Human Body Systems There are 11 main systems that keep our bodies functioning. Learn the primary roles of each in the diagram below. Grrr Nervous 9 equation of body Processing center for sensory processes through Input, using the input to ect Formane production ‘appropriate responses ro) f | Respiratory Cardiovascular Gas exchange between Circulation of blood, the internal and external which transports gases, environment nutients, hormones, and wastes Physical and chemical Circulation of lymph, breakdow of fod to hich maintains tid allow absorption of balance and helps nutrients fight infection Reproducti Urinary. Production of Filtration of reproductive cells that blood and excretion wil generate offspring of wastes rom the a Protection against the external environment and regulation of temperature 3B, BS Support and protection = of many interna AS xgans y Ul Voluntary and involuntary ‘movementHuman Body: nervous System The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. These systems work together to collect and interpret data from the body's internal and external environment and control responses. Central Nervous System: Spinal <— Brain “The central nervous system — ood (NS) manages the bodys /‘s essemta functions. Made up ofthe brain and spinal cor, the CNS recelves sensory Information and coordinates an appropriate response Peripheral Nervous System ‘The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects te CNS tothe restf the boy. Spinal (Nerves branch out from the brain and om, spinal cord extending tothe rgans, muscles, and other parts of the body. ‘Neurons are highly specialized oats Nenes that transmit chemical and electrical {information inthe body, Neurons use shor, branched extensions called ‘dondites to receive nerve impulses from surrounding cei. These messages then ‘travel through te cell body tothe axon, athreadike structure, The impuise moves through the axon and is transmitted via chemical or electrical signals that pass \ through 3 synapse. \ S neurotransmiters are chemicas that ‘relay signals between neurons and ‘body tissues. Neurotransmitter include ‘adrenaline, dopamine, and endorphins. sheath nerve imps Schwann call nucleus JfHuman Body: Endocrine System The endocrine system contains 9 major glands and organs that produce, store, and secrete hormones. 8 This buttertlyshaped gland produces 3 major hormones: calcitonin, triiodothyronine (73), and thyroxine (T4), They help regulate the body's energy and metabolism, Parathyroid @ ‘The parathyroid secretes hormones necessary for calcium absorption. Thymus @ ‘The thymus conto production of ‘alls (white blood cells) and plays ‘vital ol in the body's ability to fight diseases. Ovaries/Testes @ ‘The male and female reproductive | ‘organs release hormones responsible for blood circulation, ‘mental vigor, and sex drive, Ovary Secretes estrogen and progesterone, which play a key role inthe health ofthe female reproductive system. Testis Secretes testosterone, which is vital for physical development, bone density, and libido in males. Hypothalamus Maintains the body's homeostasis and regulates body ‘temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Pituitary Gland Composed of 2 lobes: the anterior, which seoretes hormones, involved in the body's growth and development, and the posterior, which secretes hormones that increase the Teabsorption of water into the kidneys. Responsible forthe production of melatonin, which plays @ major role in the body's sleep-wake cycle. © Pancreas Aids in the digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Responsible for the production of insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in ‘the blood, © Adrenal Gland Produces hormones tht ow the body to react to stress, such as acenalne and cortisol whabHuman Body: Respiratory System The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange—the inhalation of oxygen (0,) and the exhalation of carbon dioxide (CO,). The lungs, conducting airways, and the diaphragm are key structures of the system. Lungs and Diaphragm “rachea Human ungs are sponge-tke organs Left Lung found in the thoracic (chest) cavity. (2 lobes) ‘The right lung has 3 lobes and is larger than the Blobed left lung, a the neat occupies more space onthe let side ‘The diaphragm is a domed, sheet-like ‘muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Breathing During inhalation, the diaphragm ‘contracts, and ai is pulled through ‘the conducting airways into the lungs. During exhatation, the diaphragm relaxes, and airs pushed from the lungs. Left Bronchus Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Alveoli ‘Air entrs the lungs from the trachea though the right and let bronchus. These branching airways lead to bronchioles and end in microscopic air sacs caled alveoli. The alveoli are the sites of gas exchange between the carcovascular and respiratory systems, “ Mushal | Capillary NetworkHuman Body: cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system circulates blood through the body. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels—arteries, capillaries, and veins. As blood flows through these vessels, it delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells while removing carbon dioxide and waste products from them. The human heart The human heart is @ muscular pump about the The heart consists of cardiac muscle, size ofa human fst, I has 4 chambors—2 a strated and involuntary muscle alia and 2 ventricles. thas 4 heart valves. Two Individual cardiac muscle ces are located between the chambers and 2 exit (cargiomyceytes) are connected by the hear, preventing the backflow of blood Intorcalated ass that coordinate ‘sqnohronized muscle contraction, cardiac muscle pummenary Blood composition . artery ‘The human body contains about 5 iter of boo Band const fed ‘ah Puerto cols, whist cel, trio left platelets, and plasma, aun Aer cary oxygenstes bios aay to te near ‘ we toarterls and then to vente cepllares. Capit wal are thin—onl a single cell thick—allowing O, and nutrients to enter tissues while right ventricle ‘waste products are removed. Blood then travels through venules and inta larger veins that cary it back oS d to te heart. capilry bed ateioet — Lvenule The 2 circulation loops Pulmonary = ‘The right side of the heart pumps oxygen-deficlent blond tothe lungs where it releases CO, and becomes oxygenated. This blood then retuns tothe heart Pathway: right atrium —» right ventricle > lungs — let atrium left atrium Systemic The ef side ofthe heart pumps axygenated blood to body tissues where it delivers leftvontrcte G, and picks up CO, and other waste products. This deoxygenated blood then travels beck tothe heart where it begins the puma ep. Paty: tation — ft venice boty > | fatter udlh right atrium right ventricleHuman Body: pigestive System The main functions of the digestive system are mechanical and chemical digestion, and absorption. Digestion is the process in which the body breaks food down into smaller molecules so that nutrients can be easily absorbed. The entire digestion process can take anywhere from 24 to 50 hours. Mouth/Esophagus Digestion begins inthe mouth through the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. © @ ‘Smooth muscle tissue in Mouth the esophagus squeezes the food down toward the stomach in a process called peristalsis, Poristalsis, muscle —> ig <— contraction f ‘Stomach Mechanical and chemical digestion continues inthe stomach, Smooth muscle tissue In the stomach wall squeezes ‘and chums the materia, while enzymes and chemicals are added to help futher break dow the foo. muscle contraction = ‘Stomach structure The internal structure ofthe stomach has ridges and folds caled rugae. This increases the Rugae ‘surface area within the stomach and allo itto expand to hold more foo, Stomach Large Intestine The large intestine, about § {eet long, is responsible for Intestines Duodenum eliminating waste matter The small intestine and large intestine colon} combined average 25 feet long ‘Small Intestine elem ‘The majority of absorption takes place in the small intestine, which is about 20 {eet lng. The small intestine has 3 sections: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, Finger-tke extension called ‘ipa vil and microvill increase the surface area ofthe smal eum intestine, allowing maximum absorption of nutrients and water MicroviHuman Body: Lymphatic System The lymphatic system plays a vital role in the body's immunity. Lymphatic vessels = transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, from body tissues into lymph ducts that drain into lymph nodes. y Tonsils aro in the back ofthe throat, on bath sides, onsils aid in fighting off pathogens but sometimes become. Infected. A tonsillectomy can be performed to remove infected tonsils. Lymphocytes are a ‘ype of white blood cell that produces anti- bodies for immunity. ‘The thymus, is alymphatic organ located between the lungs and acts as storage for lymphocytes. Lymph Nodes Lymph nodes are small, oval-shaped ‘aves that occur in clustors throughout ‘the body. They contain lymphocytes and hlp dofond the body against infection Superticial lymph nodes are highly concentrate inthe cervical (neck axillary (am pit, and inguinal (groin regions. Ts ar palpable an aro offen used as indicators of Infection cervical ose Spleen The spleen a lymphatic organ located in the upper abdomen, behind the stomach. ts function isto {itor bloods debris and old red blood cals. Lymphocytes are also stored here. lymph Node Anatomy qi Merent ymphatc vessels Lymphatic nodule Germinal center Efferent lymphatic vessels MushHuman Body: Reproductive System The male and female reproductive systems are controlled by hormones produced by the pituitary gland in the brain, and the reproductive organs themselves. The Reproductive Organs ‘These organs make, mature, and store gametes, o sex cel, in the human body. The male gametes are called sperm and female ‘gametes ae called ova or egg cels. Each gamete contrbutes hao an offpring’s DNA, providing genetic variation trough hypothalamus soul een ‘Male reproductive system ira Pituitary gland ‘Sperm is made in the seminiferous tubules and stored in the soe fps Kas oun a tens yee es with seminal ids and passes through the urethra. infundibulum anterior Posterior pituitary pituitary Pituitary Gland ‘The pituitary gland secretes hormones that control the reproductive organs. It signals the production of sex hormones and controls ovulation ‘andthe menstrual cycle in women, seminiferous tubules epididymis tal Female reproductive system Immature eggs are found inthe ovaries where they mature and are Developing released into the fallopian tubes. An egg travels dawn the tube to Ovarian Follicle the uterus, where i ether implants and develops into an embryo or {is shed with the ining ofthe uterus atthe end of a menstrual cyce. fallopian tubes.Human Body: Urinary System The urinary system filters extra water and waste products from the blood to help maintain proper fluid balance inside the body. An elaborate system of tubes and tubules intertwines with arteries and veins within the kidneys to allow for maximum excretion of waste products, such as