LIVERPOOL INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE
NEW BANESHWOR ,KATHMANDU
PROJECT WORK OF BIOLOGY
• PREPARE A REPORT ON METHOD OF POULTRY
FARMING IN YOUR LOCALITY.
• PREPARE A REPORT ON ANY TWO DOMINANT
AND RECESSIVE CHARACTER OF HUMAN BEINGS
IN YOUR LOCALITY.
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
Dipsa Karki (L2) ANJANA KARKI
ROLL NO. = 14
METHOD OF POULTRY FARMING
INTRODUCTION
Poultry products like egg and poultry meat has been recognized as the fastest way to fulfill
protein supply to human in shortest run. FAO has recommended the average intake of
protein by an individual should be around 65 gm per day of which more than 50% should be
from the animal source (FAO, 2009). Poultry industry has been increasing rapidly with well-
equipped housing system in most of the developed countries. Least developing countries
has many marginal poultry farmers with small scale of farming as their business for
livelihood (Alders and Pym 2009). Data indicate that many poultry farming in the world
follow the conventional method of rearing the poultry in developing countries (Gueye,
2009; Sonaiya and Swan, 2009). Indeed, the farmers face the problem of poor production
and reproduction performance, disease and mortality (Conroy et al., 2005).
Nepal has two-third of the population directly engaged in agriculture that contributes for
34% of national GDP (Gross Domestic Products) of which 15% is from livestock sector
(MOAC, 2014) In most of the developing countries livestock farming plays important roles in
human food and nutritional security, livelihood, regional balance, gender mainstreaming,
and rural poverty alleviation (ILO, 2004). Nepal has biodiversity of topography of land and
climates where livestock farming exists in all the regions including poultry farming however
most of the farmers raise small numbers of livestock in small land holdings (Pradhanang et
al., 2015). There is about 47.96 million fowl population in Nepal with 28.3% laying hen,
which produces 887.24 million table eggs. Average annual growth rate of hen egg
production has been 2.43% during last ten years (Osti et al., 2016). Chitwan, Kathmandu and
Kaski are the major district with higher number of poultry farms in Nepal (MOAC, 2014), we
used these three districts to characterize and evaluate the constraints of egg laying chicken
farming. No study is done to compare the flock characteristics and production constraints in
Nepal. Nepal has history of poultry farming as a business since 1980 however, the expected
achievements in the farming system has not yet been achieved. Finally this study was aimed
to described the flock characteristics, productivity, identify the core constraints in poultry
farming and marketing and overall evaluation of the poultry business in Nepal.
There has been gradual increase in poultry egg production, and in the year 2006/2007, it
reached 614,848,000 in Nepal (MOAC, 2008). The poultry population including layers and
broilers are gradually increasing. There had been 6,643,350 layers in Nepal in the year
2004/2005.
Objectives of the study
The main objective of the study is to find out the status of poultry farming in Garuda,
Rautahat. However, the specific objectives of this study are as follow:
• To identify the type of poultry farming in Garuda, Rautahat.
• To identify the market of poultry farming in Garuda, Rautahat.
• To identify the major challenges on poultry farming in Garuda,Rautahat.
Study Area
The study area is confined within Garuda Municipality, located in Rautahat district of
Narayani zone Nepal. It is located between 26.9487 N latitude and 85.3085 E longitude. In
2021 ,the municipality population was 60,609. There are more than 40 poultry farm in
Garuda municipality including 18 broiler farm and 4 layer farm.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted in Garuda, Rautahat in october 2022. Both primary and secondary
data were used for the study but the main importance was given to primary data. Primary
data were collected from 15 poultry farm owner through questionnaire survey and
consultation. Secondary data were collected through available from google.
The data obtained during the study were analyzed and presented through suitable figures
like pie chart.
RESULTS
Types of poultry farm
The types of poultry farm in the study area is shown in below figure. In the study area, 12
(80%) of the poultry farm owner have broiler farm, 3(20%) of the poultry farm owner have
layer farm. So broiler farms are common type of poultry farm in the study area.
poultry farm
Broiler farm
Layer farm
Fig: Types of poultry farm
Marketing
Most of the marketing chain in the poultry farm was observed as informal practice. Both
eggs, as well as chickens, were sold to the final consumer via middle trader or broker. The
practice of the organized a middle trader was found in the entire farm. Some 30 % of sells
were made between farmer and consumer, and 70% from farmer to a trader. A middle man
usually collected the poultry from the farm. And supplied it to another sub middle man
before to the actual consumer. So, there existed for stage trading chain for selling chicken.
However, the marketing of the egg was found a bit organized as compared to the chicken
selling. The egg association has fixed the ceiling price and botton price for the farmer and
traders. We found an almost similar farm gate price rate of the egg. The price of the egg in
Kathmandu valley was the highest and the price in Rautahat was lower as compared to
kathmandu valley. Poultry were transported by van with crates tied on top with bag and
sacks of grains frequently exposed to accident and death. No storage facility for eggs by
poultry farmer were reported during the study.
Challenges
The poultry bussines is being challenging day by day. Some of the key point raised during
the consultation are listed below:
• Increasing cost of production.
