208 @ Find the inverse of a linear function. @ Construct tables of values and plot the graphs of linear functions, where y is given implicitly in terms of x, rearranging the equation into the form y = mx +c: know the significance of m and find the gradient of a straight- line graph @ Find the approximate solutions ofa simple pair of simultaneous linear equations by finding the point of intersection of their graphs. @ Use systematic trial and improvement methods to find approximate solutions of equations such as x + 2x = 20. @ Construct functions arising from real-life problems; draw and interpret their graphs. @ Use algebraic methods to solve problems involving direct proportion relating solutions to graphs of the equations. Linear functions You already know from Student's Books 1 and 2 that a line is made up of an infinite number of points. The position of each point on the line can be described using v and y coordinates, The coordinates of every point on a straight line all have a common relationship. That is, there isa rule which links the v and the y values. For example, the table below gives the x and y coordinates of some of the points along this straight line. x y 1 2 es 4 We can see that the y coordinates are always 3 more than the x coordinates. In algebra this can be written as y =x +3. This is known as the equation of the straight line and simply describes the relationship between the x and y coordinates of all the points on the line.FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS @ Drawing straight-line graphs To be able to draw a straight line, knowing the position of one point on the line is not enough. This diagram shows that, if only one point is given, then any number of lines can be drawn passing through it However, if the positions of two points are given, then only one line can p: through them both: Therefore, to be able to draw a straight line from an equation, the positions of two points need to be calculated and plotted Worked example Draw the line y —1ona coordinate grid To find the positions of two of the points on the line, choose two values for x. Substitute each of these into the equation and calculate the y value. When x= 0, y =-1, giving the coordinates (0,-1) When x= 3, y=5, giving the coordinates (3,5) Plotting these two points and drawing the line between them gives the following graph y CI € T NaN [ It is good practice to check a third point. ) ft io | When x= y=1 CT { ~~ (As the point (1,1) lies on the line, the i i + \_ graph is correct - : Es | ee AL? | | x | [ty |@OWPTER 23 In the example on the previous page, the equation y = 2x~1 gives the value of y explicitly in terms of x. That is, the relationship between x and y is stated directly Often, however, the relationship between x and y is given implicitly. The equation still describes a relationship between x and y, but it is not stated directly; it is implied. For example, the equation y= 2x— 1 could have been written as y—20+1=0, : To draw a graph from an equation that is written implicitly, it is usually easier to rearrange it into explicit form first. Worked example Draw the line 2y + - 4 = 0 ona coordinate grid. First re-write the equation in explicit form. 2ytx-4=0 x Qy+xed (add 4 to both sides) 2ys-—x+4 (subtract x from both sides) ya-hxt2 (divide both sides by 2) In explicit form the equation is y= be +2. Now find the positions of two of the points on the line. Choose two values for x, substitute each of these into the equation and calculate the y value, as before. When x= 0, y= 2, giving the coordinates (0,2). When x =4, y= 0, giving the coordinates (4,0). Plotting these two points and drawing the line between them gives the following graph. y = 1 a (Check: When x=2,y=1 2 j (As (2, 1) lies on the line, j \ the line is correct. J Ee "he te emeaaeFUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS @ You will need squared paper for this exercise. For each of the following equations a) re-write the equation in explicit form b) produce a table of values giving the coordinates of at least three points on the line ©) draw the straight line on a coordinate grid Yemr2 2 y-2v4+3=0 were 3 ye anu pigs beet a yard? Yet % 4 y-3=0 ye3 yrx=-1Y2-) 6 x+2=0 We 72 2 yehet3 9 yix3=0 ye -7erS ew neo I 2 | xt y=2 Yyo27ere0 ytx= The general equation of a straight line Gradient The gradient of a line is a measure of how steep the line is. The gradient of a straight line is constant, that is, it does not change. The gradient of a straight line can be calculated from the coordinates of any two points on the line. vertical distance between the two points Gradient 5 zontal distance between the two points Worked examples a) The equation of this line is y= 4x +3. f Calculate its gradient i T Le ] Taking two points on the line as shown, vertical distance between the two paints SEI ret Tacient = Torizontal distance between the two points23 Functions and graphs Exercise 23.1 1@ CHAPTER 23 So the gradient is the difference between the y coordinates, divided by the difference between the x coordinates we Gradient ===} b) Calculate the gradient of the line passing through the points (5,2) and (0,7) Ko - 6 Gradient 4 2 oO Pal | 0 2 4 a A line with gradient | has the same steepness as a line with gradient -1, but the two lines slope in opposite directions. To check whether the sign of the gradient is cortect, use the following guidelines: A line sloping this way a has a positive gradient. A line sloping this way os has a negative gradient You will need squared paper for this exercise For each of questions 1-10: a) plot the two points on a coordinate grid )-calculate the gradient of the line passing through the two points. 6,4) and (21) 2 G6) and (1,0) Gradi@nt=2 Gradient Co) Vo 3 (©,1) and (6,4) 4 (2,4)and (-1,-2) 2 —V2 5 (6,0) and (0,3) * 6 (-1,-1) and (1,7) “4 Wg] 7 (0,5) and (6,3) 8 (4,0) and (2,6) -—B : O] 9 (7,2)and 0,2) 10 (2,0) and (2,7) Gradientzinfinite 11 Comment on your answers to questions 9 and 10 above.FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS @ Intercept Apart from straight lines that run parallel to the y axis, all straight lines cross the y axis at some point. This point is known as the y intercept. y 4 2 0 2 4 6 FE In this graph, the line crosses the y axis at (0,3), so the y intercept is 3. For each of the graphs in questions 1-5: a) work out the equation of the ee straight line It may help to make a table “ b) calculate the gradient of the \ of values first. ¥ straight line ail i ©) give the value of the y intercept. a 1 a 2 a | 4 : = Byes wr! @) ysarx-! yackent = B) Grackient =3 * co) Yy jntereepE a! © y intercept = ©)a) y suet elute fent=u © oupren 23 B aeutene sla eee erecta 3 €Y¥ Hmterceet=2 4 A / Ct iH 4) 2/9 4 $ x a4 9 4 ¢ = al 5 Je = 4 2-0ut+3 b) Gradient =-) 6 For each of the graphs in questions 1-5, describe what you notice about the connection between the equation of a line, its gradient and its y intercept.FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS @ ‘You may have noticed in Exercise 23.2B that the valuestfor the gradient and the y intercept form part of the equation of the straight line. Every straight line takes the form y=mx+cwhere: m= gradient yintercept m+ o ‘dent m inven 7 Therefore the equation y = 3x anda y intercept of +5. 5 means that the straight line has a gradient of 3 NN —~ (The equation y = 3x is still of the form aft / ¥amx+c. In this casec = 0, that is, the line p \ Similarly, the equation y = 2 is still of the form y ), that is, the gradient myx +c. In thi Oand the line is therefore horizontal. ) ON cap a Ian equation is written implicitly, itis advisable to rearrange it into the explicit form y = x-+c before deducing its gradient and y intercept. Worked example Find the gradient and y intercept of the straight line with equation 3y — 6x Rearrange the equation into the form y= mx +c. 3y-6x=1 3y=6x+1 (add 6x to both sides) 2x41 divide both sides by 3) Therefore the gradient is 2 and the y intercept is |© CHAPTER 23 For the straight line represented by each of these equations, find the value of the gradient and the y intercept. 1 a) y=2x41 b) y ay py hy y 2 b) y d) 1 py g@ y-Sr4+4=0 h) 1 3 a) dyed b) oO +3 d) 5 e) ty=2v-4 33 g) jy=1 h) 2y-x+6=0 Inverse functions ‘You already know from Student's Books 1 and 2 that a function describes the relationship between two variables. It describes how the value of an output variable depends on the value.of the input variable, In the equation y = 2v— 1, the variable y is dependent on the value of the variable x. We can also write this . relationship as a function. The inpat PLEO ; variable is x. Using function notation: y= 2x— Land fix) = 2x-1 fix) =2v-1 ( _are different cays of writing The inverse of a function is its reverse, that ‘Hie same thing. r , it is a function that ‘undoes 'the effect as of the original function. For example, the . inveise of the function ‘add 6’ is ‘subtract 6’. If you enter an output value from the original function into the inverse function, you get back to the input value. ‘In function notation, the inverse of a function f(x) is written as 1G)FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS @ Worked examples a) Find the inverse of the function fix) =x +3. Write the function as an equation in terms of y: ang Gee (The output value from Swap vand y: peal os the original function is Rearrange to make y the subject the input value for the os a inverse function. Therefore the inverse function is f-'(”)=1-3. b) Find the inverse of the function fix) = 2x + 6. Write the function as an equation in terms of y: y=2+6 Swap x and y: x=2y+6 Rearrange to make y the subject: 2y Therefore the inverse function is f-'(x) Find the