Rift Valley University

College of FBE Department of Computer Science

Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing Assignment II
Name: Getnet Barsisa
Department: Cs
ID:0375/16
1. Explain in detail the electromagnetic spectrum? Discuss briefly the licensed and unlicensed
spectrum? (5 pt.)
Answer

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum of all electromagnetic waves
arranged according to frequency and wavelength. The sun, earth, and other
bodies radiate electromagnetic energy of varying wavelengths.
Electromagnetic energy passes through space at the speed of light in the form
of sinusoidal waves. The wavelength is the distance from wavecrest to
wavecrest (see figure below).

Light is a particular type of electromagnetic radiation that can be seen and sensed by
the human eye, but this energy exists at a wide range of wavelengths. The micron is the
basic unit for measuring the wavelength of electomagnetic waves. The spectrum of
waves is divided into sections based on wavelength. The shortest waves are gamma
rays, which have wavelengths of 10e-6 microns or less. The longest waves are radio
waves, which have wavelengths of many kilometers. The range of visible consists of the
narrow portion of the spectrum, from 0.4 microns (blue) to 0.7 microns (red).

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A spectrum license is permission given by a government agency (such as the U.S. Federal
Communications Commission) to an entity that gives that entity exclusive rights to use
a frequency bandfor a particular application, such as radio broadcasting. Licenses are
designated for a specific geographic area, such as rural areas,

Licensed spectrum is uniquely able to provide high quality of service guarantees over wide
areas, as operators are not at risk of interference and can control usage levels. As a result
licensed cellular IoT may be the only choice for services which require concrete assurance
levels such as for security and medical applications amongst others. Licensed spectrum
also encourages sustainable, long-term investment
in networks as access and quality levels are assured. Contrastingly, unlicensed spectrum is
intrinsically less suited to wide-area IoT applications, especially those requiring higher
quality of service levels. This is due
to the fact that permitted power levels are generally low and interference risks over long
distances are
high - especially as the number of service providers and usage levels scale up. As a
result regulators should ensure the IoT market can be allowed to benefit from the
unique benefits licensed spectrum brings

Unlicensed spectrum users are competing with other users for priority. And as an unlicensed
user, you have no protection from interference on the part of other parties.
Unlicensed spectrum is small sections of the radio spectrum in which anybody is allowed
to transmit, up to a limit in power, without needing to apply for, and usually pay for, a
radio operators license. WiFi is a classic example. Two narrow bands have been allocated
at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz in which you are allowed to transmit at no more than 1 watt of
power. There are usually explanations about how you can behave well with your
transmitter, but basically it is free for all - subject to the power limits.

2. Discuss briefly about Bluetooth (802.15.1)? Explain how it works? Compare and contrast
ZigBee and Bluetooth? (5 pt.)

• Answer

• Bluetooth
(802.15.1)
• •Bluetooth fills the niche of very short-
range communication between mobile
phones, PDAs, notebook computers, and
other personal or peripheral devices.
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 •
• •For example, Bluetooth can be used
to connect a mobile phone to a headset
or a notebook computer to a
printer. Roughly speaking, Bluetooth
is a more convenient alternative to
connecting two devices with a wire.
• •In such applications, it is not necessary
to provide much range or bandwidth.
This is fortunate for some of the target
battery-powered devices, since it is
important that they not consume much
power.
•
• •Bluetooth operates in the license-
exempt band at 2.45 GHz. It has a range
of only about 10 m.
•
Bluetooth and Zigbee used to send and receive data wirelessly using radio signals.
Following are the important differences between Bluetooth and Zigbee.

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 Sr. Key Bluetooth Zigbee
No.

Frequency Bluetooth Zigbee

frequency frequency
ranges range is
1
between 2.4 mostly 2.4
GHz to GHz.
2.483 GHz.

RF Bluetooth Zigbee has

2 Channel has 79 RF 16 RF
Channels. Channels.

Modulation Bluetooth Zigbee uses

Technique uses GFSK GFSK,
modulation BPSK and
3
technique. QPSK
modulation
techniques.

Cell Nodes Bluetooth Zigbee also

has has more
4
maximum 8 than 65000
cell nodes. cell nodes.

Bandwidth Bluetooth Zigbee

needs low needs low
bandwidth. bandwidth
5
but higher
than
Bluetooth.

IEEE Bluetooth Zigbee

6 follows IEEE follows IEEE
802.15.1. 802.15.4.

Coverage Bluetooth Zigbee radio

7
radio signal signal range
range is

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 Sr. Key Bluetooth Zigbee
No.

upto 10 is upto 100

meters. meters.

3. Discuss briefly about Bluetooth Wi-Fi (802.11)? What are the different versions of Wi-Fi?
(5pt.)
ANSWER

Although both are wireless forms of communication, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi differ in terms
of their purpose, capabilities, and other factors. Bluetooth allows for short-range data
transfer between devices. As an example, it is commonly employed in headsets for mobile
phones, enabling hands-free phone use. Wi-Fi, on the other hand, allows devices to
connect to the Internet. Bluetooth limits the number of devices that can connect at any
one time, whereas Wi-Fi is open to more devices and more users. In addition, Bluetooth,
because it requires only an adapter on each connecting device, tends to be simpler to use
and needs less power than Wi-Fi, although this is achieved at the expense of range and
speed of data transfer, in which Wi-Fi typically exceeds Bluetooth’s capabilities.