• Lack of proper knowledge about poultry production.
• Improper maintenance of housing.
• Price fluctuation poultry's meat.
• Religious and cultural restrictions.
• Out break of different diseases.
• Lack of quality feed ingredients.
• Lack of grandparent stock farm in Nepal.
• Irregular supply of good quality chicks at competitive price in the contex of Nepalese
market.
Discussion And Conclusion
The poultry industry is a growing business in these recent year. The demend for its egg,
meat and chicken is increasing at increasing rate but the production has not been able to
meet the requirement. These are various hindrances in trade, marketing, health, quality
sanitation and management causing the production in efficient. Such challenges are
threatening day by day and causing the poultry business at risk. If certain management
strategies like policies, program and awareness campaign, better quarantine check and
quality control, an extension of private and public industry and various poultry regarding
accessories can be done at the time, no doubt poultry will cover more than today coverage.
Recommendation
From the current study, the following recommendation are deduced:
• There must be a clear cut vision about commercial poultry development.
• There is ample opportunity of exporting eggs and meat autonomously.
• There must be a soft loan program for poor farmer and women group.
• There must be a workable mechanism of quality control of chicks, feed, and
medicine.
References
• Acharya, K.2015. Major Issues for Sustainable Poultry Sector in Nepal, Global Journal
of Animal Scientific Research,3(1), 277-39.
• https://www.city-facts.com/garuda-municipality.
• https://www.nepalarchives.com/map-of-garuda-municipality-rautahat-nepal/
Annexes
List of poultry farmers consulted during the survey.
S.N. NAME OF FARMER NAME OF POULTRY LOCATION TYPE OF
FARM POULTRY
FARM
1. Rajendra yadav Rajendra Poultry Samanpur road, Broiler
Farm Garuda
2. Kishan sah Kishan Poultry Farm Sonarniya Broiler
3. Shakti mohan Trishakti Poultry Dudhouli Broiler
farm
4. Gautam chaurasiya Gautam Farm katahariya Broiler
5. Deepak Kumar Deepak Poultry farm Birnagara Broiler
6. Shyam sahu Sahu Poultry farm Garuda bazar Broiler
7. Dilip Sonar Dilip Poultry farm Shivnagar Broiler
8. Rajbansi yadav Rajbansi farm Malahitol Broiler
9. Madhu Thakur Madhu farm Telitol Broiler
10. Guddu naidu Naidu poultry farm Shivnagar Broiler
11. Satya rai Satya farm New road Broiler
12. Riya yadav Riya poultry farm Garuda Broiler
13. Roshan sahani Roshan poultry farm Malahitol Layer
14. Narayan kumar Kumar poultry farm Samanpur Layer
15. Kari rai Kari farm Garuda main road Layer
Dominant and recessive character in human
Dominant character
A dominant trait is an inherited characteristic that appears in an offspring if it is
contributed from a parent through a dominant allele. Traits, also known
as phenotypes, may include features such as eye color, hair color, immunity or
susceptibility to certain diseases and facial features such as dimples and freckles.
In sexually reproducing species, each individual has two pairs of chromosomes;
humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and so 46 chromosomes in total. The
chromosomes contain thousands of genes which code for the proteins that express
and control all of the biochemical and physical features of an organism; this set of
genes is an organism’s genotype.
Within each chromosome, there are two copies of each gene. Each chromosome
carries the same gene in the same position (called a locus) so that they are paired.
However, each locus may have two different versions of each gene: one received
from the mother and one from the father. Each of the alternative versions of a gene
is called an allele. Alleles come in two different forms: recessive (denoted as a small
letter, e.g., a) and dominant (denoted as a capital letter, e.g., A).
If an individual carries the same two alleles for a gene, they are homozygous for that
gene (aa or AA); this is the case whether the alleles are recessive or dominant. If the
two alleles are different, the individual is heterozygous for the gene (Aa).
Presence of dimple on the cheek
Dimples—indentations on the cheeks—tend to occur in families, and this trait is assumed to
be inherited. Dimples are usually considered a dominant genetic trait, which means that one
copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause dimples. However, some
researchers say that there is no proof that dimples are inherited. Little research has been
done to explore the genetics of dimples and it is not known which gene or genes may be
involved.
A dimple is an anomaly of the muscle that causes a dent in the cheek, especially when the
individual smiles. Some people have dimples in both cheeks, others in just one cheek. Babies
are likely to have dimples caused by baby fat in their cheeks. When they lose their baby fat
as they get older, their dimples disappear. Other children do not have them at birth but
may develop them later in childhood. In some people, dimples last only until adolescence
or young adulthood, while in others they are a lifetime trait.
Dimples that have a similar appearance can occur in successive generations of a family. For
example, in one family, it was observed that the siblings, their father, uncles, grandfather,
and great-grandfather all had similar-looking dimples in both cheeks. In other families,
dimples may occur in a child but are not seen in more than one generation.
Dimple exist as shallow or deep, but the deep dimple looks more appealing than shallow
dimple though the shallow dimple gives delightful look. Dimples make the smile more
prominent, which increase the view of expression and facial beauty . Facial dimples are
highly seen because is extremely visible in the face, and an important channel for expressing
feelings and emotions beyond words.
