EXPONENTIAL EQUATION

An exponential equation is an equation in which the

independent variable occurs in the exponent.

Example 1: Find the value of 𝑥 in the equation 4𝑥+1 = 64.

Solution:
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
Step 1: Make the bases the same.
An exponential function can be written as 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒃𝒙 where
4𝑥+1 = 43
b>0, b ≠ 1, and x is any real number.
Step 2: Copy the exponents and equate them.
Note: reads as greater than (>), not equal to (≠)
𝑥+1=3
Step 3: Solve the resulting equation.
In the equation 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒃𝒙, b is a constant/number called the
𝑥+1=3
base and x is the variable called the exponent.
𝑥=3−1
𝑥=2
Step 4: Check if the obtained value satisfies the given
equation.
42+1 = 64
64 = 64
Therefore, 𝒙 = 𝟐.

Example 2: Find the value of x in the equation 5x = 125.

Solutions:
5𝑥 = 53
𝑥=3 Domain and Range of an Exponential Function
Check if the obtained value satisfies the given equation. The domain of a function refers to the set of input values for
53 = 125 the independent variable, these are simply the x-values of
125 = 125 the given function. The domain of an exponential function is
Therefore, 𝒙 = 3. all real numbers, that is, x can be any real number.
EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITY The range of a function is the set of output values for the
An exponential inequality is an inequality involving dependent variable (y-values). The range of an exponential
exponential forms where x is in the exponent. function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏𝑥 is a set of real numbers above and below
the horizontal asymptote (a line that a curve approaches
arbitrarily).

Sample Problems:
Example: Find the possible values of 𝑥 in 3 > 243.
3𝑥+1 Ray purchased a new house for his family worth Php
Solution: 172,000.00. Its value increases 2% annually. How
Step 1: Make the bases the same. much is house worth after 6 years?
33𝑥+1 > 243
33𝑥+1 > 3 5
Step 2: Copy the exponents and the relational symbol.
3𝑥 + 1 > 5
Step 3: Solve the resulting inequality.
3𝑥 > 5 − 1
3𝑥 > 4
3x 4 Given:
> P= Php 172,000.00
3 3
4 r = 2% or 0.02
x> t = 6 years
3
4 Find: y
The solution set is x > . Solutions:
3
y=172,000 (1+ 0.02)6
y=172,000 (1.02)6
y=172,000 ( 1.126162419264 )
y=193 , 699.94
Therefore, the house is worth Php 193, 699.94 after 6
years.

Logarithm
A logarithm is defined as the exponent that indicates the
power to which a base number is raised to produce a given Properties of Logarithms
number. Property 1: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝟏 = 𝟎
Example: a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (1) = 𝟎
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 (1) = 𝟎
c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 (1) = 0

Property 2: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒃 = 𝟏
Example: a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5(5)=1
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔7(7)=1
c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔8(8)=1

In dealing with logarithms, it is important to note the Property 3: Product Property of Logarithms
following. Let b, M and N be positive real numbers where 𝑏 ≠ 1. Then
1. In both the logarithmic and exponential forms, b is the 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝑴𝑵 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝑴 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝑵
base. In the exponential form, c is an exponent; this implies This property implies that the logarithm of a product of two
that the logarithm is actually, an exponent. Hence, numbers is the sum of the logarithms of the numbers.
logarithmic and exponential functions are inverses.
Example: Use the product property of logarithms to expand
2. In the logarithmic form 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥, x cannot be negative. 3.
the following:
The value of 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥 can be negative.
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(4 ∙ 8)
Logarithms with a base of 10 are called common logarithms. Solutions: a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(4 ∙ 8) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(4)+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(8)
When the base is not indicated, base 10 is implied. For = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(22)+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(23)
example, log 𝑥 is the same as 𝑙𝑜𝑔10𝑥. Logarithms with a = 2+3
base of e are called natural logarithms. Natural logarithms =5
Property 4: Quotient Property for Logarithms
are denoted by ln. ln x is the same as 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒙.
Let b, M and N be positive real numbers where b ≠ 1.
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION M
Then 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝑴 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝑵
A logarithmic function expresses a relationship between two N
variables (such as x and y) and can be represented by a This property means that the logarithm of a quotient is the
table of values or a graph. The logarithmic function is the difference of the logarithm of the numerator and the
function 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥 where b is any number such that b > 0, b logarithm of the denominator.
≠ 1, and x > 0. Example: Expand the following expressions using the
The table below allows you to better understand and quotient rule of logarithms.
distinguish logarithmic function, logarithmic equation, and 2 x 2+ 6 x
a. log ( ¿
logarithmic inequality. 3 x +9

Property 5: Power Property of Logarithms

Let b and M be positive real numbers where b ≠ 1. Let p be
any real number. Then, 𝟏𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝑴𝒑 = 𝒑𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝑴
Examples: Rewrite the following logarithmic equations to
That is, the logarithm of a power of a number is the exponent
their exponential form and vice versa.
times the logarithm of the number.