inverse of each of the following functions 4x) 2-7 "(w= %t4 >) 1a) fx) =a47 b) fisy =x24 ©) fix)=x-8 248 d) flxy=x de 2 e) fix) =30 te f) fa)=jp ure C) Y= 3, 2 a) fix) =5x%/e by fix) =30+5 ae ©) for) = 3x~ 2%ARA) fin) = 143... ©) fla) = 234A fy =AN—6 9 A ee 3 ax-3 é aes - 2 3 a) f)=h-2 —b) fixe des cS EGO 22?) ©) fit) =4Gx+2) dd) fix) = 6(2x- 3) b)F iG ae Bo OFICD™ F-3 3 Approximate solutions to equations 4)£~*G) = #*3. = Simultaneous linear equations In Chapter 9 you saw how to solve a pair of simultaneous linear equations algebraically, by eliminating one of the variables. You can also solve a pair of simultaneous linear equations by drawing approximate solution, as it depends on the acc aph. This method gives an acy of the drawing© CHAPTER 23 Worked example Solve these simultaneous equations by drawing a graph. lee yadr-2 y +2 @ First draw the straight line y = br—2 on a coordinate grid. y : Dy | ANON STATS Ee sé |* J Decal pone, [ 4 point along this line satisfy ? = \ the equation y = 5x — 2. pur nites) © Now draw the line y=-2v +2 on the same axes. Cot 5 PTI "9 pl EERE OY NS ) al The x and y values of all the < 2 (_ points along the blue line satisfy 2 \ the equation y = -2x + 2. a an NNR ( If an exact solution is ) ) ‘needed, it can be found by >) \ solving the tvo equations algebraically. SR crediag t poet, ? © At the point where the two graphs intersect, dott: equations are satisfied. From the graph we can see that the coordinates of this point are approximately (1.6,-1.2) : @ The x and y values of this point are the solution of the two equations. So the approximate solution of the pair of simultaneous equations is x=16,y=-12FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS @ You will need squared paper for this exercise. For each of these pairs of equations a) draw the two straight lines on the same coordinate grid by use the coordinates of the point of intersection to find an approximate solution to the simultaneous equations 6) 32-07, y223 Bree VS) Yore’s » ma2-7, y223 1 yax43 ys-2r+1 W-a yaxel 3 -3 yahrt1 V8 4 y+2x-320 wex-6 =b) %=24, YF Fe 5 Sytrs3 ytart3=0 ¥) *=-V5 YF Solving equations by trial and improvement ‘You have seen that it is possible to find an approximate solution to an equation using graphical methods. It is also possible to find approximate solutions using other methods. One of these is the method of trial and improvement. This involves a process of getting closer and closer to the solution. Worked examples a) One solution to the equation x? + 2x = 20 is between x= 0 and x= 5, Use the method of trial and improvement to find this solution. Give your answer to one decimal place. Choose a starting value for x and substitute it into the left-hand side of the equation eo Tyx=4 £42(4)=24 is smaller than 20, s0 a value of _ x between 3 and 4 is needed. “The value of x must be _ betiveen 3.5 and 4. 2(3.5) = 19.25 3.6:.6.6)? + 2(3.6) = 20,16 between 3.5 and 3.6 We need a solution correct to one decimal place. It is either Of these, x =3.6 gives a result closer to 20 than Therefore the solution to the equation 2 {to one decimal place)Exercise 23.4 1a)b)x=-15,y=15FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS @ In this exercise use the method of —~—~— trial and improvement, “It may be helpful to use a spreadsheet 1 One solution of the equation 7is between x=0 andx=5 Find this solution, giving your answer correct to one decimal place. 2 One solution of the equation x2 + 8x +4 =0is between x= -3 and x= Find this solution, giving your answer correct to one decimal place 3 One solution of the equation x* + 16v +58 = 0 is between x= ~-7 and Find this solution, giving your answer correct to one decimal place 4. The equation -2° + 3r=-9 has two solutions between x= ~3 and x= 7. Find both solutions, giving your answers correct to the nearest whole number. 907-2 and 72S 5 The equation -x° + 12x ~2 = 0 has two solutions between x=—S and Find both solutions, giving your answers correct to the nearest whole number. 20 ,BSt2 6 The equation 3x° - 5°41 +4 = x= 20. 7 Find all three solutions, giving your answers correct to the nearest whole number. %-1) SL, 2210 5 and has three solutions between x = Graphs from real-life situations None of the linear equations and graphs met so far in this chapter have related to real life, By forming and solving equations from given information, it is possible to solve problems about real-life situations. Selution app: ¢ 1 2© CHAPTER 28 Worked examples ‘a) The exchange rate between US dollars and pounds sterling is £1 = $1.65. (Write a formula linking the number of pounds sterling (P) to the number of US dollars (D). (ii) Describe the relationship between the two quantities. fii) Draw a graph to show the relationship between the two quantities. (£1 =$1.65, so D= 1.65 when P= 1. Therefore the formula is D = 1.65P. Gi) The