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BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY

IT 104
Hardware System and
Servicing

AUTHORS:
Eddinel B. Valentino
Ruel S. Paraiso
Floyd T. Bernal
Louisito T. Cajanding
Michael Christian R. Castro
Michael Angelo V. Agustin
UNIT I: Basic Electronics and Measuring Instruments

CONTENTS

U
N BASIC ELECTRONICS AND
I
01 MEASURING EQUIPMENTS
LESSON 1: Occupational Health and Safety 4

4 Occupational Health and Safety

8 Hazards
9 Safety Guidelines and Protocols

LESSON 2: Basic Tools and Equipment 16

16 ESD Tools
18 Hand Tools
23 Diagnostic Tools
25 Cleaning Tools

LESSON 3: What is electronics/ electricity? 30

35 OHMs Law
36 Voltage
37 Current
37 Resistance
39 Insulators
39 Conductors

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LESSON 4: Basic Electronics Components and their

applications. How to read 42
electronics symbols and identify different
parts of the components
44 What is a Resistor? and Resistor Color
Coding
55 What is a Capacitor? and Capacitance checking
62 Integrated Circuits
65 Transistors
75 Diodes
83 Inductors

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0
NI

BASIC ELECTRONICS
AND MEASURING
EQUIPMENTS

1  
         In this unit, it will introduce various safety
protocols that you need to know and some
hazards you may encounter when working on
any devices. You may also learn how to use the
tools and equipment that are important when
working with some electronic devices. It will also
showcase some of the electronic components
such as resistors, transistors etc. and it will
discuss schematic diagrams so you will be able
to read and understand it.

PRETEST

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY

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KNOW?
IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
 UNIT I: Basic Electronics and Measuring Instruments

This unit will challenge your knowledge about basic electronics and measuring
equipment
Instruction:
● Read each statement and check the column that indicates your knowledge about
that.

No
Have a little
Knowledge at Knowledgeable
Knowledge
All

Knowledge about hazards in hardware

servicing.

Knowledge about occupational health

and safety.

Knowledge about the three think safe

steps

Have an experience wearing a PPE.

Knowledge of basic tools and equipment.

Knowledge of using a crimping tool.

Knowledge of how to use an anti-static

wrist strap.

Knowledge of how to use a soldering

iron.

Knowledge of how to use a toner probe.

Knowledge of how to use a multimeter.

Answer the following question about your experience with basic electronics and electrical
technology.

No
Have a little
Knowledge at Knowledgeable
Knowledge
All

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Do you know basic electronics and

electricity?

Do you have any experience in checking

different electronics components using a
multimeter tester?

Do you have any knowledge of decoding

a resistor?

Are you familiar with the different

electronic symbols and diagrams use in
electronics?

1. Insights (What do you expect to gain in this lesson?)

Before reading the topic assigned/understanding the lesson, I thought that
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Self-Reflection (Owning or not owning a Desktop Computer, a Laptop, or
any electronic devices.)
My first experience in using a computer I felt
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
While using a computer I learned that it
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
I have experienced looking inside an electronics device when
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
I felt ___________ before learning the basics of Electronics and Electricity because
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

3. Questions (What questions would you want to be answered?)

1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________

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LESSON 1:
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND
SAFETY

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:

Identify the hazards that might be encounter in the workplace

Remember the 3 think safe steps.

List the guidelines and safety protocols in the workplace.

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Occupational health and safety

         Before working on a computer and other electronic devices, there are safety
precautions that are needed to prevent unnecessary injuries that may occur during the
process of repairing some electronic devices. Occupational Health and Safety is a set of
policies and procedures that aims to have a safe and healthy workplace for the people.

Three think safe steps

1.    Hazard Identification
-  When performing tasks such as troubleshooting, repairing, or upgrading
computers, you must stay alert at all times because you can prevent the risk if you
identify the danger ahead of time. If you smell, hear or see something strange, you must
tell your workmate to spot it easily.

2.    Risk Evaluation

-  When you spot the hazard or risk, you must think about how harmful this can be
to you or the people around your workplace. If you can't fix it yourself, you must tell your
supervisor to work on that safely. You may ask your supervisor how to use some
equipment that you don't know how to operate.

3.    Risk control

-  You can fix some risks sometimes, as long as you don't harm yourself. If you
think it can be harmful to you or your workmates, immediately tell it to your supervisor or
employer because it's their responsibility to maintain the safety of their employees. 

Hazard
- A source that has the potential of getting you injured and has harmful effects on
your health or your surroundings. These are some of the hazards that may occur in your
workplace.

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1.    Physical hazards

-       A fall from higher ground or a ladder
-       Leaving electronic equipment or heavy tools on a not stable surface or
ladder is the risk of falling into you or causing the equipment to break apart.
-       Wet floors can cause slips and are not ideal when working with electronic
devices.
-       Cables that are not properly placed on the floor can cause slips and falls.
2.    Mechanical hazards
-       Machines that you use or working on can harm you. Sharp edges of the
casing can hurt your hand, or your hand can get stuck on a photocopier machine.
3.    Chemical Hazards
-       Many chemicals are used when repairing electronic devices. It can harm
you when it gets to your bare hands, get into your eyes.
4.    Electrical Hazards
-       The power supply provides different voltage depending on the needs of the
internal components of the computer. Some of them are harmless, but in power
supply, you will find 220V, which is lethal.
-       The occurrence of short circuits can spark that can produce fire.

Safety guidelines and Protocols

Here are some of the safety procedures that you need to know before working on every
device.
 
1. Always clean the workplace before and after your working hours to maintain the
cleanliness in it.

2. Always work with somebody so that if an emergency occurs, you have someone
that can help and assist you.

3. If you noticed unnecessary smell such as burning wire, tell it with your co-worker
so you can detect and prevent damage in the devices that you are working on.

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4. Before working on any devices, make sure that the power is off and unplug to the
power supply.

5. Always remember to discharge yourself before working on any computer

hardware components.

6. When working on any electronic device, place all the removed pieces or parts on
a clean surface or clean white cloth to locate every part quickly.

7. If the parts don't fit, don't force it because most probably it doesn't belong there.

8. When assembling and disassembling parts of the computer, don't use

unnecessary force that may cause the parts to break, and please handle with
care.

9. Remove all the liquids near you that may spill on the workplace to avoid
unnecessary damage to other parts of the computer.

10. Always wear PPE or Personal Protective Equipment according to the

organization's OHS procedures and practices.

11. Always try to ensure your hands are dry to prevent being electrocuted.
12. Have a safety procedure and guidelines posted inside the workplace.
 

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Learning Check for Lesson 1

Name: __________________________________ Date: ____________________

Course & Section: ________________________ Result: __________________

Test 1: Choose the best answer that fits the following statements and questions.
Encircle the letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. Which of the following is not a physical hazard example.

a. A fall from higher ground or a ladder

b. Chemical substances that have direct contact with your hands 
c. Wet floors can cause slips and are not ideal when working with
electronic devices.
d. Cables that are not properly placed on the floor can cause slips and
falls.

2. One of the think safe steps where you may assess how harmful the hazard can
be.

a. Hazard Identification
b. Risk Management
c. Risk Evaluation
d. Hazard Evaluation

3. Anything with the potential to hurt you or cause harm to the worker.

a. Safety precautions
b. Work station
c. Electronic devices
d. Hazards

4. Always clean your workstation before and after working on any devices.

a. True
b. False
c. Sometimes
d. Maybe
5. If you encounter a hazard that you can't fix, what would you do?
a. Let someone notice that hazard

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b. Report it to your supervisor

c. Finish your work and leave the work station
d. Don't mention it to anyone else

6. PPE stands for what?

a. Prevent and Protect Experts

b. Protective Parts and Equipment
c. Personal Protective Equipment
d. Protective and Preventive Equipment

7. If parts don't fit, you can use excessive force to make it fit.

a. True
b. False
c. Sometimes
d. Maybe

8. The primary objective of this is to avoid unnecessary injury and maintain the
safety of the employees.

a. Hazard
b. Occupational Health and safety
c. Risk
d. Basic tools

9. If you notice an unnecessary smell like burning wire, it's better if you don't tell it to
your workmate

a. True
b. False
c. Sometimes
d. Maybe

10. One of the think safe steps where you may notice something odd that can be
harmful

a. Hazard Identification
b. Hazard Evaluation
c. Risk Evaluation
d. Risk Management

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Test 2: Give at least ten safety guidelines and protocols in the workplace.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

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LESSON 2:
BASIC TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:

 Categorizing the different tools and equipment

 Presenting the use of some tools and equipment

 Identifying the basic tools and equipment in hardware servicing

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Basic tools and equipment

         When performing tasks such as troubleshooting, repairing, and upgrading
computers, there are different tools and equipment that are often used. These tools and
equipment can help to do the task much easier and maintain safety in the workplace.
Basic tools and equipment can be categorized as:
A. ESD tools
B. Hand tools
C. Diagnostic tools
D. Cleaning tools

ESD tools
Electro-Static Discharge (ESD) is the static electricity generated when two objects
came in contact. You may encounter it when you get the dry clothes in the dryer or
rubbing your feet on the carpet, and you may feel sudden shock. Although some ESD
events are harmless, it can cause damage in the computer parts such as expansion
cards and other hardware components that are sensitive in ESD.

1. Anti-static wrist strap - a safety gear that prevents the buildup of ESD or
Electro-Static Discharge. 

Figure 1.1 – Anti-static wrist strap

https://www.glinkster.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/How-to-Use-Anti-Static-Wrist-Strap.jpg

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How to use an anti-static wrist strap

1. Wrap the strap into your wrist and make sure that the metal piece of the strap
has a direct contact into your skin. (take a look at figure 1.1)

2. Turn off and unplug the power supply from the outlet.

Figure 1.2 – Unplug the power supply

https://dv2bkyyq6g3da.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/styles/blog_featured_image/public/content/blog/images/rbw-
blog-unplug-appliances-0519.jpg?itok=3A9vp368

3. Attach the cable to the metal case of the computer using the alligator clip of
the strap. Make sure that you attached it to bare metal with no paint covering
it because some of the paints have some insulating property.

Figure 1.3 – Attach the clip to the metal case

https://vkrepair.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/anti-static-wrist-strap-how-to-use.png

2. Anti-static mat - it is used together with an anti-static wrist strap, and it is also
used to prevent the buildup of ESD.

