ABSTRACT

A field was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ekiti State

University, Ado -Ekiti, Ekiti State, to asses’ okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)

performance under application of different sources of nutrient. The experiment was

laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates.

The treatment includes no fertilizer (NF), which serves as a control treatment;

poultry manure (POM), cattle manure (CM) and pig manure (PM). The result

indicated that there were significant (P=0.05) differences among the different

sources of plant nutrients fertilizer as regard their effects on okra growth and fruit

yield parameters. Sources of plant nutrients significantly (P=0.05) increased okra

fruit yield from 0.40t ha-1 for NF to 1.29, 1.65 and 1.45t ha-1
for CM, POM and PM,

respectively.

Similarly, sources of plant nutrients significantly increased okra fruit length from

3.58cm for NF to 6.14, 6.29 and 6.69cm for the respective CM, POM and PM.
 CERTIFICATION

I certify that this project was conducted by Miss. OLADIMEJI, HELEN

TOLULOPE in the department of Crop, Horticulture and Landscape Design, Ekiti

State University, Ado-Ekiti.

-------------------------------- ----------------------------------

Supervisor Date

Dr. B. Osundare

B.Sc. (Hons.), M.Sc., Ph.D (Ibadan)

Associate Professor

(Soil fertility and farming systems)

 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to the unchangeable Almighty God and also to my Family

(Mr. Oladimeji, Ajibola, Paul, Similoluwa and Mrs. Oladimeji) and to my Friends.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, want to say thank you God for seeing me through this journey, it has

been is grace from the beginning of life, I return all the glory and adoration to you.

I want to express my outmost gratitude and sincere appreciation to a loving father,

lecture and supervisor in person of Prof. B.Osundare for his encouragement,

guidance and support. Your support is really unquantifiable, may God bless you

sir.

I won’t but say a big thank you to my wonderful loving dad and mum (Mr. and

Mrs. Oladimeji), my kid brother and sister (Ajibola, Timilehin, Paul and

Similoluwa Oladimeji), may God protect you for me and thank you enough for

your encouragement.

To also my amiable daddy, Dr. Borisade, thanks for your fatherly advice and care,

May God protect you sir and also protect your family. And to my amiable H.O.D

sir, thanks for your everyday support may God bless you sir. And to my friends

(Yemisi, Folasade, Abimbola, Olamide, oki, Favour and my school fathers) thanks

for always been there for me, I Love you all

I won’t but say a big thank you to my course mate and most especially my project
mate (Sola and Toyin), thanks for your support always.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title

Abstract

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of Content

List of Tables

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Justification of the study

Objectives of study

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History, description and varieties of okra

2.2 The role of okra in organic fertilizers in improving soil fertility and crop
performance.

2.3 Types of organic fertilizers

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Study Site

3.2 Experimental design and treatments

3.3 Planting and Weeding

3.4 Data Collection

3.5 Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Chemical properties of soil in the study site prior to cropping

4.2 Chemical composition of poultry manure used for the experiment

4.3 Chemical composition of cattle manure used for the experiment

4.4 Chemical composition of pig manure used for the experiment

4.5 Okra plant height as affected by integrated application of organic fertilizers

4.6 Okra stems girth

4.7 Number of leaves of okra plant as affected by fertilizer treatments

4.8 Okra fruit yield and yield attributes

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

References
 LIST OF TABLE

Table Title Page

1. Chemical properties of soil in the study site prior to cropping 11

2. Chemical composition of organic fertilizer used (piggery, cattle, poultry) 12

3. Okra plant height as affected by integrated application of organic fertilizers 14

4. Okra stem girth 16

5. Numbers of leaves of okra plant as affected by fertilizer treatment 18

6. Okra fruit yield and yield attributes 20

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Evaluating efficacy of different organic sources of plant nutrient on Okra

(Abelmoschus esculentus) performance.

ABSTRACT: Continuous use of fertilizer like (Piggery dung, Poultry dung, Cow

dung).

Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus, fertilizer, Manure (Cow, Pig and Poultry)

Soil productivity maintenance is a major constraint of tropical agriculture. Crop

cultivation is usually moved between fields to utilize only fertile soils for some

years without use of fertilizers.

However, this cannot be sustained to meet increased demand of an increasing

population.

Tropical soils are adversely affected by suboptimal soil fertility and erosion,

causing deterioration of the nutrient status and changes in soil organism

populations (Economic Commission for Africa, 2001).

