BicolUniversity

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department
ISO 9001:2015 Guinobatan, Albay
TUV Rheinland ID 910863351

ABE 53: Food Processing Engineering

Laboratory Exercise No. 3 / Board work

Name: Danio, Mark Angelo Yr. and Section: IV-ABE 1

Problem Set what is the rate of heat transfer per square

meter of the composite wall?
1. For many materials, the variation of the
thermal conductivity K with temperature Given:
can be represented by the linear function SITUATION A:
K= Ko ( 1+ β T ) where Ko=K when 11.5 cm sil-o-cel brick
T =0∧β=¿ a constant. For such type of K = 0.1385 W/m – 0C
material, derive an equation for heat Inner Temperature = 900 0C
conduction given the boundary conditions: Outer Temperature = 95 0C
T =T 1 when X =X 1 and T =T 2 when
X =X 2. The general equation for heat SITUATION B:
conduction is given by the formula: 12 cm glass wool
q=KA dt / dx . K = 0.52 W/m – 0C

GIVEN: Required:
Rate of the heat transfer per square meter
K=Ko (1+𝛽T),
T=T1 when x=x1
Solution:
T=T2 when x=x2
q=KA dt/dx

REQUIRED:

Derive an equation for heat conduction given

the boundary conditions.

SOLUTION:

dt
q=KA
dx

( )
Substituting the value of K, q1 T 1−T 2
=
A1 X1
q=¿
K1
q1 900 ° C−95 °C
=
2. A flat furnace wall is made of 11.5-cm
A1 0.115 m
thick sil-o-cel brick ¿. The temperature of W
0.1385 ° C
the inner surface of the wall is 900 ℃ and m
q1 W
the outer surface is 95 ℃ . Find q per m 2 =969 2
of the wall. A1 m

If the same furnace wall is layered by

12 ˗ cm thick glass wool
( K=0.52W / m ˗ ℃ ) and the outermost
surface temperature is reduced to 52 ℃,
 BicolUniversity
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department
ISO 9001:2015 Guinobatan, Albay
TUV Rheinland ID 910863351

10 cm brick , assumed K=0.1385 W / m° C

16 cm concrete ,assumed K=1 W / m°C

3. A concrete wall with an area of 14 sq m
T 2=400 ° C
has a 2.2 ˗ m by 0.9 ˗ m wood door
( K wood=0.156 ) . The wall thickness is T 2=80 ° C
15 cm and the door is 5 cm thick.
Compute the heat loss in this entire wall Required: Temperature of the interface between
(including the door) if the surface the concrete and the brick T 3.
temperature are 30 °∧10 ℃ , respectively.
Illustration:
Given:
𝐴 = 14 m2
𝐴2.2 𝑏𝑦 0.9 𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 ; 𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 =
0.156 𝑡𝑤 = 15 𝑐𝑚 (𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙)
𝑡𝑑 = 5 𝑐𝑚 (𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙)
𝑇𝑤 = 30℃ ; 𝑇𝐷 = 30℃ Solution:

( 4000.10 )
Required: ° C−T 3
Heat loss in the entire wall q 1=kA

( )
Solution: T 3 −80 °C
Heat loss wall: q 2=kA
0.16
∆T
Q=kA
L q 1=q 2

[ ]
30 ° C−10 ° C
Q= (1 W / m° C ) ( 14 m 2 )
15 cm (
0.01 m
1 cm ) k1 A ( 400 ° C−T 3
0.10 )
=q 2=k 2 A (
T 3 −80 ° C
0.16 )
Qw =1866.67 W
Heat loss of Door
Q=kA
∆T [(
A k1
400° C−T 3
0.10
=k 2 ) (
T 3−80 ° C
0.16 )]
L

Q= ( 0.156W / m° C )( 2.2 m× 0.9 m )

[ [] ( ) ( )]
30 ° C−10 °CA 0.1385 400° C−T 3 =1 T 3−80 ° C
0.10 0.16
15 cm (
0.01m
1 cm )
Q D=123.552 W
Heat loss in the entire wall:
[ ( ) (
( 0.10 ) ( 0.16 ) 0.1 385 )]
400 ° C−T 3
0.10
=1
T 3−80° C
0.16
Q=QW + QD
( 0.16 )( 0.1385 ) ( 400 ° C−T 3 ) =( 0.10 ) ( 1 ) ( T 3−80 ° C )
Q=1866.67 W + 1866.67W
Q=1990.222 W ( 0.02216 ) ( 400° C−T 3) =( 0.10 ) ( T 3−80 ° C )