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Figure 1.4 – Anti-static mat

https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-v5cphvs3s0/images/stencil/1280x1280/products/678/1163/2019-06-25-16-03-44.shopjimmy-
esd1927-top__54808.1591212452.jpg?c=1&imbypass=on

Hand tools
Hand tools are any tools that are manually use by bare hands. Commonly used to
assemble and disassemble computer parts much easier.
1. Screwdriver - it is often used when installing and removing screws attached to
an object. There are varieties of screwdriver depending on its tip. Here are three
commonly used screwdrivers.

a. Flathead - this screwdriver has a flat tip that is used in linear pattern screw
heads. Sometimes, it can be used to detach the cover of the system unit
easily.

Figure 1.5 – Flathead Screwdriver

https://www.garagetooladvisor.com/wp-content/uploads/slotted-screwdriver-2.jpg

b. Crosshead (Phillips)- has a "cross-like" tip used in a cross slotted screw

head. The advantage of using this kind of screwdriver is that it prevents

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the tip from slipping outside because it has a double angled tip, unlike a
flat head screwdriver.
Figure 1.6 – Crosshead Screwdriver
https://www.garagetooladvisor.com/wp-content/uploads/phillips-screwdriver-2.jpg

c. Torx - this type of screwdriver has a 6point star-like tip pattern. You don't
commonly see this type of screwdriver, so if you don't have one, you will
have difficulty encountering some Torx screw heads.

Figure 1.7 – Torx Screwdriver

https://www.garagetooladvisor.com/wp-content/uploads/torx-screwdriver.jpg

2. Hex driver – this type of tool is used to tighten and loosen nuts, and it has many
sizes.

Figure 1.8 – Hex driver

https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41PQlG7GOEL._AC_SY355_.jpg

3. Needle-nose pliers(Long-nose pliers) - It has long and pointy tips that are
perfect for holding small parts, and it also has a sharp blade to cut wires. It has a
rubber or plastic coated insulation handle.

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Figure 1.9 – Needle-nose pliers

https://pmrpressrelease.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Long-Nose-Pliers-PMR.jpg

4. Wire Stripper - It is used to strip the rubber coating or insulation from the wire to
other wires.

Figure 1.10 – Wire Stripper

https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1543/2323/products/Page-1-Image-17_large.jpg?v=1567778173

5. Crimping tool - it is used to join two wires by deforming two or both of the wires
so that it can be able to transmit data. It is commonly used in networking
computers by crimping wire into RJ-45 or RJ-11 connectors.

Figure 1.11 – Crimping tool

https://rubimages-liberty.netdna-ssl.com/hi-res/100054LW_part_back.png

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6. Soldering iron - a tool that produces heat to melt solder or a metal alloy, and
when the solder cools, it can create a strong bond. It is commonly used in circuit
boards.

Figure 1.12 – Soldering iron

https://www.electronicsandyou.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/hand-soldering-1.jpg

7. Soldering stand – a soldering stand or holder is made out of a metal piece with
a spring, and it also has a sponge to clean the tip of the soldering iron. It is used
to hold the soldering iron when it's not needed.

Figure 1.13 – Soldering Stand

https://d10b75yp86lc36.cloudfront.net/Monotaro3/pi/full/mono09217241-200710-02.jpg

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8. Soldering lead- is the one that melted with a soldering iron to make a strong
bond in electronic works.

Figure 1.14 – Soldering Lead

Source: https:// upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/thumb/3/3d/60-40_Solder.jpg/220px-60-40_Solder.jpg

9. Soldering flux is used to clean the metal surface by removing any oxides and
impurities before soldering. 

Figure 1.15 – Soldering Flux

https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/61QZjTXAg5L._AC_SL1500_.jpg

10. Tweezers – it is also used to hold and manipulate small parts of the computer
that needle-nose pliers can't handle. 

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Figure 1.16 - Tweezers

https://www.tamiyausa.com/media/CACHE/images/products/angled-tweezers-mk803-1-
bc55/9cd55ea26d0bda36317c641b96654f73.jpg

11. Thermal paste- a chemical compound applied between the heat sink and the
processor. This will help to transfer the heat away from the processor and heat
sink.

Figure 1.17 – Thermal paste

https://technosamigos.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Thermal-paste.jpg

12. Flashlight – the use of flashlights is to light up dark areas to see it more clearly
and to evaluate the issues easily.

Figure 1.18 - Flashlight

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcQCvCOgrcKsSstskcreWLOjo-zZ_FM-ziR_7mSjnO0w-
Q&usqp=CAU&ec=45690269

Diagnostic tools
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Computers might face some issues that are hard to determine by simply looking
at them. So these are the tools that are used to diagnose the problem of the computer
easily.

1. Toner Probe - A toner probe is an electric device that traces wire continuity.
It has two parts, the toner and the probe. A toner probe can be used in any
kind of wire as long as there is a conductive element. The probe traces the
tone generated by the toner in the other end of the wire you are tracing. It will
produce sounds when it detects continuity.

Figure 1.19 – Toner probe

https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/716R7-NkUqL._SL1500_.jpg

2. Multimeter - an electronic device that can measure multiple electrical values

such as voltage, resistance, and current. It has two types, digital and analog
multimeters. A digital multimeter has a more accurate reading than an analog
multimeter, and it has a digitalized display, so it is easy to read. 

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Figure 1.20 - Multimeter

https://camillejoynava.files.wordpress.com/2015/07/analog.jpg

3. Loopback adapter - it is used to test the port if it works properly. It has

different varieties according to the port that you want to check.

Figure 1.21 – Loopback Adapter

https://cejudoangelo.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/6/7/12679902/2960467.jpg

Cleaning tools
Maintaining the cleanliness in the workstation before and after performing a task is a
good way to prevent any problems. These are the tools you can use to clean and easily
organize the workstation.

1. Lint-free cloth – used to clean different components of the computer without

leaving any scratches.

Figure 1.22 – Lint-free Cloth

https://3.imimg.com/data3/OI/GQ/MY-18744123/clean-cloth-500x500.jpg

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2. Compressed air – using compressed air in a spray can, you can clean computer
parts without touching it, especially those sensitive.

Figure 1.23 - Compressed Air

https://www.scan.co.uk/images/products/2573394-a.jpg

3. Cable ties – used to hold many wires or cables to maintain the neatness inside
or outside the computers and other electronic devices.

Figure 1.24 – Cable ties

https://www.safetysign.com/images/source/large-images/NT7.jpg

4. Rubber Eraser - it can be used to clean the ram pins. 

Figure 1.25 – Rubber Eraser

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https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn
%3AANd9GcTIB5jQTtqX8LLeqMFVvA6vxdmEQqeDyYxdLVh_rHmUzQ&usqp=CAU&ec=45690269

5. Brush – it can be used in cleaning the computer part and removing dust.

Figure 1.26 - Brush

https://www.preservationequipment.com/imagecache/1916d065-a1be-4742-85ad-a91a00c8e678_1000x330.jpg

6. Parts organizer- has multiple cabinets to organize small parts of the computer,
such as different types of screws and cable ties to prevent mixing.

Figure 1.27 – Parts organizer

https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/As4AAOSwPzNeXQxW/s-l640.jpg

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Learning Check for Lesson 2

Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________

Course & Section: _____________________ Result: _____________________

Test 1: Write the correct answer that corresponds to the following questions and
statements.

____________1. It is the static electricity produced when two objects came into contact.
____________2. A Soldering iron can be classified as:
____________3. A type of screwdriver that has a 6point star-like tip.
____________4. It has long and narrow tips that are commonly used in holding small
parts?
____________5. A tool used to clean different computer components without leaving
any scratches?
____________6. A device used to check the quality of electricity and the integrity of the
circuit.
____________7. It is used to hold a bunch of wires and cables neatly?
____________8. A tool used to blow away dust inside the computer without touching
any parts?
____________9. Anti-static Wrist strap can be classified as:
____________10. Which tool is used in removing or installing slotted screws

Test 2:
1. What are the steps on how to use an anti-static wrist strap?

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LESSON 3
____________________________________________________

What is electronics/
electricity?

OBJECTIVES:

1. Explain the fundamentals and concepts of Electronics

and Electrical Technology.
2. Describe the importance of Electronics in Computer
Hardware.
3. List some examples of electronic components and their
usage.
4. Conduct the work of the lesson virtually in both written
and oral presentations.
Duration 3 hours

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What is electronics/ electricity?

____________________________________________________________________________

Figure 1.28 An example

https://www.pexels.com/photo/black-transistor-beside-capacitor-163100/

If you have basic electronics skills and knowledge, it will be easy to get started
with computer service and repair various computer problems. Hopefully, this lesson will
help you understand the basics of electronics in such a way that anyone interested in
building circuits can quickly build one. This is a quick overview of basic electronics, and
it's not my aim to venture deeply into electrical engineering science. ( ‌ Shamieh, C.

2020)

At the end of this lesson, anyone interested in learning basic electronics should
understand what electronics is and how important it is in the Computer Hardware
System And Servicing subject.

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What are the electronics?

____________________________________________________________________________

Figure 1.29 An example of an electronics circuit

Source: https://www.facebook.com/electronicshub.org/

 Electronics is the science and technology involved in regulating electric

current flows. Stated, it lets the electrons travel around. Although this might
not seem so big of a deal, electron regulation has allowed most of the
primary inventions of the last century, including computers, televisions,
rocket ships, electric cars, video games, and smartphones. (Wikipedia.com)
 Electronics is a study of how to control the flow of electrons. It deals with
circuits that are composed of components to which control the electricity
flow. (Wikipedia.com)

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Now, let's discuss electricity.

___________________________________________________________________________

Fig. 1.30 Electric Power Grid

Source: https://www.pexels.com/photo/cable-current-danger-distribution-236089/

What is Electricity?

 Electricity is a movement of free electrons through a medium that is produced by

an energy source.

 It is a physical phenomenon associated with electrons and protons; it is the

movement of electron and protons. It is also associated with a motion of a matter
that has a property of electric discharge. There are also common phenomena
related to electricity; there are lightning, electrical discharge, static electricity, etc.

 Electric charge present either positive or negative. Electrical charges move in an

electric current and produce It is a physical phenomenon associated with the
movement of electrons and protons—a magnetic field.

 Electricity is being used for electric power, where electrical current is used to
energize equipment.

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Why do electronics and electricity are essential to computer

technology and hardware servicing?

Fig.
retrieved from https://rodantech.com/industries/electronics/

 Electronics play a significant role in computer technology and hardware

servicing. It is the framework or the design of how computers or mostly any
devices function and work on how it should be. Knowing and understanding
electronics can give us a better opportunity of fixing or improving our

technology. (Schuler, C. A. 2013)

 Electricity is the power or energy which makes most devices, especially
computers, causes to function. That's why it is essential to computer
technology and hardware servicing because it gives the proper electrical

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IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
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supply to its support system. Without it, we will have no idea if a computer is
working correctly or not.

