
undertaken.
4. PERMIT OFFICER Lists the Supplementary Certificates raised in
connection with the Permit.
5. PERMIT OFFICER
Specifies whether or not scaffolding should be used.
PERMIT OFFICER
Examines and signs to approve the Permit.
6. PERMIT OFFICER AND Formal handover to Performing Authority, after
PERFORMING worksite inspection for Red and Yellow Permits.
AUTHORITY
Permit PERMIT CLERK The Permit is entered into the Permit Office Register,
Registry Inhibitions instituted, and Permit Number entered on
the Permit form.
7. PERFORMING Statement of completion or non-completion of task
AUTHORITY and worksite inspection with Permit Officer.
PERMIT OFFICER Acceptance by Permit Officer of state of completion
task and worksite inspection. Declaration that systems
where applicable can be returned to normal operation.
8. PERMIT CLERK Completes Permit Office Register.
It should be remembered that persons signing the Work Permit are acknowledging personal
responsibility for the standard of precautions being undertaken and the safe state of the
equipment and/or worksite.

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3 LANDING NIPPLES & LOCK MANDRELS
3.1 GENERAL
Landing nipples are short tubular components furnished with tubing threads top and
bottom, compatible with the completion tubing. They are internally machined to provide a
locking recess and sealing bore into which the locking device is installed.
The main features of a landing nipple are:
• Locking groove or profile
• Polished seal bore
• No-Go shoulder (where applicable)
Landing nipples are receptacles designed to accept and retain various wireline retrievable
flow controls, the most common being plugs, chokes, valves and pressure/temperature
recording devices.
Landing nipples are furnished to suit all nominal tubing sizes and weights with API or
premium thread connections and are available in two basic types:
• Non-Selective (No-Go)
• Selective
3.1.1 Advantages
The advantages of using landing nipples in a completion string include:
• The well may be plugged to hold differential pressure from above, below or
from both directions.
• The tubing string may be pressure tested/packer setting
• SCSSSVs, chokes and other flow control devices may be safely set in the
tubing string.
• Bottom hole pressure and temperature gauges may be installed.
• The nipples may be used as reference points for checking depth.
3.1.2 Non-Selective (No-Go Landing Nipples)

The non-selective nipple receives a locking device which uses the No-Go principle for the
purpose of location. This requires that the OD of the locking device is slightly larger than
the No-Go diameter of the nipple. The No-Go diameter is usually a small shoulder located
below the packing bore (bottom No-Go), or on some designs the top of the packing bore
itself is used as the No-Go. If more than one non-selective landing nipple is required in a
completion string, a step-down principle must be used. This ensures that lower nipples are
of a correspondingly smaller size than those higher up in the tubing string which allows the
lock mandrel to pass through the No-Go profiles of the higher nipples.

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3.1.3 Selective Landing Nipples

The selective nipple design is essentially full bore and allows the running of several nipples
in the same string, all having the same internal dimensions. In the selective system, the
locking and sealing devices are designed with the same external key profile and the method
of nipple selection is determined by the running tool and the setting procedure.
The two completion designs shown are typical examples of completion’s that are run. The
equipment used in these completion’s is commonly used in the north sea, care must be
taken in selecting the appropriate sized components for a particular completion.
• Example 1 - shows a typical 41/2” selective completion
• Example 2 - shows a 51/2” x 41/2” Non-selective completion
Figure 3.1 - Example of a 41/2” Selective Completion

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Figure 3.2 - Example of a 51/2” x 41/2” Non-Selective Completion

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3.1.4 Baker Type ‘AF, ‘HF’ and ‘VF’ Nipples

The type ‘AF’, ‘HF’ and ‘VF’ nipples are non-selective top No-Go nipples which provide a
receptacle in the tubing string for various wireline flow control devices. These nipples are
designed to accept the ‘AF’, ‘HF’ and ‘VF’ ‘SUR- SET’ lock mandrels respectively. The
nipple designation is listed below:
• AF - 10,000 psi max. volume pressure
• HF - 15,000 psi max. working pressure
• VF - over 15,000 psi working pressure.
The ‘F’ designation means top No-Go.
a) Application
These nipples may be placed at any depth in the completion string. If more than one ‘AF’,
‘HF’ or ‘VF’ nipple is to be run in the completion string, then the sizes must be stepped
down to allow the compatible lock-mandrel to pass through the No-Go shoulder of the
nipple above. The ‘AF’, ‘HF’ or ‘VF’ nipple would normally be used in the completion
string with an ‘AR’, ‘HR’ or ‘VR’ nipple the same size below it. The top No-Go shoulder
in the ‘AF’, ‘HF’ or ‘VF’ is larger than the packing bore. This allows the ‘AR’, ‘HR’ or
‘VR’ lock mandrels which incorporate a bottom No-Go to pass through the ‘AF’, ‘HF’ or
‘VF’ nipples. These nipples can be used as a positive locating receptacle for blanking
plugs, velocity type safety valves, check valves, chokes, instrument hangers and circulating
blanking plugs.
b) Advantages
These nipples bear the same designation as their compatible lock mandrels. They provide
positive location in the tubing string and can be used in high pressure environments. They
have a larger ID than the ‘AR’, ‘HR’ and ‘VR’ nipples which gives a larger flow area, e.g.
Hydraulic packer setting, providing positive mechanical isolation from the reservoir when
carrying out wellhead maintenance/repairs.
CAUTION: WHEN RUNNING AN ‘AR’, ‘HR’ OR ‘VR’ LOCK MANDREL

THROUGH AN ‘AF’, ‘HF’ OR ‘VF’ NIPPLE THE PACKING
STACK WILL POSSIBLY HAVE TO BE JARRED THROUGH THE
‘AF’, ‘HR’ OR ‘VF’ NIPPLE. THIS MUST BE TAKEN INTO
CONSIDERATION WHEN SELECTING SHEAR PINS FOR THE
RUNNING TOOL.

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Figure 3.3 - Baker ‘AF’ , ‘HF’ and ‘VF’ Landing Nipple

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3.1.5 Baker Type ‘AR’, ‘HR’ and ‘VR’ Nipples

The Type ‘AR’, ‘HR’ and ‘VR’ nipples are non-selective bottom No-Go nipples which
provide a receptacle in the tubing string for various wireline flow control devices. These
nipples are designed to accept the ‘AR’, ‘HR’ and ‘VR’ ‘SUR SET’ lock mandrels
respectively. The nipple designation is listed below:
• ‘AR’ - 10,000 psi max. working pressure
• ‘HR’ - 15,000 psi max. working pressure
• ‘VR’ - over 15,000 psi working pressure
The ‘R’ designation means bottom No-Go.
a) Application
These nipples may be placed at any depth in the completion string. If more than one ‘AR’,
‘HR’ or ‘VR’ nipple is to be run in the completion string, then the sizes must be stepped
down to allow the compatible lock-mandrel to pass through the No-Go shoulder of the
nipple above. The ‘AR’, ‘HR’ or ‘VR’ nipple would normally be the deepest nipple in a
completion string, with the ‘AF’, ‘HF’ or ‘VF’ top No-Go nipple above it. These nipples
can be used as a positive locating receptacle for blanking plugs, velocity type safety valves,
check valves, chokes, instrument hangers and circulating blanking plugs.
b) Advantages
In some circumstances the No-Go shoulder can prevent the loss of a wireline toolstring.
These nipples bear the same designation as their compatible lock mandrels. They provide
positive location in the tubing string and can be used in high pressure environments.
CAUTION: THE NO-GO SHOULDER RESTRICTS THE SIZE OF WIRELINE

TOOL THAT WILL PASS THROUGH THE NIPPLE. FLOW AREA
IS ALSO SLIGHTLY REDUCED.

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Figure 3.4 - Baker Type ‘AR’, ‘HR’ and ‘VR’ Landing Nipple

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3.1.6 Baker ‘AF’, ‘HF’ and ‘VF’ Sur-Set Lock Mandrels

The type ‘AF’, ‘HF’ and ‘VF’ lock mandrels
are top No-Go type locks designed to locate
and lock in the Baker ‘AF’, ‘HF’ and ‘VF’
landing nipples. These locks have a No-Go
shoulder located below the locking dogs.
Lock selection should be compatible with
the size and model designation (based on
designed pressure rating) of the selected
seating nipple. The lock mandrel
designation is listed below:
• ‘AF’ - 10,000 psi max. working
pressure
• ‘HF’ - 15,000 psi max. working
pressure
• ‘VF’ - over 15,000 psi max.
working pressure.
The F meaning top No-Go.
a) Application
The ‘AF’, ‘HF’ and ‘VF’ lock mandrels are
run with the Model ‘A’ running tool and
pulled with the type ‘GS’ or ‘GR’ pulling
tool. When these lock mandrels are locked
in position, in their respective nipples, the
large pressure bearing locking dogs lift the
No-Go shoulder off seat. This eliminates
No-Go shoulder swaging. These locks can
be used as a locking device for plugs,
chokes, check valves, instrument hangers
etc.
Figure 3.5 - Baker ‘AF’, ‘HF’ and ‘VF’
Sur-Set
b) Advantages
Due o the design of the Baker Sur-Set system the running tool will retrieve the lock if it is
not properly set in its nipple profile. When fully locked in the nipple profile the lock
mandrel fishing neck has a ‘C’ ring which locks it in place to prevent the lock unseating
due to friction of vibration while the well is flowing.
CAUTION: THIS LOCK MANDREL SHOULD BE CHECKED THOROUGHLY

PRIOR TO RUNNING. THE ‘C’ RING MUST BE IN GOOD
CONDITION TO PREVENT PROBLEMS DURING PULLING
OPERATIONS.

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NOTE: For Running and Pulling Procedures see Baker Type ‘AR’, ‘HR’ and
‘VR’.
3.1.7 Baker ‘AR’, ‘HR’ and ‘VR’ Sur-Set Lock Mandrels

The type ‘AR’, ‘HR’ and ‘VR’ lock
mandrels are bottom No-Go type locks
designed to locate and lock in the baker
‘AR’, ‘HR’ and ‘VR’ landing nipples. These
locks have a No-Go shoulder either on the
packing mandrel or, in case where packing is
not required, it is located on the flow control
device. lock selection should be compatible
with the size and model designation (based
on designed pressure rating) of the selected
seating nipple. The lock mandrel
designation is listed below:
• ‘AR’ - 10,000 psi max. working
pressure
• ‘HR’ - 15,000 psi max. working
pressure
• ‘VR’ - over 15,000 psi max.
working pressure.
The ‘R’ meaning bottom No-Go.
a) Application
The ‘AR’, ‘HR’ and ‘VR’ lock mandrels are
run with the Model A running tool and
pulled with the type ‘GS’ or ‘GR’ pulling
tool. When these lock mandrels are locked
in position, in their respective nipples, the
large pressure bearing locking dogs lift the
No-Go shoulder off seat. This eliminates
No-Go shoulder swaging. These locks can
be used as a locking device for plugs,
chokes, check valves, instrument hangers
etc.
Figure 3.6 - Baker ‘AR’, ‘HR’ and ‘VR’
Sur-Set
b) Advantages
Due to the design of the Baker Sur-Set system the running tool will retrieve the lock if it is
not properly set in its nipple profile. When fully locked in the nipple profile the lock
mandrel fishing neck has a ‘C’ ring which locks it in place to prevent the lock unseating
due to friction of vibration while the well is flowing.

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CAUTION: THIS LOCK MANDREL SHOULD BE CHECKED THOROUGHLY

PRIOR TO RUNNING. THE ‘C’ RING MUST BE IN GOOD
CONDITION TO PREVENT PROBLEMS DURING PULLING
OPERATIONS.
c) Running Procedures
1) Make up the appropriate Model A running tool to the ‘AR’, ‘HR’ or ‘VR’ lock
mandrel and attach to a standard wireline tool string.
2) Lower the tool string into the tubing until the ‘AR’, ‘HR’ or ‘VR’ Nipple is located.
3) With the lock mandrel assembly located on the No-Go shoulder, downward jarring
will shear the top pin in the Model A running tool and lock the lock mandrel into the
nipple profile.
4) Test the lock mandrel by applying an upward strain on the wireline. If the mandrel is
properly locked in the nipple, upward jarring will shear the bottom pin in the running
tool and allow the tool-string to be returned to the surface.
NOTE: If the mandrel is not properly locked in the nipple, it will jar loose before
the bottom pin is sheared. If this should happen, lower the mandrel back
into the nipple and repeat Steps 2, 3 and 4.
3.1.8 Model ‘M’ Single Trip Bypass Blanking Plug

The Model ‘M’ Single-Trip Bypass Blanking Plug is a positive blank-off device designed
to seal-of pressure from above and below. It may be used with either the TOP No-Go or
BOTTOM No-Go type Locks and is available in a wide range of pressure ratings.
When running in, the inner Mandrel is held in a downward position, thus, allowing fluid
bypass until the Plug is locked into the Seating Nipple. The ports in the Plug are closed off
only after the Lock is landed and completely set in the proper Seating Nipple.
The Plug is equalised by jarring down lightly on the inner Mandrel, using an ‘A’-Guide and
equalising prong, and opening its bypass ports. After pressures have been equalised
through the bypass ports, the Plug may be retrieved with a GS running and pulling tool.
Accessories:
• Model ‘A’ Running Tool
• Model ‘D’ Probe Extension
• Model ‘MH’ Positioning Tool
• Model ‘A’ Guide
• Equalising Prong.

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Figure 3.7 - Model ‘M’ Single Trip Bypass Blanking Plug

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Model ‘H’ Bypass Blanking Plug With Removable Mandrel is a positive blank-off device
designed to seal off pressure from above and below. These plugs are for use in wells where
sand or sediment might be encountered. The plugs have a removable Mandrel which
protrudes from the Fishing neck of the Lock so that a sand bailer can expose it for retrieval.
The Model ’H’ Plug may be used with either the Top No-Go, or BOTTOM No-Go type
Locks and is available in a wide range of pressure settings.
The Plug, with the selected Lock attached, is run in and set without the removable Mandrel
in place, thus, providing a large fluid bypass area and allowing fast run-in time. The
Mandrel is then run in and landed inside the Plug, blanking-off the bypass ports.
Equalisation is accomplished by pulling the removable Mandrel from the Plug and opening
the bypass ports to pressure. The Plug itself is then pulled using conventional running and
pulling tools.
Figure 3.8 - Model ‘H’ Bypass Blanking Plug With removable Mandrel

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3.1.9 Model ‘MH’ Positioning Tool

The Model ‘MH’ Positioning Tool is used, along with the Model ‘A’ Running Tool and
Probe Extension, to move the inner Mandrel of the ‘M’ Single-Trip Bypass Plug to the
closed position after the Locks have been set.
Figure 3.9 - Model ‘MH’ Positioning Tool

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3.1.10 Equalising Prong for Model ‘M’ Single-Trip Bypass Blanking Plug
The Equalising Prong is used in conjunction with the Model ‘A’ Guide to shift the inner
Mandrel of the Model ‘M’ Single-Trip Bypass Blanking Plug to the open position for
pressure equalisation.
Figure 3.10 - Equalising Prong for Model ‘M’ Single-Trip Bypass Blanking Plug

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3.1.11 Model ‘A’ Running Tool

The Model ‘A’ Running Tool is
designed to be used with all ‘Sur-
Set’ Locks. The Model ‘A’ Running
Tool attaches to the inside fishing
neck of the lock and prevents the
accidental setting of the lock if tight
spots in the tubing are encountered.
The Model ‘A’ Running Tool is
designed to retrieve locks if not
properly set in nipple profile.
3.1.12 Model ‘D’ Probe Extension

The Model ‘D’ Probe Extension is
used to pin Model ‘A’ Running Tool
to ‘Sur-Set’ Lock Assembly.
Figure 3.11 - Model ‘A’ Running Tool and the

Model ‘D’ Probe Extension

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3.1.13 Baker ‘AFT-2’ and ‘ART-2’ Sur-Set Check Valves

The ‘AFT-2’ and ‘ART-2’ check valves are designed to locate and lock into the Baker
‘AF’ and ‘AR’ landing nipples. These check valves incorporate a ball and seat type seal
and are designed to hold differential pressure from above only. The ‘AFT-2’/’ART-2’
check valves are pressure rated to 10,000 psi maximum pressure differential. There is a
version of this check valve available (‘HFT-2’ and ‘HRT-2’) for pressure up to 15,000 psi
maximum pressure differential.
a) Application
These check valves can be installed in a nipple at surface and run with completion string.
When this procedure is used, problems can occur when the check valve is to be pulled, due
to tubing scale, pipe dope etc. falling on top of the valve fishing neck. For this reason the
check valve is normally run on wireline once the completion is in place.
b) Advantages
Once a Sur-set check valve has been landed and locked in a seating nipple, all of the
differential applied to the valve is carried by the locking dogs and not by the No-Go
shoulder. This allows the valve to withstand high differentials and eliminates damage to the
No-Go shoulder.
Equalisation of both types of valve occurs during retrieval. Upward jarring to release the
locking dogs, shears screws in the equalising sub and allows equalisation of the check
valve if a differential remains at retrieval. The check valves have external fishing necks and
can be run on ‘C-1’, ‘JDC’ or ‘SB’ running tools and pulled with ‘JDC’, ‘JUC’, ‘SB’ or ‘R’
series pulling tools.
c) Running Procedure
The check valve would be RIH with the expander mandrel pinned by shear screws in its
uppermost position and the dogs retracted into the body. It would be pinned to a shear
down running tool.
The check valve locates the No-Go shoulder and by downward jarring the shear screws
shear and allow the expander mandrel to close and push the dogs out into the nipple profile.
Continued downward jarring will shear and release the running tool and allow the
toolstring to be pulled out of hole.
d) Pulling Procedure
The check valve can be pulled with either a shear up or shear down pulling tool. Once
latched onto the fishing neck, the check valve must be equalised. This is done by jarring up
and shearing shear screws in the equalising housing. The top sub will then move up and
expose the equalising ports. It is good practice to allow a short time for equalising before
continuing to jar upwards, otherwise the check valve will be trying to lift a column of fluid.
Once equalised, continued upward jarring moves the expander mandrel upwards and allows
the dogs to retract into the body, so allowing the check valve to be retrieved.

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Figure 3.12 - Baker Type ‘ AFT-2’/’ART-2’ Sur-Set Check Valves

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3.1.14 Baker Type ‘B’ SSSV Landing Nipple

The Baker ‘B’ Landing nipple accepts the Baker ‘B-1’ lock assembly along with the
relevant sub-surface safety valve (SSSV). The main features of the nipple are:
• Key Profile
• Top No - Go shoulder
• Upper seal bore
• Control line port
• Lower seal bore.
A hydraulic control line is made up to the control line port on the nipple prior to running
the tubing string.
a) Application
The ‘B’ Landing Nipple is normally positioned in the tubing string 50 - 100 ft below the
‘Mud line’. The control line port is situated between the two seal bores. When the SSSV is
locked in the nipple it ‘ packs- off’ across the control line port. Pressure can then be applied
down the control line to operate the SSSV
b) Advantages
The ‘B’ series landing nipple can be used as a receptacle for a dummy SSSV or a shallow
set plug when maintenance work is to be carried out on the wellhead etc.
CAUTION: WHEN THE SSSV IS REMOVED FROM THE NIPPLE THE

CONTROL LINE IS OPEN TO THE WELLBORE FLUIDS. FOR
THIS REASON THE CONTROL LINE MUST BE CLOSED IN AT
SURFACE OTHERWISE THE WELLBORE FLUID CAN
CONTAMINATE THE CONTROL LINE FLUID.

