Group 8: the name of something closely associated with it, as

Figures of Speech opposed to by its own name.

A figure of speeh is a deviation form the ordianry use •Metonymy is meant for a change of name. It is a
of words in order to increase their effectiveness. substitute of the thing names for the thing meant.
Basically, it is a figurative language that may consist Example:
of a single word or phrase. Heart – refer to love or emotion
A figure of speech is a word or phrase using “My dear, you have all of my heart.”
figurative language—language that has other Synecdoche
meaning than its normal definition. In other words, It is the understanding of one thing by means of
figures of speeches rely on implied or suggested another. It refers to a figure of speech in which the
meaning, rather than a dictionary definition. We word for a part of something is used to refer to the
express and develop them through hundreds of thing itself.
different rhetorical techniques, from specific types Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. It refers
like metaphors and similes, to more general forms specifically to when a part of something is used to
like sarcasm and slang. represent the whole or vice versa.
Simile  Generations of writers have used synecdoche in
In simile two unlike things are explicitly compared. both poetry and prose.
A simile is introduced by words such like and as.  Synecdoche is a device used in many idioms,
For example: colloquial expressions, and slang terms.
1.“She is like a fairy”  One common form of synecdoche uses a body
2.“Wide as ocean” part (hand, heart, head, eyes, etc.) to stand in for
3.“Ardley dressed like an angel” an entire person.
4.“As light as a feather Example:
Metaphor "Nice wheels!" A synecdoche in which "wheels"
Metaphors are used in communication to help stand in for the car that they are a part of.
illustrate or explain something by comparing it to Boots on the ground— refers to soldiers.
something else. It is an informal or implied simile in Ask for her hand—refers to asking a woman to
which words like, as, so are omitted. In the following marry.
examples metaphors are underlined. Hyperbole
1. She is a star of our family It is a statement made emphatic by overstatement. It
2. She is now in the sunset of her days. is a literary device used to draw emphasis through
3. His words cut deeper than a knife. extreme exaggeration. Hyperbole is not meant to be
Personification taken literally, but rather understood as a means of
It is a figurative language technique where an object communicating something specific. Those who hear
or idea is given human characteristics or qualities. In or read the hyperbole should understand that it is an
other words, using our language, we make an object exaggeration.
or idea do something that usually is only done by 1. I love you to the moon and back.
people. With personification speakers and writers 2. The pen is mightier than the sword
make the object or idea like a person and, hence, they 3. My feet are killing me
personify it. 4. That plane ride took forever
1. Justice is blind and, at times, deaf. Apostrophe
2. Money is the only friend that I can count on. It is a figure of speech in which a speaker directly
3. The candle flame danced in the dark. addresses someone (or something) that is not present
Metonymy or cannot respond in reality. Apostrophe appears
It comes from the Greek word “metōnymía,” which most often in poetry and plays, though it can appear
translates to “change of name.” Metonymy is a figure in prose literature as well.
of speech in which an object or idea is referred to by “O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?”
Irony  Soot and sap from trees served as ink for writing.
In this mode of speech, the real meanings of the Baybayin
words used are different from the intended meanings. A 17 character pre- Filipino writing system. The
Example: The child of cobbler has no shoe. script was traditionally carved in scripts of bamboo
Types of Irony with sharp objects for announcements and poetry
 Situational - something happens that was Characteristics of Ancient Literature
wouldn't expect to happen. 1. Based on oral traditions.
 Verbal - what is said is different than what 2. Crude on ideology and phraseology.
is meant
 Dramatic - The reader knows something 1. Oral Literature
the characters does not  Riddle (Bugtong)
Oxymoron  Proverb (Salawikain)
It is a figure of speech which combines two  Chant (Bulong)
seemingly contradictory or incongruous words for  Sayings (Kasabihan)
sharp emphasis or effect.  Ambahan
Example:  Tanaga
“darkness visible” (Milton); Riddle (Bugtong) - Central to the riddle is the
“haste slowly” (Suetonius) talinghaga or metaphor. Ons’s power of observation
“loving hate” (Romeo and Juliet) and wit are put to the test.
Alliteration Proverb (Salawikain) - Express norms or codes of
The repetition of the same letter or syllable at the behavior, community beliefs or they instill values by
beginning of two or more words. offering nuggets of wisdom in short, rhyming verse.