Voltage is the
electrical
pressure to which
causes the free
electron to travel
through an
electrical circuit.
Voltage is
measured in
volts.

 Resistance is a characteristic of a medium to which opposes the

flow of electrical current through itself. Resistance is measured in
ohms.
 Current is the amount of an electrical charge moving past to a
given point in an electrical circuit per unit of time. Current is

Reminder: Always feel free to connect with your Proffesor /

instructor if you have some questions.

measured in Ampere.

Fig. 1.32
Source: http://samvssound.com/2016/04/12/ohms-law/

OHM's LAW
____________________________________________________________________________

o The German physicist George Ohm discovers the OHM law.

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o The OHMs law states that the electric current, which flows in a
conductive material at a constant temperature, the voltage
applied is directly proportional, and the resistance is also
reversed. The electrical components of OHM's Law are
Voltage, Resistance, Power, and Current.

Using the above formula, here are some problems that will help you use OHM's Law to
solve the following question.
Problem 1. A 220V supply voltage is applied to a resistor of 100 Ω. Find the
current which flows through it.
Given data: V=220v
R=100Ω
I=?
Formula: I=V/R (I=220/100)
=2.2A (A-amperes)
Result: the current flowing through the resistor is 2.2A.

Problem 2. A current of 0.5 flows across 10 Ω of resistance. Find the difference

in potential between its ends.

Given data: I=0.5A

R=10Ω
V=?
Formula: V=I*R (V=0.5*10)
=5V
Result: The potential difference between its end is 5V.

Problem 3: A small light bulb is connected to a 6 V battery and draws 2 A of

current. What is the net resistance of the light?
Given data: V=6v
I=2A
R=?

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Formula: R=V/I (R=6/2)

=3 Ω
Result: The net resistance of the bulb is 3Ω

What is voltage? – Voltage is a push of current around an electric circuit.

Voltage acts like a pushing force that pushes the electrons to move around, which
creates an electric current. Voltage is a difference between two points between the
electrical potential energy per unit of charge. In other words, voltage is always relative.

Fig. 1.33 An example of a source of voltage

Retrieved from https://www.fluke.com/en-ph/learn/best-practices/measurement-basics/electricity/what-is-voltage

o Voltage is the pressure coming from an electric circuits power source to

which it pushed charged electrons through a conducting loop; this enables
them to do its work such as illuminating light.

What is current? Current is a rate to the electrons in a complete electrical circuit flow
past one stage. It is a flow of charged particles through a conducting medium like wires.
The international unit used for measuring a current is Ampere (amp); this expresses the
number of electrons that flow past a point in a circuit over a given time.

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IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
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Fig. 1.34 current flow

Retrieved from https://www.fluke.com/en-ph/learn/best-practices/measurement-basics/electricity/what-is-voltage

What is resistance? Resistance may sound negative, but in electricity, it is very

useful. Resistance is an electrical quantity that evaluates how much the device reduces
the electric current flow through it. In measuring resistance, it is taken to indicate the
condition of a component or a circuit. The higher resistance, the lower its current flow,
and the lower resistance, the higher its current flow.

Fig. 1.35 how resistance work

Retrieved from https://www.fluke.com/en-ph/learn/best-practices/measurement-basics/electricity/what-is-voltage

To some degree, all materials withstand current flow. They fall under one of two
specific categories: Conductors and Insulators.

1. Conductors: Are materials offering very little resistance where electrons can
quickly move. The conductors conduct electrical currents very easily due to
their free electrons.
2. Insulators: Are materials which have high resistance and limit electrons flow.
It opposes the electrical
current and makes poor
conductors.

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IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
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Did you know?

These colors represent.
 Red= it is usually denoted as
a "positive" flow.
 Black= it is denoted as the
"negative" flow.
 Yellow/Green= it is denoted
as the protective earth or
ground wires.

Fig. 1.36 An example of wires with insulators

Source: https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Electrical_insulator

o An electrical insulator is a barrier that does not easily allow electricity to

pass through an electric current freely. It is high resistance, and it restricts
the flow of electron.
o Usually, wires carrying electrical currents are insulated so that the
electricity goes into its right place.

Reminder: Always feel free to connect with your Proffesor /

instructor if you have some questions.

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LEARNING CHECK FOR LESSON 3

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU

LEARNED?
Tracking Metacognitive Learning # 1

Name: ________________________Yearand Section_____ Date: ____________

1. Challenging concepts (What concepts you find hard to understand?)

1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________

2. Insights (What new ideas or learning did you gain in discussion/ activity?)

a. Before reading the topic assigned/understanding the lesson, I thought

that
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________.
b. However, reading the assigned topic/understanding the lesson, I now
think/realize
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
________________________

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IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
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c. Before reading the assigned topic /understanding the lesson, I thought

that
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_____________________________________.

d. However, reading the assigned topic /understanding the lesson, I now

think/realize
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
____________________________________.

3. Questions (What questions would you like to get responses to? Or vague
areas in which you want more information?)
1. _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
____
2. _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
____
3. _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
____

4. Give an idea what do you know about Electronics?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

5. Look around you can you list down At least 5 Electronics devices that can be
found around you.
1.________________________
2.________________________
3.________________________
4.________________________
5.________________________

6. Have you tried to look inside an Electronic device what have you seen?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_______________________.

7. What do think is will happen if you accidentally touch a live wire?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
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8. What will you do if you saw someone being electrocuted?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

9. Benjamin Franklin found that lightning is a source of electricity, can you discuss
how he found out about it?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

10. Can you give examples on how to prove that electronics is important and
relevant to your course.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________

11. Being an Information Technology student, why is it important to learn

electronics?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
12. Determine the amount of current through a 75Ω resistor with a voltage of 220v.

13. Find the amount of current in an electrical circuit that has a voltage supply of 10 Volts
and resistance of 25 Ω.

14. What is the amount of current passing through a 1000 Ω resistor with a voltage of
12V?

15. A lamp is using a 6 V battery and draws 2 Amps of current. What is the resistance of
the light?

Identify whether the material is Insulator or Conductor.

1. Cotton ______________
2. Paper ______________
3. Aluminum ______________
4. Polyester ______________
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IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
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5. Rubber ______________
6. Gold ______________
7. Asphalt ______________
8. Brass ______________
9. Wood ______________
10. Copper ______________

Multiple choices
Encircle the answer to the following question.

1. The flow of charge is always on the same side.

a. Direct Current
b. Alternating Current
2. What color is typically denoted as a "positive" flow?
a. Red c. Yellow/ Green
b. Black d. none of the above
3. Power is measured in what?
a. Ampere c. Ohms
b. Watts d. Volts
4. Current is measured in what?
a. Ampere c. Ohms
b. Watts d. Volts
5. Which of the following does not belong in the material for conductors of
electricity?
a. Gold c. Nickel
b. Silver d. Metal

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LESSON 4
Basic Electronics Components and their
applications.
How to read electronics symbols and
identify different parts of the
components.

OBJECTIVES:

 Explain the importance of learning different electronics

_____________________________________________________________________________________
components. 42

 Describe the separate applications of each element.

IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
 UNIT I: Basic Electronics and Measuring Instruments

Basic Electronics Components and their applications

____________________________________________________________

Electronic components are parts of an electronic device that serves different

roles for an electronic device to function correctly. Think of it as the gears of a clock;
inside a clock, it has many gears to work accurately to tell us the time, so in this lesson,
you will learn the different types of electronic components. (Electronics Notes, 2020)

The following electronic components will be discussed as well as their application and
their function:

 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Diode
 Transistors
 Integrated Circuit
 Inductors
 Oscillators
 Surface-mounted components

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Fig. 1.37 An example of different types of Electronics Components in a circuit

Source: https://www.pexels.com/photo/black-transistor-beside-capacitor-163100/

WHAT IS A RESISTOR?

 A resistor is an electrical device with two or more terminals used in an electronic

circuit to control electrical power flow. It also aims to minimize the current flow and
voltage levels in its general proximity or portion of the circuit. A resistor is intended to
regulate the actual load on the system, which means that it uses and dissipates
electricity as heat, reducing in effect the amount of electricity that flows out of it by
different amounts. Different types of resistors exist, and each resistor has various uses,
size, and visual. They can be resistors to Through-hole or Surface-mount, network
resistors, and variable resistors. (Bird, J. 2017)

RESISTOR SYMBOLS

The international IEC symbol uses a rectangular shape, while the USA and ANSI
use the standard zigzag line.

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The ANSI symbol The IEC symbol

Fig. 1.38 Schematic symbol of a resistor
Source:https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/2/2/6/9/c/51cc9e55ce395f576d000000.png

Technical Resistor Distinctions.

There are two main types of resistors: Linear resistor and Non-linear resistor.

 Linear resistor- Linear resistors are referred to as resistors whose values

change in temperature and voltage. Two kinds of linear resistors exist Fixed
Resistor and Variable Resistor.
 Fixed resistors are often widely used resistors and are used to
set an electronic circuit's correct state. Their values are
determined during the circuit design process and can never be
changed to alter the circuit.
 Variable resistors are resistors that do not have a specific value,
and the resistance values can be altered through a dial, a knob,
and a screw. It gives three connections to the part: two to the fixed
element and one to the slider. When all three connections are
used, the component acts as a variable motor—link to the slider
and one end to provide variable resistance.

 Non-linear resistor- The resistance values vary according to the temperature

and voltage applied and are not subject to Ohm law.

Table 1.
Types of Resistor, and its applications.

Fixed Description Actual Picture Possible

Resistor
Application
Types

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IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
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Carbon These resistors are • Protection of

Compositi created by combining Circuits
on carbon granules with a • Current Limiting
binder, which was then • High Voltage
transformed into a • Power Supplies
small rod.  • High power or
• Strobe lighting
Figure 1.39 Picture from welding
elprocus.com

Metal film Placing a thin layer of

resistor metal on a ceramic
former in a metal film
resistor is created. The
metal film works in the Active or bridge
same way as circuits filters.
resistance wire, and
the metal film resistor
Figure 1.40 Picture from
can be manufactured
elprocus.com
with high tolerance,
provided as thickness,
width, and length can
be accurately
controlled.

Wire This type of resistor Wire wound

wound is typically reserved for resistors are
resistor high-powered typically used in
applications. These circuit breakers or
resistors are made on fuses to produce
the former by winding a fusible resistor;
wire, which has a a small spring is
higher than average attached to one
resistance (resistance end of the
wire). The more costly resistor.
varieties are wound on
the former ceramic,
and they can be
covered by vitreous or
silicone enamel. This
resistor shape is Figure 1.41 Picture from
suitable for high power elprocus.com
levels and is highly
durable and robust.

