Experiment 4:
A Carbonate Analysis; Molar Volume
of Carbon Dioxide
Lab Report
Date: 31 October 2019
Name: Anar Rzayev (20190788)
Lab Partner: Daniil Melnichenko (20190782)
Section C
The brief explanation give us concept of gases.
Introduction
» Widely considered as a limestone, calcium carbonate is
possibly one of the ubiquitous inorganic compounds
observed in many structures, in particularly - chalk, marble,
caliche, stalagmites, and minerals accountable for hard
water. One of the main objective of this experiment is to
estimate the percent by mass of calcium carbonate in a
heterogeneous mixture, along with calculating volume of
CO2 obtained from the following chemical reaction:
CaCO3(s) + 2H3O+(aq) ⟶ Ca2+(aq) + 3H2O(l) + CO2(g)
» Throughout the analysis, high amount of hydrochloric acid
is necessary for generating CO2 gas from the calcium
carbonate sample. Carbon dioxide gas is collected over
water; subsequently we evaluate the moles of CO2 formed in
the chemical reaction from the conservation of mass law.
Indeed, we can also measure the moles and percent by mass
of calcium carbonate by considering chemical equation
above. Additionally, volume of formed CO2 gas can assist to
estimate the molar volume of carbon dioxide.
» Consider that one mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.4 L;
therefore molar volume of ideal gas is 22.4 L at Standard
Temperature and Pressure (STP).
𝑉𝐶𝑂2(STP)
Molar volume of CO2 =
𝑛𝐶𝑂2
» Applying the variation displayed in Boyle’s law ( P 1 V ) and Charles’ law (V T ),
we can calculate the estimated gas’s volume to volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure.
pCO2,expt(torr) 273 K
VCO2(at STP) = VCO2,expt × ×
760 torr TCO2,expt(K)
» If level of water inside and outside of cylinder, which
accumulates carbon dioxide, is identical, then wet CO2 gas’s
pressure inside the cylinder is equal to the atmospheric
pressure of the outside air PT. Therefore, according to
Dalton’s law of partial pressures, we can find the pressure of
dry carbon dioxide pCO2 by subtracting vapor water’s
pressure pH2O from atmospheric pressure:
pCO2 = PT – pH2O
Procedure
» A gas generator is constructed to collect the carbon dioxide
evolved from a reaction. The masses of the sample in the gas
generator before and after reaction are evaluated, meanwhile
we also measure the volume of CO2(g) evolved in the
reaction.
It is necessary to conduct two trials in this experiment.
Therefore, in order to hasten the analyses, we should prepare
two samples for PART A.
A) Sample Preparation and Setup of Apparatus
1) Water saturated with CO2
Fill a 1-L beaker with tap water and saturated the water with
CO2 using one Alka-Seltzer tablet.
2) Sample Preparation
A. Mass of heterogeneous sample
i) Calculate the mass of CacO3 that would predict ~40 mL of
CO2 at STP.
ii) Measure this calculated mass (±0.001 g) of the sample
mixture, one that contains CaCO3 and a noncarbonated
impurity.
B. Set up the CO2 generator
Place 10 mL of 3 M HCl in a 200-mm test tube; carefully
slide the 75-mm test tube into the 200-mm test tube without
splashing any of acid into the sample. Just note that the
HCl(aq) is in the 200-mm test tube and the CaCO3(s) sample
is in the 75- mm test tube.
c. Mass of CO2 generator
Measure the combined mass of the CO2 generator.
3) Setup of CO2 collection apparatus
A. Saturated water with CO2
Fill the rectangular dish about two thirds full with the water
that is saturated with CO2. Do not proceed in the experiment
until the CO2 from the Alka-Seltzer is no longer evolved.
B. Fill CO2(g)-collecting graduated cylinder
i) Use the CO2 saturated water in the dish to fill the 50-mL
graduated cylinder that will collect the CO2 from the sample.
ii) Fill the graduated cylinder by laying it horizontally in the
water, and then, without removing the mouth of the cylinder
form the water, set it upright.
C. Connect the gas inlet tube
i) Place the gas inlet that connects to the CO2 generator into
the mouth of the 50-mL CO2(g) collecting graduated
cylinder.
ii) Support the graduated cylinder with a ring stand and
clamp.
iii) Read and record the water level in the graduated cylinder
(if no air entered the cylinder, it should read zero).
4) Setup of CO2 generator
i) Prepare a one-hole rubber stopper fitted with a short piece
of glass tubing and firmly insert it into the 200-mm test tube
to avoid any leaking of CO2(g) from the reaction.
ii) Clamp the CO2 generator (200-mm test tube) to the ring
stand at 45° angle from the horizontal.
iii) Connect the gas delivery tube from the CO2 collection
apparatus to the CO2 generator.