4. A furnace wall is made of 10 ˗ cm brick 8.864 ° C−0.02216 T 3 =0.10 T 3 −8 ° C

and 16 ˗ cm thick concrete. During
operation when the surface temperature is 8.864 ° C+ 8° C=0.10 T 3 + 0.02216T 3
400 ℃ , the temperature of the outermost
surface of the concrete is 80 ℃ . Calculate 16.864 ° C=0.12216 T 3
the temperature of the interface between
16.864 ° C
the concrete and the brick. T 3=
0.12216
Given:
 BicolUniversity
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department
ISO 9001:2015 Guinobatan, Albay
TUV Rheinland ID 910863351

( m ∙℃ )
T 3=138.05 ° C W
[ 4 π ( 0.04 m ) ( 300 s ) ]
− 130 2
2

=ln (
4−70 )
4−T
∴ the temperature between concrete∧brick is138.05 ° C

5. 8 ˗ cm
An diameter aluminum sphere ( m )[ 3
2710 kg 4
π ( 0.04 m3
) ] ( 897 J / kg ∙℃ )
3

with an initial uniform temperature of

70 ℃ is cooled in a waterbath 4 ℃ .
After 5 minutes of cooling, what is the
−784.1415
651.6739
=ln
4−T
4−70 ( )
approximate core temperature of the
sphere? Assume hs=130 W / m2 ˗ ℃ .
Calculate the initial rate of the cooling
−1.2033=ln ( 4−T
−66 )
and the cooling rate of the sphere after 5
minutes (in watts). e−1.2033 =e ln ( 4−T
−66 )
Given:
4−T
T 0=70 ℃ 0.3=
−66
T s=4 ℃ 0.3 (−66 )=4−T

t=5 min ≅ 300 sec −19.8=4−T

W T =4+19.8
h s=130 2
m ∙℃
T =23.8 ℃
kg
ρ=2710 ∴ the core temperature of sphere is 23.8 ℃
m3
B. Initial rate of cooling
C p=897 J / kg ∙℃
Q=−hA ( T m−T s )

( )
Required: W
Q=− 130 2
[ 4 π ( 0.04 m )2 ] ( 4 ℃−70 ℃ )
A. Approximate core temperature
m ∙℃
B. Initial of cooling
C. Cooling rate of sphere Q=−( 172.51 )

Solution: Q=−172.51W
∴ the initial rate of coolingis 172.51W
hl
N u=
k
C. Cooling rate of sphere
Q=−hA ( T m−T s )
( 130
W
)
( 0.04 m)
( )
2
m ∙℃ W
N u= Q=− 130 2
[ 4 π ( 0.04 m )2 ] (23.8 ℃−70 ℃ )
W m ∙℃
237 2
m ∙℃
Q=120.76 W
N u=0.0219 ∴ the cooling rate of the sphere is 120.76 W
Condition of Nulset number;
N u <0.2
6. A 10-cm diameter spherical meat product
A. Core Temperature of Sphere initially at 66 ℃ is heated in an autoclave
set and maintained at 121℃ . After 60
minutes, what is the temperature of the
−¿^ =ln T m −T ¿
ρV C p T m−T 0 ( ) meat at a point 2.5 cm from the center?
Assume the following:
 BicolUniversity
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department
ISO 9001:2015 Guinobatan, Albay
TUV Rheinland ID 910863351
T m−T
2 0.27=
K meat=0.485W / m ˗ ℃ T m −T 0
C p meat =3.33 kJ / kg ˗ ℃
121 ℃−T
ρ meat =1070 kg / m3 0.27=
2 121 ℃−66 ℃
hs=2300 W / m ˗ ℃

Given:

l=5 cm=0.05 m
l 2=2.5 cm=0.025m
T =66 ℃
T m=121 ℃
k meat =0.485 W / m∙ ℃
3
ρmeat =1070 kg / m 0.27 ( 121 ℃−66 ℃ )=121 ℃−T
C p=3.33 kJ / kg ∙ ℃
hs=2300 W / m ∙℃
2 0.27 ( 55 ℃ )=121℃−T
ρ=2710 kg / m3 T =−14.85 ℃+121 ℃