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IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
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Surface- Surface-  Advanced

mounted mounted resistors are Catheter
Resistors available in the EIA Systems
(Electronics Industry  Embedded
Alliance) in various Computing
packages in size and  High-
shape. These are Performance
created by depositing a Petrochemical
resistive material film, Figure 1.42 Picture from
Solutions
and due to the limited elprocus.com  Laser
extent, they do not Processing
have enough space for  Lower Power
color code bands. and Signal
Application
 Solar Energy

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IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
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Network Network resistors are a  Analog-to-

Resistors combination of digital
resistors that give all conversion
pins the same value.
The two resistors can  Digital-to-
be found in two analog
packages: dual inline conversion
package (DIP) and
single inline package Figure 1.43 Picture from  Voltage
(SIP). elprocus.com dividers for
power
functions

 Terminal for
SDRAM and
DDRAM

 Computer
applications
 Consumer
electronics

Potentiometers and
Variable presets are the most  Audio control
Resistors widely used types of  Television
variable resistors.  Motion control
Such resistors consist  Transducers
of a fixed resistance  Computation
value between two  Home
terminals and are Electrical
primarily used to Appliances
monitor the sensitivity  Oscillators
of sensors and tensile
distribution. Figure 1.44 Picture from
The electrical elprocus.com
resistance of a variable
resistor is adjustable.
The devices are used
in electric circuitry
because they
contribute to regulating
voltage and currents.

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IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
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 Light sensors
Light- This device is sensitive  Alarm clock
dependent to light. As light comes  Automatic
Resistors down on it, the Street light
(LD R) resistance improves.  Mobile phones
The LDR's resistance for auto-
values can change the brightness and
amount of the flash.
resistance dropping  Cameras
Figure 1.45 Picture from
over several orders of elprocus.com shutter control
magnitude as the level and flash
of light increases control

Thermistor The thermistor APPLICATION

or thermal resistor is a OF NTC
thermal resistor that
adjusts the resistance • Very low-
to a temperature temperature
increase. thermometers
a) The negative • Digital
coefficient of Thermostats
temperature (NTC • Battery pack
thermistor) tolerances monitors
shows that the • In-rush
resistance falls as the protection
temperature increases. devices
b) It operates very
differently as a positive PTC
temperature coefficient Figure 1.46 Picture from elprocus.com APPLICATION
(PTC Thermistor). The
Resistance increases Current limiting
as its temperature rise devices PTC
and decreases as the thermistors can
temperature be used as
decreases. current-limiting
devices in
electronic circuits
where it can be
used as the
replacement to a
fuse. Under
normal
conditions, small
heating is
produced by the
current flowing
through the
_____________________________________________________________________________________
49
IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
 UNIT I: Basic Electronics and Measuring Instruments

device, which
does not cause
harmful effects.

How To Read The Resistor Color Coding

Color coding for resistor

Resistor Color Coding uses colored groups to quickly identify the

resistance value of the resistor and its extent of resilience with the physical size of the
resistor, indicating its wattage rating.

Below is the meaning of the different bands of colors in a resistor.

Figure 1.47 Resistor Color Coding

Source:https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/2/2/6/9/c/51cc9e55ce395f576d000000.png

Table 2.
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IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
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4 Band Resistor Color Coding

BAD          Black = 0          Black = 0          Black = 1
BOY          Brown = 1          Brown = 1          Brown = 10          Brown = 1
RAPE          Red = 2          Red = 2          Red = 100          Red = 2
OUR          Orange = 3          Orange = 3          Orange = 1000          Green = 0.5
YOUNG          Yellow = 4          Yellow = 4          Yellow = 10000          Blue = 0.25
GIRLS          Green = 5          Green = 5          Green = 100000          Violet = 0.10
BUT          Blue = 6          Blue = 6          Blue = 1000000
VIOLETA          Violet = 7          Violet = 7          Violet = 10000000
GAVE          Grey = 8          Grey = 8          Grey = 0.05
WILLINGLY          White = 9          White = 9          Gold = 0.1          Gold = 5

         Silver = 0.01          Silver = 10

         None = 20

How to use the Resistor Color Coding

1st color band means the first The 4th band is its tolerance
digit i.e. value
RED = 2 Gold = +- 5%

2nd color band means the The 3rd band are the multiplier
second digit i.e. or simply add the equivalent
number of zeroes according to
Green= 5 its color.
Orange= x 1000

How to get the resistance value of a resistor using its color code.

Resistor Color = Orange, Blue, Red, Gold

_____________________________________________________________________________________
3 5 x 100 +- 5%
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IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
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Tolerance Value = 3500Ω x .05= 175Ω

Resistance
Max. = 3,500Ω
tolerance value=or3,500Ω
3.5KΩ++-5%
175Ω=
3,675Ω
Min. tolerance value= 3,500Ω - 175Ω=
3,325Ω

Table 3.
5 and 6 Band Resistor Color Coding

BIG          Black = 0          Black = 0         Black = 0          Black = 1

BEAUTIFUL          Brown = 1          Brown = 1          Brown = 1          Brown = 10          Brown = 1
ROSES          Red = 2          Red = 2          Red = 2          Red = 100          Red = 2
OCCUPY          Orange = 3          Orange = 3          Orange = 3          Orange = 1000
YOUR          Yellow = 4          Yellow = 4          Yellow = 4          Yellow = 10000
GARDEN          Green = 5          Green = 5          Green = 5          Green = 100000          Green = 0.5
BUT          Blue = 6          Blue = 6          Blue = 6          Blue = 1000000          Blue = 0.25
VIOLETS          Violet = 7          Violet = 7          Violet = 7          Violet = 10000000          Violet = 0.10
GROWS          Grey = 8          Grey = 8          Grey = 8          Grey = 100000000          Grey = 0.05
WILD          White = 9          White = 9          White = 9          White = 1000000000
So          Silver = 0.01          Silver = 10%
Get some          Gold = 0.1          Gold = 5%
Now

5 and 6 color Band Resistor

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52
st
1 color
IT 104: bandSYSTEM
HARDWARE means the
AND first
SERVICING
digit i.e.
UNIT I: Basic Electronics and Measuring Instruments

The 5th band is its tolerance

value
Brown = +- 1%

The 4th band are the multiplier

or simply add the equivalent
number of zeroes according to
its color.
Orange= x 1000

What are a Capacitors

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IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
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Fig. 1.47 Inside a capacitor

Source:: https://passive-components.eu/capacitor-manufacturing-best-practices-for-increasing-profitability-in-2019/

The Capacitor or condenser is an electrically charged device, similar to a small

rechargeable battery that can store energy through its plates. There are several
different kinds of capacitors available for small capacitor beads used in resonance
circuits, but they have the same purpose and store energy. The Capacitor consists of
two or more parallel conductive (metal) plates that are not connected but electrically
separated by air or by some suitable insulating material such as waxed paper, ceramic,
plastic, or liquid gel electrolytic capacitors. The insulating layer between the condenser
plates is generally called the Dielectric layer. Capacitors can be classified as Polarized
and Non-polarized (Basic Electronics Tutorials, .2018)
The condenser Capacitance is the electrical property of the Capacitor. It is a
measure of the Capacitor's ability to hold an electrical charge on its two surfaces, the
capacitance unit being the Farad (abbreviated to F) named after the British physicist
Michael Faraday. Below is the capacitor schematic symbol.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
Non- Polarized Polarized Variable
54
Capacitor
IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
 UNIT I: Basic Electronics and Measuring Instruments

Fig. 1.48 Capacitor Schematic Symbols

Source:: https://passive-components.eu/capacitor-manufacturing-best-practices-for-increasing-profitability-in-2019/

Who invented the Capacitor?

Michael Faraday, an
English chemist, has been the
founder of the modern
Capacitor, but he was not the
first person to have invented it.
The first practical descriptions
of the Capacitor and how to use
them to store an electrical
charge for its experiments were
essential to Faraday. Thanks to
Faraday, we can calculate the
amount of charge that a
capacitor, called capacitance,
can withstand.

Fig. 1.49 Michael Faraday

Source:: https://passive-components.eu/capacitor-manufacturing-
best-practices-for-increasing-profitability-in-2019/

Ewald Georg von Kleist is a late

German scientist who, before Michael
Faraday, had invented the first Capacitor in
1745. Months later, Pieter van
Musschenbroek was appointed by a Dutch
professor with a similar style, popularly
known as the Jar of Leyden. However, it was
just a coincidence that both scientists
similarly recognized the initial developments

_____________________________________________________________________________________
55
Source: 1https://www.autodesk.com/products/eagle/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Elec_img112.gif
IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
 UNIT I: Basic Electronics and Measuring Instruments

of the Capacitor.
Fig. 1.50 A Leyden Jar

Measure the responsibility

How do you calculate the charge in a capacitor? -- caps are designed to hold

a specific capacitance. The unit used is in Farads after Michael Faraday, the English
chemist. Since one Farad carries a lot of electrical charges, capacitors are measured in
picofarads or microfarads usually. Here is a helpful chart indicating how the
measurements of the capacitance:

Table 4

Capacitance Value

Prefix Name Abbreviation Equivalent

PicoFarad pF 0.000000000001F
NanoFarad nF 0.000000001F
MicroFarad uF 0.000001F

Different types of Capacitor

Table 5

Capacitor Types, Actual Picture, and Applications

Capacitor Description Actual Picture Possible application

Type

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IT 104: HARDWARE SYSTEM AND SERVICING
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Electrolytic  Filters
Capacitors If large capacitance  Audio amplifiers
values are needed,  Correction
electrical capacitors capacitors for
are used. Some of power factor
them are polarized, correction
which means that the  Energy storage for
DC voltage on airbags, photoflash
condenser terminals devices,[14] civil
must be in the right detonators
polarity.  Motor start
capacitors for AC
motors
 Bipolar capacitors
for audio signal
coupling
 Flash capacitor for
Figure 1.51 Photo from camera flashes
electronics-tutorials

Tantalum capacitors  Applied commonly

Tantalum
typically have better in circuits where
Electrolytic performance and are the AC component
ready only in a very is tiny compared to
Capacitors
narrow range of the DC component
parameters. The  As the metal
dielectric properties of powder, tantalum is
tantalum oxide are primarily used in
much higher than the manufacture of
those electronic devices,
of aluminum electrolyti especially
c capacitor, which other capacitors an
offers enhanced d some power
drainage current and resistors.
capacitance power to  These capacitors
impede, decouple, are preferred in the
and filter applications. Figure 52 Photo from electronics- field of electronics
tutorials
used in medicines
due to their steady
behavior.
 Tantalum
Capacitors are
used for practical
applications of the
Audio Amplifier
circuits.