Use of inorganic fertilizers can improve crop yields and soil pH, total nutrient

content, and nutrient availability, but its use is limited due to scarcity, high cost,

nutrient imbalance and soil acidity. Use of organic manures as a means of

maintaining and increasing soil fertility has been advocated (Rodale, 1984; Alasiri
and Ogunkeye, 1999; Smil, 2000). Animal manures, when efficiently and

effectively used, ensure sustainable crop productivity by immobilizing nutrients

that are susceptible to leaching. Nutrients contained in manures are released more

slowly and are stored for a longer time in the soil ensuring longer residual effects,

improved root development and higher crop yields (Sharma and Mittra, 1991;

Abou El Magd et al., 2005).

Manures are usually applied at higher rates, relative to inorganic fertilizers. When

applied at high rates, they give residual effects on the growth and yield of

succeeding crops (Makinde and Ayoola, 2008) Improvements of environmental

conditions as well as the need to reduce cost of fertilizing crops are reasons for

advocating use of organic materials (Bayuet al., 2006).

Organic manures improve soil fertility by activating soil microbial biomass

(Ayuso et al., 1996). Application of manures sustains cropping system through

better nutrient recycling (El Shakweer et al., 1998). Manures provide a source of

all necessary macro- and micro-nutrients in available forms, thereby improving the

physical and biological properties of the soil (Abou El-Magd et al., 2006).

Mixing organic and inorganic fertilizers may be a sound soil fertility management

strategy in many countries.

 Apart from enhancing crop yields, the practice has a greater beneficial residual

effect that can be derived from use of either organic or inorganic fertilizers applied

alone. Makinde et al. (2001) reported that maize (Zea mays L.) yields obtained

from application of a combination of synthetic fertilizer and manure improved

yield over that from manure alone. Akande et al. (2003) reported that combined

use of ground rock phosphate applied together with poultry manure significantly

improved growth and yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)

compared to application of each material separately. Akanbi et al. (2005) reported

that the combined application of 4 Mt· ha-1 of maize straw compost and N mineral

fertilizer at 30 kg·ha-1improved plant growth and gave higher tomato

(Lycopersicum esculentum L.) yields than other.

Justification of the study

The limitations of inorganic fertilization to improve soil fertility and crop yield

have necessitated growing search for alternative organic sources of plant nutrients

for improving soil fertility and crop yield.

Consequent upon this, this study was aimed at evaluating effects of different

organic manures on the growth and yield of okra.

Objectives of the study

1. To assess effects of application of poultry, pig manure, cattle manure on the

growth and yield of okra.

CHAPTER TWO
 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History, description and varieties of okra

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)

Okra or Okro (Abelmoschus esculentus),known in many English speaking

countries as ladies ‘finger’s or ochro, is a flowering plant in the mallow family .

It’s an important protein source in most developing countries. It is the 4th most

popular vegetable after tomato, pepper and garden egg (Wammanda et al, 2006)

Its belongs to the family Malvaceae and has erect growth habit, the main stem is

cylindrical , green or purple in color, its height is about 1.5-3m or more, the size,

color and shape of the leaf vary between cultivals (Anda,2001). It is extensive root

systems which anchor the plant deeply in the soil; the auxiliary flowers are cream,

yellow or golden in color with red coloring at the base of about 15-25cm in length

and width of about 5-10 ridges /fruit. There are many cultivars of okra which

includes NHAE47-4 which is high yielding with roundish short pods ,which velvet

,popular in northern part of Nigeria with long pod, Lady’s

fingers ,V35,A.moschantus, A. ficulneus, A. manihot which are found in South

eastern Asia.
Okra originated in North West Africa before it was introduced in the 1600s.It

eventually came to North America with the advent of the shear trade .Okra is now

widely grown in many areas of southern United States (Anda,2001)

Okra has been reported to thrive well under drought, tolerance of okra may be

considered due to its better crop stand rather than yield under drought conditions.

However, for sustainable agriculture, better crop stand alone means nothing to the

farmers until it produces an acceptable yield under drought stress. Therefore,

drought tolerance may be defined on the basis of yield, rather than plant

survivability (Ahmed, 2003).

Okra is a multipurpose crop valued for its tender and delicious pods. In West

Africa, leaves buds and flowers of okra are also consumed. The dried seeds contain

18-20% oil and 20-23% crude protein. Foliage can be used for biomass and the

dried stems serve as a source of paper pulp or fuel. To a limited extent, okra is used

in canned dehydrated or frozen forms. It has an average nutritive value of 3.21

units, which is higher than tomato, eggplant and most cucurbits except bitter gourd.