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Figure 3.13 - Baker Type ‘B’ Landing Nipple

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3.1.15 Baker Type ‘B-1’ Lock Mandrel

The ‘B-1’ lock mandrel is a top No-Go
type lock mandrel designed specifically
to land and lock SSSVs in a type ‘B’
landing nipple profile. The ‘B-1’ lock is
run and pulled on a ‘GS’ running/pulling
tool fitted with a ‘BT’ probe.
The ‘B-1’ lock mandrel can be used to
locate and lock various flow control
devices in the tubing string e.g. surface
controlled sub surface safety valves
direct controlled safety valves, plugs,
chokes, check valves, and instrument
hangers.
The top No-Go shoulder on the ‘B-1’
lock ensures positive landing in the
SSSV landing nipple. The spring loaded
plunger inside the lock ensure that the
running tool will not release until the
lock assembly is fully secured in the
nipple. The plunger also presents a large
smooth bore for well fluid flow. This
combined with the internal fishing neck
makes the ‘B-1’ lock mandrel ideal for
high volume applications.
Figure 3.14 - Baker ‘B-1’ Lock Mandrel

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3.1.16 Camco Type ‘DB’ Landing Nipple

The series ‘DB’ landing nipple is a top No-Go, non-selective type nipple. It is available in
various sizes and thread types. The ‘DB’ nipple comprises of three main features:
• Lock profile
• Top No-Go
• Packing seal bore.
The ‘DB’ nipple provides a positive locating receptacle for the Camco ‘DB’ series lock
mandrel and associated flow control devices.
CAUTION: WHEN MORE THAN ONE ‘DB’ NIPPLE IS TO BE RUN IN A

SINGLE COMPLETION STRING, THE SIZE MUST BE STEPPED
DOWN TO ALLOW THE LOCK NO-GO OD TO PASS THROUGH
THE PACKING BORE OF THE UPPER ‘DB’ NIPPLE.
a) Application
This nipple can be placed at any depth in the tubing string. It can be used as a receptacle for
blanking plugs, velocity type safety valves, check valves, instrument hangers and chokes.
b) Advantages
The ‘DB’ nipple No-Go shoulder provides a positive locating device which eases the
setting of the lock mandrel. The top No-Go also gives a larger ID and flow area.

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Figure 3.15 - Camco Type ‘DB’ Landing Nipple

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3.1.17 Camco Type ‘B’ SSSV Landing Nipple

The Camco Series ‘B’ landing nipple was developed for use with Camco ‘DB’ lock
mandrels and sub-surface safety valves (SSSVs). The nipple consists of five main features:
• Key profile
• Top No-Go shoulder
• Upper seal bore
• Control line port
• Lower seal bore.
A hydraulic control line is made up to the control line port on the nipple prior to running
the tubing string.
a) Application
The ‘B’ series landing nipple is normally positioned in the tubing string 50-100 ft below
the ‘mud-line’. The control line port is situated between the two seal bores. When the
SSSV is locked in the nipple it ‘packs-off’ across the control line port. Pressure can then be
applied down the control line to operate the SSSV. The ‘B’ series landing nipple accepts
the appropriate B-7 WRDP and WRP series wireline retrievable safety valves.
b) Advantages
The ‘B’ series landing nipple can also be used as a receptacle for a dummy SSSV or a
shallow set plug when maintenance work is to be carried out on the wellhead etc.
CAUTION: WHEN THE SSSV IS REMOVED FROM THE NIPPLE THE

CONTROL LINE IS OPEN TO THE WELLBORE FLUIDS. FOR
THIS REASON THE CONTROL LINE MUST BE CLOSED IN AT
SURFACE OTHERWISE THE WELLBORE FLUID CAN
CONTAMINATE THE CONTROL LINE FLUID.

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Figure 3.16 - Camco Type ‘B’ SSSV Landing Nipple

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3.1.18 Camco Type ‘BA-6’ SSSV Landing Nipple

The Camco ‘BA-6’ landing nipple is identical to the ‘B-6’ landing nipple except that the
upper seal bore has a larger ID than the lower seal bore.
a) Application
As in the ‘B’ Series landing nipple.
b) Advantages
The ‘BA-6’ landing nipple can also be used as a receptacle for a dummy SSSV or a
shallow set plug when maintenance work is to be carried out on the wellhead etc. When the
SSSV is to be pulled for regular wireline work or to be changed out, pressure can be left on
the control line. Because the upper packing bore is larger than the lower packing bore, it
has a larger piston area. This together with the control line pressure assists retrieval of the
SSSV.
CAUTION: IF THE SSSV IS TO BE RE-RUN IT IS NOT ADVISABLE TO

LEAVE DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE ON THE CONTROL LINE AS
THE TOP PACKING STACK MAY BE DAMAGED WHEN IT IS
PULLED OUT OF THE PACKING BORE.

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Figure 3.17 - Camco Type ‘BA-6’ SSSV Landing Nipple

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3.1.19 Camco Series ‘BA-6’ Hydraulic Safety Valve Landing Nipple

The Camco ‘BA-6’ landing nipple is identical to the ‘B-6’ landing nipple except that the
upper seal bore has a larger ID than the lower seal bore.
a) Application
As for the ‘B’ Series landing nipple.
b) Advantages
The ‘BA-6’ landing nipple can also be used as a receptacle for a dummy SSSV or a
shallow set plug when maintenance work is to be carried out on the wellhead etc. When
the SSSV is to be pulled for regular wireline work to be changed out, pressure can be left
on the control line. Because the upper packing bore is larger than the lower packing bore,
it has a larger piston area. This together with the control line pressure assists retrieval of
the SSSV.
CAUTION: IF THE SSSV IS TO BE RE-RUN IT IS NOT ADVISABLE TO

LEAVE DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE ON THE CONTROL LINE AS
THE TOP PACKING STACK MAY BE DAMAGED WHEN IT IS
PULLED OUT OF THE PACKING BORE.
Figure 3.18 - Camco ‘BA-6’ Hydraulic Landing Nipple

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3.1.20 Camco Type ‘DB-6’ Lock Mandrel

The ‘DB-6’ lock mandrel is a non-selective type lock designed to locate and lock in the
type ‘DB-6’ series landing nipple and Camco ‘DB-6’ hydraulic safety valve landing nipple.
The ‘DB-6’ is a No-Go type lock with the No-Go shoulder located between the locking
dogs and the packing section.
The ‘DB-6’ lock mandrel is run on the ‘Z-6’ running tool with the expander tube located in
the upper position and the dogs free to retract. On location of the No-Go shoulder, the
running tool core is released from the lock by downward jarring to break some shear pins
and drives the expander tube down behind the locking dogs into the nipple recess. The
expander is held down by a collet type latch and shear pins which locate a groove in the
upper end of the expander. The shear pins locate the groove and are held in by a retainer
spring. At the same time a tattle tale spring locates the upper groove in the lower core of
the running tool. Upward jarring then breaks the releasing shear pins allowing the running
tool to be retrieved. On retrieval at surface location of the ‘tattle-tale’ spring in the lower
groove would indicate that full travel of the expander had not been achieved and that the
lock should be pulled and re-run.
The ‘DB-6’ lock is pulled with the ‘PRS’ series pulling tool. After locating the mandrel and
pressure equalisation, upward jarring through the pulling tool's dogs, shears the releasing
pins in the lock and drives the expander up from behind the dogs, releasing the lock from
the nipple. Further pulling, pulls the lock from the nipple.
a) Application
The ‘DB-6’ lock mandrel can be used to locate and lock various flow control devices in the
tubing string e.g. surface controlled sub surface safety valves direct controlled safety
valves, plugs, chokes, check valves, and instrument hangers.
b) Advantages
The ‘DB-6’ is a No-Go type lock, making nipple location and lock setting simple. When
this lock is pinned to the ‘Z-6’ running tool its locking dogs are fully retracted reducing the
chance of the assembly hanging up while RIH.

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Figure 3.19 - Camco ‘BD-6’ Lock Mandrel

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3.1.21 Camco Type ‘Z-6’ Running Tool

a) Description
The Camco 'Z-6' running tool is a wireline tool used to install the 'DB-6' lock mandrel into
the 'DB-6', 'B-6' or 'BA-6' landing nipples. The 'Z-6' running tool comprises a fishing neck,
plunger, garter spring and a lock pin retainer. Two sets of shear pins attach the running tool
to the lock. The lower set of shear pins holds the plunger in the running position. The upper
set of shear pins, when sheared, releases the running tool from the lock. The running too1
is threaded internally to receive a running prong for special operations. The 'Z-6' running
tool has a 'tell tale' device which gives positive indication that the lock has been set. The
running tool shear pin hole design allows it to be pinned to suit the operation to be
performed e.g. two shear pins to set a shallow plug, four pins to set a deep plug. The 'Z-6'
running tool is non-selective.
b) Disassembly Procedure
1) Install the running tool in a vice. Locate the grip of the vice on the centre of' the
fishing neck.
2) Using a small standard tip screwdriver, remove the garter spring from the plunger.
3) Remove the lock pin retainer from the plunger.
4) Remove the plunger from the fishing neck. The application of a moderate amount of
heat (not to exceed 300 F) may be necessary to release the fishing neck from the
loctite which is applied to the plunger threads during assembly.
5) Remove the plunger ring from the plunger.
6) Remove the fishing neck from the vice.
c) Assembly Procedure
1) Prior to assembly, wash all metal parts. Use a good quality thread lubricant on all
threads, except those where the use of loctite, Grade 242, is specified.
2) Install the fishing neck in the vice. Locate the grip of the vice on the centre of the
fishing neck.
3) Install the plunger ring, bevelled end first, over the plunger.
4) Apply loctite, Grade 242, to the pin threads of the plunger. Make up the plunger and
fishing neck fully tight.
5) Make up the lock pin retainer and the plunger.
6) Install the garter spring in the shallow machined groove between the two deeper
grooves at the end of the plunger.
7) Remove the running tool from the vice.

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d) Running Procedure
1) Install the 'Z-6' running tool in a large vice. Clamp the vice on the fishing neck of the
running tool.
2) Remove the ring retainer from the position indicator housing of the 'DB' lock.
3) Place the ring retainer over the lower end of the running tool and move it up over the
shear pin holes in the plunger of the running tool.
4) Align the lower two shear pin holes of the ring retainer with the two pin holes of the
running tool plunger.
5) Insert two steel shear pins through the aligned holes of both the ring retainer.
6) Move the plunger ring of the running tool down to meet the lock retainer ring.
7) Align the upper shear pin holes of the plunger ring with the upper shear pin holes of
the retainer ring. Install two brass shear pins and tap them down firmly.
NOTE: When the 'DB' Lock is attached to a subsurface control device which
entails a flapper, use the designated Running Prong in conjunction with
the Running Tool.
8) Install the small garter spring on the end of the running tool plunger. There is a
shallow groove for this purpose provided between the two deeper grooves at the end
of the plunger.
9) Remove the running tool from the vice.
10) Make up and tighten the running tool and ring retainer onto the position indicator
housing the 'DB' Lock.
NOTE: Exercise care so that the garter spring is not rolled back during this step.
11) Attach the running tool to the wireline tool-string.

12) Run the wireline tool-string into the well. When the lock reaches the 'DB' landing
nipple, the no-go shoulder of the valve/lock assembly will locate the no-go ring of the
landing nipple.
13) Jar downward on the running tool to shear the pins holding the running tool plunger
in the running position. Continue jarring downward until a solid blow is encountered
indicating that the lock has seated in the landing nipple.
14) Jar upward to break the shear pins attaching the plunger ring to the lock retainer ring.
15) Retrieve the running tool from the well. Examine the garter spring for proper
positioning to indicate positive setting of the lock.
NOTE: THE GARTER SPRING SERVES AS A 'TELL TALE' TO VERIFY

PROPER SETTING OF THE LOCK. WHEN THE RUNNING TOOL IS
RETURNED TO THE SURFACE, AFTER RUNNING THE LOCK,
THE GARTER SPRING WILL HAVE SHIFTED POSITION. IF THE
GARTER SPRING IS IN THE DEEPER GROOVE BELOW THE
SHALLOW GROOVE, THE LOCK WILL NOT HAVE BEEN SET
PROPERLY IN THE LOOKING RECESS.

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When the garter spring is located in the deeper groove above the shallow groove, proper
setting of the lock is assured.
The 'tell tale' garter spring indicates the length of travel of the collet within the lock
housing. The collet must move down fully in order for the fingers to engage in the lock
housing collet recess and assure positive locking.
16) Prior to resuming normal well operation, conduct tests to confirm that the lock is
securely seated in the landing nipple.
Figure 3.20 - Camco ‘Z-6’ Running Tool
3.1.22 Camco Type 'PRS' Pulling Tool

a) Description
The Type 'PRS' Pulling Tool is designed to engage with internal fishing necks e.g. lock
mandrels and to release and shear with downward jar action (see note).

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b) Operation
When the pulling tool reaches working depth, its collet contacts with the restricted diameter
of the top of the device to be pulled and so moves back against the collet spring, inertia
allowing the collet core to continue moving downwards. The restricted diameter of the
device to be pulled causes the collet fingers to deflect inwards and make possible a passage
through the opening of the fishing neck. As the collet fingers clear the opening of the
fishing neck, the collet spring shifts the collet fingers back over the larger diameter of the
collet core and so locks the pulling tool to the device to be pulled.
In the event that the device cannot be retrieved, the 'PRS' has a release feature which
operates by downward jarring to break a shear pin freeing the core from the outer housing
and moving the back-up shoulder down from behind the fingers and simultaneously a
ratchet mechanism grips the core holding it in this lower position. The tool is now free to
be pulled from the well.
NOTE: Some models of 'PRS' tools can be released from the device to be palled
by upwards and downwards jarring action.
An attractive feature of the Type 'PRS' Pulling Tool is the ease by which it can be released
at the surface from the pulled device. By simply placing a pin punch into the collet hole,
retracting the collet against its spring, then rotating the punch in the collet housing slot, the
tool can be released.
c) Operational Checks
Before running the tool, its shear mechanism should be checked.
Following recovery from the well, the tool should be redressed before storing.

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Figure 3.21 - Camco Type ‘PRS’ Pulling Tool

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d) Disassembly Procedure
This procedure refers to the 41/2", 51/2" and 6" Pulling Tools.
1) Install the pulling tool in a vice. Locate the grip of the vice on the centre of the spring
housing [7]. Ensure that the shear pin sleeve [5] is exposed.
2) Back off the ratchet housing [3] from the spring housing [7]. The ratchet housing
cannot be removed from the pulling tool in this step.
3) Slide the shear pin sleeve [5] towards the ratchet housing [3].
4) Using a pin punch and a ball peen hammer, remove the shear pin [6] in the spring
housing [7]. Leave the pin punch in the shear pin hole to prevent the inner mandrel
[10] from turning.
5) Using a pin punch and a ball peen hammer, remove the shear pins [2] from the
tangential shear pin holes in the fishing neck [1].
6) Remove the fishing neck [1] from the inner mandrel [10].
7) Remove the ratchet housing [3] and the shear pin sleeve [5] from the pulling tool.
8) Remove the collet core [12] from the inner mandrel [10]. Remove the pin punch from
the shear pin hole in the spring housing [7].
9) Remove the collet housing [9] and collet assembly [11] from the spring housing [7].
WARNING: THERE IS AN ELEMENT OF DANGER INVOLVED IN THE

REMOVAL OF THE COLLET HOUSING FROM THE SPRING
HOUSING DUE TO THE COMPRESSED CONDITION OF THE
SPRING. EXERCISE CARE WHEN DISASSEMBLING THE
COLLET HOUSING FROM THE SPRING HOUSING.
10) Place the collet housing [9] and collet assembly [11], with the collet fingers pointing
upward on a work bench. Holding the collet housing [9] with both hands, jar the
collet housing upward, deflecting the collet fingers inward and allowing the collet
[11] to pass through the bore of the collet housing.
11) Remove the spring [8] from the inner mandrel [10].
12) Remove the inner mandrel [10] from the spring housing [7].
13) Remove the ratchet sleeve [4] from the spring housing [7].
e) Assembly Procedure
This procedure refers to the 41/2", 51/2" and 6" pulling tools.
Prior to assembly, wash all parts thoroughly. Lubricate all threads with an anti-seize
compound.
1) Install the spring housing [7] in a vice. Locate the grip of the vice on the centre of the
spring housing. Ensure that the shear pin sleeve [5) is exposed.
2) Insert the inner mandrel [10] into the bore of the spring housing [7]. Align the shear
pin holes in the spring housing and the inner mandrel [10]. Place a pin punch in the
aligned shear pin holes.
3) Slide the spring [8] over the lower end of the inner mandrel [10] and against the
lower internal shoulder of the spring housing [7].
4) Place the collet [11] on a work bench with the collet fingers pointing upward. Place
the collet housing [9], box threads first, over the collet fingers. Holding the collet

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housing with both hands, jar the collet housing downward. The weight of the collet
housing deflects the collet fingers inward, allowing the collet to pass through the bore
of the collet housing.
5) Install the lower end of the inner mandrel [10] into the bore of the collet housing [9]
and collet assembly [11].
6) Place a pin punch or rod of appropriate size in the hole of the collet [11]. Retract the
collet against the collet spring [8] and make up the collet housing on to the spring
housing fully tight. Remove the pin punch or rod from the collet.
7) Make up and tighten the collet core [12] to the lower end of the inner mandrel [10]1.
8) Install the ratchet sleeve [4], unthreaded end first, over the upper end of the inner
mandrel [10]. Slide the ratchet sleeve up to the buttress threads on the inner mandrel.
Rotate the ratchet sleeve clockwise until the buttress threads on the ratchet sleeve
disengage the buttress threads on the inner mandrel. The unthreaded end of the
ratchet sleeve should rest against the upper internal shoulder of the spring housing
[7].
9) Install the shear pin sleeve [5] over the upper end of the inner mandrel [10] and onto
the spring housing [7], allowing the sleeve to rest on the threads of the spring
housing.
10) Install the ratchet housing [3] over the upper end of the inner mandrel [10]. Do not
make up the ratchet housing to the spring housing [7].
11) Make up the fishing neck [1] on to the upper end of the inner mandrel [10]. Losing a
pin punch and a ball peen hammer, install the shear pins [2] in the tangential shear
pin holes in the fishing neck. File the shear pins flush with the outside diameter of the
fishing neck.
12) Remove the pin punch from the shear pin holes in the spring housing [7]. Using a ball
peen hammer, install the shear pin[6] in the shear pin hole in the spring housing.
13) Slide the shear pin sleeve [5] over the shear pin hole.
14) Make up and tighten the ratchet housing [3] onto the spring housing [7].
f) Re-pinning Procedure
This procedure refers to the 41/2", 51/2" and 6" pulling tools.
1) Install the pulling tool in a vice. Locate the grip of the vice on the centre of the spring
housing [7]. Ensure that the shear pin sleeve [5] is exposed.
2) Rotate the inner mandrel [10] counter-clockwise until the buttress threads on the
inner mandrel disengage the buttress threads on the ratchet sleeve [4].
3) Back off the ratchet housing [3] from the spring housing [7].
4) Slide the shear pin sleeve [3] towards the ratchet housing [3]. Pieces of the shear pin
[6] will fall out of the spring housing [7].
5) Using a pin punch and a ball peen h hammer, remove any of the remaining pieces of
the shear pin [6] which did not fall out of the spring housing [7].
6) Align the shear pin holes in the spring housing [7] and inner mandrel [10].
7) Using a ball peen hammer, install the shear pin [6] in the shear pin hole in the spring
housing [7]. File the shear pin flush with the outside diameter of the spring housing.
8) Slide the shear pin sleeve [5] over the shear pin hole.
9) Lubricate the thread on the spring housing [7]. Make up the ratchet housing [3] on to
the spring housing.
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g) Pulling Procedure
1) Ensure that the 'PRS' Series Pulling Tool is fully assembled and in proper working
order. Make up the pulling tool onto the wireline tool-string.
2) Run the tool-string into the well until the collet fingers of the pulling tool lock into
the locking recess of the internal fishing neck of the retrievable subsurface device.
3) Jar upward on the wireline.
NOTE: If the sub-surface device does not dislodge from the well, the 'PRS'
Pulling Tool can be disengaged from the device and recovered to the
surface with downward jarring. The 'PRS-2' through 'PRS-6' Pulling
Tool can be released from the device with upward or downward jarring,
depending on the position of the compression core spring in the spring
housing.
4) Retrieve the wireline tool-string with the subsurface device and close the master
valve.
5) Bleed the lubricator pressure off and remove the tools from the well.
h) Release from Subsurface Devices

1) Place a pin punch or rod of the appropriate size in the hole of the collet.
2) Retract the collet against the collet spring.
3) Rotate the punch or rod in the circumferential slot in the collet housing.
4) Separate the pulling tool from the device.
i) Aborting the Pulling Operation

The 41/2", 51/2" or 6" 'PRS' Pulling Tool can be released from the subsurface device without
pulling the device by downward jarring. Downward jarring brings the collet housing of the
pulling tool in contact with the top of the subsurface device, causing the shear pin holding
the spring housing and the inner mandrel together to shear. Continued downward jarring
moves the inner mandrel downward, engaging the buttress threads on the inner mandrel
with the buttress threads in the ratchet sleeve. The ratchet sleeve holds the inner mandrel in
a downward position. As the inner mandrel travels downward, the collet core moves out
from under the collet fingers. The collet fingers move inward into the reduced diameter of
the collet core, at which time the pulling tool can be separated from the device. Redress the
pulling tool each time a pulling operation is aborted.
3.1.23 Camco ‘DB-HP’ Blanking Plug

The Camco ‘DB-HP’ blanking plug is designed to attach to the appropriate Camco ‘DB’
series lock mandrel. It will hold differential pressure in the tubing string from both above
and below. The ‘DB-HP’ blanking plug and lock mandrel is installed in the Camco ‘DB’
series landing nipples. ‘DB-HP’ blanking plugs can be used in both low and high pressure
applications up to 10,000 psi when attached to the appropriate lock.