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A wide range of  Polyester film

Polyester
capacitors categorized condensers are
Film by their dielectric considered as
properties of polyester "general
Capacitors
(Mylar), polystyrene, capacitors." They
polypropylene, deliver the highest
polycarbonate, volume
metallic paper, performance at
dielectric Teflon is modest costs for all
accessible. The power film capacitors. DC
available is 1500 volts applications such
high. as blocking and
coupling,
bypassing, low
filtering, timing,
and noise
reduction are
Figure 1.53 Photo from electronics-
common uses for
tutorials
polyester film
capacitors.

Ceramic capacitors
Ceramic
are capacitors that  Ceramic capacitors
Capacitor use ceramic material are mainly used in
as a dielectric. the resonant circuit
Ceramics are among of transmitter
the first materials to stations.
be used as an  Due to their non-
insulator in the polarity, they are
production of available in a wide
capacitors. range of
capacitances,
voltage ratings,
and sizes.

Figure 1.54 Photo from electronics-

tutorials

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Mica capacitor is a  Used on high

Mica
group of natural frequencies and this
Capacitor minerals and is used capacitor, because
silver mica as its of the unique
dielectric material. The crystalline structure
silver mica capacitors and its typical
are manufactured on layered structure, is
both sides with chemically,
sandwiching mica electrically, and
sheets, which are then mechanically stable.
wrapped in epoxy to
Figure 1.55 Photo from electronics-
protect the tutorials
environment. 

Paper capacitors  High voltage and

Paper
are made up of two high current
Capacitor sheets of tin foil, applications.
separated by paper or  Used in electrical
oiled paper and waxed and electronic
thin. And then, the applications
paper was formed into  Power conditioning
Figure 1.56 Photo from electronics-
the cylindrical form tutorials systems to block
and enclosed in the
DC signals and
plastic capsule.
allow AC signals

Metalized film Though repeated

Metalized
capacitors are created corona discharges,
Polyester using a vacuum auto-healing can lead
deposition method, to significant
Film
which laminates a film capacitance loss.
substrate with a fragile Those capacitors are
aluminum coating.  appropriate for RFI /
Care is needed when EMI suppressor
handling, since if the capacitors with electric
lead breaks off from shock fault and flame
these capacitors propagation protection.
easily. There's no way Figure 1.57 Photo from
to fix that once the circuitcrush-.com
lead has come off. It
has to be discarded.

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A modern Supercapacitors can

Super
miracle workpiece is be used in applications
Capacitors the Electric Double for solar power, battery
Layer capacitor.  The backup, phone, flash,
physical dimensions of etc. In addition to
the unit are, despite having a low internal
the high capacitance resistance, known as
value,   it is 21 mm ESR, the
(nearly an inch ) in Figure1.58 Photo from electronics- superconductor can be
diameter and 11 mm tutorials loaded very quickly, but
(1/2 inch) in height. As it can be discharged
with other electrolytic, just as fast.
the supercapacitor is
also polarized, making
sure the breakdown
voltage is regarded.
Adjustable
They are often known
Capacitors Trimmer capacitors are
as trimmer
used to set the
condensers or
frequency of
variable condensers.
oscillators, latencies,
The dielectric is made
up and down cycles,
of ceramic or plastic.
and other circuit
Most of them are
variables at the
color-coded so that
beginning.
their scale can easily
be identified. The
value is written on the
ceramic form. The
following colors: blue
(7pF), yellow (5pF), Figure 1.59 Photo from electronics-
tutorials
blue (10pF), green
(30pF), brown (60pf),
etc. Some more colors
are not mentioned
here, including red,
beige, and purple.

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Tuning or They are dielectric in the  Used primarily in radio

ambient air. These
'air-core' variable capacitor forms equipment and radar
capacitors I have seen, in particular
the older ones, of
incredible dimensions.
This model typically has
more (air) capacitors
combined, and thus the
capacity of all capacitors
changes simultaneously Figure 1.60 Photo from electronics-
when the adjustment tutorials
axle is rotated.

How to read the label of an Electrolytic Capacitor

Manufacturer

The maximum
voltage it can Capacitance
store. Value

Negative side

Negative
symbol (-)
Capacitor Maximum
series Temperature

Positive lead
Negative lead

Fig. 1.61 Electrolytic Capacitor

Source: https://www.electricaltechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/General-Capacitor-Nameplate-Rating-Electrolytic-Capacitor-.jpg

What is an Integrated Circuit?

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An integrated circuit (IC), also called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor

wafer that produces a thousand or even billions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and
transistors. An IC can be an amplifier, oscillator, timer, clock, computer memory, or

microprocessor feature, which have a schematic symbol below.

Fig. 1.61 Integrated Circuits

Source: https://www.elprocus.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Copy-of-diploma-300x285.jpg

Brief History of the Invention of the IC

In 1950 Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments USA

and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor
USA invented this technology. The US Air Force
was the first customer of this new product. The
Nobel Prize in Physics for miniature electronic
circuits was given to Jack Kilby in 2000.

Fig. 1.62 Jack KIlby

Source: https://www.electrical4u.com/integrated-circuits-types-of-ic/

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A year and a half after Kilby revealed his

IC concept, Fairchild Semiconductor Limited's
Robert Noyce developed his integrated circuit.
His model solved several practical problems
that the design of Kilby had. It is composed of
silicone, made of germanium as Kilby's. For
their part in the work on integrated circuits, Jack
Kilby and Robert Noyce earned US patents.
Both companies wisely agreed to cross-license
their inventions after many years of legal
problems and established an enormous Fig. 1.63 Robert Noyce
Source: https://www.electrical4u.com/integrated-circuits-types-of-
international market. ic/

Various types of integrated circuits are available:

 Digital Integrated Circuits – is a circuit where one of two different rates

of the signal should be set. The level is interpreted as one of two distinct states
(for example, 0 or 1). Such circuits were designed with transistors to render logic
gates to operate on Boolean logic. This logic is the basis for digital electronics
and computer processing.

Digital circuits are less vulnerable to degradation than analog circuits.

Error detection and correction with digital signals is also easier to perform. To
make these circuits routinely designed, designers use EDA (electronic design
automation) tools, a kind of software that develops logic in a digital circuit.

 Analog Integrated Circuits - requires an analog signal for every

continuously variable signal. The analog circuit alters the signal in some way
while working on an analog signal. The analog circuit can convert the original
signal to some other format, such as a digital signal.

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 Mixed Signal IC – Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuit is a kind of ICs where

both Digital and Analog ICs combine on a single chip.

Online Research Activity No. 1

Make a research on the different types of the integrated circuit include the following
requirements,
1. Include a sample of the actual picture and its applications.
2. Arrange each type and photos in a table.
3. Please take note that each picture should be appropriately cited, and the
explanations are not directly copy-pasted.

Reminder: Always feel free to connect with your Proffesor /

instructor if you have some questions.

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Transistor

The transistor is a semiconductor device that transmits a signal that is low to

high. The terms trans mean the property being transferred and isor the resistance
property given by the junctions. It consists of two PN diodes which are connected back
to the back. It has three terminals, namely emitters, foundation, and collectors. The
base is the core of a thinly layered segment. The right diode part is called the emitter
diode, and the left diode is called the collector-base diode.

Two types of transistors exist, namely NPN transistor and PNP transistor. The
transistor with two blocks of the material of the n-type semiconductor and one block of
material of the P-type semiconductor is known as the NPN transfer. Similarly, if the
material has one material layer of N-type and two material layers of P-type, it is called a
PNP transistor. The structure of the transistors is classified into BJT and FET.

Fig. 1.64 The Transistor

Source: https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/9/8/4/c/5/51cca2f8ce395f6469000000.png

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What exactly is a transistor doing?

A transistor is simple and genuinely unique. Let's start with the fundamental
element. A transistor is a small part of electronics that can do two different jobs. It can
act as an amplifier or a switch

It takes in a tiny electrical current at one end (an input current). It serves as an
amplifier and produces an even greater electrical current at the other end (an output
current). This component is simply a booster, in other words. One of the first
applications people used transistors for in devices like hearing aids comes in very
handy. A hearing aid includes a tiny microphone that picks up sounds from the world
around you and converts them into fluctuating electric currents. They are fed into a
transistor that boosts them and powers a tiny loudspeaker so that you hear a far more
explicit version of the sounds around you.

Transistors can act as switches, too. A small electrical current that fluctuates through a
transistor component may make another element of the transistor flow far bigger. The tiny
current, in other words, moves to the bigger one. That's how all computer chips work. For
instance, there are hundreds of millions or even billions of transistors in a memory chip that
each can be individually enabled and disabled. As any transistor can be in two states, two
numbers, zero and one, can be stored. A chip can store thousands of zeros and thousands of
thousands of ordinary numbers and letters with thousands of transistors. An example of this is
the Corei 7 4960X Launched in 2013, which has a 22 nm production process and 1.86 billion
transistors.

Different type of Transistor and Its applications

 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) – Junction transistor is commonly

referred to as Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT). The BJT transistors have three
named Emitter (E), Base (B), Collector (C) terminals. The name itself means that
it has two junctions between semiconductors of type p and type n. Depending on
the design, the BJT transistors are divided into NPN and PNP transistors.

 NPN Transistor – Is a type of bipolar junction transistor (BJT). The NPN

transistor comprises two semiconductor materials of type n, and a thin
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layer of p-type semiconductor separates them. Here the electrons are the
majority carriers of charges. The migration of these electrons from emitter
to collector forms the transistor's current flux. Generally speaking, the
NPN transistor is the most commonly used type of bipolar transistor, since
electron mobility is higher than holes mobility. There are three terminals in
the NPN transistor-emitter, base, and collector. The NPN transistor is
mainly used for amplification and signal switching.

Application/use of NPN Transistor:

 Switching applications.
 They are amplifying circuit applications.
 Use as temperature sensors.
 Very High-frequency applications.

Fig. 1.65 Schematic Symbol of A NPN Transistor

Source: https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/9/8/4/c/5/51cca2f8ce395f6469000000.png

 PNP Transistor - The PNP transistor is a different type of Bipolar

Junction Transistor (BJT). The PNP transistor arrangement is entirely
different from the NPN transistor. As for the NPN transistor, the two PN-
junction diodes in the PNP transistor structure are reversed. The two P-
type doped semiconductor materials are separated by a thin layer of N-
type doped semiconductor material.

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Application/use of PNP Transistor:

 Switches.
 Amplifying circuits.
 Darlington pair circuits.
 Robotic applications.
 Heavy motors to control current flow.
 Matched pair circuits to produce continuous power.
.