The cultivation of okra extends throughout the tropics and warmer parts of

temperate Asia.

Okra is a very good source of dietary fiber, magnesium, manganese, potassium,

vitamin K, vitamin C, folate, B1 and B6. Okra seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty
acids such as linoleic acid, which is essential for human nutrition. Okra has

beneficial health benefits on diabetes and some cancers.

2.2 Use of organic and inorganic fertilizers

The word manure originates from Greek word “manure” meaning to cultivate land

and initially from a French word “mainoeuvre” which means “Handwork”.

Manure is any material obtained from plants, or animal or its remains, which may

be added to the soil to improve it fertility. Manure contributes to the fertility of the

soil by adding organic matter and nutrient such as nitrogen to the soil and tends to

bind loose soil particles together thus increasing its water retention capacity

(Anyawu and Anyawu, 1985).

There are two main types of manure, namely, green manure and animal manure.

The former is produced from fresh plant materials and the latter from the droppings

of plant eating mammals (Herbivores) and poultry or from plant materials, which

have been used as bedding for animals and so is heavily contaminated with faeces

and urine. The process of spreading or incorporating manure is termed manuring

(Goldstein, 1991).

Though manure could be used for several purposes, great care should be taken so

as to reduce the risk of storing too large a pile of manure which could also ignite.
The examples of animal manure are:

a. Bone meal

Bone meal is made from crushed animal bones. It is rich in phosphorus and

calcium and supplies some nitrogen. It can promote plant seedling growth

aid flowering, fruiting and seedling.

b. Blood meal

A blood meal is a dried form of animal blood .It can improve the nitrogen

content in the soil.

c. Animal manure or droppings

It can come from a variety of animals. For example, cow manure can

increase the moisture holding capacity of the soil and aeration.

d. Fish emulsion

This blend of finely ground, decomposed fish releases a food of nitrogen and

some other nutrient into the soil. It acts as a soil condiments.

e. Fish meal

Fish meal is a rich source of organic nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium.

Use of organic manure as a means of maintaining and increasing soil

fertility has been advocated (Rodale, 1984; Alasiri and Ogunkeye, 1999;
Smil, 2000). Organic fertilizers, when efficiently used, ensure sustainability

crop productivity by immobilizing nutrients that are susceptible to leaching.

Improvement of environmental conditions as well as the need to reduce cost

of fertilizer crops are reason for advocating use of organic manure which are

readily available for farmers (Bayu et al, 2006). Organic manure improves

soil fertility by activating soil microbial biomass (Ayusco et al, 1996).

Manures provide a source of all necessary macro and micro nutrient, in

available forms, thereby improving the physical and biological properties of

the soil (Abou El Magd et al, 2006). Many workers have attempted to assess

the importance of organic manures in crop production. Senjobi et al (2010)

reported that the use of poultry manure, sheep and goat manure improve all

the growth parameters of leafy they worked on. Nitrogen plays crucial roles

in plant growth (IFA/FAO, 1992). Organic matter is the ultimate

determinant of the soil fertility in most tropical soils and its account

continued use. The fertility of soil could be sustained with the addition of

poultry manure (Osundare and Agboola, 2011). Poultry manures readily

supplies (P) phosphorus to plants than other organic manures sources (Garg

and Bahla, 2008). Although, poultry manure is an excellent nutrient source

for plant, supplementing soil nutrients and prevent nutrient imbalance and

associated animal health risk, as well as surface-water and ground water

contamination (Aito and Mencula, 2009). Nutrient contained in poultry

manure are released more slowly and are stored for a longer time in the soil

ensuring longer residual effects, improve root development and higher crop

yields (Sharma and Mitta, 1991; Abou El Magd et al, 2005). Improvements

of environmental conditions as the need to reduce cost of fertilizing crops

are reason for advocating the use of organic materials (Bayu et al, 2006).
 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Study site: A field experiment was carried out at the Teaching and

Research Farm of Ekiti State University, Ado –Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, during

2021 cropping season.

3.2 Experimental design and treatments.

The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD)

with three replicates. The plot size was 2 X 1m with 0.5m between plots spacing

and treatment blocks spaced 1m apart. The treatments included: no fertilizer (NF),

which serves as the control treatment, poultry manure (PoM); cattle manure (CM)

and pig manure (PM). All the organic fertilizers were applied at rate of 3.20| t ha-1, 2

weeks before planting (WBP) (Fondufe, 1995).