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a) Application
The ‘DB-HP’ blanking plug can be used to plug the tubing to pressure test the tubing itself,
as a barrier when pulling tubing, or to isolate flow and tubing pressure when carrying out
wellhead maintenance. This blanking plug is easily converted to an equalising standing
valve or circulating plug. The ‘DB-HP’ plug can be run in one wireline trip but when
pulling two trips are required.
b) Operation
The ‘DB-HP’ is made up to the appropriate ‘DB’ series lock. This assembly is run into the
tubing and locked in the nipple using standard wireline methods. Downward jarring with
the appropriate ‘Z-6’ running tool and prong sets the lock and closes the equalising ports.
Upward jarring releases the lock allowing its retrieval. When retrieving the assembly, the
appropriate J series pulling tool and equalising prong are run into the tubing. Upon contact,
the equalising insert is latched and the equalising prong shears the knockout plug, allowing
pressure to equalise. Upward jarring removes the equalising insert. On the second trip the
appropriate ‘PRS’ pulling tool latches onto the lock with attached blanking plug. Upward
jarring allows removal to the surface.
CAUTION: THIS BLANKING PLUG CAN BE DIFFICULT TO EQUALISE IF

SAND OR SCALE FALLS DOWN INSIDE THE PLUG BODY. IF
THIS SITUATION SHOULD ARISE BAILING WILL BECOME
NECESSARY.

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Figure 3.22 - Camco ‘DB-HP’ Blanking Plug

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3.1.24 The Camco ‘DB-P’ Blanking Plug

The Camco ‘DB-P’ blanking plug is designed to attach to the appropriate Camco ‘DB’
series lock mandrel. It will hold differential pressure in the tubing string from both above
and below. The ‘DB-P’ blanking plug and lock mandrel is installed in the Camco ‘DB’
series landing nipples. ‘DB-P’ blanking plugs can be used in both low and high pressure
applications up to 10,000 psi when attached to the appropriate lock.
a) Application
The ‘DB-P’ blanking plug can be used to plug the tubing to pressure test the tubing itself,
as a barrier when pulling tubing or to isolate flow and tubing pressure when carrying out
wellhead maintenance. The ‘DB-P’ plug with attached lock is run in two wireline trips. The
first to set the plug body and the second to set the prong. Two runs are required to pull this
plug, the first being the prong and the second the plug body. The wireline retrievable prong
which is inserted on the second trip is available with either an internal or external fishing
neck. The length of the prong is also variable and can be made to protrude well above the
blanking plug if desired. The prong is completely pressure balanced and is not locked in
place.
b) Advantages
Because this blanking plug incorporates a prong which extends above the lock mandrel
fishing neck, it is ideal in tubing installations where sand or scale may be present.
c) Operation
The ‘DB-P’ is made up to the appropriate ‘DB’ series lock. This assembly is run into the
tubing and locked in the nipple using standard wireline methods. Downward jarring with
the appropriate ‘Z-6’ running tool sets the lock. Upward jarring allows retrieval of the
running tool to the surface. On the second trip into the well the equalising ports are sealed
off by installing the prong.
When retrieving the assembly, the appropriate ‘J’ or ‘S’ series pulling tool is run into the
tubing and latches onto the prong. Upward jarring removes the prong and allows
equalisation. On the second trip, the appropriate ‘PRS’ pulling tool latches onto the lock
and blanking plug. Upward jarring unsets the lock and the assembly may be pulled to the
surface.

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Figure 3.23 - Camco ‘DB-P’ Blanking Plug

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3.1.25 Otis Type ‘X’ Landing Nipple

Consisting of a short tubular nipple equipped with the required tubing threads the Otis ‘X’
selective nipple can be placed in the completion tubing at any desired depth and in any
required quantity. Precision machined and internally honed the Otis ‘X’ nipple profile will
accept a suitably sized locking device of similar profile which is equipped with high
pressure and temperature/packing sections.
a) Application
Primarily designed for standard weight tubing the Otis ‘X’ profile nipple has a full size
packing bore and service environment is restricted only by the nipple material selected. The
‘X’ nipple provides a locating receptacle in the tubing string for the ‘X’ lock mandrel and
desired flow control device.
b) Advantages
The ‘X’ nipple does not incorporate a No-Go shoulder. This provides a larger ID and flow
area than an ‘XN’ nipple of the same size.
CAUTION: IT MAY BE DIFFICULT TO GET AN ACCEPTABLE PRESSURE

TEST ON A PLUG SET IN BOTTOM NIPPLE OF A COMPLETION
WITH SEVERAL NIPPLES OF THE SAME SIZE. THIS IS DUE TO
FORCING THE PACKING STACK ON THE LOCK MANDREL
THROUGH POLISHED SEAL BORES. SINCE PLUG LOCATION
IS DEPENDENT ON THE KEYS ON THE LOCK MANDREL
LOCATING THE NIPPLE PROFILE, SCALE BUILD UP CAN
ALSO CAUSE PROBLEMS LOCATING THE NIPPLE.

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Figure 3.24 - Otis Type ‘X’ Landing Nipple

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3.1.26 Otis Type ‘XN’ Landing Nipple

This component is a short tubular profile nipple which can be placed at any desired depth
in the completion string, but is normally the deepest in the series of nipple profiles. Only
one ‘XN’ profile of the same size can be used in a completion string as the restricted ID of
the No-Go shoulder below the packing bore prevents the passage of the compatible locking
devices. Should similar size ‘X’ nipples be used, the ‘XN’ should be the deepest.
The ‘XN’ profile nipple accepts a suitably sized locking device of identical profile, which
is equipped with high pressure and temperature packing sections or a tubing test tool,
gauge hanger or similar No-Go shoulder locating device.
a) Application
Designed for standard weight tubing the ‘XN’ profile nipple is non-selective due to the
restricted No-Go shoulder ID. Single nipple installations would use an ‘XN’ profile nipple
which, due to the No-Go shoulder restriction, automatically provides a positive stop. The
‘XN’ nipple is usually run in the completion string, in the ‘tailpipe assembly’ below a
packer.
b) Advantages
No-Go nipples of different sizes can be used in the same tubing string with selective
nipples of the same size above. The No-Go shoulder provides a positive locating device
when running plugs, test tools, etc.
The restricted ID can catch wireline tools accidentally dropped during wireline operations.
CAUTION: BECAUSE THIS NIPPLE INCORPORATES A NO-GO SHOULDER,

IT RESTRICTS THE SIZE OF WIRELINE TOOL THAT WILL
PASS THROUGH IT. THE FLOW AREA IS ALSO SLIGHTLY
REDUCED.

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Figure 3.25 - Otis Type ‘XN’ Landing Nipple

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3.1.27 Otis Type ‘X’ Lock Mandrel

The ‘X’ lock mandrel is a selective type lock mandrel designed to locate and lock in a
compatible Otis ‘X’ nipple. This lock mandrel can be run in the selective or non-selective
mode, determined prior to running by the position of the running tool. This lock mandrel is
run with the type ‘X’ running tool and pulled with the type ‘GS’ or ‘GR’ pulling tool.
a) Application
When combined with an equalising assembly and valve cap this lock mandrel can be used
as a tubing plug capable of holding a pressure differential from either direction. The ‘X’
lock mandrel can also be used as a locking medium for various flow control devices such
as chokes, check valves, pack-offs, instrument hangers etc. When the ‘X’ lock is used with
a wireline retrievable sub-surface safety valve, the lock mandrel can be modified to allow a
small shear pin to be installed between the expander mandrel and the main body of the
lock. This shear pin is held in place with a leaf spring and an Allen cap screw. This
modification prevents flow vibrations from vibrating the expander mandrel upwards and
thus unlocking the mandrel.
b) Advantages
Simply by changing the keys the ‘X’ lock mandrel can be converted into a type ‘XN’ lock
mandrel.
CAUTION: WHEN RUNNING THROUGH SEVERAL NIPPLES OF THE SAME

SIZE, THE ‘V’ PACKING CAN BECOME DAMAGED, REDUCING
THE CHANCE OF A GOOD PRESSURE TEST WHEN THE PLUG
IS SEATED IN THE DESIRED NIPPLE PROFILE.
c) Disassembly Procedure
1) Place the upper portion of the key retainer sleeve in vice.
2) Remove the packing mandrel and place a pipe wrench on the shear pin section of the
packing mandrel and remove it.
3) Place the fishing neck and expander sleeve in an unlocked position by pulling them
away from the key retainer sleeve.
4) Remove the locking keys by slipping them from the ends of the springs and working
them through the bore of the key retainer sleeve.
5) Place fishing neck in a vice and remove the expander sleeve.
6) Push the expander sleeve out of the lower end of the key retainer sleeve and the
springs will fall out.
7) Clean and inspect all parts.

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d) Assembly Procedure
1) Place the expander sleeve inside the key retainer sleeve, lining up the spring slots.
Leave approximately 1/2’ of spring slots on the expander exposed. Insert springs in
the slots with hook ends out and towards the top of the expander sleeve. Engage the
hooks on the springs in the holes provided in the key retainer sleeve.
2) After all springs are in place, push the expander sleeve into the key retainer sleeve
and move it to its uppermost position.
3) Screw the fishing neck onto the expander sleeve. Place the fishing neck in a vice and
tighten the connection.
4) Slide each key through the bore in the key retainer sleeve and onto a spring. Make
certain the spring is properly installed in the locking key. The springs should pass
through a slot inside the keys, with the lower end over a shoulder near the slot bottom
(see illustration).
5) Replace packing mandrel by screwing it into the bottom of the key retainer sleeve.
6) Install packing mandrel.
Figure 3.26 - Otis ‘X’ Lock Mandrel

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3.1.28 Otis Type ‘XN’ Lock Mandrel

The ‘XN’ lock mandrel is a non-selective lock mandrel designed to land and lock sub-
surface flow control devices in a type ‘XN’ nipple profile. It is a bottom No-Go type lock
with No-Go shoulder machined into the equalising valve, below the packing section. The
locking shoulders on the keys are chamfered to prevent them locating in the type ‘X’
landing nipple. This lock mandrel is run with the type ‘X’ running tool and pulled with the
type ‘GS’ or ‘GR’ pulling tool.
a) Application
The type ‘XN’ lock mandrel can be used in the same manner as the type ‘X’ lock mandrel,
the only difference being the key profile.
b) Advantages
In general an ‘XN’ plug assembly has a higher pressure rating from above than an ‘X’ plug
the same size because it incorporates a No-Go shoulder. Since the No-Go shoulder
provides positive location, this lock is easy to locate and lock into its nipple. By changing
the keys the ‘XN’ lock mandrel can be converted into a type ‘X’ lock mandrel.
CAUTION: WHEN RUNNING THROUGH SEVERAL NIPPLES OF THE SAME

SIZE, THE ‘V’ PACKING CAN BECOME DAMAGED, REDUCING
THE CHANCE OF A GOOD PRESSURE TEST WHEN THE PLUG
IS SEATED IN THE DESIRED NIPPLE PROFILE.
1) Place the assembly in the vice, gripping on the fishing neck and slacken the packing
mandrel.
2) Insert a steel rod through the shear pin holes in the packing mandrel.
3) Using the rod as handles, pull the packing mandrel away from the vice. This will
move the key retainer sleeve away from the fishing neck and expose the expander
sleeve.
4) Place a pipe wrench on the expander sleeve and remove it from the fishing neck.
5) Place the key retainer sleeve in the vice.
6) Remove the packing mandrel from the key retainer sleeve.
7) With the expander sleeve in the up or unlocked position, the keys may be removed
from the slots.
8) Pull the expander sleeve out of the bottom of the key retainer sleeve. This will allow
the springs to fall free.
9) Clean and inspect all parts thoroughly, looking closely at springs and packing.

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1) Place the key retainer sleeve in a vice, taking care not to damage the slots.
2) Insert the springs into their proper holes and slots, align the grooves in the expander
sleeve with the springs and insert as far as possible into the retainer sleeve.
3) Put the keys in their proper slots making sure to engage the springs and push the
expander sleeve back far enough to hold them in place.
4) Make up the fishing neck on the expander sleeve.
5) Insert the packing mandrel into the expander sleeve and make it up on the retainer
sleeve.
6) Install the packing, adapters and back-up rings in proper order.
e) Running Procedure (Condition 1)

If there is one or more type ‘X’ nipples above the ‘XN’ nipple, the running tool may be
placed in the non-selective position in the deepest ‘X’ nipple.
1) Make up the type ‘XN’ lock mandrel, ‘X’ equalising valve, desired flow controls and
‘X’ running tool on a standard wireline tool string.
2) Lower the tool string into the tubing until the deepest ‘X’ nipple is located.
3) Let the tool string pass through the ‘X’ nipple and stop. Raise the tools slowly until
the weight indicator shows that the tool string has stopped.
4) This indicates that the locating dogs on the running tool are in position against the
lower end of the nipple. An upward pull is required to trip the locating dogs, placing
the running tool in a control position.
5) Lower the tool string back through the ‘X’ nipple. (The keys on the lock mandrel are
chamfered which allows them to pass through the ‘X’ nipple in the non-selective
control position). Continue lowering the tool string until the No-Go shoulder on the
equalising valve contacts the No-Go shoulder in the ‘XN’ landing nipple.
6) With the tool string resting on the No-Go shoulder, downward jar action will shear
the upper pin in the running tool and allow the expander sleeve to be driven behind
the keys, locking the mandrel in the nipple.
7) Test the lock mandrel by applying an upward strain on the wireline. If the mandrel is
properly locked in the nipple, upward jarring will shear the lower pin in the running
tool and allow the tool string to be returned to the surface. If the mandrel is not
properly locked in the nipple, it will jar loose before the lower pin is sheared. If this
should happen, lower the mandrel back into the nipple and repeat Steps 6 and 7.

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Figure 3.27 - Otis Type ‘XN’ Lock Mandrel

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f) Running Procedure (Condition 2)

If there is no compatible ‘X’ nipple in the tubing string, the running tool must be placed in
the non-selective position by hand prior to running.
1) Make up ‘XN’ lock mandrel with ‘X’ equalising valve, desired flow control and ‘X’
running tool to a standard wireline toolstring.
2) Place the ‘X’ running tool and lock mandrel in the non-selective position by hand. To
do this, pull the outer sleeve of the running tool downward until the upper dogs fall
into the recess on the inner mandrel, and the keys of the lock mandrel will move from
a retracted to an expanded position. The lock mandrel may be run directly to the
landing nipple and set, in the same manner as described in Steps 6 and 7 of Condition
1 instructions.
NOTE: For Complete Instructions On The Type ‘X’ Running Tool, Refer To
Section 6.
g) Pulling Procedures
The type ‘GR’ pulling tool is normally used to pull the ‘XN’ lock mandrel.
NOTE: The Proper Equalising Prong Should Always Be Used With The Pulling
Tool And Adequate Time For Equalisation Should Always Be Allowed
Before Jarring Upward On The Lock Mandrel.
1) Make up the proper size prong into the bottom of the GR pulling tool and attach the
pulling tool to a standard wireline tool string.
2) Lower the tool string into the bore of the tubing until the lock mandrel is located and
latched.
3) As the pulling tool enters the lock mandrel the prong will shift the equalising valve
open. (Slight downward jar action may be necessary to shift the valve.)
4) The weight of the tool string should be allowed to rest on the lock mandrel while
pressure across the control device is being equalised.
5) After equalisation has been confirmed, an upward strain on the wireline will indicate
whether or not the pulling tool is latched into the fishing neck of the lock mandrel.
6) Jar downward at least one firm stroke on the lock mandrel to loosen the lock mandrel
in the nipple.
7) Place an upward strain on the wireline. In some cases this is all that is required to
move the expander sleeve up, allow the keys to retract and release the lock assembly.
8) In most cases upward jar action may be necessary to cause the unlocking and release.
9) Retrieve tool string, pulling tool and released lock assembly with equalising valve
and flow control devices to surface.

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3.1.29 Otis ‘X’ and ‘R’ Plug Chokes

The Otis ‘X’ and ‘R’ plug chokes consists of two main components, an equalising
assembly and a valve cap. The ‘X’ and the ‘R’ plug chokes are similar in design and differ
only in pressure rating. The ‘X’ plug choke is used with the ‘X’ or ‘XN’ lock mandrels, the
‘R’ plug choke is used with the ‘R’ or ‘RN’ lock mandrel.
a) Application
The ‘X’ and ‘R’ equalising assemblies provide a means of equalising pressure differential
across wireline set plug assemblies. The ‘X’ and ‘R’ allow the plug assemblies to be run
and set in one operation and equalised and pulled in one operation. The valve cap is simply
a blanking plug, attached to the equalising sub, to prevent flow through the plug choke
until the equalising melon has been moved off seat. It is sometimes replaced by an
extended version to act as a sump for scale etc. or to catch gas lift valves.
b) Operation
The equalising-sub consists of a multi-ported outer housing and an inner melon
incorporating two ‘O’-Rings. When the melon is in the running/setting position, the two
‘O’-Rings are below the equalising ports allowing fluid by-pass through the plug choke
assembly. Once the plug choke assembly is locked and set the action of shearing and
pulling the running tool out of the choke assembly moves the melon upwards. This places
the ‘O’-rings across the equalising ports packing them off.
CAUTION: IT IS IMPORTANT NOT TO ATTEMPT TO PULL THE CHOKE

ASSEMBLY UNTIL EQUALISATION HAS BEEN ACHIEVED OR
THE TOOLSTRING WILL BE BLOWN UP THE HOLE. THE
EQUALISING SUBS MUST BE CHECKED AND REDRESSED
EVERY TIME THEY ARE USED AS THE ‘O’-RINGS ON THE
MELON CAN BE EXPOSED TO FLOW CUTTING.