Required: T =106.15 ℃

A. Core temperature after 60 mins B. Temperature at point 2.5 cm from

B. Temperature at point 2.5 cm from the the center
center
kt
F 0= 2
Solution: ρC p ( l )

A. Core temperature after 60 mins

F 0=
( 0.485W / m∙ ℃ ) ( 60 min ) ( 160mins )
hl ( 1070 kg / m3 ) ( 3.33 kJ / kg ∙ ℃ ) ( 0.025 m )2 ( 1000 J / kJ )
N u=
k
F 0=0.783

N =
( 2300
W
m ∙℃2 )
( 0.05 m )
0.1=
121℃−T
121 ℃−66 ℃
u
W
0.485 2
m ∙℃ 0.1 ( 121℃−66 ℃ ) =121℃−T

N u=237.113 0.1 ( 55℃ )=121 ℃−T

Since N u >0.2, the formula to be used will be, T =−5.5 ℃+121 ℃

kt T =115.5 ℃
F 0= 2
ρC p ( l )
7. A wall of refrigerated storage is
constructed with 15-cm concrete and

F 0=
( 0.485W / m∙ ℃ ) ( 60 min ) ( 160mins ) layered with 10-cm thick cork insulation.
The air in the room is 4.5℃ and it moves
( 1070 kg / m3 ) ( 3.33 kJ / kg ∙ ℃ ) ( 0.05 m )2 ( 1000 J / kJ ) over the interior wall surface at
approximately 5 m/s. Exterior conditions
F 0=0.196
include air temperature of 29.5 ℃ and air
Using the table, movement over the wall surface of around
0.5 m / s . The wall dimensions are
 BicolUniversity
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department
ISO 9001:2015 Guinobatan, Albay
TUV Rheinland ID 910863351

2.5 × 4 m. Compute the rate of heat

transfer in watts through the entire wall.
Given: Solution:
15 ˗ cm concrete ,10 ˗ cmthick cork insulation Using the Grashof Number,
Room temp :4.5 ℃ at 5 m / s , Air temperature :29.5 ℃ at 0.5m / s
gβ D3 ∆ T
Gr =
Wall dimensions : 2.5 ×4 m v
2

Required
−7
Heattransferinwatts (W ) Gr =(9.81)(5.04 × 10 )¿ ¿
Solution:

To solve for heat transfer (Q)

Gr =5.46 ×104
Q=hA(T A −T R )

Q=(0.15)(10)(29.5 ℃−4.5 ℃)
Gr Pr =( 5.46 ×104 ) ( 7.020 )=3.83 ×1 05
Q=37.5 W
Since Gr Pr <1 09 and the condition is around
K= L/ A (T 1 −T 2 )Q vertical cylinders and plates, we shall use 0.59
4 m for C and 0.25 for n as empirical constants.
K= 2
10 m (29.5 ℃−4.5℃)(37.5W )
K=4.27 ×10−4 W /m ˗ ℃
Using the Nusselt number,
n
8. A cylindrical container is cooled in an ice N u=C ( Gr P r )
water bath with no circulation provided. If
5 0.25
the container surface is initially 26.5 ℃ , N u=0.59 ( 3.83 ×1 0 ) =14.68
compute the heat transfer coefficient due
to natural convection and the rate of the
transfer for initial conditions. The
Finding the heat transfer coefficient (h):
container is 7.5 cm in diameter, 12 cm tall
and is vertically positioned. Say hL
˗7 N u=
β=5.04 × 10 / ℃ . k

h(0.12 m)
Given:
14.68= 2
0.5978 W / m ˗ K
˗7
β=5.04 × 10 /℃ h=73.13W /m ˗ K
2

D=7.5 ≈ 0.075 m

T =26.5 ℃ ≈ 299.65 K Finding the convective heat transfer rate:

L=12 cm ≈ 0.12m Q=hA ∆ T

Q=hπDL ∆ T
Required:
Q=( 73.13W /m2 ˗ K ) ( π ) ( 0.075m ) ( 0.12 m) ( 299.5 K )
Heat transfer coefficient (h)
Q=619.28W
Heat transfer rate for initial condition
(Q)
 BicolUniversity
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department
ISO 9001:2015 Guinobatan, Albay
TUV Rheinland ID 910863351