Fig. 1.66 Schematic Symbol of A PNP Transistor

Source: https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/9/8/4/c/5/51cca2f8ce395f6469000000.png

 Field Effect Transistor (FET) – A different type of transistor is the Field-

Effect-Transistor (FET). The FET transistors essentially have three terminals that
are Gate (G), Drain (D), and Source (S). The FET transistors are known as
Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFET) and Insulated Gate FET Transistors (IG-
FET) or MOSFET. We also consider the fourth terminal called base or substrate
for the connections in the circuit.

 Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) – is the earliest and most

straightforward type of FET transistor. Using these JFETs as switches,
amplifiers, and resistors. This transistor is a controlled voltage device. It
does not require any new biasing. The voltage applied between gate and

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source regulates the electric current flow between a transistor source and
drain. Both N-channel and P-channel types give the JFET transistors.

Application/use of Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET):

 Switches
 Amplifiers
 Simple biasing
 Low noise
 High input impedance

Fig. 1.67 Schematic Symbol of a J-FET Transistor

Source: https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/9/8/4/c/5/51cca2f8ce395f6469000000.png

 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) – The

type of transistors that is most useful as the name itself indicates a metal
gate in the terminal. More than BJT and JFET, MOSFET has many
advantages, mostly with high input impedance and low impedance in
performance. It is primarily used in low-power platform chip design
technologies.

Application/use of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor

(MOSFET):

 Switches
 Motor torque and speed control
 Industrial control environments and robotics
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 Radio-controlled applications such as boats, helicopters, and

drones

Other types of Transistors:

 Small Signal Transistors – have the primary task of amplifying

small signals only though such transistors are used for switching
Fig. 1.68 Schematic Symbol of a MOSFET Transistor
Source: https://www.elprocus.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Darlington-Transistor.jpg

purposes. Small signal transistors are available in the NPN and

PNP transistor formats on the market. We can see some value on
the small signal transistor body, in which this value indicates
transistor hFE.

Application/use of Small signal transistors:

 ON or OFF switches
 LED driver
 Relay driver
 Audio mute function
 Timer circuits
 Infrared diode amplifier

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Fig. 1.69. An example of a Transistor

Source: https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/9/8/4/c/5/51cca2f8ce395f6469000000.png

• Small switching transistors are mostly used as switching

transistors, following which they help to amplify. There are also
small transistors in NPN and PNP and small-signal transistors,
which often have hFE values. These transistor types. The hFE
value range varies from 10 to 200 for these transistors.

Application/use of Small switching transistors:

 Switches
 Amplifier

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Fig. 1.70 An example of a Transistor

Figure 2.35 Photo from electronicshub.com
Source: https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/9/8/4/c/5/51cca2f8ce395f6469000000.png

 Power Transistors - The transistors used in high-performance

amplifiers and power supplies are called "power amplifiers." This
transistor's collector terminal is attached to a metal device's base,
and that structure serves as a heat sink that dissipates excess
power for applications.

These transistor types are available as NPN, PNP, and Darlington

transistors. The current values for the collector range here from 1 to
100A. Such transistors have power values ranging from 10 to
300W. The transistor name itself suggests that the power
transistors are used in the applications requiring high power, high
voltage, and high current.

Application/use of Power transistors:

 Amplifier
 Circuits that require High power output.

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 High-frequency Transistor - High-frequency transistors are used

for small signals operating at high frequencies, and these are used
in applications for high-speed switching, also called high-frequency
Fig.Figure
1.712.36
AnPhoto
example of a Transistor
from electronicshub .com

Source: https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/9/8/4/c/5/51cca2f8ce395f6469000000.png

transistors as RF Transistors.

These transistors bear maximum frequency values of

approximately 2000MHz. The current (IC) value for the collector
varies from 10 to 600mA. These types of transistors can also be
found in NPN and PNP formats. These are mainly used in high-
frequency signal applications, and these transistors must also only
be ON or OFF at high speeds. Such transistors are used in
oscillator and amplifier circuits such as HF, VHF, UHF, CATV, and
MATV.

Application/use of High-frequency transistor:

 Oscillator
 Amplifier
 Switching

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 Photo Transistors – are the transistors that operate according to

the light, which means that these transistors are light sensitive. The
general Phototransistor is nothing more than a binary transistor that
includes a light-sensitive area rather than a base terminal area. The
phototransistors only have two terminals, instead of 3 terminals in
Figure
Fig.2.37 Photo
1.72 Anfrom of a.com
electronicshub
example Transistor
Source: https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/9/8/4/c/5/51cca2f8ce395f6469000000.png

general. Depending on the light, the transistor operates. If the

location of light sensitivity is dark, then no current flows in the
transistor; the transistor is in OFF.

The phototransistors are available in both the transistor types BJT

and FET. These are also Photo-BJTs and FETs.

Application/use of Phototransistor:
 Indicator lights
 LCD panel backlighting
 Calculators
 Traffic signal
 Digital watches

Fig. 1.73 An example of a Photo Transistor

Source: https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/9/8/4/c/5/51cca2f8ce395f6469000000.png

 Unijunction Transistors – are often used as switches and are

electrically operated. Due to their nature, these transistors do not

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contain any amplification functionality. Typically, these are three

lead transistors.
Application/use of Unijunction transistor:
 Switches

Fig. 1.74 An example of a Transistor

Source: https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/9/8/4/c/5/51cca2f8ce395f6469000000.png

What is a Diode

A diode is classified as an electronic component with two terminals that only

allows current to pass through in one direction. The ideal diode has zero resistance and
infinite reverse resistance.

Diodes have extremity, dictated by an anode (positive lead) and a cathode

(negative lead). Most diodes permit current to stream just when a positive voltage is
applied to the anode. At the point when a diode helps current flow, it is forward-one-
sided. At the point when a diode is reverse-biased, it acts as an insulator and doesn't
allow current to flow.

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Fig. 1.75 Diode Biases
 UNIT I: Basic Electronics and Measuring Instruments

There are different types of the diode:

 PN Junction Diode - One of the primary components in the electronics is

the PN junction diode. In this type of diode, one side of the semiconductor is
doped with impurity on the acceptor and the other side with impurity on the
donor.

A PN junction diode is a component of two ends electronics, categorized

as either 'step graded' or 'linear graded.' It has a positive (p) side and a negative
(n) side. In the step graded PN junction diode, the centralization of doping on the
N side and the P side is uniform up to the junction. But in a linearly graded
junction, the concentration of doping changes right from the junction.

Application/use of PN junction diode:

 DC restoration in clamping circuits.

 Wave forming in the clipping circuits.
 Switch in digital logic circuits used in computers.
 Demodulation circuits.
Voltage regulators

Fig. 1.76 An example of a Diode

Source: https://www.elprocus.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Backward-Diode.jpg

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 Tunnel Diode – A Tunnel Diode is a heavily doped p-n junction diode.

The tunnel diode shows negative resistance at the point when voltage esteem
builds, current flow decreases. Tunnel diode works based on the Tunnel Effect.

In August 1957, Leo Esaki invented the diode of the tunnel. It is also also
known as the diode of Esaki. For this diode, Germanium, Gallium arsenide, and
other silicon materials are the materials used. In its working area, the tunnel
diode exhibits negative resistance. As an enhancer and oscillators, it is used as a
high-frequency component and shows a fast response. in all loops of switching.

Application/use of Tunnel diode:

 Switch.
 Amplifier.
 Oscillator.
 High-frequency component.
 Acts as a logic memory storage device.
 FM receivers

Fig. 1.77 An example of a Diode

Source: https://www.electronicshub.org/tunnel-diode-working-characteristics-applications/

 Zener diode – Zener Diode is known as a unique form of PN junction

diode which operates in reverse biased mode, more specifically in the breakdown
area. Also, the Zener diode doping level is much higher than the standard PN
junction diode. So, it can give a sharp voltage for the breakdown. It is often used
in controlling the voltage to keep the voltage constant even when the load shows
variation.
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Application/use of Zener diode:

 Voltage regulation
 Switching operation
 Meter protection
 Clipping circuit

Fig. 1.78 An example of a Diode

Source: https://www.electronicshub.org/zenerl-diode-working-characteristics-applications/

 Varactor diode – Varactor diode is a type of solid-state microwave

semiconductor device, and the applications of this diode mainly involve variable
capacitance that can be accomplished by voltage control.
These diodes are also termed as varicap diodes. These diodes are
chosen to give the desired capacitance changes as they are particular diodes
types. Varactor diodes are precisely manufactured and optimized to allow a wide
range of capacitance changes.
Application/use of Varactor diode:
 Automatic Frequency Controllers (AFCs)
 Ultra-High Frequency Television sets
 High-frequency Radios
 Frequency Multipliers
 Band Pass Filters
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 Harmonic Generators

 Schottky
diode - Also known
as a Fig. 1.79 An example of a Diode hot
Source: https://www.electronicshub.org/varactor-diode-working-characteristics-applications/ carrier
diode is a Schottky diode; it is a diode of semiconductors with a swift switching
action but a decrease in low forward voltage. When current flow through the
diode, a small voltage drop across the terminals of the diode occurs. The voltage
drop in a standard diode is between 0.6 to 1.7 volts, while the voltage drop in a
Schottky diode ranges typically from 0.15 to 0.45volts.

This lower voltage drops to ensures higher switching speed and better
system efficiency. The semiconductor N-type acts as a cathode, and the side of
the metal acts as the diode anode.

Application/use of Schottky diode:

 Switched-mode power supplies.

 Reverse current protection.
 Discharge protection.
 Voltage clamping application.
 Use as RF mixer and Detector diode.
 Solar cell application

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 Laser diode – are the lasers with semiconductors that generate a highly
intense coherent light beam. They are also known as laser injection, which was
invented by Robert N. Hall in the early sixties.
This coherent light uses a method called "Light Amplification by

Stimulated Emission of Radiation," abbreviated as LASER. And since the laser

light is produced with a p-n junction, this device is called a laser diode.

Application/use of Laser diode:

 CD and DVD players

 Barcode scanners
 Cable and High Definition (HD) TV transmission
 Remote control applications
 Spectroscopic sensing
 Laser pointers
 Printing
 Use in Industrial applications, including welding, precision cutting of
metals, heat treating, cladding, etc.

Fig. 1.81 An example of a Diode

Source: https://www.electronicshub.org/laser-diode-working-characteristics-applications/
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 The light-emitting diode (LED)- is more commonly called the "Light

Emitting Diode," or LED is just a specialized type of diode. It has very similar
electrical characteristics to a PN junction diode. That means an LED passes
current in its forward direction but blocks current flow in the reverse direction.