various salts and proteins. The ureters carry this waste to the bladder, where it is stored until excretion. ‘Normal daily urine output range: Inferior vena cava ‘Abdominal aorta 800mL. 2200 ml. (rain vein to hear) (main artery from heart) carries fitered blood ‘artes blood from heart to Vytt 7 ¥ trom kineys to body & 4244 umm. gansta gatos Urinary System Uroors are lon, hin tubes thal cary urine from the kidneys (where tt is. produced tothe blader The bladder is muscutar sac that stores urine, “Tho urethra isa nartow tube connected to the bladder that removes urine from the bow, Kidneys ‘The kidneys are found inthe upper abdomen on each side ofthe spine. These fist-size organs filter waste products out Glomerulus ‘Aglomeruius is a smal, round the bloodstream and produce urine. ae Nephrons. ‘concentration gradients to remove ‘Nephrons contain a network of tubes, veins, nitrogenous waste and salts from the ‘and arteries that intertwine to exchange blood vessels that pas through i salls, wastes, and fluids to remove them from the bloodstream. esate Kidney eee Eerent Renal artery g arteriole ai nite et seit a wag’ Sem Ba Ureter waste products (urine) tothe bladder (ovine) Mus hebHuman Body: Integumentary System The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment and works with other body systems to regulate internal processes. Major structures include the skin, glands, hair, and nails. The main functions of the integumentary system are protection, regulation, and sensation. Skin ‘Skinis th largest and fastest- ‘growing organ in the body, The ‘utermast layer, the epidermis, is composed of sated squamous epithelial tissue. Below tis ayer isthe dermis, which contains the cutaneous land, hair flies, and most of the skins nerve endings. The hypodermis (subcutaneous layer consists of lease cannec- —Hypodermis: tive and adipose tissue Cutaneous Glands frery Vein ewe }/ ‘Cutaneous glands within the dermis pa dermis Epicermis Dermis, Include sebaceous and sweat glands. Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, ‘an oy substance that waterproats and lubricates the skin, Sweat lands help coo the body throueh evaporation of suet Sebaceous land rector piste Hair Nati Haiis a pigmented filament formes airfolcle by mostly keratinized cls. Human Hair papila hai folicies canbe vided into 3 main rumerus bleed vessels in the ral a eee segments: the bulb, rt, and shaft. The bed undeeath. Nas protec the shaft the visble part of ar consists fingers and tas and can be used or of layers the cute, cote, and serahig medulla The cortex dines texture cre recenters. of tin 0 and contains ho pigment tat tives hair iter Fingernails Fingerais and toons are made of densely acked eas covers in eran, The cute, oun athe base ofthe nal provides baron between he skit ad the al. The bdy of ne nail appears pink de to Lateral Body Free edge Free nene i nail of nal rail of nail of na ae ect nul. Mam Cortex Eponyenium. 7 Putin Krause Cots endings ‘end bulbs oot Pacinan ah Cuticle Nall plate Distal edge corpusde 4 otnalpiate ag aie Hyponychium lens Nal bod Wma aot Pane ie” Bose BS whabHuman Body: skeletal system Made up of bone and cartilage, the human skeletal system has many important functions, including support, movement, protection of internal organs, blood cell production, and mineral storage. ‘Skeleton The adult human body has 206 ‘bones and can be divided into 2 parts —the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. ‘The axial skeleton (highlighted in ed) includes bones ofthe skull, vertebral column ibs, sternum, sacrum, and cacy, {totaling 80 bones. ‘The appendicular skeleton includes the 126 vones of the shoulders, pelvis, and ‘upper and lower extremities, Bone Tissue There are 2 types of bone tissue. Compact bone is hard, dense, mineralized tissue that ives bone is strength, tt usually surounds spongy bone tissue. Spongy bone is a porous layer of tssue that makes bone lightweight. ts spacas usually contain blood vessels and bone marrow, a sof tissue ‘that produces bia cels. Compact bone Skull ———> (Cranium Sternum Cartage is a flexible connective tissue ‘that forms the embryonic skeet, Most 's ossifed into bone during feta and childnood develop Patella Femur —> fait eu = A catlage is fund at ‘movable joints, and in the ear, nose, trachea, and other structures talso ‘connects the rds ‘and sternum, Cartilage Tia Fibula I} Tarsals F metatarsals “ — Maus habHuman Body: muscular System Muscles are found throughout the body. The 3 types of muscle tissue are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Muscles allow the body to do everything from walking, to pumping blood, to churning food in the stomach. Types of Muscle Cells Ceardiae musel san involuntary ‘seu located in the hear, Crdac ‘must conais inerealated cs, ard ‘he cel appear branches and sated Each cel contains a single nucleus. = ‘Smooth muscle fs an involuntary ite tissue found in the walls of organs ‘ike the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels The cells are wide in the middle and narrow on the ends, Each contains single nucleus. == ‘Skeletal muscle isa voluntary tissue and is commonly found attached to bone by tendons. The cells are striated and each contains mutile nucle, ‘A sarcomere iste contractile unit within a muse Tin filaments ar pulled along thick laments toward the min (line) ta shorten the muscle fer, resutng ina ‘contraction ofthe fue. When multiple muscle fibers contract, the ene muscle shortens, Skeletal muscle tr fascia fasciculus iyi —, — ‘Sarcomeres contracted ; ‘muscle ‘Muscle fiber - \ imyetibis ) : ruclei —* Nil