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Figure 3.28 - Otis ‘X’ and ‘ R’ Plug Chokes

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3.1.30 Otis ‘PX’ and ‘PR’ Plug Chokes

The Otis ‘PX’ and ‘PR’ plug chokes consist of three main components: a prong, equalising
sub and valve cap. The ‘PX’ and the ‘PR’ plug chokes are similar in design and differ only
in pressure rating. The ‘PX’ plug choke is used with the ‘X’ or ‘XN’ lock mandrels, the
‘PR’ plug choke is used with the ‘R’ or ‘RN’ lock mandrel.
a) Application
The ‘PX’ and ‘PR’ equalising assemblies provide a means of equalising pressure
differential across wireline set plug assemblies. The ‘PX’ and ‘PR’ plug assemblies require
two wireline runs to set and two wireline runs to pull. The first run would be to set the plug
body and the second to set the prong in the plug body. (PULLED IN REVERSE ORDER.)
The valve cap is simply a blanking plug, attached to the equalising sub, to prevent flow
through the plug choke until the equalising prong has been moved off seat.
b) Operation
The equalising-sub consists of a multi-ported outer housing. These ports are packed off
with a prong which has two sets of ‘V’ packing, one sitting above the ports and one sitting
below. The ‘P’ or ‘PR’ type plug choke used where there is a likelihood of sand or scale
being present in the tubing string. This plug choke incorporates a long equalising prong
which extends out above the top of the lock mandrel and has an external fishing neck.
Depending on the length of the equalising prong, a fair amount of sand or scale can fall on
the top of the plug choke assembly without covering the prong fishing neck. The prong is
run on a shear down type running tool i.e. ‘SB’ or ‘JDC’ and is pulled on a shear up or
down pulling tool, i.e. ‘RB’, ‘JUC’, ‘SB’ or ‘JDC’.
c) Maintenance
The seals on the prong assembly should be inspected and replaced if necessary after each
run. The choke body may be disassembled by removing the valve housing and cap; this
will allow the packing section of the lock mandrel to be replaced as required. Inspect lock
mandrel springs and packing after each run.

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Figure 3.29 - Otis ‘ PX’ and ‘ PR’ Plug Chokes

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4 BASIC PULLING TOOLS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Pulling tools are for recovering and, to a lesser extent, for running flow control assemblies
and other items of downhole equipment.
All downhole assemblies are equipped with standard fishing necks. To identify the
corresponding pulling tool, only the ID/OD and reach are required.
They are only used if a standard fishing neck is accessible. If not (e.g. if a part of the tool
remains downhole) then a special tool (e.g. an overshot) has to be used.
The pulling tool must be selected according to the size and type (internal or external) for
the lock mandrel (or other downhole device) to be retrieved. This means that, at the time
the device is run, its size must be carefully measured and logged.
Pulling tools from different manufacturers often have slightly differing detail design. For
this reason, they should be used with fishing necks from the same manufacturers if
possible. In practice, these small differences normally do not affect compatibility.
Figure 4.1 - Pulling Tools - Different Latching Angles

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Two types of fishing neck exist - internal and external. External fishing necks are used
generally on toolstrings and running and pulling tools.
The advantage of internal fishing necks is that they have larger flow areas and for this
reason are often used with flow control assemblies.
Both downhole assemblies and pulling tools may be set or sheared up or down. Any
combination is possible depending on the operation to be performed and the equipment
itself.
A shear-up pulling tool might be selected in preference if there is a potential difficulty
releasing by shearing down, e.g. debris around fishing neck, or a toolstring in a ball of wire
to be fished which moves down but not up.
A shear-down pulling tool might be selected in preference for extended periods of upward
jarring, to remove the risk of premature shearing off.
The pulling tool is fitted immediately below the spang jar, and the assembled tool is then
run to a depth predetermined by the location of the device to be retrieved. Where
necessary, a knuckle joint can be fitted between the pulling tool and the spang jar to assist
in the latching operation: this is discussed more fully in Section 3.
4.1.1 Identification of Shear Direction

It is essential that the operator selects a tool which shears in the direction opposite to which
jarring is required to achieve movement downhole, i.e. if a jar down action is required to
unlock a lock mandrel a jar up to shear tool must be used.
NOTE: In some cases this rule may not apply.
Therefore the operator must be able to immediately identify a tool's shear direction.
The shear direction and the outcome of running any pulling tool in the hole must be given
careful consideration at the planning stage of the job.
Tool Type Shear Direction

Otis ‘S' Series Down
Otis ‘R’ Series Up
Camco ‘JD’ Series Down
Camco ‘JU’ Series Up
Otis ‘GS’ Series Down
Otis 'GR’ Series Up
Table 4.1 - Shear Direction Chart

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Figure 4.2 - Otis Type ‘SB’ Pulling Tool

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4.2 EXTERNAL BASIC PULLING TOOLS
4.2.1 Otis ‘S’ Series Pulling tools
The type ‘S’ series of pulling tool is designed to engage with external fishing necks e.g.
rope sockets, stems, equalising prongs, test tools and to shear and release by downward jar
action. Three types of ‘S’ series tools are used and differ only by their core length, which is
selected to give a desired reach:
• Type ‘SB’ Long core/short reach
• Type ‘SS’ Short core/long reach.
All other parts of the tools are identical and completely interchangeable.
• Type ‘SM’ Intermediate core / Intermediate reach. Used mainly to pull gas
lift valves.
a) Operational
On reaching the working depth, the weight of the tool-string bears down on the device to
be pulled and, if necessary, is backed up by a light downward jar.
NOTE: Downward jarring at this stage should be kept to a minimum to avoid

premature shearing.
Once latched on, pulling operations can begin.

Due to the design of the tool, the downward force produced by the jarring action is exerted
through the pulling tool cylinder (skirt) and, in turn, through the shear pin. The core must
therefore remain stationary and the cylinder must move downwards in relationship to the
core, in order to shear the pin. The tool cannot be sheared if the cylinder is unable to move
downwards because it is resting on the fish or devices to be released.
A feature of the ‘S’ series pulling tool is its ability to sustain upwards jarring without
releasing. In certain circumstances the tool can be used in running operations.
Another version or type of ‘S’ series pulling tool is the Type ‘SM’. This is a special
purpose tool designed primarily to retrieve certain side pocket gas lift latches. Although it
is a shear down to release tool of similar design to the Types ‘SB’ and ‘SS’, various
dimensions are different and components are not usually interchangeable.
b) Operational Check
It is recommended that the shear mechanism is tested prior to use. Following recovery from
the well, the tool should be redressed before storing.

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1) Place the pulling tool in the vice so that the jaws grip the cylinder [6].
2) Remove the fishing neck sub [1].
3) Remove the shear pin retainer sleeve [2]
4) Remove the shear pin [5].
5) Insert a pin punch or shear stock bar into the lower hole of the core [9] and remove
the core nut [3] using a core wrench. The pin punch or bar is to prevent rotation of
the core [9] whilst removing the core nut.
6) Remove the pin punch or bar from the core [9] and remove the cylinder spring [4].
7) Remove the core [9] through the lower end of the cylinder [6].
8) The dogs [10] should now be removed by pushing them inwards into the cylinder
body [6].
9) The spacer washer [8] can now be removed followed by the dog spring [7].
1) Prior to assembly, wash all parts thoroughly. Lubricate all threads with a good quality
thread lubricant.
2) Place the cylinder [6] in a vice.
3) Insert the dog spring [7] and the spacer ring [8].
4) Install the dogs [10]. Spring compression should hold the dogs in their slots.
5) Carefully slide the threaded end of the core [9] through the lower end of the cylinder
[6].
6) Align the lower hole in the core [9] with the shear pin hole in the cylinder [6] and
insert a pin punch.
7) Install the cylinder spring [4].
8) Make up the core nut [3] with the core nut wrench.
9) Remove the pin punch and align the uppermost shear pin hole.
10) Install a new shear pin [5]. File the shear pin flush with the surface of the cylinder
[6].
11) Install the shear pin retainer sleeve [2] and the top sub [1].
e) Re-Pinning Procedure
1) Without Re-Pinning Tool
2) Place the pulling tool in a vice and grip on the cylinder [6].
3) Remove the top sub [1].
4) Remove the shear pin retainer sleeve [2] and the sheared portions of the previous
shear pin [5].
5) Push down on the core nut [3] to align the shear pin hole in the core [9] and the hole
in the cylinder [6].
6) Install a new shear pin [5]. This expels the remaining piece of the shear pin.
7) File the shear pin flush with the outside surface of the cylinder [6].
8) Replace the shear pin retainer sleeve [2] and the top sub [1].

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f) With Re-Pinning Tool
2) Insert pinning tool into bottom thread in core [9].
3) Tighten pinning tool against cylinder [6].
4) Continue to tighten pinning tool, this action will pull core into alignment with
cylinder.
5) Replace shear pin with new pin.
6) Remove pinning tool.

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Figure 4.3 - Otis Type ‘SB’ Pulling Tool

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Figure 4.4 - Otis ‘S’ Latching/Releasing Sequence

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4.2.2 Otis ‘R’ Series Pulling Tools

The type ‘R’ series of pulling tool is designed to engage with external fishing necks e.g.
rope sockets, stems, equalising prongs and test tools. It shears and releases by upward jar
action. Three types of ‘R’ series tools are used and differ only by their core length, which is
• Type ‘RB’ Long core/short reach
• Type ‘RS’ Intermediate core/intermediate reach
• Type ‘RJ’ Short core/ long reach.
All other parts of each type of tool are identical and completely interchangeable.
a) Operation
be pulled and, if necessary, is backed up by a light downward jar. Once latched, the pulling
operations can begin.
If the pulling operation is prevented by, for example, the build up of debris, scale or
differential pressure, the shear pin will shear and so unlatch the dogs from the fishing neck.
The pulling tool can now be retrieved, redressed or changed for another type.
NOTE: When jarring up with ‘R’ tools, large forces can be imparted to the shear
pin. For this reason, these tools are generally fitted with larger shear pins
than those fitted to equivalent shear-down tools. Despite this, as the shear
pin takes the full load of the force imparted by the jar, it can sometimes
shear before the pulling operation is accomplished.
Two features of the ‘R’ series pulling tool are its ability to sustain downwards jarring
without releasing and its ability to achieve shearing independent of the core bottoming out.
In certain circumstances, the tool can be used in running operations.
b) Operational Checks
c) Principle of Operation
The ‘R’ Pulling tool is attached to a standard tool-string and lowered into the well. Upon
contact with the subsurface device, the lower portion of the cylinder passes over the fishing
neck; the dogs are pushed outward, the force of the dog spring then makes the dogs spring
inward to engage the fishing neck. Upward impacts of the jars are used to pull the
subsurface device from the well.
The shear pin should withstand considerable jarring before shearing. When the pin shears,
the cylinder spring acts between the top sub and the cylinder and moves the core up in the
cylinder. This moves the dogs upward against the force of the dog spring. As the dogs
move upward, their tapered upper ends move into the cylinder, forcing the dogs inward
thereby pushing the lower ends of the dogs outward. This causes the dogs to release their
grip on the fish neck.

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d) Disassembly Procedure
2) Remove the set screw [2].
3) There are two holes in the core at 90o from each other. With the shear pin [6] sheared
or removed, the cylinder spring [4] forces the core [11] and top sub [1] up in respect
to the cylinder [7]. Rotate the top sub [1] and core [11] so that the lower hole in the
core [11] aligns with the holes in the cylinder.[7] Insert a punch into this hole to serve
as back-up. Remove the top sub [1].
WARNING: THE CYLINDER SPRING [4] IS UNDER COMPRESSION. BE

CAREFUL WHEN REMOVING THE SPRING OR ANY OF ITS
ASSOCIATED PARTS.
4) Remove the cylinder spring [4].

5) Remove the shear pin cover [5].
6) Remove the shear pin [6].
7) Remove the core [11] through the lower end of the cylinder [7].
8) Remove the dogs [10] by pressing each one inwards.
9) Remove the spacer ring [9].
10) Remove the dog spring [8].
11) Clean and inspect all parts for wear and damage.
Prior to assembly, wash all parts thoroughly. Lubricate all threads with a good quality
thread lubricant.
2) Insert the dog spring [8] and spacer [9] into the cylinder [7].
3) Install all three dogs [10]. Spring compression should hold the dogs [10] in their
slots.
4) Gently insert the threaded end of the core [11] through the lower end of the cylinder
[7]. Align the lower hole in the core [11] with the shear pin hole in the cylinder [7]
and insert a punch.
5) Place the shear pin cover [5], cylinder spring [4] and sleeve [3] over the exposed end
of the core [11].
6) Make up the top sub [1] onto the core [11]. Normally it is necessary to compress the
cylinder spring [4] to start the threads.
7) Install the set screw [2] into the uppermost hole in the core [11]. Then remove the
punch from the lower hole in the core and rotate the cover [5] 90o.

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f) Re-Pinning Procedure
1) Rotate the shear pin cover [5] until the opening is aligned with the shear pin [6]. The
ends of the shear pin [6] should fall free.
2) Compress the pulling tool using a pinning tool or other means, until the remaining
portion of the shear pin [6] is aligned with the shear pin holes in the cylinder [7].
3) Insert a new shear pin [6].
NOTE: Ensure that neither end of the new shear pin [6] projects from the
cylinder [7].
4) Rotate the shear pin cover [5] 90o to retain the shear pin [6].

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Figure 4.5 - Type ‘R’ Pulling Tools

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4.2.3 Camco ‘JU’ Series Pulling Tool

The type ‘JU’ pulling tool is designed to engage with external fishing necks e.g. rope
sockets, stems, equalising prongs and test tools. It shears and releases by upward jar action.
Three types of ‘JU’ series tools are used and differ only by their core length, which is
• Type ‘JUC’ Long core/short reach
• Type ‘JUS’ Intermediate core/intermediate reach
• Type ‘JUL’ Short core/long reach.
a) Operation
If the pulling operation is prevented by, for example, the build up of debris, differential
pressure or scale, the shear pin will shear and so unlatch the dogs from the fishing neck.
The pulling tool can now be retrieved, redressed or changed for another type.
NOTE: When jarring up with ‘JU’ tools, large forces can be imparted to the
shear pin. For this reason, these tools are generally fitted with larger
shear pins than those fitted to equivalent shear-down tools. Despite this,
as the shear pin takes the full load of the force imparted by the jar, it can
sometimes shear before the pulling operation is accomplished.
1) Place the pulling tool in a vice. The grip of the vice should be located on the top sub
[1].
2) Remove the locking screw [2] from the top sub [1].
3) Remove the pulling tool assembly from the top sub [1].
4) Remove the core spring [3] from the core [8].
5) Remove the dog spring [5] from the skirt [6].

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NOTE: For the 4" ‘JUC’ pulling tool, the spring cover must be removed before
the dog spring [5] can be removed from the skirt [6].
6) Using a pin pinch and a ball peen hammer, remove the shear pin [4] from the skirt [6]
and the core [8].
7) Slide the core [8] out through the lower end of the skirt [6]. The pawls [7] will fall
into the bore of the skirt [6].
8) Remove the pawls [7] from the bore of the skirt [6]. Hold the assembly in a vertical
position with the pin threaded end of the skirt [6] facing upward. Using a pin punch,
push the dogs [9] through the threaded end of the skirt [6] until they are free.
thread lubricant.
1) Insert the pin threaded end of the skirt [6] into the bore of the dogs. Slide the dogs [9]
onto the skirt [6], matching the legs of the dogs [9] with the vertical openings
provided for the dogs [9] in the skirt [6]. While performing this operation, keep
fingers clear of the openings in the skirt [6].
2) Place a small amount of grease around the circular part of one pawl [7]. Place the
pawl [7] on the end of a long-bladed screwdriver. Slide the pawl [7] into the
threaded end of the skirt [6] and insert the pawl [7] in the window. Install the
remaining pawl [7] into the skirt [6] using the same procedure.
3) Slide the core [8] into the lower end of the skirt [6]. Take great care that the pawls [7]
are not dislodged from the skirt [6].
4) Align the shear pin hole in the core [8] with the shear pin hole in the skirt [6]. Using
a ball peen hammer, insert the shear pin [4] into the aligned holes. File the shear pin
[4] flush with the outside diameter of the skirt [6].
5) Pull the dogs [9] upward to ensure that the dogs [9] work freely in the skirt [6].
6) Insert the appropriate size fishing neck into the lower end of the pulling tool. Pull the
fishing neck down several times to ensure that the dogs [9] engage the fishing neck
and return to the recess in the skirt [6].
7) With the fishing neck still inserted into the end of the pulling tool, remove the shear
pin. Check to see if the fishing neck can be removed easily from the end of the tool.
8) Reinstall the shear pin [4].
9) Install the dog spring [5] over the skirt [6].
10) If applicable, install the spring cover over the dog spring [5].
11) Install the core spring [3] over the core [8].
12) Make up the top sub [1] to the core [8].
13) Insert the locking screw [3] into the top sub.

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Figure 4.6 - Type ‘JU’ Pulling Tool

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e) Re-pinning Procedure
The pulling tool should be thoroughly cleaned, lubricated and the shear pin [4] replaced
after each pulling operation. Replacing the shear pin [4] will prevent premature shearing
during subsequent pulling operations.
[1].
4) Remove the spring cover, if applicable, and the dog spring [5] from the skirt [6].
5) Using a pin punch and a ball peen hammer, remove the shear pin [4] from the skirt
[6] and the core [8].
6) Install a new shear pin into the aligned shear pin holes in the skirt [6] and the core
[8]. File the shear pin [4] flush with the outside diameter of the skirt [6].
7) Install the dog spring [5] over the skirt [6]. If applicable, install the spring cover over
the dog spring [6].
8) Make up and tighten the top sub [1] onto the core [8].
9) Install the locking screw [2] into the top sub [1].
f) Re-pinning Procedure (Pin Sheared)

If the shear pin [4] has been sheared, use the following procedure for replacing it.
[1].
5) Make up the re-pinning tool to the lower end of the core [8].
6) Using the re-pinning tool to move the core [8]. Align the shear pin hole in the skirt
[6] with the shear pin hole in the core [8].
7) If any shear pin pieces remain in the shear pin holes, knock out the remaining pieces
with a pin punch and a ball peen hammer.
8) Install a new shear pin [4] into the aligned holes in the skirt [6] and the core [8]. File
the shear pin [4] flush with the outside diameter of the skirt [6].
the dog spring [5] and tighten.
10) Make up the top sub [1] onto the core [8].
11) Install the locking screw [2] into the top sub [1]

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4.2.4 Camco ‘JD’ Series Pulling Tools

The type ‘JD’ series of pulling tool is designed to engage with external fishing necks, e.g.
rope sockets, stems, equalising prongs, test tools and to shear and release by downward jar
action. Three types of ‘JD’ series tools are used and differ only by their core length, which
is selected to give a desired reach:
• Type ‘JDC’ Long core/short reach
• Type ‘JDS’ Intermediate core/intermediate reach
• Type ‘JDL’ Short core/long reach.
a) Operation

premature shearing.

Due to the design of the tool, the downward force produced by the jarring action is exerted
through the pulling tool cylinder (skirt) and, in turn, through the shear pin. The core must,
therefore, remain stationary and the cylinder must move downward in relation to the core
in order to shear the pin. The tool cannot be sheared if the cylinder is resting on the fish or
device to be released.
A feature of the ‘JD’ pulling tool is its ability to sustain upwards jarring without releasing.
In certain circumstances, the tool can be used in running operations.
b) Operational Check

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c) Disassembly Procedure (11/4” & 13/8”)

[1].
3) Remove the locking screws [2] from the core nut [3].
4) Remove the core nut [3] and core spring [4] from the core [12].
5) Remove the shear pin cover [6] from the spring retainer [7].
6) Using a pin punch and a ball peen hammer, remove the shear pins [5] from the spring
retainer [7] and the core [12].
into the bore of the skirt [9]. Remove the pawls [10] from the bore of the skirt [9].
8) Remove the spring retainer [7] from the skirt [9].
9) Remove the dog spring [8] from the skirt [9].
10) Hold the assembly in a vertical position with the pin threaded end of the skirt [9]
facing upward. Using a pin punch, push the dogs [11] towards the threaded end of the
skirt [9] until they are free.