They are perhaps the most visible type of diode and provide relatively small
amounts of either visible light at a range of colored wavelengths, invisible infrared
light for remote controls, or laser light at the time of forwarding current.

Application/use of Light-emitting diode (LED):

 Indicator lights
 LCD panel backlighting
 Calculators
 Traffic signal
 Digital watches

Fig. 1.82 An example of a Diode

Source: https://www.electronicshub.org/light emmitting-diode-working-characteristics-applications/

 Photodiode - It is a semiconductor p-n junction or pin unit that absorbs

light energy to produce an electrical current. It is sometimes referred to as a
photo-detector, a photo-sensor, or a light detector. Photodiodes are designed
explicitly for reverse-bias operation. Reverse bias means the p-side of the
photodiode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery and that the n-
side is connected to the positive terminal of the battery.

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A photodiode is very light-sensitive, so it quickly converts light into electric

current when light or photons fall on the photodiode. A large-area photodiode is a
solar cell because it converts solar energy or light energy into electric energy.
Solar cells, but, solar cell works only at bright light.

Application / use of photodiode:

 Compact disc players

 Smoke detectors
 Space applications
 Optical communications.
 To measure extremely low light intensities.
 Use in Medical applications such as computed tomography, sampling
tools, and pulse oximeters.

Fig. 1.83 An example of a Diode

Source: https://www.electronicshub.org/photo-diode-working-characteristics-applications/

Online Research Activity No. 2

1. Research about the different types of LEDs and their corresponding voltage
requirement.
2. Do research about the different applications of LED with sample pictures
with a caption.
3. Make a research about the latest type of LEDs and how it is important in
computer technology. Include a sample picture with captions.

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INDUCTORS

The Inductor is a two-terminal passive electrical component that stores

energy in a magnetic field. The current flow generates this magnetic field through it.
It is composed essentially of a coil surrounding a core. Each coil is an inductor.
The current shifts in the coil create a magnetic field around it. The current changes in
the coil create a magnetic field around it. According to Lenz law, this magnetic field
causes an EMF through the coil, which is in the opposite direction to the current
input. And any change in supply current is opposed by an inductor.
(Components101.com)

The current generated at the core of the Inductor is called eddy current
due to the magnetic field surrounding it. The losses arising from this current are
called current eddy loss. Inductance is the Inductor's ability or property to create an
electromotive force (emf or voltage) due to changes in the electric current. Also,
there are various types of inductors.

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Types of Inductor

 Air Core Inductor – In air-core inductors, a magnetic core made of

Fig.1.84 Types of Inductors

Source: https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Inductor-Symbols.png
‌
ferromagnetic material is not used instead of a coil that is wounded in plastic,
ceramic, or other non-magnetic forms or which has only air inside the windings.

The advantage of the air-core coil-over ferromagnetic core coil is that the
air-core coil has no core or energy loss and is used in high frequencies due to
this feature. The advantage of the air-core coil-over ferromagnetic core coil is that
the air-core coil has no core or energy loss and is used in high frequencies due
to this feature. The biggest downside of an air-core coil is that the coil is not
rigidly supported, so mechanical friction in the winding will cause inductance
friction. The current it holds does not affect the inductance.

Application/use of Air core inductor:

 Filter circuits.
 Use in the construction of IF and RF tuning coils.

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 Radio receivers.

Fig.1.85 Air core Inductors

Source: https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Inductor-Symbols.png
‌

 Iron Core Inductor - The core of these inductors is a mixture of iron

grains with an organic binder, like epoxy resin. The coating of epoxy insulation
over the iron particles decreases eddy current in the core as the particle size
determines eddy current inside the center. Lower the particle size, lower the
induced eddy current.

The air distance between core particles is distributed equally, which reduces the
core's magnetic permeability. For this reason, the core's saturation current is
relatively minimal.

Application/use of Iron core inductor:

 Storage chokes
 Dimmer chokes
 Filter chokes

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Fig. 1.86 Iron Core Inductors

Source: https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Inductor-Symbols.png
 Ferrite Core Inductor – use ferrite as a core. Ferrite is a composite
formed from a mixture of iron oxide (ferric oxide) and a small proportion of other
metals such as nickel, zinc, barium.

Fig. 1.87 Ferrite Core Inductors

 Source: https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Inductor-Symbols.png H
ard ferrites – are used in permanent magnets because they do not
demagnetize very well. Because of their high loss of hysteresis, they are
not included in the Inductor.

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 Soft ferrite – magnetization changes quickly and is a good conductor of a

magnetic field. They are therefore used in transformers and inductors.

Application/use of Ferrite core inductor (hard & soft):

 Transformer
 high-frequency applications.

Fig. 1.87 Soft Ferrite Core Inductors

Source: https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Inductor-Symbols.png

 Ceramic Core Inductors - Ceramics is a non-magnetic substance, much

like the air. Ceramic cores are used to provide the outline of the coil and the
foundation for the terminals to rest on. Because it is a non-magnetic material, it
has low magnetic permeability and low inductance. Yet, it does allow for a
reduction in the core losses. It is mainly available in SMD packaging & is used in
applications where low core losses, high Q & low inductance are needed.

Application /use Ceramic core inductor:

 High current applications

 Oscillators
 Signal generator circuits
 Audio applications
 Wireless communication.
 RF filters

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 impedance matching

Fig. 1.88 Ceramic Core Inductors

Source: https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Inductor-Symbols.png

 Laminated Steel Core Inductor – This kind of Inductor, the core is laminated,
which means that it consists of a cluster of thin sheets stacked on top of each
other in tight shape. 
Application/use of Laminated steel core inductor:

 high-power applications
 Transformer

Fig. 1.89 Laminated Steel Core Inductors

Source: https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Inductor-Symbols.png

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 Toroidal Core Inductor - As the name suggests, these types of inductors

have a toroidal core that is a circular ring or a donut core. The center is
constructed from a ferromagnetic material.
The benefit of this circular core is that the magnetic field is contained within the
core, and the leakage of the magnetic flux is minimal. Due to low leakage, the
magnetic field is higher in the core. It increases the inductance of the toroidal
core inductor and is higher than the bar or bar-shaped core inductor with the
same content.
Another essential feature of the toroidal core is that the core produces less
electromagnetic interference (EMI) than the other inducer. This is why they are
used in the design of compact devices, where the components are very close to
each other.

Application/use of Toroidal core inductor:

 Power supplies
 Control circuits
 Communication systems
 Medical device

Fig. 1.90 Torroidal Core Inductors

Source: https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Inductor-Symbols.png

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 Drum/Bobbin Core Inductor - This form of Inductor is constructed from a

bobbin-shaped core. It's a cylinder with two flat discs at each end. It is also
known as the central Inductor of the drum.

The coil around the cylinder is wounded. The bobbin core does not have a closed
magnetic path; instead, the flux passes through the disc through the air gap and
then reaches the core through the second disc at the other end. It creates a wide
air gap for its magnetic field to store more energy. Therefore, the saturation
current
of the Inductor rises. This means the Inductor can withstand high peak currents
without saturation but at the risk of radiation from electromagnetic interference
(EMI).

 Shielded bobbin core inductors – have an extra layer over the top of the
coil to complete the flow path containing the magnetic field within the core.
These types of inductors have low EMI due to low leakage of flux and high
inductance due to increased magnetic permeability.

 Unshielded bobbin core inductor- lacks a closed flux path and has high
saturation current at low inductance & EMI cost.

Application/use of Drum or Bobbin core inductor:

 Power conversion applications

Fig. 1.91 Drum bobbin Core Inductors

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Source: https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Inductor-.png
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 Multi-layer Inductor – As the name suggests, these inductors have

several layers of wire wounded on top of each other. These inductors have
tremendous inductance as a result of an increase in the number of winding turns.
Also, these Multilayer inductors are available in SMD (surface mount devices)
packaging.

The multilayer SMD inductors have several layers of conductive traces

separated by a ferrite coating at the top of each other. These traces serve as an
inductor coil. However, the parasitic capacitance is also rising due to an increase
in the number of coil turns. It reduces the Inductor's Q factor that can be
increased by using ceramic dielectric material since ferrite cores have very high-
frequency losses.

Application/use of Multi-layer inductor:

 Mobile communication

Fig. 1.92 Multi Layer Core Inductors

Source: https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Inductor-Symbols.png

Thin Film Inductor – such an inductor type is constructed by a thin ferrite or
magnetic substrate. A conductive copper-shaped spiral trace is mounted atop the
substrate. The architecture allows for stability & vibration resistance.

Application/use of Thin-film inductor:

 Mobile communication devices

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 Wireless networks
 Power supplies

Fig. 1.93 Thin Film Inductors

Source: https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Inductor-Symbols.png

 Molded Inductor – the Inductor is insulated with molded plastics or ceramics,

much like the resistors. The core is constructed of ferrite or phenolic material.
The winding can be in various types, and it is available in various shapes such as
axial, cylindrical & bar form. They are also available in SMD & THT.

Application/use of Molded Inductor:

 PCB (Printed circuit board)

 Mobile devices
 Computers

Fig. 1.94 Molded Inductors

Source: https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Inductor-Symbols.png

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 Coupled Inductor – There are two windings constructed around a

common core. As a result of the first winding, the change in magnetic flux causes
emf in the second winding; this is known as mutual inductance. The two windings
are electrically isolated. The coupled Inductor thus provides electrical insulation
between two circuits. The Transformer is a coupled inducer

Based on the winding, they have several implementations. 1:1 Winding ratio
inductors are often used for electrical insulation or to maximize inductance in the
series. Winding ratio 1: N coupled inductors (which can increase or decrease
voltages) are used in other energy conversion circuits.

Application/use of Coupled Inductor:

 Electrical insulation
 Voltage control
 SEPIC
 ZETA
 Flyback

Fig. 1.95 Coupled Inductors

Source: https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Inductor-Symbols.png
‌

 Power Inductor - Such inductors are engineered specifically to withstand high

current without entering the region of magnetic saturation. The magnetic field of
the Inductor, which causes EMI (Electromagnetic Interference), is increased to
increase the saturation current level. Most power inductors are used with

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adequate shielding to reduce the EMI. They are available in both SMD &
through-hole packaging from a few vamps to a few hundred amps.

 Radio-Frequency (RF) Inductor - These inductor types are designed for

use in high-frequency applications. Because of its high impedance and core
losses at high frequency, a general inductor does not perform very well. Many of
these losses result from parasitic power, skin effect, proximity effect & current
loss.