B) Collection of the Carbon Dioxide Gas
1. Generate and collect the CO2(g)
Gently agitate the generator to allow some of HCl solution to
contact the sample mixture.
As the evolution rate of CO2(g) decreases, agitate again and
again until CO2(g) is no longer evolved.
Consider that gently shaking is highly recommended to
generate a slow evolution of CO2 gas.
C) Determination of the Volume, Temperature,
and Pressure of the Carbon Dioxide Gas
1. Determine the volume of CO2(g) evolved
i) When no further generation of CO2(g) is evident in the gas
collection apparatus, and while is still in the water filled dish,
adjust the CO2(g)-collecting graduated cylinder so that the
water levels inside and outside of the graduated cylinder are
equal.
ii) Read and record the final volume of gas collected in the
graduated cylinder.
2. Determine the temperature of CO2(g)
Read and record the temperature of the water with a digital
thermometer in dish.
3. Determine the pressure of the CO2(g)
Read and record the barometric pressure in the laboratory.
Obtain the vapor pressure of water at the gas-collecting
temperature in appendix E to calculate the pressure of the dry
CO2(g) evolved in the reaction.
D) Mass of Carbon Dioxide Evolved
1. Determine a mass difference
_
Determine the mass (+0.001 g) of the 200-mm CO2 generator
and its remaining contents. Compare this mass with initial
value. After subtracting for the mass of the generator,
calculate the mass loss of the sample.
Result and Analysis
A) Calculation of mass of CaCO3 sample for analysis:
V = 40 × 10-3 L T = 11° C = 284 K P = 105.325 kPa
Using the formula PV = nRT, we can easily calculate n:
105.325 × 1000 ×40÷1000
n= ≈ 0.00171 mol
𝑅 ×284
Mass = 0.00171 mol × (40 + 12 + 16 × 3) g × mol-1 ≈
0.17105 g
B)
Unknown Sample Trial 1 Trial 2
Mass of Sample 0.165 grams 0.180 grams
(g)
Mass of 168.270 168.781
generator + grams grams
sample before
reaction (g)
As seen from the graph, mass of generator + sample is high.
C) Determination of Volume, Temperature, and Pressure of
the Carbon Dioxide Gas
Data Value Value
Initial Volume of Water in CO2-collecting graduated cylinder 0 mL 0 mL
(mL)
Final Volume of Water in CO2-collecting graduated cylinder 29 mL 30 mL
(mL) +1 mL _+1 mL
_
Volume of CO2(g) collected (L) 29 _
+1 30 + _1 mL
mL
Temperature of Water (°C) 11°C 11°C
Barometric Pressure (torr) 764 torr 764 torr
Vapor Pressure of H2O at _ °C (torr) 9.8 torr 9.8 torr
Pressure of dry CO2(g) (torr) 754.2 754.2 torr
torr
Pressure of given chemical equation must be displayed.
D) Mass of Carbon Dioxide Evolved
Data Value Value
Mass of generator + sample after reaction (g) 168.235 grams 169.736
grams
Mass loss of generator = mass CO2 evolved (g) 0.035 grams 0.045 grams
Moles of Carbon Dioxide 7.95 × 10-4 mol 10.2 ×
10-4 mol
The Vander walls equation implies the fact of pressure.
Conclusion
The major objective of this experiment is to calculate the percent by mass of calcium
carbonate salt in the sample mixture, at the same time the molar volume of carbon dioxide at STP.
By letting the hydrochloric acid reacted with the sample, the produced carbon dioxide has been
collected throughout the experiment with displacing the CO2-saturated water in the upright
graduated cylinder. Measurement of the lost mass of CO2 generator could lead to the calculation of
produced moles of CO2 gas, as well as the used CaCO3 in this reaction and their percent by mass
in the mixture. With known temperature and pressure, the volume of CO2 and the molar volume at
STP have been determined. The result of molar volume has displayed some error since the
obtained value was more than the ideal gas. The error of the result should be reduced by doing
several trials of the analysis.
Reference
1) Laboratory manual for principles of general chemistry,
10th edition, J.A.Beran
2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide
3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_der_Waals_equation
Assigned Lab Manual Questions
P1) Too low. It would mean that some of the carbon dioxide
gas evolved in the reaction would be dissolved in water,
since it is soluble in that medium. This will lead to less
carbon dioxide to be collected. Since the moles of calcium
carbonate and carbon dioxide are interrelated, it would
culminate in lower mass of the calcium carbonate.
P7) a) Unaffected. The main rationale can be attributed to the
fact that the total mass of the original sample is not utilized
in determining the molar volume of carbon dioxide.
b) Too low, because the total mass would be comprised of a
larger amount of a compound other than calcium sulfate.