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Figure 4.7 - Type ‘JD’ Pulling Tool

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d) Disassembly Procedure (Other Sizes)
[1].
3) Remove the dog spring [8] from the skirt [9]. For the 4” ‘JDC’ pulling tool, the
spring cover must be removed before the dog spring [8] can be removed from the
skirt [9].
4) Remove the locking screw from the core nut [3].
5) Remove the core nut [3] from the core [12].
6) Remove the core spring [4] from the core [12].
into the bore of the skirt [9]. Remove the pawls from the bore of the skirt [9].
9) Hold the assembly in a vertical position with the pin threaded end of the skirt [9]
facing upward. Using a pin punch, push the dogs [11] toward the threaded end of the
skirt [9] until they are free.
thread lubricant.
1) Insert the pin threaded end of the skirt [9] into the bore of the dogs [11]. Slide the
dogs [11] onto the skirt [9], matching the legs of the dogs [11] with the vertical
openings provided for the dogs [11] in the skirt [9].
NOTE: While performing this operation, keep fingers clear of the openings in the
skirt [9].
2) Place a small amount of grease around the cylinder part of one pawl [10]. Place the
pawl [10] on the end of a long bladed screwdriver. Slide the pawl [10] into the
threaded end of the skirt [9] and insert the pawl [10] in the window provided in the
skirt [9]. The grease will hold the pawl [10] in the window. Install the remaining
pawl [10] into the skirt [9] using the same procedure.
3) Slide the core [12] into the lower end of the skirt [9]. Take care that the pawls [10]
are not dislodged from the skirt [9].
4) Install the dog spring [8] over the pin threaded end of the skirt [9]. (11/4" and 13/8"
only).
5) Make up the spring retainer [7] to the skirt [9] (11/4" and 13/8" only).
6) Align the shear pin hole in the core [12] with the shear pin hole in the spring retainer
[7]. Using a ball peen hammer, insert the shear pin [5] into the aligned holes. File the
shear pin flush with outside diameter of the skirt [9].
7) Insert the core spring [4] over the core [12].
8) Make up the core nut [3] to the core [12].
9) Insert the locking screw [2] into the core nut [3] and tighten fully (sizes over 13/8").
10) Pull the dogs upward to ensure that the dogs work freely in the skirt [9].

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11) Insert the appropriate size fishing neck into the lower end of the pulling tool. Pull the
fishing neck down several times to ensure that the dogs [11] engage the fishing neck
and return to the recess in the skirt [9].
12) With the fishing neck still inserted into the end of the pulling tool, remove the shear
pins. Check to see if the fishing neck can be removed easily from the end of the tool.
13) Reinstall the shear pin.
14) Install the dog spring [8] over the skirt [9] (sizes over 13/8").
15) Install the shear pin cover [6] over the spring retainer if applicable.
16) Make up the fishing neck to the spring retainer [7].
f) Re-pinning Procedure (11/4" & 13/8")

The pulling tool should be thoroughly cleaned, lubricated and the shear pin [5] replaced
after each pulling operation. Replacing the shear pin [5] will prevent accidental shearing
during subsequent pulling operations.
[1].
3) Remove the shear pin cover [6] from the spring retainer [7].
4) Using a pin punch and a ball peen hammer, remove the shear pin [5] from the spring
retainer [7] and the core [12].
5) Install a new shear pin into the aligned shear pin holes in the spring retainer [7] and
the core [12].
NOTE: File the shear pin [5] flush with the outside diameter of the spring
retainer [7].
6) Install the shear pin cover [6] over the spring retainer [7].
7) Make up and tighten the top sub [1] onto the spring retainer [7].

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g) Re-pinning Procedure (With Pin Sheared)
If the shear pin has been sheared, use the following procedure for replacing the shear pin
[5].
[1].
3) Remove the shear pin cover [6] from the spring retainer [7]. Pieces of the shear pin
[5] should fall out of the spring retainer [7].
4) Remove the core nut [3] from the core [12].
5) Remove the core spring [4] from the core [12]. Do not remove the core [12] from the
pulling tool because the pawls [10] will fall into the bore of the tool.
6) Align the shear pin [5] in the spring retainer [7] with the shear pin hole in the core
[12]. If any shear pin pieces remain in the shear pin holes, knock out the remaining
shear pin pieces with a pin punch.
7) Using a pin punch and a ball peen hammer, install a new shear pin [5] into the spring
retainer [7] and the core [12]. File the shear pin [5] flush with the outside diameter of
the spring retainer [7].
8) Install the shear pin cover [6] over the spring retainer [7].
9) Install the core spring [4] over the core [12].
10) Insert a screwdriver through the lower end of the skirt [9].
11) Holding the core [12] with the screwdriver, make up the core nut [3] onto the core
[12].
12) Install locking screw [2] in core nut [3].
CAUTION: DO NOT HOLD THE SPRING RETAINER [7] WHILE MAKING UP

THE CORE NUT [3] ONTO THE CORE [12]. THIS PROCEDURE
COULD SHEAR THE SHEAR PIN [5] IN THE SPRING RETAINER
[7] AND THE CORE [12].
13) Make up the top sub [1] onto the spring retainer [7] fully tight.
h) Re-pinning Procedure (Other Sizes)

[1].
5) Install a new shear pin [5] into the aligned shear pin [5] holes in the skirt [9] and the
core [12]. File the shear pin [5] flush with the outside diameter of the skirt [9].
the dog spring [8].
7) Make up and tighten the top sub [1] onto the skirt [9].

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i) Re-pinning Procedure (With Pin Sheared)

1) If the shear pin [5] has been sheared, use the following procedure for replacing the
shear pin [5].
2) Place the pulling tool in a vice. The grip on the vice should be located on the top sub
[1].
5) Make up the re-pinning tool to the lower end of the core [12].
6) Using the re-pinning tool to move the core [12], align the shear pin hole in the skirt
[9] with the shear pin hole in the core [12].
7) If any shear pin pieces remain in the shear pin holes, knock out the remaining pieces
with a pin punch and a ball peen hammer.
8) Install a new shear pin [5] into the aligned holes in the skirt [9] and the core [12]. File
the shear pin [5] flush with the outside diameter of the skirt [9].
the dog spring [8].
10) Make up and tighten the top sub [1] onto the skirt [9].
4.2.5 Type 'SSJ' Pulling Tool

a) Description
The Type 'SSJ' Pulling Tool is basically a type 'S' Series tool, fitted with double shear-
down adaptor ('S' adaptor) to allow shearing on either the core or the skirt. The tool will
engage with external fishing necks e.g. rope sockets, stems, equalising prongs but is
primarily designed for use with test tools.
When used with a test tool, the pulling tool can be sheared off the test tool by jar down
action, without possible damage to the drop valve and seat.
b) b) Disassembly Procedure
1) Place the tool in a vice, grip on the upper end of the cylinder[10].
2) Remove the shear-down-adaptor from the cylinder [10].
3) Remove the shear pin retainer[2].
4) Align the lower shear pin hole in the core [9] with the cylinder[10] and install a
punch in the hole to serve as a back-up.
5) Using a core nut wrench, remove the nut [3] from the core [9] and remove the punch.
6) Remove the spring [4] and push the core [9] out through the lower end of the cylinder
[10].
7) Remove the dogs [8], the washer [7] and the spring [6] from the cylinder [10].
8) Place the housing [1] in the vice.
9) Rotate the shear pin retainer ring to align the shear pin holes.
10) Remove the sheared portions of the shear pin [16].
11) Place a punch through the shear pin holes in the housing [1] and the core extension
[13].
12) Remove the set screw [12] from the fishing neck [11].
13) Remove the fishing neck [11] from the core extension [13].

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14) Remove the punch and push the core extension [13], the spring [15] and the lock
segments [17] and the lock sleeve [14] out through the threaded end of the housing
[1].
15) The lock segments [17] should fall free when the lock sleeve [14] is removed.
16) Clean and inspect all parts for wear and damage.

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c) Assembly Procedure
1) Place the housing [1]
horizontally in the vice with the
shear pin hole facing up.
2) Install the spring [15] in the lock
sleeve [14].
3) Install the core extension [13]
into the lock sleeve [14]
compressing the spring [15].
4) Maintain compression on the
spring [15] and install the lock
segments [17] into the windows
of the lock sleeve [14].
5) Grasp the outside surface of the
lock segments [17) to inhibit the
spring [15] from pushing the core
extension [13] out of the lock
sleeve [14].
6) Install the threaded end of the
core extension and its associated
parts into the housing [1].
7) Rotate the core extension [13] to
align the shear pin holes with the
housing [1].
8) Install a punch in the holes to
serve as a back-up.
9) Make up the fishing neck [11]
onto the core extension [13] and
install the set screw [12].
10) Remove the punch and install the
shear pin [16].
11) Rotate the retainer ring until the
detect is over the shear pin [16].
13) Install the spring [6] and the
washer [7] in the cylinder [10].
14) Install the dogs [8] into the
windows of the cylinder [10].
Figure 4.8 - Type ‘SSJ’ Pulling Tool

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NOTE: The dogs are installed by placing the upper end of the dog against the
washer, compressing the spring and pushing the dogs out into the
window.
15) After the dogs [8] are in place, install the core [9] into the cylinder [10]. Push the
core by the dogs carefully so that they do not jump out of the windows.
16) Align the lower hole in the core [9] with the hole in the cylinder [10].
17) Install a punch in the hole to serve as a back-up.
18) Install the spring [4] and make up the nut [3] with the core nut wrench.
19) Remove the punch and place the shear pin retainer [2] over the cylinder [10] with the
holes up.
20) Make up the double shear-down adaptor [1] (40S012) into the cylinder [10].
CAUTION: DO NOT INSTALL A SHEAR PIN IN LOWER PART OF THE

PULLING TOOL. SHEAR PIN SHOULD BE INSTALLED IN THE
DOUBLE SHEAR DOWN ADAPTOR ONLY.
d) Attaching Double Shear-Down Adaptor

(To Type 'S' Pulling Tool)
1) Place the Type 'S' pulling tool in a vice, grip on the pulling tool cylinder [10].
2) Remove the fish neck and the shear pin from the pulling tool.
3) Make up the double shear-down adaptor [1] into the pulling tool fishing neck thread.
e) Re-pinning Double Shear-Down Adaptor

1) The assembly and/or re-pinning tool is used to pull the pulling tool core [9] down, or
the double shear-down adaptor [1] can be backed off approximately 0.50 inch (12.70
mm). In either case the adaptor locking sleeve [14] must be allowed to move down a
sufficient amount to allow the locking segments [17] to reset in the recess of the
housing [1].
2) Rotate the retainer ring until the shear pin [16] is visible and remove the sheared
portions of the shear pin.
3) Resetting is accomplished by moving the core extension [13] and fishing neck [11]
down against the housing [1] and back to the 'extended' position.
4) Install the shear pin [16], remove the assembly and/or re-pinning tool and make up
the adaptor[1].

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f) Operation
When assembled and shear-pinned, the lock segments and lock sleeve hold the core spring
compressed and serve the same purpose as the regular pulling tool shear pin. When the core
extension and fishing neck are in the up position, the lock segments are held in the recess in
the housing.
When the shear pin is sheared in the adaptor, the core extension and fishing neck move
down, releasing the lock segments from the housing. This permits the main core spring in
the pulling tool to move the core up, forcing the dogs to move out and release the pulling
tool.
On reaching the working depth, the weight of the tool bears down on the device to be
pulled and, if necessary, assisted up by a downward jar. The downward jar should be light
and kept to a minimum to avoid premature shearing.
Once latched on the pulling procedure can begin.
4.2.6 Type 'UO' Pulling Tool

a) Description
The Type 'UO' Pulling Tool is designed to engage with external fishing necks e.g. rope
sockets, stems, equalising prongs, test tools and to release and shear pre-selectively by
upward or downward jar action on either the core or the skirt.
The core is adjustable to three positive positions which match the reaches of the following
tools:
'RB', 'RS', 'RJ', 'SB', 'SS' and 'SSJ'
The tool can be changed from a shear-up pulling tool to a shear-down pulling tool without
requiring any additional parts in the manner:
• Lugs installed in the upper lug windows - pulling tool is in the shear-up to
release mode.
• Lugs installed in the lower lug windows - pulling tool is in the shear-down to
release mode.
A larger shear pin is fitted to the shear-up to release conversion, in order to extend the
jarring to release life of the tool.
The tool is designed not to release when a load is applied in the opposite direction to its
releasing position. For example, when the tool is in the shear-up to release conversion, the
tool is designed not to be released by a downward force. Likewise, when the tool is in the
shear-down to release conversion, the tool is designed not to be released by an upward
force.

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b) Operation
Prior to the running of the tool, its
mode should be determined by sight
e.g. if the pulling tool dogs remain in
their engaging position and the fishing
neck is down, the pulling tool is in the
shear-up conversion mode. Conversely,
if the pulling tool dogs remain in their
engaged position and the fishing neck
is up, the pulling tool is in the shear-
down conversion mode.
In either mode, the core position
should also be checked before use.
If the upper part of the tool is placed in
the wrong conversion mode, the tool
will remain in the released position.
Devices can be made up and released
to/from the tool without the core
member rotating as it is keyed in
position.
Figure 4.9 - Type ‘UO’ Pulling Tool

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4.2.7 The ‘SSR’ Universal Pulling Tool

The SSR Universal Pulling Tool is a basic wireline tool used to retrieve or set sub-surface
devices with an external fishing neck from within the well bore.
The ‘UPT’ cab be converted from shear up to release tool (Camco type ‘JU’ tool or Otis
type ‘R’ tool) to a shear down to release tool (Camco type ‘JD’ tool or Otis type ‘S’ tool)
without the need for two separate tools or for any additional cores or parts.
The ‘UPT’ has a universal core which allows the same tool to be able to retrieve devices
with external fish necks of different lengths or reach: i.e. ‘UPT’ core can be adjusted to
short, medium or long reach. The ‘UPT’ is available in 2”, 21/2”, 3” and 4” nominal sizes
for either standard or H2S service.
Figure 4.10 - Type ‘SSR’ Universal Pulling Tool

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4.3 INTERNAL PULLING TOOLS
4.3.1 Otis ‘GS’ Pulling Tool
The type ‘GS’ pulling tool is designed to engage with internal fishing necks e.g. lock
mandrels and to shear and release by downward jar action.
a) Operation
be pulled and, if necessary, is backed up by a light downward jar. On locating the device to
be pulled the dogs of the ‘GS’ automatically engage by their upward movement over the
tapered core [3]. This allows the dogs to retract and enter the recessed pulling neck. Once
in the recess, a spring forces the dogs down over the taper and out into the lock mandrel
fishing neck. As the fishing neck has a restricted diameter, the dogs are securely locked in
the mandrel and upward jarring can commence.

premature shearing.
Due to the design of the tool, the downward force produced by the jarring action, is exerted
through the pulling tool core [3] and, in turn, through the shear pin. The cylinder [7] must,
therefore, remain stationary and the core [3] must move downwards in relation to the
cylinder [3] in order to shear the pin. The tool cannot be sheared if the core [3] is resting on
debris etc.
A feature of the ‘GS’ pulling tool is its ability to sustain upward jarring without releasing.
In certain circumstances, the tool can be used in running operations when fitted with an
appropriate prong.
To release the pulling tool from the lock mandrel; grasp the dog retainer with the thumb
and forefinger and force it up to compress the spring. This should lift the dogs enough to
allow them to retract against the small outside diameter of the core [3]. Take the mandrel
off the pulling tool.
1) Place the ‘GS’ tool in a vice, gripping the flats on either side of the core [3] bottom.
2) Rotate the shear pin retainer sleeve [6] until the shear pin [5] ends are exposed.
Carefully drive out the shear pin [5],

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NOTE: Bear in mind that the cylinder spring [8] is under compression and will
snap the top sub [4] back to the fishing neck [1] shoulder upon pin
removal.
3) Loosen the set screw [2] in the fishing neck [1] and remove the fishing neck [1] from
the core [3].
4) The remaining cylinder [7] sub assembly can now be slid off the upper end of the
core [3].
NOTE: At this point, the core [3] can be changed without further disassembly of
the tool.
5) Insert the top sub [4] in a vice and remove the cylinder [7]. The shear pin sleeve [6]
will remain on the top sub..
6) Remove the cylinder spring [8] from inside the cylinder top sub [4].
7) The cylinder spring retainer [9], dog spring [11], dog retainer [12] and dog segments
[13] may now be removed from the cylinder body [7].

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Figure 4.11 - Type ‘GS’ Pulling Tool

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Prior to assembly, wash all parts thoroughly. Lubricate all threads with good quality thread
lubricant.
1) Place the cylinder [7] horizontally in the jaws of the vice with one window of the
cylinder [7] facing up.
2) Slide the dog retainer [12] through the threaded end of the cylinder [7] and position
the dog retainer [12] so that one of its dog slots is visible in the window.
3) Insert one dog [13] through the lower end of the cylinder [7] and position it in the
dog retainer [12].
4) Reaching through the threaded end of the cylinder [7], rotate the dog retainer [12]
until the next dog slot appears in the window of the cylinder [7]. Insert the next dog
[13] as before, and continue until all dogs [13] are in place.
5) When all dogs [13] are in place, move the dog retainer [12] and the attached dogs
[13] all the way down into the cylinder [7].
6) Install the dog spring [11] over the dog retainer [12], and insert the spring retainer [9]
(small end first) through the threaded end of the cylinder [7].
7) Insert the cylinder spring [8] into the area under the threads of the top sub [4].
8) Make up the top sub [4] and shear pin retainer sleeve [6] into the cylinder and
remove it from the vice.
9) Grasp the flats on the lower end of the core [3] in the vice with the core [3] in vertical
position.
10) Slide the cylinder [7] sub-assembly down over the core [3].
11) Make up the fishing neck [1] onto the core [3] and tighten the connections.
12) Install the set screw [2].
13) Before using the tool, install the shear pin [5].
e) Re-pinning Procedure (Using GU Adaptor)

1) Place the ‘GU’ adaptor in the vice.
2) Turn the shear pin retainer sleeve [6] on the ‘GS’ to expose the sheared parts of the
shear pin [5]. On some types of ‘GS’ the cylinder [7] will have to be backed off to
expose the shear pin [5].
3) Turn the ‘GS’ horizontally and using its own weight only, tap lightly on a bench or
vice. This should expel the broken parts of shear pin [5].
4) Screw the fishing neck of the ‘GS’ into the ‘GU’ adaptor. This action will overcome
the spring tension of the GS and align the shear pin holes.
5) Insert the new shear pin [5] (this will drive out the remaining part of old pin) and cut
it to size.
6) Turn the shear pin retainer sleeve [6] 90o to cover the shear pin [5].
7) Unscrew the ‘GS’ from the ‘GU’ adaptor and remove the ‘GU’ adaptor from the vice.
(The ‘GS’ is now ready for use).

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4.3.2 Otis ‘GR’ Pulling Tool
The type ‘GR’ pulling tool is basically a ‘GS’ pulling tool converted by fitting an adaptor
(‘GU’ adaptor - discussed later) to release and shear by upward jar action.
a) Operation
Once located, the dogs of the ‘GR’ automatically engage as they move upwards over the
tapered core [3]. This allows the dogs to retract and enter the recessed pulling neck. Once
in the recess, a spring forces the dogs down over the taper and out into the lock mandrel
fishing neck. As the fishing neck has a restricted diameter, the dogs are securely locked in
the mandrel and upward jarring can commence.
Due to the design of the tool, the upward force produced by the jarring action, is exerted
through the cylinder [20] and, in turn, through the shear pin. The core [3] must, therefore,
remain stationary and the cylinder assembly [7] must move upwards in relationship to the
core [3] in order to shear the pin.
Features of the ‘GR’ tool:
• Can sustain downwards jarring without releasing.
• Can be sheared when movement of the core [3] is restrained by debris in the
lock mandrel i.e. shearing only requires that the dogs are locked into the fishing
neck.
c) ‘GU’ Adapter Assembly onto ‘GS’

Assuming adaptor shear pin in sheared.)
1) Carefully drive the shear pin [5] from the ‘GS’ pulling tool, with consideration to the
compressed cylinder spring [8].
2) Remove the set screw (19) from the retainer pin (16) via the port in the cylinder (20).
The retainer pin (16) should then be removed.
3) The ‘GU’ adaptor cylinder [20] should be slid off of the core nut [18].
4) The ‘GU’ adaptor shear pin retainer band [15] should be rotated, until the holes align
with and expose the shear pin [16] pieces which should be driven out.
5) The adaptor core nut [18] should be tightened to the ‘GS’ pulling tool fishing neck
[1] thread, with the ‘GS’ core [3] held firmly in a vice on the flats of the core [3]
bottom.
6) The ‘GU’ adaptor cylinder [20] should be lowered over the core nut [18].
7) The core nut retainer pin (16) should be installed through the lower hole in the
cylinder and the set screw (19) installed to retain the pin (16). This action secures the
adaptor core nut (18) to the cylinder (20).
8) Compress the ‘GS’ tool cylinder spring [8] until the shear pin [17] holes in the
cylinder [20] and core nut [18] align and install a shear pin [17].