9. A 5.08 ˗ cm i. d .tube with an inside wall R e=3559

temperature of 38 ℃ is used to heat a
light syrup solution from an initial
temperature of 4.5 ℃ . If the syrup is
being pumped through the tube at a rate of Cρμ
P r=
2,700 kg per hour , estimate the rate of k
the heat transfer from the tube surface to
the solution. Available data are as follows: ( 3.768 kJ /kg ˗ ℃ ) ( 1.92 ×10−3 Pa ˗ s )
P r=
0.519 W /m ˗ ℃
Cp=3.768 kJ / kg ˗ ℃
3
ρ=1073 kg / m P r=13.93
K=0.519W / m ˗ ℃
˗3
μ=1.92×10 Pa ˗ s

Given: N u=K ( R e ) ( P rb )
a

d=5.08 cm
Inside temperature ,Tw =38
From table K=0.23 , a=0.8 , b=0.4
I nitial temperature of syrup , Ts=4.5 ℃
N u=0.23 ( 3559 ) ( 13.93 0.4 )
0.8

R ate=2700 kg/hr
N u=457.48
Required:
Rate of heat transfer

Solution: Nu k
h=
Nu k l
h=
l
In order to evaluate the constant K, a 457.48(0.519 W / m ˗ ℃)
h=
and b the fluid velocity through the pipe 0.058 m
must be determine first.
2
h=4093.66 W /m ˗ ℃
m
v=
ρA 10. Calculate the total radiation heat transfer
from a 4-kg cubical food material with an

v=
(
2700 kg /hr
3600 s )
1hr average surface temperature of 70 ℃ to
the surrounding wall with temperature of
21 ℃. The product has a density and an
1073 kg /m ( π
2 )
2
0.0508
3
emissivity of
3
961 kg / m ∧0.85 , respectively .
v=0.1098 m/s
Given:

Μ =4 kg
ρDv Τ s=70 ℃
R e= 3
μ ρ=961 kg/m
ε =0.85
3
1073 kg/ m ( 0.058 )( 0.1098 m/ s )
R e= −3 Required:
1.92 ×1 0 Pa−s
Total radiation heat transferred
 BicolUniversity
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department
ISO 9001:2015 Guinobatan, Albay
TUV Rheinland ID 910863351
transfer from the tube surface to the
Illustration: solution.
Properties of light syrup:
Cp=3.768 kJ / kg ˗ ℃
K=0.519W / m ˗ ℃
3
ρ=1073 kg / m
˗3
μ=1.92×10 Pa ˗ s

Given:
Solution: d=5.08 cm
Finding the surface area: Inside temperature ,Tw =38

m I nitial temperature of syrup , Ts=4.5 ℃

ρ=
v
R ate=2700 kg/hr
m
v=
ρ Required:
Rate of heat transfer
4 kg
v= 3 = 0.00416 m
3
961 kg/m Solution:
Nu k
To get the side: h=
l
3
v=s In order to evaluate the constant K, a
and b the fluid velocity through the pipe
s= √ v=√ 0.00416 m
3 3 3

must be determine first.

s=0.16 m

m
2 2 v=
Α=6 s =6 ( 0.16 m ) ρA
2
Α=0.1536 m

v=
( 3600 s )
2700 kg /hr
1hr

1073 kg / m ( π
2 )
2
0.0508
3
Solving for the total radiation heat transferred:
4
Q=ε δ A T
v=0.1098 m/ s
Q= ( 0.85 ) ( 5.67 x 10 W /m ∙ ° K ) ( 0.1536 m ) (70 ℃+273.15 ° K )
−8 2 4 2 4

Q=102.62 W
ρDv
R e=
μ
Therefore, the total radiation heat
3
transferred is 102.62 W. 1073 kg/ m ( 0.058 )( 0.1098 m/s )
R e= −3
1.92 ×1 0 Pa−s

11. A 5.08 ˗ cm i. d .tube with an inside wall R e=3559

temperature of 38 ℃ is used to heat a
light syrup solution from an initial Cρμ
temperature of 4.5 ℃ . If the syrup is P r=
k
being pumped through the tube at a rate of
2,700 kg / hr , estimate the rate of the heat
 BicolUniversity
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department
ISO 9001:2015 Guinobatan, Albay
TUV Rheinland ID 910863351