Application/use of Radio-frequency (RF) inductor:

 Controlling multiple circuits

 Control a heavy electrical load
 Automatic change over


Fig. 1.96 RF Inductors
Source: https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Inductor-Symbols.png
‌
Chokes - Choke is just a simple inductor, but it is specifically designed to block
(shock) high-frequency signals. The impedance of a choke increases significantly
as the frequency increases. As a result, it blocks high AC and allows DC & low-
frequency AC with some loss. There are two variants of chokes: (RF)
Radiofrequency chokes, and the other one is (AF) Audio frequency chokes.

Application/use of Chokes:

 Blocking high-frequency signals

 Blocking Audio frequency (AF)
 Blocking Radiofrequency (RF)

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 Variable Inductor - These inductors are of adjustable inductance. Having

a movable ferrite core is the most common feature of the variable Inductor.
Sending the core along with the winding increases or decreases the permeability
that impacts inductance. It can be used to slip or screw the core in or out of the
coil.

Fig. 1.97 Variable Inductors

Source: https://components101.com/sites/default/files/inline-images/Inductor-Symbols.png
‌
Online Research Activity No. 3
1. Download a picture of an actual electronic circuit and identify the different types of
Inductors that you can see in the picture and label them properly.

LEARNING CHECK FOR LESSON 4

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU

LEARNED?
Tracking Metacognitive Learning # 2

Name: ________________________Year and Section_____ Date: ____________

1. Challenging concepts (What concepts you find hard to understand?)

1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________

2. Insights (What new ideas or learning did you gain in discussion/ activity?)

_____________________________________________________________________________________
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e. Before reading the topic assigned/understanding the lesson, I thought that

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________.
f. However, reading the assigned topic/understanding the lesson, I now think/realize
____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

g. Before reading the assigned topic /understanding the lesson, I thought that
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________.

h. However, reading the assigned topic /understanding the lesson, I now

think/realize
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
__________________________.

3. Questions (What questions would you like to get responses to? Or vague areas in
which you want more information?)
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________

Decode the following resistor and identify it Resistance, Tolerance, and its Maximum
and Minimum Tolerance
Resistor Color =

1. Resistance =

Tolerance Value =

Resistor
Max. Color ==
Tolerance

Resistance
Min, =
Tolerance

Tolerance Value =
2.
Max. Tolerance =

Min, Tolerance
Resistor Color =

Resistance =

Tolerance Value =
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Min, Tolerance
UNIT I: Basic Electronics and Measuring Instruments

3.

Resistor Color =

Resistance =

Tolerance Value =

4. Max. Tolerance =

Min, Tolerance

Resistor Color =

Resistance =
5.
Tolerance Value =

Max. Tolerance =

Min, Tolerance
Resistor Color =

6. Resistance =

Tolerance Value =

Max. Tolerance =

Min, Tolerance

Resistor Color =

Resistance =

7. Tolerance Value =

Max. Tolerance =

Min, Tolerance

Resistor Color =

Resistance =

8. Tolerance Value =

Max. Tolerance =
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Resistor Color =

Resistance =
9.
Tolerance Value =

Max. Tolerance =

Min, Tolerance
Resistor Color =

Resistance =
10.
Tolerance Value =

Max. Tolerance =

Min, Tolerance

LESSON 5
Understanding the different types of
diagram use in electronics.

OBJECTIVES:

_____________________________________________________________________________________
 Explain the importance of learning different diagrams 98
use in electronics.
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UNIT I: Basic Electronics and Measuring Instruments

We use various types of symbols and diagrams in engaging with electronics and
electrical technology to represent a certain electrical or electronic system and circuit.
These electrical circuits are represented by lines representing wires and symbols
representing components from electrical and electronic components. It helps to
understand the interaction between various components better. It is somewhat difficult
to understand every electronic circuit if you do not understand how each part is
connected. But if you put it at a component level, you will find that understanding how
each component is linked together is not that difficult.

Different types of diagram

___________________________________________________________________________

 Schematic diagram- The schematic diagram provides a schematic Diagram- A

more detailed information and technical data on the various types of electronic
circuits. Each electronic component will be displayed in a given circuit, and most
of the data or other information will be given and displayed. This type of drawing
provides the level of information necessary for solving electronic circuits. Having
a schematic diagram on hand can help the user design the entire circuit before
constructing it, or troubleshoot an electronic system that has stopped working.
(Materials Science and Engineeringm 2019)
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Fig. 1.98 An Example of a Schematic Diagram

Source: www.redcircuits.com

Figure 1.98 is an example of a schematic diagram of a Dark activated LED

flasher schematic diagram. It presents the electronic components and lines with
several symbols that represent the electrical connections between their terminals.
The practical circuit may vary, but the electrical connection and its function remain
unchanged. For each component of an electronic circuit,  a schematics
diagram employs symbols regardless of how small. The schematics do not show
positioning or size, just flow and function. This can determine the actual functioning of
a piece of electronic equipment. 

Pictorial diagram

The images do not represent the actual circuit necessarily. It displays the circuit's
visual component in real-time. The actual circuit can not be used for understanding or
troubleshooting, and it is not commonly used
for this reason alone. It is impossible to
understand how the circuit functions and
diagnoses for someone with fewer electronics
knowledge.

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SCHEMATIC PICTORIAL
DIAGRAM DIAGRAM

Figure 1.99 Sample Pictorial Diagram

Source: www. ionventable.eu

Block Diagram

A block diagram is like an electrical drawing representing the main sections of a

complex system in blocks linked by lines. It is the simplest electrical drawing because it
only emphasizes the function of each section and provides the process flow in the
system. A block diagram can be used in isolating trouble in a circuit by detecting the
section that has a defect or eliminating the section that is working properly.

Transformer Rectifier Smoothing Regulator Output

section section section section section

Figure 1.100 Block Diagram of a

power supply

The block diagram is easier to create and is the first stage in developing a complex
project circuit. The information on the wiring and positioning of individual components is
not present. It represents only the main components of the system and ignores any
small components. That's why; the electricians don't rely on the block diagram.
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Wiring Diagram

The wiring diagram represents electronic circuits in their approximate physical

location using their specific symbols and line connections. The vertical and horizontal
lines represent cables, with each line having a single wire connecting electrical
components. It helps in the display of the interconnections in various equipment, such
as electrical panels and distribution cabinets, etc.

It clearly shows the components with their proper electrical connection in the
sample wiring diagram. Each line (with color code) represents a specific phase wire and
its connection to each component. This type of diagram is used for wiring installation.

Figure 1.101Wiring Diagram of a PV

solar set-up

LEARNING CHECK FOR LESSON 5

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU

LEARNED?
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Tracking Metacognitive Learning # 3

Name: ________________________Yearand Section_____ Date: ____________

1. Challenging concepts (What concepts you find hard to understand?)

1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________

2. Insights (What new ideas or learning did you gain in discussion/ activity?)

a. Before reading the topic assigned/understanding the lesson, I thought that

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________.
b. However, reading the assigned topic/understanding the lesson, I now
think/realize
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
____________

c. Before reading the assigned topic /understanding the lesson, I thought that
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________.

d. However, reading the assigned topic /understanding the lesson, I now

think/realize
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
__________________________.

3. Questions (What questions would you like to get responses to? Or vague areas in
which you want more information?)
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________

POST-TEST FOR UNIT 1

HOW MUCH HAVE YOU

LEARNED?
Test 1: Write an essay to explain the following.
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1. Explain the importance of Occupational Health and Safety in hardware

servicing._________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. If you encounter a hazard, what will you do?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. What is the importance of basic tools and equipment in hardware servicing?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. My first experience in using a soldering iron I felt
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. While using a a multi tester in I learned that it -
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Rubric for Tracking Metacognitive

Learning

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Criteria Superior (5pts) Sufficient Minimal (3pts) Unacceptable

(4pts) (2pts)

The response The response The response The response

shows that the shows a general shows that the shows that the
theories, concepts, reflection on the theories, theories,
and strategies theories, concepts, and concepts, and
presented in the concepts, and strategies strategies
course materials strategies presented in presented in
are thoroughly presented in the the course the course
A. Depth of reflected and courses. Views materials are materials to
Reflection modified. and lectures are not very date are not
Viewpoints and supported. reflected and being reflected
interpretations are Good examples, personalized. on or
well supported and where Views and personalized.
insightful. Clear, applicable, are interpretations Views and
detailed examples, provided. are either interpretations
as applicable, are unbearable or are absent,
provided. supported by inadequate, or
faulty unavailable.
arguments. There are no
Examples are examples, if
not provided, if applicable.
applicable, or
are irrelevant
to the task.

Response Response Some Response

encompasses all encompasses components eliminates
components all components are missing, essential
(difficulties, (difficulties, and the components
B. Required insights, insights, requirements and does not
Components questions/discussi questions, and specified in the comply with
ons) and fulfills or points of instructions are the
exceeds all discussion) and not completely requirements
requirements meets all satisfied. outlined in the
outlined in the requirements lesson.
directions. set out in the
Guidance. Every
question or
portion of the
task is dealt
with.

C. Structure

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With its excellent Writing with the Unclear and Writing is

sentence- correct unorganized unclear and
paragraph phrase/paragrap writing. There confusing.
construction, the h construction is is no logical Thoughts are
writing is clear, usually clear, expression of roaring and
concise, and well concise, and thoughts. It meaningless.
arranged. well organized. contains more During the
Thoughts are Thoughts are than five errors entire
consistently and consistently and in spelling, response,
logically logically grammar, or there are
expressed. There expressed. No syntax. numerous
are not more than more than five errors in
three errors of mistakes of spelling,
spelling, grammar, spelling, grammar, or
or syntax. grammar, or syntax.
syntax.

The response The response The response The response

shows strong demonstrates a shows a few shows no
synthesis and synthesis of the examples of evidence that
insights from the ideas and summarizing the ideas
D. Evidence ideas presented. insights that presented submitted and
and The consequences have been ideas and insights
of such insights on presented. The gained gained are
Practices
the teaching consequences insights. There synthesized.
practice of the of these insights are a few As applicable,
respondent are, are presented consequences no
where relevant, as appropriate of this insight implications
thoroughly for the general on the for the entire
detailed. teaching teaching teaching
practice of the practice of the practice of the
respondent. respondent as respondent
a whole. are presented.

REFERENCES
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Books
Bird, J. (2017). Electrical and electronic principles and technology.
Schuler, C. A. (2013). Electronics : principles & applications. New York, NY: Mcgraw-
Hill.
‌Shamieh, C. (2020). Electronics. Hoboken, Nj: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Online References

Aluminum electrolytic capacitor. (2020, June 14). Retrieved August 11, 2020, from
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