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9) Rotate the shear pin retainer band [15] 90o to retain the pin [17]. The retainer band
[15] may be dimpled with a punch if it is a loose fit and then rotated offset.

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Figure 4.12 - Type ‘GR’ Pulling Tool

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d) GU Adaptor Assembly onto GS

(Assuming shear pins are unsheared.)
1) With ‘GS’ pulling tool gripped in a vice on the flats of the core bottom [3], screw the
adaptor onto the pulling tool fishing neck [1] and tighten with wrench.
2) Rotate pulling tool shear pin retainer [6] and check that the shear pin [5] is removed
prior to running the tool.
CAUTION: IF A SHEAR PIN [5] IS LEFT IN THE ‘GS’ PULLING TOOL, AS

WELL AS THE ‘GU’ ADAPTOR, SHEARING OFF IN ANY
DIRECTION WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE RESULTING IN A STUCK
TOOL.
NOTE: A ‘GU’ adaptor may be utilised to reopen a ‘GS’ pulling tool using the
above method in the absence of a spring compressor tool.
4.3.3 Otis ‘GU’ Adaptor

As described above in the ‘GR’ pulling tool section, the ‘GU’ adaptor has the primary
function of converting a ‘GS’ tool to a ‘GR’ tool. The ‘GU’/’GS’ assembly can then be
used in operations where release by upward jar action is required.
Another use for the adaptor, though non-operational, is to assist in repinning the ‘GS’ tool
after a shear. The adaptor, on uniting with the ‘GS’ tool, pushes its top sub [4] down to
expose the damaged shear pin for punched removal.
In operation of the ‘GU’/’GS’ assembly, it is important to remove the shear pin from the
‘GS’ tool. Failure to do so will prevent shearing and, therefore, recovery of the tool.
a) Disassembly Procedure
1) Grip the cylinder [20] in a vice.
2) Rotate band [15] until the shear pin [17] is exposed and drive out the shear pin [17]
with a pin punch.
3) Move the core nut [18] downwards to the full downward travel position until the set
screw [19] is visible through the port in the main body cylinder [20].
4) Remove the set screw [19] through the port and drive out the retainer pin [16] thus
exposed.
5) Remove the core nut [18].
b) Assembly Procedure
Assemble in reverse order from disassembly.

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Figure 4.13 - Otis ‘GU’ Adaptor

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5 WELL CALCULATIONS
5.1 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

During the execution of everyday wireline procedures, the operator is frequently called
upon to calculate areas, pressures, volumes and forces. It is necessary, therefore, that he is
fully aware of the effects of the above values.
Although there are several charts and tables included in this manual which should be used
whenever possible to eliminate errors and to save time, it is important to know how to
perform the various calculations and to acquire a basic understanding of the fundamentals
of fluids and pressures.
Areas of circles are very important when working with downhole equipment as the
operation of many wireline tools is contingent on different cross sectional areas.
Here are two common examples:
• The small area of an equalising port allows pressure to be equalised with a
minimum of force by using a small prong
• The area that is ‘packed off’ around a wireline will determine the amount of
weight (force) required to carry the wireline toolstring into the wellbore under
pressure.
The knowledge of tubing and tubular component volumes is of primary importance when
they are being filled or displaced. Calculations of the capacity of tanks of various sizes and
shapes are also frequently required.
This section will explain how to perform these calculations and the following is a list of
terms, definitions, symbols and formulae which are necessary to complete them.
DIAMETER
The length of a straight line through the centre of a circle from circumference to
circumference.
RADIUS
The length of a straight line from the centre of a circle to the circumference (one half the
diameter).
AREA
The number of unit squares (inches, feet, centimetres etc.) equal in measure to the surface.

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CIRCUMFERENCE
The length of the boundary of a circle (circumference = π x diameter).
SYMBOL π - Pi
3.14159265 (normally rounded to 3.142) this symbol is the value of the ratio of the
circumference of a circle to its diameter and is constant for all sizes of circles.
DIAMETER c ÷ π
(circumference ÷ π )
RADIUS
d÷2
AREA OF A CIRCLE
πR2 (π x Radius x Radius) or (π D2) ÷ 4
VOLUME OF A CYLINDER
A x H (Area x Height) or π R2H
VOLUME OF RECTANGULAR TANK
L x W x H (length x width x height)
CUBIC INCHES PER GALLON (US): 231
CUBIC INCHES PER CUBIC FOOT: 1,728
GALLONS (US) PER CUBIC FOOT: 7.481
GALLONS (US) PER BARREL (US): 42
CUBIC FEET PER BARREL: 5.6146
PRESSURE: Force per unit area. This is the force acting upon an
area upon which the force is distributed. Pressure is
expressed in pounds per square inch (psi), kilograms
per square centimetre K/cm2 or bars where 1 bar =
14.5 psi (standard conditions : 14.7 psi).
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE: The pressure exerted by a column of fluid.
GRADIENT: The rate of increase or decrease of pressure per square
inch/per foot height.
DENSITY: The weight of a substance per unit volume i.e. pounds
per cubic ft: kilograms per litre etc.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: (Relative Density) The ratio of the density of a
substance compared to the density of another
substance which is used as the standard.
In order for us to clearly understand the definitions of these terms, we must know the
following information:-

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Water is a universal fluid because pure water anywhere in the world weighs the same per
unit volume (density). For this reason water is used as the standard for comparison of the
densities of other liquids. Water has been assigned the Specific Gravity of 1.0. Any liquid
heavier than water will have a specific gravity greater than 1.0. while any liquid lighter
than water will have a specific gravity less than 1.0.
The following facts about fresh water should be committed to memory:
• Pure water has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubic foot (lb/cuft)
• Pure water has a pressure gradient of 0.433 pounds per square inch/per foot
height
• Pure water weighs 8.33 Pounds per gallon (US)
• Pure water has a specific gravity of 1.0.
5.1.1 Relationship between Pressure, Force & Area

If we go back and look at the definition of pressure we find that:
Pressure = the FORCE per unit AREA.
Here we have three separate values:
• PRESSURE
• FORCE
• AREA
FORCE
• THEREFORE: PRESSURE = AREA
PRESSURE is normally expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) in the UK and USA.
FORCE is normally expressed in pounds.
AREA is normally expressed in square inches.
We can of course change this formula to calculate the FORCE when both the PRESSURE
and the AREA are known: FORCE = PRESSURE (pounds per sq. ins.) x AREA (sq ins.)
so by multiplying the pressure by the area we obtain the force expressed in pounds (lb).
NOTE: This manual uses the convention of ‘rounding up’ to the final decimal if it
is five or over. Less than five and the figure remains unchanged. Slight
variations in final solutions will occur if the figures are run through as a
single calculation. For clarity, each part of the calculations here are used
as shown.
An example of this can be seen in every day wireline operations:

A wireline gauge run is to be made in a well with a closed in tubing head pressure of 4000
psi using wireline with a diameter of 0.092 inches. How much weight (FORCE) is required
to overcome the well pressure and carry the tool string downhole (neglecting friction due to
drag through the stuffing box and well conditions, due to deviation etc.).
Formula: F = P x A

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We know the pressure is 4000 psi. but we must calculate the cross sectional area of the
wireline using the formula πr2 or π D2 ÷ 4
π = 3.142
D = 0.092"
3.142 x 0.092 x 0.092
Therefore A = 4
0.027
A=> 4
A = 0.0067 square inches
We can now add this to our formula
FORCE = PRESSURE x AREA
FORCE = 4000 psi x 0.0067 s.i.
Therefore FORCE = 27.0 Pounds (lb)
So we can calculate that, neglecting friction, 27 lb of weight must be added to our tool
string to balance the pressure of the well.
There are other pressures which must be considered before carrying out certain wireline
operations known as ‘hydrostatic pressure’ (hp). If we go back to our definition, we find
that hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a column of fluid. To calculate
Hydrostatic Pressure we multiply the gradient by the height or in our case the depth, of the
column.
To learn how the GRADIENT of fresh water is derived assume a cubical container
measuring 12" x 12" x 12" (1 cubic foot - inside dimensions) Fig A. and imagine it filled
with fresh water. This water will weigh 62.4 pounds. The base of the container is 12" x 12"
which produces an area of 144 square inches, Fig B, so when we apply our formula:
FORCE
PRESSURE = AREA
we can calculate the pressure GRADIENT of fresh water.

62.4 Pounds
PRESSURE = 0.433 psi.
144 s.i.

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Figure 5.1 - Relationship Between Pressure, Force & Area

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As our container is 12" x 12" x 12" we can then state that the gradient of fresh water is
0.433 psi per ft.
Thus for every foot of fresh water 0.433 psi is exerted.
Example: What is the hydrostatic pressure exerted by a 500 foot column of fresh water
?
Hydrostatic Pressure = Gradient x Depth
0.433 psi/ft x 500 ft = 216.5 psi
It can be seen from the above example therefore that if we know the density of any liquid
(expressed in lb per cubic foot) then simply dividing by 144 (square inches) will give us the
pressure gradient in psi/ft
Fluid density = 74.8 lb per cubic ft
74.8
Pressure gradient = 144 = 0.519 psi/ft
Often in the field we are given only the weight per gallon of the liquid or the specific
gravity so we must also be able to convert these values into pressure gradient.
Example: What is the pressure gradient of salt water weighing 10 lb/gal ?
Solution: We know that fresh water being the standard reference for all liquids weighs
8.33 lb/gal. We also know that Specific Gravity is the RATIO of the density of a substance
compared to the density of another substance which is used as the standard. So we compare
the salt water at 10 lb/gal to the fresh water at 8.33 lb/gal.
10 lb/gal
Therefore SG = 8.33 lb/gal = 1.2 SG
In order to convert this SG to pressure gradient we simply multiply by the gradient of fresh
water which is 0.433 psi/ft.
Therefore SG = 1.2 x 0.433 = 0.520 psi/ft
See also ‘Hydrostatic pressure of well fluids’ and ‘Fluid weight conversion table’.
Now that we have committed these facts about fresh water to memory we can calculate the
pressure gradient of any liquid when we know its density in lb/cubic ft or weight in lb/gal.
Example: What is the Hydrostatic Pressure exerted by a 5000 ft column of brine
weighing 11 lb/gal?
Solution: SG = 11 lb/gal ÷ 8.33 lb/gal = 1.32
Therefore gradient of brine = 1.32 x 0.433 = 0.572 psi/ft
Hydrostatic pressure = 0.572 psi/ft x 5000 ft = 2860 psi
When dealing in pounds per gallon we can use the common ‘rule of thumb’ method of
calculating hydrostatic pressure by applying the constant 0.052 which is derived by
dividing 0.433 by 8.33.
H.P.= 11 lb/gal x 0.052 x 5000 ft = 2860 psi
NOTE: This constant 0.052 can only be used when the weight of the liquid is
expressed in lb/gallon.

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There is another term that we need to familiarise ourselves with, this is API which stands
for American Petroleum Institute. The American Petroleum Institute in an effort to
standardise all materials used in the oil industry, has set a standard for fluids. This is
expressed as API gravity. Oil of various weights, at base temperature of 60oF is given API
ratings. Fresh water has been arbitrarily assigned an API rating of 10.0. Although tables
are widely used to convert API gravity to SG we need to know an alternative method
should the tables be unavailable.
141.5
The formula used to convert API to SG is = 131.5 + APIo
Example: Find the SG of 30o API oil:

141.5 141.5
SG = 131.5 + 30o = = 0.876
161.5
Therefore SG = 0.876
The need to memorise this conversion is apparent when carrying out wireline work in a
well where the tubing is filled with crude oil.
Example: What is the Hydrostatic Pressure exerted by a 5000 ft column of 32o API oil?
141.5 141.5
SG = 131.5 + 32o = 163.5 = 0.865
Therefore SG = 0.865
Gradient of oil = SG x 0.433 = 0.865 x 0.433 = 0.375 psi/ ft
HP of oil Column = 0.375 x 5000 = 1875 psi
We can now move on and apply what we have learned to an actual wireline situation:
Operation - To run in the hole and open the SSD located at 4,500 ft Conditions: See Figure
10.2.
The well has been shut in, recording at CITHP of 500 psi.
The tubing is filled with 35o API oil.
The tubing/casing annulus is filled with 11 lb/gal brine.
Problem: What differential pressure exists between the annulus and tubing at the depth
of the SSD and in which direction is the pressure acting ?
Solution: HP of oil:
141.5
Convert API to SG: 131.5 + 35o = 0.850 SG
Convert SG to gradient: 0.850 x 0.433 = 0.368 psi/ft

Therefore HP = 0.368 x depth = 0.368 x 4500 = 1656 psi
HP of brine:
11 lb/gal
Convert lb/gal to SG: 8.33 lb/gal = 1.32 SG
Convert SG to gradient: 1.32 x 0.433 = 0.572 psi/ft

Therefore H.P. = 0.572 x depth = 0.572 x 4500 ft = 2574 psi

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Since the well is shut in and recording a CITHP of 500 psi this pressure must be added to
the HP of the oil column to give a total pressure at the depth stated.
Therefore HP of oil column in tubing = 1656 + 500 = 2156 psi
To establish the differential pressure across the SSD we simply subtract the tubing HP from
the annulus HP:
• HP in Annulus = 2574 psi
• HP in Tubing = 2156 psi

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Figure 5.2

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Differential pressure across SSD = 418 psi from Annulus to tubing.
One final situation which we must address is where free gas is present in the tubing. In
some cases where oil producing wells are shut in at the surface, gas will break out of the oil
under static conditions and form a gas ‘cap’ in the tubing. The Hydrostatic effects of this
gas cap must be considered when calculating hydrostatic pressures further down the well.
In order to do this we must refer to the Gas Correction Factors table. You will see that the
vertical left hand column contains well depths from 1000 ft to 18000 ft and the top
horizontal line represents various gas gravity’s from 0.6 to 0.9 SG.
Example: To find the correction factor of a 5000 ft column of 0.7 SG gas look down the
depth column to 5000 ft then move horizontally to the 0.7 SG column and find the
correction factor of 1.129. To convert this to hydrostatic pressure we multiply the
correction factor by the closed In Tubing Head Pressure CITHP.
Example: What differential pressure exists between the tubing and annulus at the ported
nipple assembly located at 8200 ft in the tubing string. The following conditions exist:
• The tubing/casing annulus is filled with 77 lb/cubic ft brine.
• The well is shut in at surface with a CITHP of 600 psi.
• There is a gas cap of 0.6 SG gas down to 4000 ft.
• 32 API oil from 4000 ft to 12000 ft.
As always it helps to draw a sketch with all the relevant information. See Figure 10.3.

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Figure 5.3

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Solution: HP of Brine in Annulus:
77 lb/cu ft
• Gradient = 144
= 0.535 psi/ft
• HP = Gradient x Depth = 0.535 x 8200 ft = 4387 psi
Correction Factor (from tables)

of 0.6 gas @ 4000 ft = 1.087
CITHP = 600 psi
HP of Gas = 600 x 1.087 = 652 psi
HP of oil column:
141.5 141.5 psi/ft
Oil SG = 131.5 + 32o = 163.5 = 0.865
Oil Gradient = SG x 0.433 = 0.865 x 0.433 = 0.375 psi/ft

Oil HP = Gradient x Depth = 0.375 x 4200 = 1575 psi
• Total HP in Annulus = 4387 psi
• Total HP in Tubing = 652 + 1575 = 2227 psi
Differential Pressure at 8,200'= 4387 - 2227 = 2160 psi

Solution: 2160 psi from annulus to tubing.
5.1.2 Hydrostatics
1) Define the following:
a) Gradient
b) Specific Gravity
c) Hydrostatic Pressure
Solution:
a) Gradient is the rate of increase or decrease.
b) Ratio of the density of a substance compared to an accepted standard density.
c) Hydrostatic pressure - the pressure exerted by a column of fluid.
2) Calculate the specific gravity of:
a) 30o API Oil
b) 47o API Oil
c) 23o API Oil
d) 12 lb/gall Mud
e) 14 lb/gall Mud
f) 9 lb/gall Brine

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Solution:
a) 0.876
b) 0.793
c) 0.916
d) 1.4
e) 1.7
f) 1.08
3) What is the hydrostatic pressure in the following examples:
a) 11 lb/gall fluid to 3600 ft.
b) 6000 ft of fluid with a gradient of .365 psi/ft.
c) 36o API fluid to 8700 ft.
Solution:
a) 2059 psi
b) 2190 psi
c) 3182 psi.
4) An SSD at 7000 ft is to be opened. Tubing is filled with 30 API oil and annulus is
filled with 9.5 lb/gall brine. Can the sleeve be opened under the conditions ?
Explain your answer
141.5
= 0.876 SG
131.5 + 30
0.876 x 0.43 = 0.379 psi/ft
0.379 x 7000 = 2657 psi Tubing Hydrostatic
Annulus Hydrostatic: 9.5 x 0.052 = 0.494 psi/ft
0.494 x 7000 = 3458 psi
A differential of (3458-2657) 801 psi exists. The sleeve should not be opened until
pressures are equalised.
5) What is the bottom hole pressure in the tubing of a well with the following
conditions:
TD 8300 ft
32 API oil to 5500 ft
0.6 SG Gas to surface
CITHP of 1050 psi
Gas Factor 1.121 x pressure 1050 = 1177 psi
141.5
Oil HP = 131.5 + 32 x 0.433 x 2800 = 1050 psi
Tubing Pressure Total = 2227 psi

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6) Using the following information:
‘TD’ 9400 ft
‘XN’ Nipple at 9150 ft
Packer at 8800 ft
‘SSD’ at 8750 ft
The well is shut in and has a CITHP of 800 psi, 36 API Fluid to 6500 ft, 0.7 gas to surface.
Annulus filled with 9 lb/gal brine.
Calculate:
a) The differential pressure across the ‘SSD’.
b) The highest pressure recorded on a ‘BHP’ gauge set in the ‘XN’ nipple.
Solution
a) Tubing Pressure to 8750 ft.
Gas H.P. = 1.171 x 800 = 937 psi
141.4
Oil HP = 131.5 + 36 x 0.433 x 2250 ft = 823 psi
Total Tubing Pressure = 1760 psi

Annulus Pressure = (9 x 0.052) x 8750 ft = 4095 psi
Differential across SSD = 4095 - 1760 = 2335 psi
Solution
b) Pressure at ‘XN’ Nipple.
141.5
Oil HP = 131.5 + 36 x 0.433 x 2650 = 969 psi
Gas HP = 1.171 x 800 = 937 psi

Pressure Recorded = 1906 psi

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6 CIRCULATION DEVICES
6.1 SLIDING SLEEVES

a) Purpose
Sliding sleeves or sliding side doors (SSDs) are installed in the tubing during well
completion to provide a means of communication between the tubing and the annulus when
opened.
To bring a well into production after a drilling or workover operation by circulating the
completion fluid into the casing and replacing it with a lighter fluid in the tubing, to kill a
well prior to pulling the tubing during a workover operation (reverse of the previous), and
to allow selective zone production in a multiple zone well completion. SSDs are available
in models which open by shifting the inner sleeve either up or down and any number of
sleeves can be run in the completion string and selectively opened or closed by use of the
appropriate shifting tool.
When selecting the sliding side-door for a completion string, the following should be
noted.
OPEN UP OPEN DOWN
‘AO’ ‘XO’
‘XA’ ‘RO’
‘RA’ ‘XD’
‘L’ ‘RD’
‘CMU’ ‘CMD’
Table 6.1
b) Flow Areas
The ‘AO’, ‘XO’ and ‘RO’ by design allow 85% of the tubing flow area.
The ‘XA’ and ‘RA’ by design allow 85%-100% of the tubing flow area depending on size
and grade of material.
The ‘XD’. ‘RD’, ‘CMU’ and ‘CMD’ by design allow 100% of tubing flow area.
The ‘L’ sliding sleeve in general allows 100% of the tubing flow area, however, this is
governed by the tensile strength requirement at the flow ports.
The ‘XD’, ‘XO’, ‘RD’ and ‘RO’ SSD are used primarily in deviated wells as they are
enclosed by jarring up where a better impact can be transmitted by the jars.
CAUTION: ENSURE THAT THE TUBING/ANNULUS PRESSURE HAS BEEN

EQUALISED BEFORE THE SSDs ARE OPENED TO PREVENT
THE WIRELINE TOOLS BEING BLOWN UP OR DOWN THE
HOLE.