The physical traits are observable attributes dictated by explicit sections of genetic
materials known as genes which make every individual. Humans have hereditary traits
including both dominant and recessive. The dominant genes liable for the inheritance
of facial dimples have been proposed to be situated on chromosome 5 for the cheek
dimple gene and chromosome 16 for the chin dimple gene. It could subsequently be
construed that both dominant genes reside in individuals who express these dominants
traits (1). Morphological and behavioral hereditary characteristics demonstrate the
ethnic variation and the diversity among humans. These features give novel chance to
examine the morphogenetic variation among the endogamous populations living in various
topographical and ecological conditions. Dimples occur in both sexes, with no
predominance in either sex. Anatomically double or bifid zygomaticus muscles are liable for
facial dimples. This facial m uscle enclosure into dermis causes a dermal tethering
effect. Smiling makes the overlying skin draw inward, making the dimples larger and
progressively obvious. Be that as it may, conversely, chin dimples are formed due to an
underlying bone defect.
Six fingers or toes
The presence of an extra sixth finger or toe, a very common congenital malformation (birth
defect).This condition is called hexadactyly. The word hexadactyly literally means six
digits. In medical usage, hexadactyly does not specify whether the six digits are fingers or
toes (although in Greek "dactylos" is without equivocation a finger).
The 6th digit can be located in three different locations: on either side of the extremity or
somewhere in between. With the hand for example, the extra finger can be out beyond the
little finger (which is called ulnar hexadactyly) or out beyond the thumb (radial hexadactyly)
or, finally, between two of the normally expected fingers (intercalary hexadactyly).
Far and away the most frequent form of hexadactyly is ulnar (postaxial) hexadactyly. Next
comes radial (preaxial) hexadactyly. And far and away the rarest form of hexadactyly is
intercalary hexadactyly.
Hexadactyly in itself can be innocuous, absolutely harmless and very easily remedied, when
the hexadactyly is an isolated finding and the baby is otherwise entirely normal. Ulnar
hexadactyly with just a rudimentary tag of a sixth digit, for instance, can be very simply
treated by tying it off with one suture.
However, hexadactyly can also be one of a number of congenital malformations affecting
the baby. These cases are more complicated and require further evaluation.
Hexadactyly can be seen on some prenatal ultrasound scans. To present a real case,
an ultrasound scan showed "a rudimentary 6th digit on both hands." A more detailed
ultrasound confirmed "a 6th digit on ulnar side of each hand" and showed that 6th digit "is
small and just a floppy skin tag." No other morphological (physical) abnormalities of
the fetus were visible. Another ultrasound with even greater resolution revealed "a
rudimentary digit/skin tag on the palmar surface of the hand lying between the 4th and 5th
digits." Again, no abnormality was seen elsewhere on the baby.
The differential diagnostic list of disorders causing hexadactyly is pretty long. But many were
excluded by the absence of other malformations. It also seemed a particular type of
hexadactyly. If it were an intercalated extra digit (with the extra finger situated between the
other fingers), the list would be much smaller and only a very few entities such as the
Pallister-Hall syndrome and Greig syndrome (but there would usually be other things to see
in either of these 2 syndromes). The final diagnosis in this case has not yet been made. We
have present the case to convey the quandary that can occur when hexadactyly is
discovered antenatally (before birth) today.
Hexadactyly is the most frequent form of polydactyly, a diagnosis that encompasses all
cases of extra digits, irrespective of the number of extra digits in a particular case.
Recessive character
A recessive trait is a trait that is expressed when an organism has two recessive alleles, or
forms of a gene. Traits are characteristics of organisms that can be observed; this includes
physical characteristics such as hair and eye color, and also characteristics that may not be
readily apparent, e.g. shape of blood cells. Every organism that organizes its DNA into
chromosomes has two alleles for a trait, one from their mother and one from their father.
Alleles can be dominant or recessive. Dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles,
so a recessive trait is only expressed when an organism has two recessive alleles for a gene.
Attached ear lobes
An earlobe is made up of connective tissues combined with a mixture of areola tissues and
fat cells. Earlobes have a good blood supply, which helps in keeping them warm and
maintaining balance. There are two primary types of earlobes found in humans, which
include free earlobes and attached earlobes. Attached earlobes are not rare but are also not
commonly found. Earlobes of such type are small in size and are attached directly to the
side of the head. This kind of lobe's structural formation is due to the absence of the
dominant allele in the chromosomes. The recessive allele is expressed to form an attached
earlobe. Parents with attached earlobes will not necessarily give birth only to children with
attached earlobes.Traits are the major factors that result from chromosome pairs, which
determine one’s overall physical appearance. When alleles combine, some exert a ‘stronger’
influence as compared to others. The stronger allele is responsible for the dominant traits.If
the dominant allele fails to show its presence, the recessive allele will be expressed. These
are known as recessive traits.Although the traits vary, the size of the earlobes for both the
traits remains the same. An average man’s ear measures about 6 centimeters (cm), while for
a woman, it is about 5 cm, in which the earlobe size measures about 2 cm.