( 3.768 kJ /kg ˗ ℃ ) ( 1.92 ×10−3 Pa ˗ s ) transfer (in watts) between the chocolate
P r= and the freezer surface. Assume both the
0.519 W /m ˗ ℃
chocolate and the freezer as black body.
P r=13.93
Given:
∈=1
N u=K ( R e ) ( P rb )
a
−8 2 4
σ =5.67 ×10 W /m K
T c =20+273.15 K
From table K=0.23 , a=0.8 , b=0.4
T f =−10+273.15 K

N u=0.23 ( 3559 ) ( 13.93 0.4 )

0.8
Required:
net radiant heat transfer
N u=457.48
Solution:
N k Solving for area:
h= u
l A=2lw +2 lh+2 wh
A=2 [ ( 1 ×2 ) + ( 1 ×3 ) +(2× 3) ]
457.48(0.519 W / m ˗ ℃) A=2 ( 2+3+ 6 )
h=
0.058 m A=2(11)
2
A=22 cm
h=4093.66 W /m2 ˗ ℃

12. Consider the sun as an ideal body (black Convert to meters:

( )
2
body), compute for the total emissive 2 1m
A=22 cm 2
power ( q / A ) of the sun if its surface 10 000 cm
temperature is 10 000℃ . A=0.0022 m2

Given: Solving for Q:

Sun, ideal black body (ε =1 ¿ 4
Q=ϵσA (T c −T f )
4

Τ s=10 000 ℃ −8 2 4 2
−8 2 4
Q=(1)(5.67× 10 W / m K )(0.0022 m )¿
δ=5.67 x 10 W /m ∙ ° K Q=0.323W
Req’d:
Total emissive power, q/A
14. What is the net radiant heat transfer per
unit area ( q / A ) between two parallel
Solution:
4 directly opposed infinite gray plane if one
Q=δ T s has a surface temperature and emissivity
of 1,000 ° K ∧0.78 and the other surface
Q=( 5.67 x 10 W /m ∙ ° K ) ( 10 000 ℃+273.15 ° K )
−8 2 4 4
has a surface temperature of 300 ° K and
2 emissivity of 0.8.
Q/ A=631, 535 , 221W /m
Given:
Therefore, the total emissive power of T 2=1 000° K ; ϵ 1=0.78
the sun is 631 ,535 , 221 W /m2 T 1=300 ° K ; ϵ 2=0.8
Required: net radiant heat transfer
Solution:
1
ϵ=
( )( )
13. A chocolate bar (1 ×2 ×3 cm¿ at 20 ℃ is 1 1
placed in a freezer with a temperature of + −1
ϵ1 ϵ2
˗ 10 ℃ . Compute the net radiant heat
 BicolUniversity
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department
ISO 9001:2015 Guinobatan, Albay
TUV Rheinland ID 910863351
1
ϵ=
( 0.78
1
)+( 0.81 )−1 15. Two marbles are placed 1 foot apart emits
ϵ=0.653 radiation. Compute the net radiant heat
transfer (watts) if the first marble is at
20 ℃ and 2cm in diameter with an
Qrad =ϵσA ( T 42 −T 41 )
emissivity of 0.8 . the second marble on
Qrad =(0.653)(5.670 ×10−8 W /m2 K 4 )(A )¿ the other hand is 60 ℃ and 5cm in
Qrad 2 diameter with an emissivity of 0.9. Only
=36725.20 W / m 1.5% of the radiation coming from the
A
second marble strikes the first

marble.

Given:
First marble:
T =20+273.15 K=293.15° K
D=2cm=0.02m
ϵ=0.8
Second marble:
T =60+273.15 K =333.15° K
D=5 cm=0.05 m
ϵ=0.9

−8 2 4
σ =5.670 ×10 W /m K
Required: net radiant heat transfer
Solution:
1
ϵ=
( )( )
1
ϵ1
+
1
ϵ2
−1

1
ϵ=
( 0.81 )+( 0.91 )−1
ϵ=0.7347

Solving for area:

2
A=4 π r

( )
2
0.05
A=4 π
2
A=0.00785

Q=ϵσA ( T 24−T 41 )
−8 2 4
Q=(0.7347)(5.670 ×10 W / m K )(0.00785)¿
Q=1.61327304 ( 0.15 )

Q=0.242W