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Figure 6.1 - Sliding Side Door

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6.1.1 Otis ‘XO’ Sliding Sleeve

This is a widely used SSD, available in a choice of sizes of tubing to allow a variety of
premium thread profiles to be fitted and suit all types of completion string. The top sub has
an ‘X’ profile nipple and the bottom sub a polished bore section. This combination allows a
pack off straddle to be set across the SSD should it fail in service. The nipple profile can
also be used for setting plugs, gauge hangers and other flow control devices. In single
selective completions the SSD can be used to produce single or multiple zones by opening
and closing the relevant SSDs. Any number of ‘XO’ SSDs can be run in a single
completion string, all open, all closed or in any combination.
‘XO’ sleeves open down and close up, by jarring on a B positioning tool. The sleeve has a
three-position sequence of, full close - equalise - full open, controlled by a three-stage
collet lock. ‘XO’ SSDs are available in a range of materials to suit the type of service.
Other advantages of the ‘XO’ SSD is that the Vee packing sections are retained stationary
in the central section, which allows the sleeve to be opened even if sand is packed around
the SSD, without damage to the Vee packing sections.
CAUTION: ON INSTALLATION, CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO ENSURE THAT

THE OPEN AND CLOSE DIRECTIONS ARE CORRECT, THAT
THE SSD MOVES FREELY AND ACCEPTS AN API PRESSURE
TEST INTERNALLY AFTER FUNCTION TEST. THE NIPPLE
PROFILES MUST ALSO BE CHECKED, HYDRAULICALLY,
MECHANICALLY AND VISUALLY.
6.1.2 Otis ‘XD’ Sliding Sleeve

The ‘XD’ SSD reduces the pressure loss over the flow ports in heavy crude oil wells. It is
identical in design and operation to the ‘XO’ except for its larger port areas.
6.1.3 Otis ‘XA’ Sliding Sleeve

The ‘XA’ SSD opens up, opposite to the ‘XO’ and ‘XD’, which makes it easier to open in
heavy oil or drilling mud, upward jar action being more effective. The disadvantage is that
the shifting tool is above the flow ports when the sleeve is opened and if there is a pressure
differential across the SSD, there is a greater risk of being blown up the hole.
6.1.4 Otis ‘AO’ Sliding Sleeve

The ‘AO’ SSD opens up and is identical in design and operation to the ‘XO’ except it does
not incorporate an ‘X’ nipple profile.
6.1.5 Otis ‘RD’ and ‘RO’ Sliding Sleeve

The ‘RD’ and ‘RO’ SSD opens down and has an ‘R’ profile.
6.1.6 Otis ‘RA’ Sliding Sleeve

The ‘RA’ SSD opens up and has an ‘R’ profile. (N.B. The ‘R’ series of SSDs are generally
used in heavy-walled tubing installations)

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6.1.7 Baker Model ‘L’ Sliding Sleeve
The ‘L’ sliding sleeve is a downhole flow control device used to establish communication
between annulus and tubing. It can be used for displacing, flowing and testing multiple
zone wells, killing, circulating and to a lesser extent gas lifting. Any number of Model ‘L’
sliding sleeves may be run in any single completion and can be opened/up or closed/down
as required with the Type ‘D2’ shifting tool.
The sliding sleeve incorporates a type ‘F’ nipple into which an ‘S-2’, ‘W-2’, ‘G’, ‘F’ or ‘F-
1’ lock mandrel can be selectively or non-selectively set. This can be used as a plug, choke,
separation sleeve, or gauge hanging facility.
Figure 6.2 - Baker Type ‘L’ Sliding Sleeve

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6.1.8 Baker Model ‘CM’ Sleeve

The Model ‘CM’ Sleeve can be opened or closed with standard wireline techniques. It is
available in ‘CMU’ upshift-to-open or ‘CMD’ downshift to open versions. The ‘CM’
sleeve accepts standard ‘B’ type shifting tools and also the ‘CM’ equalising tool which if
run moves the insert sleeve to the collet latch position for equalising. Once the pressure is
equalised the model ‘B’ shifting tool can be used to fully open the sleeve.
Figure 6.3 - Baker Type ‘CM’ Sleeve

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6.2 POSITIONING TOOLS
6.2.1 Otis Type ‘B’ Positioning Tool
a) Standard Keys
The Type ‘B’ positioning tool is required to open and close all type ‘AO’, ‘XA’, ‘RA’,
‘XO’, ‘RO’, ‘XD’, ‘RD’ and Baker ‘CMU’/’CMD’ SSDs.
(To explain the operation of the ‘B’ positioning tool the ‘XO’ sliding sleeve will be used.
The operation of the types, ‘RO’, ‘XD’, ‘RD’ will be identical. The operation of types
‘XA’, ‘RA’, ‘AO’ and ‘CMU’ being opposite).
It is run on a standard set of wireline tools and orientated prior to running, for a downward
or upward shift.
To shift a closed ‘XO’ sleeve to the open position the ‘B’ positioning tool is made up to the
wireline tool string with the top sub [5] facing upwards and the 90o shoulder [3] facing
downwards. When passing through the SSD the square shoulder on the keys will engage a
90o shoulder on the internal sleeve of the SSD. The positioning tool keys will lock into the
sleeve profile and downward jarring will move the internal sleeve down.
When full sleeve travel has occurred an internal inclined shoulder in the SSD bottom sub
forces the positioning keys inwards collapsing them. This allows the positioning tool to
pass through the now open SSD. When retrieved the tool should be inspected and if the
shear pin [1] is not sheared then the SSD is open. Confirmation of opening can normally be
seen on surface gauges and can be confirmed by establishing circulation.
Should the pin [1] be sheared then partial opening, or a stuck SSD should be assumed and a
second opening run with a re-pinned positioning tool is required.
To close an open ‘XO’ SSD the body of the positioning tool should be secured into the
wireline tool string with the top sub [5] facing downwards and the 90o shoulder [3] facing
upwards. When the SSD is located the tool string will pass through and when picked back
up will engage the 90o shoulder on the positioning tool will engage the SSD inner sleeve
thereby locating the tool in the SSD. Upward jarring will move the sleeve to the closed
position, engage the positioning tool keys on the inclined internal SSD shoulder and release
the tool.
Should the SSD be stuck or very tight to operate, the shear pin[1] in the positioning tool
will shear and release the positioning tool. Visual inspection of the tool upon retrieval will
confirm shear pin integrity. An annulus test will confirm a closed SSD, and pressure
integrity.
With standard keys [6] installed a ‘B’ positioning tool will open each and every SSD
encountered in a tubing string, or depending on key orientation close all encountered SSDs.

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Figure 6.4 - Otis ‘42BO’ Shifting Tool

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b) Selective Keys (Positive Keys)
Selective keys [7] differ from standard keys [6] only in that the self releasing profile [4] is
not incorporated on selective keys. Positioning tools fitted with selective keys can only be
released from SSDs by shearing the pin [1] and collapsing the keys.
Therefore in a completion string of four similar sized ‘XO’ SSDs all producing single
zones it is required to close the lower SSD to prevent further water production. The
following procedure should be followed.
A ‘B’ positioning tool equipped with selective keys [7] is installed on a wireline tool string
with the top sub [5] facing down, and the 900 shoulder [3] facing up. In this position the
toolstring will pass through all four SSDs and when picked up will engage the desired SSD.
Continued upward jarring will close the SSD and shear the positioning tool [1] pin
releasing the tool. As the tool is pulled through the remaining SSDs the keys will collapse
and pass through without initiating a close function.
6.2.2 Otis ‘BO’ Selective Shifting Tool

The ‘BO’ Selective Positioning Tool is designed to selectively position the Shifting Sleeve
inside an Otis Side Door.
The ‘BO’ Selective Positioning Tool is designed so that the Shifting Sleeve of any Sliding
Door can be shifted downwards without shifting any other Sleeve downwards.
The ‘BO’ Selective Positioning Tool should normally be run with the locating Dogs in the
retracted position.
The Locating Dogs are designed to locate on the bottom of the desired Sliding Side Door.
The friction caused by the drag of the Dogs causes a restriction which releases the
Positioning Keys.
The Positing Keys will locate the Shifting Sleeve and manipulation of the Sleeve can
commence.
Once the shifting Sleeve has completed its downward travel, the Positioning Keys will
collapse inwards and pass through the Sliding Side Door.
By placing the ‘BO’ Selective Positioning Tool in the selective position will allow it to
pass through any SSD above the desired SSD.

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Figure 6.5 - Otis ‘BO’ Selective Positioning Tool

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6.2.3 Baker ‘D2’ Shifting Tool
The model ‘D2’ shifting tool is a wireline operated tool designed to open or close the Type
‘L’ sliding-sleeve. Any number of sleeves of the same size, in a single tubing string can be
shifted in any combination or in any sequence.
The shifting tool incorporates an automatic locating collet which gives a positive indication
to the wireline operator when the desired sleeve is reached. The sleeve is opened or closed
by upward or downward jarring. The same tool can be used for both operations by simply
swapping round the end subs. Once the sliding-sleeve has been shifted to its fully open or
closed position, the shifting tool will automatically release. The sleeve can then be checked
that it has fully moved by sitting back into it. If it is in the correct position, the ‘D2’
shifting tool will pass straight through.
The ‘D2’ has a built-in safety feature which can hold it in place when there is an
overbalance from the annulus. It has an emergency release to allow it to be sheared if the L
sliding sleeve will not open or close. The ‘D2’ can also be deliberately released without
shifting the sliding sleeve.
CAUTION: BEFORE RUNNING THE ‘D2’, THE COLLET SIZE AND THE
DISTANCE FROM THE COLLET TO THE SHIFTING DOGS
MUST BE DETERMINED.

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Figure 6.6 - Baker ‘D2’ Shifting Tool

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6.2.4 Straddle Tool (Pack Off)
The Straddle tool (some times
referred to as a Pack-off) is used to
blank off the flow ports in the
sliding side door.
The straddle tool consists of an lock
mandrel, an equalising sub, a
mandrel extension and a lower
packing assembly. The use of
running tools ensures that the
straddle tool can be set in any
sliding side door of the same size
and type.
a) Application
To blank off the flow ports, if it is
feasible or not possible to close the
sleeve.
To blank off a producing zone
behind a sliding side door and allow
only lower zone(s) to be produced
through a singlestring completion.
b) Operation
With the straddle tool located in the
sliding side door, the packing stack
on the ‘X’ lock seals in the upper
polished bore of the sliding side
door and the packing stack on the
mandrel extension seals in the
lower polished bore. Effective
sealing will be produced above and
below the sliding sleeve of the
sliding side door.
Figure 6.7 - Otis ‘X’ Straddle Tool

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c) Running Procedure
1) Pin the ‘X’ straddle tool to the ‘X’ line running tool.
2) Determine the location of the sliding side door relative to any others of the same size
and type into which the straddle tool is to be installed.
3) If the straddle tool is to be installed into the uppermost sliding side door, place the
running tool in the non-selective mode. This will keep the lock mandrel dogs in a
flatting position.
4) If the straddle tool is to be installed into a sliding side door below a landing nipple or
a sliding side door of the same size and type, the running tool must be placed in the
selective position. This will keep the lock mandrel dogs in the fully retracted
position.
5) Make up the straddle, shear pinned to the running tool, onto a standard wireline
toolstring.
6) Run in the tubing until the desired sliding side door is reached. If the running tool is
in the re-selective mode, the keys of the lock mandrel will immediately locate in the
nipple profile of the sliding side door. Proceed to step 9.
7) If the running tool is in the selective mode, run the straddle assembly to a few feet
below the sliding side door.
8) Pull back through the sliding side door to trip the ‘X’ line running tool into the non-
selective mode.
9) Lower the toolstring to locate the straddle assembly into the sliding side door.
10) Jar downwards to lock the straddle tool into the locking profile and to shear the top
shear pin on the running tool.
11) Apply an upstrain on the wireline to confirm positive locking.
12) Jar upwards to shear the lower brass pin in the running tool.
13) Retrieve the running tool to surface.
d) Pulling Procedure
1) Make up a ‘GS’ pulling tool, complete with equalising prong, onto a standard
toolstring.
2) Run in the tubing with the retrieving toolstring to the desired sliding side door.
3) Locate and latch the straddle tool.
4) Observe for any change in CITHP when the straddle tool is latched. Ensure that the
tubing and annulus pressures are equalised before attempting to retrieve the straddle
from the sliding side door.
5) Jar upwards to unlock the lodging dogs from the locking profile and pull the straddle
tool from the sliding side door.
6) Retrieve the straddle tool and retrieving toolstring to surface.

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6.3 SEPARATION TOOL
A separation tool is generally
installed in an SSD to blank off
production from producing intervals
below the SSD into which the
separation tool has been set. (Plugs
will usually be set in any SSDs
adjacent to each lower producing
interval.)
An example of a separation tool is
shown and is composed of the
following components:
Lock Mandrel:
With appropriate keys for the SSD
nipple profile; the lock mandrel
packing will form a seal in the upper
polished sealing area of the SSD.
Separation Sleeve:
Ported tubular of sufficient length to
straddle the ports in the SSD and its
packing forming a seal in the lower
polished sealing area of the SSD.
Equalising Sub (Otis ‘XO’):
To provide a means of equalising the
tubing pressures above and below the
separation tool; the ‘XO’ equalising
sleeve which, when closed, straddles
equalising ports in the valve housing.
The ‘XO’ equalising sub will be run
in the open position on a wireline
toolstring using a running tool
complete with running prong. The
running prong will shift the sleeve to
the closed position during setting the
separation sleeve in the SSD. A
pulling prong will be required to shift
the sleeve to the open position for
equalisation before retrieving the
separation tool; See Figure 5.8.
Figure 6.8 - Separation Tool

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7 INTRODUCTION TO GAS LIFT
7.1 GAS LIFT

This method consists of injecting natural gas into the production tubing to enhance liquid
production up the tubing. Gas lift supplements the flow process by the addition of
compressed gas which lightens the liquid head, reduces friction and supplies potential
energy in the form of gas expansion; See Figure 6.1.
Since most of the equipment used in gas lift installations is part of the completion string,
this method is frequently employed offshore where space on production platforms is
limited. However, gas lift can be utilised anywhere, especially where a supply of natural
gas is readily available.
Injection of gas normally takes place down the casing-tubing annulus. The gas enters the
tubing at various predetermined points through previously installed gas lift valves. These
valves open and close in a progressive manner so that the gas first enters the tubing through
the highest valve and ends up entering the tubing through the lowest valve. This will
reduce the hydrostatic pressure in the tubing to a value low enough so that reservoir fluids
can flow to surface at an acceptable rate. In addition, reservoir pressure can then deliver
formation fluids into the tubing and sustain flow. If gas is injected into the tubing to
maintain a desired drawdown, this process is termed continuous gas lift.
Figure 7.1 - Schematic of a Gas Lift System

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If sufficient drawdown in the bottomhole pressure is not possible by continuous gas
injection, intermittent gas lift operations can be used. Intermittent gas lift requires high
(and almost instantaneous) gas volumes to displace high density liquid slugs to surface.
This presents a gas handling problems at surface.
Liquid production from gas lifted wells can range from 300 - 4,000 BBLS/day through
normal size tubing strings.
NOTE: Most gas lift systems are designed to recirculated the lift gas. Low
pressure gas from the production separator is collected, compressed and
re-injected into the well again.
Figure 6.2 shows a simplified flow diagram for a continuous gas lift well.
Key considerations for gas lift systems:
• Tubing size
• The need for a packer
• Setting depths for gas lift valves.
Figure 7.2 - Simplified Flow diagram of a Closed Rotative Gas Lift System for Single Well

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7.2 SIDE POCKET MANDRELS

Side Pocket Mandrels (SPMs) provide a means of injecting gas from the casing-tubing
annulus to the tubing. They are installed in the completion string and act as receptacles for
the following devices:
• Gas lift valves
• Dummy valves
• Chemical injection valves
• Circulating valves
• Differential dump/kill valves
• Equalising valves.
NOTE: SPMs were originally intended for gas lift purposes and, in some
completions, SSDs are being replaced by SPM/circulating valve systems
which give the advantage of being able to replace sealing components by
wireline methods rather than by workovers. However, the cross sectional
areas of the circulating ports may be a limiting feature.
A number of SPMs can be installed in one tubing string and, with the use of a kick-over
tool, a valve can be selectively run into or retrieved from an SPM by conventional wireline
techniques. After installation, full tubing bore is preserved for future wireline work.
Figure 6.3 shows an example of a single completion string utilising SPMs.
An SPM consists of an oval or round body shell with an integral forged pocket offset to
one side of the longitudinal axis. The SPM pocket has seal bores and a lock profile to
accommodate a communication or flow control device.
Located in the upper part of the body is an orientation sleeve which aligns the kick-over
tool with the side pocket aperture, regardless of well deviation or the orientation of the
pocket. Side pocket mandrels are available in two sizes of receptacles - 1 inch and 11/2
inch.
7.2.1 Camco ‘MMG’ SPM

This mandrel features an orientation sleeve, an integral forged pocket in an oval body shell
and a tool discriminator which guides the proper tool into the side pocket and deflects
larger ones.
Communication is possible from the tubing, through a flow control device and ports in the
side of the mandrel into the casing and vice versa. This SPM receives and locks 11/2 inch
OD valves and accessories and offers full tubing drift ID which allows normal wireline
operations through the tubing string.

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Figure 7.3 - Typical Oilwell Completion Utilising SPMs

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7.2.2 Camco ‘KBMG’ SPM

This mandrel is similar to the ‘MMG’ with the exception that it only accepts and locks 1
inch OD side pocket accessories; See Figure 6.4.
‘KBMG’ models are also designed with additional features which specialises them for
particular production applications:
• ‘KBMG-H’ for high pressure applications
• ‘KBMG-2’ - slightly reduced external diameter for running in heavy weight
(smaller ID) casing.
Figure 7.4 - Camco ‘KBMG’ Side Pocket Mandrel

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7.2.3 Camco ‘KBUG’ SPM
This mandrel is virtually the same as the ‘KBMG’ except that it has been designed with
reduced OD (and lower pressure rating) so that it may be easily run in dual string
installations or heavy weight casing.
7.2.4 Otis ‘WB’ SPM

This mandrel is very similar to the ‘KBUG’ but is made up from solid round body sections
which have been circumferentially welded together with larger wall thickness and
consequently has a higher pressure rating.
7.2.5 Otis ‘RW’ SPM

This mandrel has an oval OD primarily designed to be run in dual strings where the
combined diameter would not be as great as that of two round type mandrels. This mandrel
receives 1 inch OD side pocket valves and accessories and offers full tubing drift ID which
allows normal wireline operations through the tubing string.
7.3 KICKOVER TOOLS

A kickover tool is required to run and pull valves and accessories into and from side pocket
mandrels (SPMs). For ‘KBMG’, ‘KBUG’, ‘WB’ and ‘RW’ SPMs an ‘OK’ type kickover
tool is required and for ‘MMG’ and ‘RL’ SPMs an ‘OM’ kickover tool is required. The ‘O’
series kickover tools are especially suitable for wireline operation in deviated wells. The
tools consist of a fishing neck and pin thread connection on the upper end, a locating
trigger, kick springs and arm assembly with a box thread connection on the lower end, for
attachment of a running or pulling tool, and an arm housing with a nose on the lower end.
A knuckle joint installed above the kickover tool facilitates operations.
NOTE: Some ‘O’ series kickover tools have a built in catcher sub on the bottom
of the arm housing.
7.3.1 Camco Type ‘O’ Kickover Tool

The ‘OK’ series includes ‘OK5’ and ‘OK1’ kickover tools. All have the same basic
features except the ‘OK5’ can be repinned without disassembly and has a stainless steel
arm assembly. To repin the ‘OK1’, some disassembly is required. These kickover tools are
used to pull 1 ins OD valves.
The ‘OM’ series includes ‘OM5’ and ‘OM1’ kickover tools. All have the same basic
features except the ‘OM5’ can be repinned without disassembly and has a stainless steel
arm assembly. To repin the ‘OM1’ some disassembly is required. These kickover tools are
used to pull 11/2 ins. OD valves.