Example: Chant (Bulong) - Used in witchcraft or enchantment.
The sly snake slithers slowly in the sand. Sayings (Kasabihan) - Open used in teasing or to
Onomatopoeia comment on a person’s actuations.
A figure of speech that uses words to describe the Ambahan - Indigenous form of poetry that is
sounds made by all living things including people, attributed to the Hanuno-Mangyan ethnic group in
animals, birds and all inanimate object. Mindoro. Length is indefinite.
Example: Tanaga - Contains lessons or teachings and practical
The water went splash when I jumped. philosophies used by the elders to give reminders for
the youth. It has a structure composed of four verses
Group 9 and seven syllables in one stanza.
Philippine Literature during the Ancient Times
Historical Background 2. Folk Songs
PHILIPPINE is an island country situated in It is one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature
Southeast Asia along the Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea, that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. It express the
Celebes Sea and South China Sea. hopes and aspirations, the lifestyle, the traditions of
 The islands were a Spanish Colony from courtship of a tribe.
the early 1500’s. It is also inspired by western influences. These song
 The US controlled the island in the early are sung, spoken or chanted. Philippine folk songs
20th century. have their own distinguishing characteristics such as
Ancient Literature the following:
 According to the early missionaries, the Filipinos 1. Their melody is easy to remember.
had their own alphabet. 2. They are syllabically set in stanza text.
 They wrote on clay, barks of trees, bamboo tubes 3. They use strophic form (only one melody in
or other easily destroyed materials. all stanzas).
 Knife, pieces of iron or other pointed instruments 4. They use minor and major scales.
were used instead of pens. 5. They use triple and duple meter.
 6. They are usually accompanied by a guitar.  The word folk comes from the German
Classifications: word volk, which means people.
 Narrative – this is a song that tells a story.  Folktales are usually simple, easily-understood
 Kumintang – A war song. stories told in straightforward language.
 They often teach a lesson or explain why things
 Lullaby – it is sung to send a baby to sleep. (such as the sun, moon, and stars) exist as they
 Uyayi or hele – A lullaby for putting a do.
child to sleep. Example:  Many folktales have animals as characters and
Ili Ili, Tulog Anay have magical elements.
Sa ugoy ng Duyan Forms of Folktales
 Children’s song – these refer to songs that adults  Myths - Are about the creation of the universe,
sing or teach to children, songs that children sing God (Bathala or Maykapal), and the origin of
among themselves and song which children man, supernatural beings and native Filipino
composed on their own. heroes. A myth is a traditional story without an
 Serenade – it is a song consisting of several author that is usually intended to
movements with no fixed form. It is usually  teach a lesson
played outside a woman’s house by a beau or an  explain one of the many mysteries of life
admirer at night to develop their romantic  explain a phenomenon of nature
relationship.  describe the customs, institutions, or
 Kundiman – A melancholic love song. religious rites of a people
 Panambitan – A courtship song  Legends - Relate the origin of local phenomena,
 Pamanhikan – A song-ritual of the places, plants, animals, things and names.
would-be bridegroom to his would-be A legend is a story about human events or
bride as he asks permission to marry her. actions that has not been proved nor documented
 Subli – The term subli owes its meaning in real history. Legends are retold as if they are
to two tagalog words “subsub” meaning real events and were believed to be historical
to fall with the head and “bali” which accounts.
means broken. It is a dance-ritual song of  Fables - A fable is a fictional narrative meant to
courtship and marriage teach a moral lesson. The characters in a fable are
 Dung-aw – A dirge or a wake song. It is usually animals whose words and actions reflect
a song requesting a dead person to be human behavior.
good in his next life. An old-fashioned
tradition of poetry of Ilocano. 4. Epic
 A long narrative poem, typically one derived
 Work song – this is a song that inspires people from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds
at work. and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or
 Maluway – A song for collective labor. the history of a nation.
 Soliranin – A song for travelers.  Epic comes from the ancient Greek term epos,
Example: Magtanim ay di Biro meaning story, word, poem
 Talinaw – A seafarer’s song.
Example: Sagwan
 Bagbagto – a famous folk song of the Ibaloi tribe
in the Northern Philippines. It is a song ritual for
harvest.
3. Folktales
 A folktale is a fictional story that has been orally
passed down over hundreds, sometimes
thousands, of years.