The full list of versions of Wi-Fi is: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4), 802.11h,
802.11i, 802.11-2007, 802.11-2012, 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5), 802.11ad, 802.11af, 802.11-2016,
802.11ah, 802.11ai, 802.11aj, 802.11aq, 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6), 802.11ay.

4. Discuss the five spread spectrum radio standards used by Wi-Fi (802.11)? (5 pt)

802.11 Wireless Standards

802.11 represents the IEEE designation for wireless networking. Several wireless networking
specifications exist under the 802.11 banner. The Network+ objectives focus on 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b,
802.11g, and 802.11n. All these standards use the Ethernet protocol and the CSMA/CA access method.

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 • IEEE 802.11: There were actually two variations on the initial 802.11 wireless
standard. Both offered 1 or 2Mbps transmission speeds and the same RF of
2.4GHz. The difference between the two was in how data traveled through the RF
media. One used FHSS, and the other used DSSS. The original 802.11 standards
are far too slow for modern networking needs and are now no longer deployed.
• IEEE 802.11a: In terms of speed, the 802.11a standard was far ahead of the
original 802.11 standards. 802.11a specified speeds of up to 54Mbps in the 5GHz
band, but most commonly, communication takes place at 6Mbps, 12Mbps, or
24Mbps. 802.11a is incompatible with the 802.11b and 802.11g wireless standards.
• IEEE 802.11b: The 802.11b standard provides for a maximum transmission speed
of 11Mbps. However, devices are designed to be backward-compatible with
previous 802.11 standards that provided for speeds of 1, 2, and 5.5Mbps. 802.11b
uses a 2.4GHz RF range and is compatible with 802.11g.
• IEEE 802.11g: 802.11g is a popular wireless standard today. 802.11g offers
wireless transmission over distances of 150 feet and speeds up to 54Mbps
compared with the 11Mbps of the 802.11b standard. Like 802.11b, 802.11g
operates in the 2.4GHz range and therefore is compatible with it.
• IEEE 802.11n: The newest of the wireless standards listed in the Network+
objectives is 802.11n. The goal of the 802.11n standard is to significantly increase
throughput in both the 2.4GHz and the 5GHz frequency range. The baseline goal of
the standard was to reach speeds of 100Mbps, but given the right conditions, it is
estimated that the 802.11n speeds might reach a staggering 600Mbps. In practical
operation, 802.11n speeds will be much slower.

5. Discuss the WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)? (5 pt.)

WiMax is a commercialization of the IEEE 802.16 Standard, which specifies the radio-frequency
technology for wireless metropolitan networks. Many different WiMax standards exists
Fixed WiMax Mobile WiMax WiMax II

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a telecommunications

protocol describing fixed and fully mobile Internet access services. The protocol
conforms to certain parts of the IEEE 802.16 Standard.
Coined by its namesake industry group, the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in
2001 as a nonprofit organization created to promote the adoption of WiMAX-
compatible products and services, and certify the interoperability of WiMAX products,
subsequently designated as WiMAX Forum Certified.

5. Discuss the PAN (Personal Area Network) in detail? (5 pt.)

6. A personal area network, or PAN, is a computer network that
enables communication between computer devices near a
person. PANs can be wired, such as USB or FireWire, or they can be
wireless, such as infrared, ZigBee, Bluetooth and ultrawideband, or
UWB. The range of a PANtypically is a few meters

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 7. 1) A personal area network (PAN) is the interconnection of information
technology devices within the range of an individual person, typically within a
range of 10 meters. For example, a person traveling with a laptop, a personal
digital assistant (PDA), and a portable printer could interconnect them without
having to plug anything in, using some form of wireless technology. Typically, this
kind of personal area network could also be interconnected without wires to the
Internet or other networks.

8. Also see wireless personal area network (WPAN) which is virtually a synonym
since almost any personal area network would need to function wirelessly.
Conceptually, the difference between a PAN and a wireless LAN is that the
former tends to be centered around one person while the latter is a local area
network (LAN) that is connected without wires and serving multiple users.

9. 2) In another usage, a personal area network (PAN) is a technology that could

enable wearable computer devices to communicate with other nearby computers
and exchange digital information using the electrical conductivity of the human
body as a data network. For example, two people each wearing business card-
size transmitters and receivers conceivably could exchange information by
shaking hands. The transference of data through intra-body contact, such as
handshakes, is known as linkup. The human body's natural salinity makes it a
good conductor of electricity. An electric field passes tiny currents, known as Pico
amps, through the body when the two people shake hands. The handshake
completes an electric circuit and each person's data, such as e-mail addresses
and phone numbers, are transferred to the other person's laptop computer or a
similar device. A person's clothing also could act as a mechanism for transferring
this data.