ino

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM  Amount of melanin produced depends

upon genetic and exposure to sunlight
 Skin (cutaneous membrane)  The stratum basale (also called the
 Skin derivatives stratum germinativum) is the deepest
 Sweat glands epidermal layer and attaches the
 Oil glands epidermis to the basal lamina, below
 Hairs which lie the layers of the dermis.
 Nails
Normal skin color determinants
Skin functions:
 Protect deeper tissues from: Melanin
 Mechanical damage - yellow, brown or black pigment
 Chemical damage
 Bacterial damage Carotene
 Thermal damage - orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
 Ultraviolet radiation
 Dessication Hemoglobin
 Aids in heat regulation - red coloring from blood cells in dermis
 Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid capillaries
 Synthesizes vitamin D - oxygen content determines the extent of red
coloring
Skin structure:
Appendages of the skin
Epidermis  Sebaceous glands (all over except palms
 Outer layer and soles of feet)
 Stratifiedd squamous epithelim  Produce oil
 Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)  Lubricant for skin
 Kills bacteria
Dermis  Most ducts that empty into hair follicles
 Dense connective tissue  Glands are activated at puberty
 Has two layers:  Acne - active infection of sebaceous glands
 Sweat glands - widely distributeed in skin
1. Papillary layer -  2 types:
- projections called dermin papillae  Eccrine - open via duct to pore
-Pain receptors on skin surface
- capillary loops  Apocrine - ducts empty into hair
follicles
2. Reticular layer
-blood vessels Sweat and its function:
-Glands  Composition
-Nerve reseptor - mostly water
- some metabolic waste
Hypodermis - fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
 Not part of the skin  Function
 Anchors skin to underlying organs  Helps dissipate excess heat
 Composed mostly of  Excretes waste products
 Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
Layer of Epidermis  Odor is from associated bacteria

Strata Appendages of the skin

 layers
Melanin Hair
 Pigment (melanin) produced by - produced by hair bulb
melanocytes - consist of hard keratinized epithelial cells
 Color is yellow to brown to black - Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
 Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum
basale
ino

Hair anatomy - dehydration

- central medulla - electrolyte imbalance
- cortex surrounds medulla - circulatory shock
- cuticle on outside of cortex
- most heavily keratinized Rules of nines
- way to determine the extent burns
Associated hair structure
Severity burns:
Hair follicle First degree burn
- dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair rot - only epidermis is damaged
- skin is red and swollen
Arrector pilli
- smooth muscle Second degree burn
- epidermis and upper dermis are damaged
Sebaceous gland - skin is red with blisters
Sweat gland
Third degree burn
Nails - destroys entire skin layer
- scale-like modification of the epidermis - Burn is gray-white or black
- heavily keratinized
- stratum basale extends beneath the nail beed Critical burns
-responsible for growth - burns are considered critical if:
- over 25% of body has second degree
Nail structure burns
- free edge - over 10% has third degree
- body
- root of nail Skin cancer - most common type of cancer
- heavily keratinized
Cancer - abnormal cell mass
Skin homeostatic imbalances: Two types:
Benign - does not spread (encapsulated)
Infections Malignant - metastasized (moves) to other parts
- athletes foot of the body
- caused by fungal infection (very itchy)
Skin cancer types:
boils and carbuncles (matag tiki)
- caused by bacterial infection Basal cell carcinoma
- least malignant
Cold sores - most common type
- caused by virus - arises from statum basale

Infections and allergies Squamous cell carcinoma

- ex. contact dermatitis (exposure cause allergic - arises from stratum spinosum
reaction) - metastasizes to lymph nodes
- early removal allows a good chance to cure
Impetigo
- caused by bacterial infection
Malignant melanoma
Psoriasis - most deadly of skin cancer
- cause is unknown - cancer of melanocytes
- triggered by trauma, infection, stress - metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood
vessels
Burns - detection uses ABCD rule
- tissue damage and cell death caused by heat,
electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals

Associated dangers:
ino

ABCD RULE

A = asymmetry (two sides of pigment mole do

not match)
B = border irregularity (borders of mole are not
smooth)
C = color (different colors in pigmented area)
D = diameter (spot is larger then 6mm in
diameter)