number of dollars is directly proportional to the number of pounds Gi) Da - 180 an 160 140 120 100 80 Pett 60 5 pe |] 40 + wer 0.1 6%) 64MM b) Two electricians have different charges for their work: Electrician A charges a $15 ‘call-out feeand $10.30 per hour whilst working. Electrician B charges a $10 call-out fee and $12.20 per hour whilst working. @ For each étectrician, write a formula that gives the total cost ($y) ofa job lasting x hours. Draw a graph of x against y for both electricians on the same axes. )) Use the graph to estimate the number of hours at which both electricians will charge the same for a jab. (iv) Find the exact solution to the ’problerh, by solving the equations. simultaneously. O.3x+45 +8 2.2v +10 (Electrician Avy Electrician B: qi) “ya 80 7 We 60 [ar 50 40 30 20: 10 opt 0 1 2 3 4 3xFUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS @ (iii) Both electricians charge the same at the point where the graphs intersect. From the graph, this is after approximately 2.6 hours. (iv) The two equations are y=10.3r+15 and y At the point of intersection: 12.2r+10=10.30-+15 2.2410 (subtract 10.3% from both sides) (subtract 10 from both sides) (multiply both sides by 10) Both electricians charge exactly the same for a job lasting 242 hours. You will need squared paper for this exercise. 1 Cloth for making curtains is sold by length. The cost is $3.60 per metre a) Write a formula for calculating the cost ($C) of x metres of clath, € 33°67 b) Draw a graph of C against x, for values of x up to 20m ©) Use your graph to estimate how much cloth was bought, if the total cost was $50. BDpout 12-4am 4) Use your formula from part a) to calculate how oa cloth was bought if tal c« S me pe the total cost was 13-4 (CidpP eee ste ©) Compare your answers to parts ¢) and d). How close were they? s 2 Fencing material is.sold by length. The cost is $30.50 per metre a) Write a formula for calculating the cost ($T) of buying f metres of fencing, T= 30-5F b) Plot a graph of T against f, for values of f up to ©) Use your graph to estimate how much fencing was cost was $1000. About 32-8m 4) Use your formula from part a) to calculate how much fencing was bought if the total cost was $1000. 32-8 Cid-pD) ¢) Compare your answers to parts ¢) and d). How close were they? Cotudents ans) > m. bought, if the total ©Exercise 23.5 1a) C=3.6e b) 80 70 60 50 240 20 20 10 0 2 4 6 8 1012 14 16 18 2 x ©) About 13.9m d) 13.9m (1d.p) e) Student's comparison 2 a) T=30.5/ b) 1600 1400 1200 1000 + 800 600 400 200 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 ¢) About 32.8m d) 328m (dp) €) Student's comparison 3 a) Company X C = 20, company YC b) 204 = 0.052 +5@ CHAPTER 23 3 Company % C22s Cott 9S 5 wt? C7 4 . QR: ae 1 Fatt Ons 8) - 5 Two mobile phone companies have different tariffs for text messages: Phone company X charges $20 per month for unlimited texts. Phone company Y charges $5 per month and $0.05 per text a) For each company, write a formula that gives the total monthly charge ($C) for someone who sends 11 texts. b) Draw a graph of C against for both companies on the same axes, showing the monthly charges for up to 300 tests. ©) From your graph estimate the number of texts at which both companies would have the same monthly charge. About B00 texts ‘Two taxi firms have different rates for carrying passengers: Firm P charges $5 at the start and then a further $1 per kilometre travelled, Firm Q does not have a starting charge, but charges $1.35 per kilometre travelled. a) For each firm write a formula that shows the total fare ($F) for a journey ofdkm, b) Draw a graph of F against d for both firms on the same axes, showing the costs for journeys up to 20km. ©) @ Use your graph to estimate the length of a journey for which both firms would charge the same fare. Pb out [4-3 lem (i) Estimate the fare charged for this length of journey. About § 19:30 Two cylindrical barrels contain water. Barrel A starts with water at a level of 100m. Barrel B starts with water at a level of 150cm. The taps on both barrels are opened simultaneously. The tap on barrel A causes the water level to fall at a rate of 1cm per minute. The tap on barrel B causes the water level to fall at a rate of 2cm per minute. a) For each barrel, write a formula that shows the water level (Lem) after i minutes. b) Draw a graph of L against ¢ for both barrels on the same axes, showing, the water level for times up to 100 minutes. ©) (i) Use your graph to estimate the time at which the water level in both barrels isthe same. About So min. (ii) Estimate the water level at this time. Apout SOU:4 a) Firm PF =d +5, firm QF = 135d by 305- 2 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1416 18 20 a ©) (@) About 14.3km (i) About $19.30 5 a) Barrel AZ = 100~¢, barrel BL = 150-2r ee t ¢) (i) About 50 minutes (i) About 50cm