3.3 Planting and Weeding

Planting of okra was carried out on May 17, 2021. Three seeds of Clemson

spineless okra variety were sown per hole, at a spacing of 60 cm X 30 cm, and later

thinned to one plant per stand (55,555 okra plants ha-1) at three weeks after planting.

Weeding was done manually at three and five weeks after planting using hoe.

3.4 Data collection

Data were collected on okra leaf area, number of leaves stem height, stem girth,

number of days to 50% flowering. The stem girth and stem height were measured

using a tape rule.

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Chemical properties of soil in the study site before cropping

Table 1 shows chemical properties of Soil in the study site before cropping.

The pH of the Soil was 5.0. The organic carbon was 0.52gkg-1, which total nitrogen
was 0.30gkg-1. Available phosphorus was 0.33mgkg-1. Exchangeable potassium,
Calcium, Magnesium and Sodium were 0.41, 0.47, 0.51 and 0.30cmolkg-1
respectively. Exchangeable acidity, Effective Cation and Exchangeable capacity
were 0.33 and 2.10 cmolkg-1 respectively.

Table 1: The chemical properties of soil in the study site before cropping

Soil parameters Value

pH 5.0

Organic carbon (g kg-1) 0.52

Total nitrogen (g kg-1) 0.30

Available phosphorus (mg kg-1) 0.33

Exchangeable bases (c mol kg-1)

Potassium 0.41

Calcium 0.47

Magnesium 0.51

Sodium 0.38

Exchangeable Acidity 0.33

Effective Cation Exchangeable Capacity(cmol-1) 2.10

4.2 Chemical analysis of nutrient sources used in the experiment

Table 2 shows chemical composition of organic nutrient sources used in the
experiment.

Table 2: Chemical Analysis of Organic Manure Used in the Experiment

Nutrient elements Values

CD PM PoM

Organic carbon (g kg-1) 0.71 0.81 0.83

Total nitrogen (g kg-1) 0.66 0.91 0.76

C/N ratio 1.08 0.90 1.09

Phosphorus (g kg-1) 0.49 0.63 0.51

Potassium (g kg-1) 0.68 0.52 0.59

Calcium (g kg-1) 0.59 0.68 0.63

Magnesium (g kg-1) 0.61 0.66 0.70

Sodium (g kg-1) 0.41 0.48 0.50

CM= Cattle Manure; PoM= Poultry manure PM= Piggery manure.

4.3 Effects of different nutrient sources on okra leaf area

Table 3 shows okra leaf area are as affected by nutrient sources.

At 3 weeks after planting (WAP), nutrient sources significantly increased okra leaf
area from0.21m2 plant-1 for NF to 0.29, 0.38 and 0.31 for the CM, PM and PoM.
Similarly, at 5(WAP), nutrient sources significantly increased okra leaf area from
0.37m2 plant-1 for NF to 0.51, 0.62 and 0.57m2 plant-1 for CM, PM and PoM
respectively. At 7WAP, nutrient sources significantly increased okra leaf area from
0.42m2 plant-1 for NF to 0.63, 0.89 and 0.73m2 plant-1, for CM,PM and PoM
respectively.

Table 3: Effects of different nutrient sources on Okra leaf area (m2 plant-1)
 W A P

Treatments 3 5 7 Mean

NF 0.21d 0.37d 0.42d 0.33d

CM 0.29c 0.51c 0.63c 0.48c

PoM 0.38a 0.62a 0.89a 0.63a

PM 0.31b 0.57b 0.73b 0.54b

4.4 Effects of different nutrient sources on okra stem girth

Table 4 shows the effects of nutrient sources on okra stem girth. At 3 WAP,
nutrient sources significantly increased okra stem girth from 0.41cm for NF to
0.60cm, 0.71 and 0.67 for the respective CM, PM and PoM. At 5 WAP, application
of nutrients resulted in significant increases in Okra stem girth from 0.84cm for NF
to 2.69, 2.84 and 2.74cm for CM, PM and PoM respectively. At 7 WAP, Nutrient
sources significantly increased Okra stem girth from 1.96cm for NF to 3.02, 3.26
and 3.14cm for the respective CM, PM and PoM

Table 4: Effects of different Nutrient sources on Okra stem girth (cm)

 W A P

Treatments 3 5 7 Mean

NF 0.41d 0.84d 1.96d 1.07d

CM 0.60c 2.69c 3.02c 2.10c

PoM 0.71a 2.84a 3.26a 2.27a

PM 0.67b 2.74b 3.14b 2.18b

4.5 Effects of different nutrient sources of okra plant height

Table 5 shows okra plant height as affected by nutrient sources.