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a) Running Procedure
1) The kickover tool is run in the hole, with associated valve and latch attached, to a
point below the selected SPM.
2) Pick up the tool slowly until it stops. The finger on the kickover tool has engaged, the
orientation sleeve aligning the kick over arm with the pocket. An overpull of 150-400
lbs depending on the depth and deviation, kicks over the tool. The toolstring is
lowered until the valve locates the side pocket.
3) The toolstring is jarred down to latch the valve securely in the side pocket.
4) Upward jarring confirms the valve is latched and releases the running tool.
The toolstring can be pulled out of the hole.
NOTE: Pressure across SPM should be equalised prior to removing any valve.
b) Pulling Procedure
1) The kickover tool is run in the hole, with correct pulling tool, to a point below the
selected SPM.
2) Pick up the tool slowly until it stops. The finger on the kickover tool has engaged the
orientation sleeve aligning the kick-over arm with the pocket. An overpull of 150-400
lbs depending on the depth and deviation, kicks over the tool. The toolstring is
lowered until the side pocket has been located.
3) Careful downward jarring ensures the pulling tool is attached to the valve. (Excessive
downward jarring can damage the fishing neck and/or the side pocket if the pulling
tool is not properly latched).
4) Jar up to shear the valve latch pin and allow the valve to release from the SPM.
The toolstring can be pulled out of the hole with retrieved valve attached.

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Figure 7.5 - Camco ‘O’ Kickover Tools

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7.3.2 Teledyne Merla ‘TP’ and ‘TMP’ Kickover Tool

The ‘TP’ (11/2 ins. valves) and ‘TMP’ (1 ins. valves) positioning/kickover tools were
developed to complement the ‘TP’ and ‘TMP’ side pocket mandrels. However, the ‘TP’
and ‘TMP’ series of tools can be used with various other types of side pocket mandrel. The
kickover tool performs three important functions, i.e.
1) Locates the mandrel.
2) Orientates the valve or pulling tool to the correct position.
3) Laterally offsets the valve or pulling tool into position over the pocket for setting or
pulling the valve from the mandrel.
Operation of the tool is not complicated and design features have been incorporated to
make it easy to service and practical to use. For example, only the shear pin [4] in the
locator key [5] must be replaced after each trip. Pin replacement requires no disassembly
and may be performed easily with the tool hanging in the lubricator. Running and pulling
therefore, can be accomplished rapidly. Once the locator key pin [4] is sheared as the valve
is either set or pulled, the tool locks in a rigid position and may be raised or lowered
through other mandrels - a very important feature in the event of a fishing job. The tool's
cross-sectional outside profile plus internal porting provides ample fluid bypass to ensure
rapid running and pulling.
Each positioning tool is designed to operate in one specific tubing size and for one specific
valve size. The running and pulling procedure and principle of operation are identical for
all models.
a) Running Procedure
1) Check the type of mandrel to be serviced and make sure that its dimensions are
compatible with tool dimensions.
2) Use a screwdriver to align the locator key [5] with the trigger [7] and install a 3/16
inch brass shear pin [4].
3) Screw the running tool into the positioning tool and pin the gas lift valve in the
running tool. Install a knuckle joint between the jar and the positioning tool, if
required.
CAUTION: WHEN MAKING UP AND TIGHTENING JOINTS, USE WRENCH

FLAT LOCATIONS. DO NOT TORQUE THE PIVOT PINS.
4) Lower the tool several feet past the target mandrel. Do not run the tool below the next
lower mandrel because the tool cannot be pulled back through the mandrel without
shearing the locator key pin [4]. Once the pin is sheared, the tool can not orientate or
kick-over.
5) Slowly raise the tool until the locator key [5] engages the orientating sleeve. Further
upward movement causes the positioning tool to rotate until the key enters the slot. A
noticeable increase in weight will be shown on the weight indicator when the tool has
travelled to the end of the slot.
6) If the locator key [5] misses the orientating slot, lower the tool past the mandrel and
repeat the procedure.
7) Once the key is located in the slot, gradually increase the tension of the wireline.

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(Depending on the size of the mandrel and well deviation, this may vary from 150-
400 lbs.) This will kick-over the tool and latch it into position.
8) After the additional force has been reached, lower the valve slowly into the pocket.
The possibility of damage to the valve or the latch is minimised because the
positioning tool automatically aligns the valve with the pocket. Loss of tool weight is
a positive sign that the valve is entering the pocket.
9) If for any reason the valve missed the pocket, as indicated by a lack of weight loss,
repeat the process beginning in Paragraph 5 and increase the overpull by 100 pounds.
Because of the increased friction caused by corkscrewed tubing in some wells, the
actual force applied at the tool will be much less than that indicated at the surface.
10) Normal procedure may now be followed for jarring the valve into place and
separating the valve from the tool.
11) After the tool is separated from the valve, the upward travel will cause the tool
trigger [7] to reorientate in the positioning sleeve. Upward jarring will shear the 1/8
inch pin [4] holding the guide key [5] in place. Once this is done, the tool will no
longer orientate in each mandrel as it is pulled to the surface. As the tool is pulled
through the orientation sleeve, the kick-over arm [16] of the tool will straighten and
lock in position. This feature eliminates unnecessary wear on the tool due to rubbing
on the tubing walls on the trip to the surface.
12) When the positioning tool is back on the surface, the only necessary operation before
attaching another valve is to re-pin the key [5] in the trigger[7]. The key and trigger
may be lined up by hand and the old shear pin [4] replaced without disassembly of
the tool.

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Figure 7.6 - Teledyne Merla Type ‘TM’ and ‘TMP’ Kickover Tool

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b) Pulling Procedures
1) If the mandrel to be serviced is manufactured by Teledyne Merla, make sure that it is
dimensionally compatible with tool dimensions.
2) Use a screwdriver to align the locator key [5] with the trigger [7] and install a 1/8
inch brass shear pin [4].
3) Determine the proper size kick-over tool, pulling tool and extension. Attach the
pulling tool (with extension, if required) to the kick-over tool.
CAUTION: WHEN MAKING UP AND TIGHTENING JOINTS, USE FLATS

PROVIDED. DO NOT APPLY TORQUE TO THE PIVOT PINS.
4) Lower the tool several feet past the mandrel being serviced. Do not run the tool
through the next lower mandrel because the tool cannot be withdrawn through the
mandrel without shearing the locator pin [4]. Once sheared, the tool will no longer
orientate or kick-over.
5) Slowly raise the tool until the locator key [5] engages the orientation sleeve. Further
upward movement causes the positioning tool to rotate until the key enters the slot.
6) If the locator key [5] misses the orientation slot, lower the tool through the mandrel
and repeat the procedure.
7) Once the key [5] is located in the slot, gradually increase the tension on the wireline.
(Depending on the size of the side pocket mandrel and the well deviation, this will be
anything from 150 - 400 lbs over toolstring weight. This additional tension will kick-
over the tool and latch it in position.
8) After the extra upward pull force has been reached, lower the tool slowly until the
weight indicator shows a noticeable drop.
9) If for any reason the valve missed the pocket, as indicated by a lack of weight loss,
repeat the process beginning in paragraph 5 and increase the extra pull by 100
pounds. Because of the increased friction caused by corkscrewed tubing in some
wells, the actual force applied at the tool will be much less than indicated at the
surface.
10) Normal procedure may now be followed for jarring the latch to its release position
and removing the valve from the pocket.
11) As the valve is being pulled from the pocket, the upward travel will cause the trigger
[7] to reorientate in the positioning sleeve. Additional jarring will shear the 1/8 inch
pin [4] holding the guide key [5] in place. Once this is done, the tool will no longer
orientate in each mandrel as it is pulled to the surface. As the tool is pulled through
the orientation sleeve, the kicked-over arm [16] of the tool will straighten and lock in
position. This feature eliminates unnecessary wear on the tool and valve due to
rubbing on the tubing walls during withdrawal.
12) When the positioning tool is back on the surface, the only necessary operation, other
than removing the valve from the pulling tool, is to re-pin the key [5] in the trigger
[7]. The key and trigger may be lined up by hand, the old pin [4] tapped out and the
new pin inserted without disassembly of the tool - see Trigger Drawing.
13) Prior to running the ‘TP’ or ‘TMP’ kickover tool, the following checks should be
carried out to prevent malfunction.

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c) Field Check Procedures

1) Place the kickover tool in a vice gripping it on the main housing [2] with the trigger
[7] on the bottom.
2) Lock the tool in the straight position.
3) Install the pulling tool/running tool and valve and any spacer bar to be used.
4) Using a file or similar object, kickover the tool by applying force on the trigger [7].
5) Visually check the kickover for correct angulation.
6) Check the knuckle joint by moving the dummy valve until the valve is parallel with
the main housing[ 2]; then release it. The valve should return to an in line position
with the pivot arm [16]. Failure to return to a proper position indicates a weak
knuckle spring [17] or a stiff pivot joint. If necessary, shim under the spring, but do
not shim so much as to prevent full knuckle joint action. Check to see that the
knuckle joint pivot allows the valve to be parallel with the main housing before
bottoming on the pivot arm [16].
7) The pivot arm [16] should remain locked in the kickover position while the dummy
valve is positioned parallel with the main housing [2]. If not, it indicates a worn latch
[13] or weak latch spring [9]. Place a 1/32 inch shim under the spring and repeat the
test. If the shim does not correct the problem, replace the latch and spring.
8) Check trigger [7] for any wear or damage.

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8 LATCHES
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Latches attached to the side pocket valves (SPV) are designed to lock the Valve into the
side pocket mandrel (SPM). The internal design of the SPM and the OD of the valve
determines the use and size of the latch required. Most latches are designed to latch into a
profile in the top of the side pocket, but some mandrels also have a lower profile to accept
integral latches which are used if the upper profile becomes worn.
8.1.1 ‘BK’ Latch

The ‘BK’ latch is a spring-loaded ring style latch which locks a 1 ins. OD SPM into the
side pockets. The ‘BK’ latch is used with valves and accessories without integral latches.
This latch ring is pushed upward and to the side as it enters the pocket and when the valve
is properly located in the pocket, the latch spring forces the latch ring back down into the
locking profile in the pocket. During pulling, the shear pin is sheared and allows the latch
body to move from behind the latch ring which unlocks the valve run on a ‘JK’ running
tool and pulled on a 11/4 ins. ‘JDC’ or ‘SM’ pulling tool.
8.1.2 ‘BEK-2’ Latch

The ‘BEK-2’ latch is identical to the ‘BK’ latch except it has a hole through its centre
(0.375 ins). It is run and retrieved with the same tools as the ‘BK’ latch. The ‘BEK-2’ latch
would be used when flow is required through the lock, e.g. when used with gas lift,
chemical injection or kill type valves.
8.1.3 ‘RK’ Latch

A spring-loaded ring style latch which locks 11/2 ins. OD valves and accessories into
‘MMG’ series SPM. A debris barrier is on top of the mandrel latch tube in the form of two
O-rings on the bottom skirt. Run on an RK-1 running tool and pull on a 15/8 ins. ‘JDC’ or
‘SM’ pulling tool.

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Figure 8.1 – Latches

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Figure 8.2 - Latches

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8.1.4 ‘RK-1’ Latch
The ‘RK-1’ latch is identical to the ‘RK’ except this 11/2 ins. OD latch does not have ‘O’-
rings, but contains longitudinal grooves as flow conduits between the latch and the pocket.
This latch is used when pressure communication between the latch and the tube mandrel is
required. Run on an ‘RK-1’ running tool and pulled on a 15/8 ins. ‘JDC’ or ‘SM’ pulling
tool.
8.1.5 ‘RKP’ Latch

The ‘RKP’ latch is identical to the ‘RK’ latch except it has a hole through its centre (.0453
ins. ID). It is run and retrieved with the same tools as the ‘RK’ latch. The ‘RKP’ latch
would be needed when flow is required through the lock, e.g. when used with gas lift,
chemical injection or kill type valves.
8.1.6 Otis ‘R’ Latch

The ‘R’ latch is used to lock 11/2 ins. OD side pocket accessories in the type ‘MM’,
‘MME’, ‘RL’ and ‘RLF’ side pocket mandrels. It incorporates a spring loaded concentric
type latch. The latch is pushed up and into the lock body as it enters the side pocket. Once
the lock No-Go is in place, the latch springs out into the nipple profile and holds the side-
pocket valve in place.
When pulling the lock a pin is sheared which allows the latch to swing into the lock body
and the side pocket valve can be retrieved.
It is run on a ‘JC-3’ or type ‘M’ running tool and pulled with a 2 in ‘JDC’ or ‘SM’ pulling
tool.
8.1.7 ‘RA’ Latch

The Type ‘RA’ latch is identical to the ‘R’ latch except for two ‘O’ rings below the No-Go
which act as a debris barrier. It also has a shorter cam nose. It is run and retrieved with the
same tools as the ‘R’ latch.
8.1.8 ‘M’ Latch

The type ‘M’ is a 1 ins. latch used with type ‘RW’ side pocket mandrels. They are collet
type latches which move up and deflect into the lock body as it passes the lock recess. It is
run on an ‘M’ or ‘J’ type running tool which requires downward jarring to set and upward
jarring to shear off, which in turn locks the collet in place. The 11/2 ins. type ‘SM’ or ‘JDS’
pulling tool is used to retrieve this latch. A shear pin in the latch body is sheared, allowing
the collet to retract and the side pocket valve to be retrieved.
7.1.9 ‘T2’ Latch

The type ‘T2’ is a 11/2 ins. latch used with type ‘RL’ side pocket mandrels. They are collet
type latches which move up and deflect into the lock body as it passes the lock recess. It
incorporates an ‘O’-ring below its No-Go, which acts as a debris barrier. It is run on a
‘MO’ or ‘J’ type running tool which requires downward jarring to set and upward jarring to
shear off which in turn locks the collet in place. The 2 ins. type ‘SM’ or ‘JDS’ pulling tool
is used to retrieve the latch. A shear pin in the latch body is sheared allowing the collet to
retract and the side pocket valve to be retrieved.

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9 SIDE POCKET VALVES
9.1 GAS LIFT VALVES

Gas lift is a process whereby high pressure gas is used to provide the energy to enable low
producing oil wells to produce more efficiently. In a gas lift operation, gas is injected into
the tubing from the annulus at a predetermined depth. Gas injected into the casing/tubing
annulus will flow down the annulus and through a communicating device into the tubing
string. The function of a gas lift valve (GLV) is to admit gas from the annulus as required
and inject it into the tubing string. A GLV is in essence a downhole pressure regulator; See
Figure 8.1.
GLVs may be classified as conventional or wireline retrievable. (Conventional GLVs are
essentially part of the tubing string where the GLV is mounted externally onto the mandrel;
repair must be done by pulling the tubing string). In this unit we will restrict our discussion
to wireline retrievable GLVs.
Retrievable GLVs are designed for use in continuous and/or intermittent flow gas lift
production. These valves utilise either a nitrogen charged bellows unit or a spring with an
evacuated bellows to provide the force necessary to maintain the valve in the fail-safe
closed position. To open the valve, injection pressure or production pressure enters the
valve and works to overcome the preset pressure in the valve bellows or the preset
compression in the valve spring.
Figure 9.1 - Principle of Operation of a Bellows Operated GLV

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Upper gas lift valves which are used to unload a well to the desired point of gas injection
are called unloading valves. The operating valve in a continuous gas lift installation is the
valve at the point of gas injection. The unloading valves are not used after the casing is
filled with gas unless the tubing pressure at the depth of the operating valve becomes
greater than the casing pressure.
Most wells will load up if the injection gas is shut off or the gas injection rate is reduced.
When a well loads up, the unloading valves are employed to lift liquid accommodated in
the tubing above these valves and permit lifting from the operating valve.
The types of wireline retrievable gas lift valves available are:
• Injection pressure operated valves
• Production pressure operated valves.
And the pressure controlling forces are commonly provided by gas charged bellows,
uncharged bellows/spring or pilot operated piston systems.
Injection pressure operated valves are very similar in design to production pressure
operated valves.
NOTE: Today, most gas lift wells are designed with lift gas injected from the
casing into the production tubing. Only gas lift valves pertaining to these
systems will be discussed here.
9.1.1 Camco ‘BK’ Gas Lift Valve

This is a wireline retrievable injection pressure operated gas lift valve used for continuous
gas lift operation. The ‘BK’ is a 1 inch OD valve; See Figure 8.2a, employing a nitrogen
charged 3-ply Monel bellows to provide the force necessary to keep the valve in the fail-
safe closed position.
Injection gas pressure enters the valve and compresses the bellows; the pressure necessary
to compress the bellows is governed by the nitrogen pre-charge pressure.
When injection pressure overcomes the closing force, the bellows are compressed, lifting
the stem tip off seat. Injection gas flows through and out of the valve into the production
tubing string.
NOTE: The ‘BK’ gas lift valve is used with a ‘BK-2’ latch which locks the valve
into the appropriate K-series side pocket mandrel, See Figure 8.2b.

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Figure 9.2 - Gas Lift Valve

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9.1.2 Camco ‘DK-1’ Dummy Valve
This is a wireline retrievable isolation tool designed to blank communication between
tubing and casing/tubing annulus. The ‘DK-1’ 1 inch dummy valve; See Figure 8.3, may
be used to blank off a ‘KBM’, ‘KBMG’ or ‘KBUG’ side pocket mandrels. Note that this
valve has an integral latch.
The ‘DK-1’ dummy valve has two sets of packing which straddle and pack off the casing
ports on the SPM. Communication between tubing and casing-tubing annulus is positively
blanked off until the dummy valve is removed from the side pocket mandrel.
Figure 9.3 - Camco ‘DK-1’ Dummy Valve

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1 FACILITY SAFETY 1-1

2 SAFETY OFFSHORE 2-1

3 LANDING NIPPLES & LOCK MANDRELS 3-1

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 i

4 BASIC PULLING TOOLS 4-1

5 WELL CALCULATIONS 5-1

6 CIRCULATION DEVICES 6-1

7 INTRODUCTION TO GAS LIFT 7-1

9 SIDE POCKET VALVES 9-1

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 iii

iv  Expro North Sea Ltd.

1.1 RULES AND REGULATIONS

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 1-1

e) Equipment operating signals

1-2  Expro North Sea Ltd.

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 1-3

Figure 1.1 - Emergency Fire Plan

1-4  Expro North Sea Ltd.

2.1 CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH

2.1.2 COSHH Regulations

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 2-1

2.1.6 Complying With COSHH

2-2  Expro North Sea Ltd.

2.1.8 Who Carries Out The Assessment

2.1.9 Recording And Reviewing The Assessment

2.2 H2S GAS

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 2-3

2.2.2 Precautions Against H2S Gas

2.3 LIFTING TECHNIQUE

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b) Position the feet

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 2-5

d) Get a firm grip

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g) Move the feet

h) Put down, then adjust

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 2-7

2-8  Expro North Sea Ltd.

2.4.2 Overview Of The Permit To Work System

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 2-9

2-10  Expro North Sea Ltd.

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 2-11

2-12  Expro North Sea Ltd.

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 2-13

2-14  Expro North Sea Ltd.

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 2-15

2-16  Expro North Sea Ltd.

a) Permit Officer (PO)

d) Permit Clerk (PC)

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 2-17

Section Action By Action to be Taken

2-18  Expro North Sea Ltd.

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 2-19

2-20  Expro North Sea Ltd.

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2-22  Expro North Sea Ltd.

 Expro North Sea Ltd. 1999 2-23