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Class X Science (Magnetic Effect of Electric Current)

The document discusses magnetic fields and electromagnetic induction. It describes how magnets have north and south poles that produce magnetic fields represented by field lines. It explains how electric currents can induce magnetic fields based on experiments by Oersted and Faraday. Electric motors, generators, and transformers operate based on the principles of electromagnetic induction and magnetic fields induced by currents.

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Mohammad Rezaullah
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198 views10 pages

Class X Science (Magnetic Effect of Electric Current)

The document discusses magnetic fields and electromagnetic induction. It describes how magnets have north and south poles that produce magnetic fields represented by field lines. It explains how electric currents can induce magnetic fields based on experiments by Oersted and Faraday. Electric motors, generators, and transformers operate based on the principles of electromagnetic induction and magnetic fields induced by currents.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Rezaullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Magnetic Effect of Electric Current (Chapter -13)

Field and Field Lines

Magnet
A magnet is a material that produces a field that attracts or repels other such
materials of magnetic nature.
Lodestone is a naturally occurring magnet. It attracts materials like Iron,
Nickel, Cobalt etc.

North and South Poles


A magnet is always bipolar with poles named north and south poles. These
two poles always exist together and can not be separated. North pole of a
magnet is the side which points to Earth’s geographic north when it is freely
suspended.

Like poles repel and unlike poles attract


Similar to charges, the poles attract and repel. Like poles repel while unlike
poles attract each other.

Bar magnet
A bar magnet is a rectangular object, composed of iron, steel or any form of
a ferromagnetic substance, that shows permanent magnetic properties. It
has two different poles, a north and a south pole such that when suspended
freely, the north pole aligns itself towards the geographic north pole of the
Earth.

Magnetic field
The region around a magnet where its magnetic influence can be
experienced is called a magnetic field. The direction and strength of a
magnetic field are represented by magnetic lines of force.

Iron filings test around a bar magnet


Iron filings around a bar magnet exhibit the magnetic field lines that engirdle
the bar magnet. The magnetic field lines can be explained as imaginary lines
that graphically represents the magnetic field that is acting around any
magnetic substance.
Magnetic field lines

• Magnet’s magnetic field lines result in the formation of


continuous/running closed loops.
• The tangent to the field line at any given point indicates the direction
of the total magnetic field at that point.
• The greater the number of field lines crossing per unit area, the higher
the intensity, the stronger the magnitude of the magnetic field.
• There is no intersection between the magnetic field lines.

Magnetic field lines for a closed loop


Since magnets have dipoles, magnetic field lines must originate and end.
Therefore by convention, it starts at the north pole and moves towards the
south pole outside the bar magnet and from south → north inside the
magnet. Hence it forms closed loops.

No two magnetic field lines intersect


Magnetic field lines do not intersect as there will be two tangential magnetic
field directions associated with the same point, which does not occur. If a
compass needle is placed at that point, it will show two different directions
of the magnetic field which is absurd.

Relative strength of magnetic field inferred from magnetic field


lines
The closer or denser the magnetic field lines, greater is the magnetic field’s
strength.

Magnetic Field Due to a Current Carrying Conductor

Oersted’s experiment
When electric current flows through a current carrying conductor, it produces
a magnetic field around it. This can be seen with the help of a magnetic
needle which shows deflection. The more the current, the higher the
deflection. If the direction of current is reversed, the direction of deflection is
also reversed.
Electromagnetism and electromagnet
An electromagnet is an artificial magnet which produces a magnetic field on
the passage of electric current through a conductor. This field disappears
when the current is turned off. The phenomenon of producing or inducing a
magnetic field due to the passage of electric current is called as
electromagnetism.

Magnetic field due to a straight current carrying conductor


When current is passed through a straight current-carrying conductor, a
magnetic field is produced around it. Using the iron filings, we can observe
that they align themselves in concentric circles around the conductor.

Right-hand thumb rule


If a straight conductor is held in the right hand in such a way that the thumb
points along the direction of the current, then the tips of the fingers or the
curl of the fingers show the direction of magnetic field around it.

Magnetic field due to current through a circular loop


The right-hand thumb rule can be used for a circular conducting wire as well
as it comprises of small straight segments. Every point on the wire carrying
current gives rise to a magnetic field that appears as straight lines at the
centre
Magnetic field due to current in a solenoid
A solenoid is a coil of many circular windings wrapped in the shape of a
cylinder. When current is passed through it, it behaves similar to a bar
magnet, producing a very similar field pattern as that of a bar magnet. To
increase the strength a soft iron core is used.

Force on a Current Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

Ampere’s experiment
When an electric conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
force. This force is directly proportional to the current and is also
perpendicular to its length and magnetic field.
Force on a straight current carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field
Force on a straight current carrying conductor is mutually perpendicular to
the magnetic field and the direction of the current.

Fleming’s left-hand rule


Fleming’s left hand rule states that the direction of force applied to a current
carrying wire is perpendicular to both, the direction of current as well as the
magnetic field.

Electric motor
Electric Motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

• Current enters arm AB through brush X and current flows through brush
Y from C to D. Using Fleming’s LHR we find that the force pushes AB
downwards and pushes CD upwards.
• In an electric motor the split rings PQ act as a commutator that reverses
the direction of the current. The reversing of the current is repeated at
each half rotation, giving rise to a continuous rotation of the coil.
Electromagnetic Induction and Electric Generators

Faraday’s experiment

• Faraday discovered that a magnetic field interacts with an electric


circuit by inducing a voltage known as EMF (electromotive force) by
electromagnetic induction.
• Moving a magnet towards a coil sets up a current in the coil circuit, as
indicated by deflection in the galvanometer needle.

Electromagnetic induction
The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is the production of induced EMF and
thereby current in a coil, due to the varying magnetic field with time. If a coil is placed
near a current-carrying conductor, the magnetic field changes due to a change in I or
due to the relative motion between the coil and conductor. The direction of the induced
current is given by Fleming’s right-hand rule.
Fleming’s right-hand rule
According to Fleming’s right-hand rule, the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of the
right hand are stretched to be perpendicular to each other as indicated below. If the
thumb indicates the direction of the movement of conductor, fore-finger indicating
direction of the magnetic field, then the middle finger indicates direction of the induced
current.

Electric generator

• The device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.


• Operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

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