At 3 WAP, nutrient sources significantly increased okra plant height from 4.02cm
for NF to 6.70, 7.10 and 7.02cm for CM,PM and PoM respectively. At 5 WAP,
nutrient sources significantly increased okra plant height from 10.02cm for NF to
18.23, 20.24 and 19.03cm for the respective CM, PM and PoM. At 7 WAP,
nutrient sources significantly increased okra plant height from 12.50cm for NF to
19.52, 24.83 and 22.50cm for CM, PM and PoM respectively.

Table 5: Effects of different nutrient sources on okra plant height (cm)

 W A P

Treatments 3 5 7 Mean

NF 4.02d 10.02d 12.50d 8.85d

CM 6.70c 18.23c 19.52c 14.82c

PoM 7.10a 20.24a 24.83a 17.39a

PM 7.02b 19.03b 22.50b 16.18b

4.6 Effects of different nutrient sources on okra fruit yield and yield
components.

Table 6 shows the effects of different nutrient sources on the yield and yield
components of okra fruits at harvest.
Application of nutrient sources resulted in the significant increases in okra fruit
yield from 0.40t ha-1 for NF to 1.29, 1.65 and 1.45t ha-1 for the respective CM, PM
and PoM. Similarly, nutrient sources significantly increases okra fruit length from
3.58cm for NF to 6.14, 6.29 and 6.69cm for CM, PM and PoM respectively. The
significant increases in okra fruit diameter adduced to nutrient sources were 3.63,
4.71, 5.08 and 5.40cm for NF, CM, PM amd PoM respectively. Nutrient sources
significantly increased okra fruit number from 5 for NF to 9, 14 and 16 for the
respective CM, PM and PoM.

Table 6: Effects of different nutrient sources on okra fruit yield and

yield attribute at harvest.
 Treatments Fruit yield Fruit length Fruit diameter NO of fruits per plant
( t ha-1) (cm) (cm)
NF 0.40d 3.58d 3.63d 5d
CM 1.29c 6.14c 4.71c 9c
PoM 1.65a 6.29b 5.08b 14b
PM 1.45b 6.69a 5.40a 16a

DISCUSSION
The soil organic carbon (SOC) value of 0.52g kg-1 was below the SOC
critical level of 0.63g kg-1 recommended by Alasiri (1999). The total
nitrogen value of 0.30g kg-1 was below the 0.58g kg-1 critical N level
recommended by Ajayi (2009). The available P value of 0.33g kg-1 was
below 0.49g kg-1 critical P level recommended by Aito (2009). The
exchangeable bases value of 0.41, 0.47,0.51 and 0.38 cmol kg-1 were below
critical level of 0.51, 0.59, 0.62 and 0.47 cmol kg-1, recommended for
Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium And Sodium respectively.
The best okra performance in terms of growth and fruit yield,
consistently observed in the plots of poultry manure, is in line with the
observations of Alasiri(1999) and Aito (2009), who reported highest growth
and yield values of okra treated with poultry manure relative to cow and
pig manures. These observations pointed to the superiority of poultry
manure to cow and pig manures. The superiority of poultry manure can be
adduced to its highest values of the cardinal plant nutrient (Table 2). Pig
manure gave higher values of okra growth fruit yield than cow manure
which corroborated the findings of Awodun and Olatusi (2007), who, in
their many years’ field trials on assessing effects of different animal manures on
the growth and yield of okra. The higher okra growth and fruit yield values
for pig manure can be ascribed to the lower lignin content of pig manure
 than that of cow manure. The lower lignin content of pig manure may have
enhanced faster rate of decomposition and mineralization of pig manure and
hence, higher nutrients release by pig manure.

The observed significant differences among these three animal dungs

with respect to okra performance implied that, although, animal dungs are
excellent sources of plant nutrients, however, the extent or degree of their
replenishing lost soil nutrients, largely depends on the class of animal or
livestock.

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A field experiment was concluded at the Teaching and Research Farm of

Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, during 2021 cropping

season. The major findings of the study are as follows.

 All the fertilizer treatments significantly increased okra plant height

 Different treatments resulted in significant increases in okra plant stem girth

 The growth, yield and attributes of okra were all significantly increased by

the application of different fertilizer treatments at harvest.

 After cropping fertilizer, treatments resulted in significantly increases in

Total N, relative to the control treatments.

RECOMMENDATION:
Integrated applications of poultry manure, piggery manure, cattle manure and no

fertilizer have the highest values of growth and yield attributes of Okra, hence it is

recommended for Okra farmer.

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