Faraday’s Law of Induction

• Faraday’s Law of Induction

• Lenz’s Law

Coverage • Motional emf

• Induced Electric fields

• Self and Mutual

inductance 1
Faraday’s Experiments

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 Faraday’s Experiments
• Experiments of Faraday and Henry have shown, that
moving magnet can produce a current in a coil of wire.

• When magnetic bar is at rest no deflection observed in

the ammeter.

• When a magnetic bar is pushed or moving toward a coil the

ammeter –pointer deflects showing that a current has
been set up in the coil. If we move the magnet away from
the coil, the meter deflects but in opposite direction

• Michael Faraday discovered that, by varying magnetic field with

time, an electric field could be generated. The phenomenon is
known as electromagnetic induction. 3
Induction by Relative Motion

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 Examples of Induced Current
Any change of current in primary induces a current in
secondary. The secondary shows a deflection only during
the instant just after the switch is closed or opened.

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Magnetic Flux (Φ)

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 Faraday’s Law of em Induction
• The magnitude of the induced emf is proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux OR
• The magnitude of the induced emf in a circuit is equal to the rate at
which the magnetic flux through the circuit is changing with time i.e.
How an emf is induced ?:
• The magnitude of the
magnetic field can change
The magnetic flux through the loop is with time.
• The area enclosed by the
loop can change with time.
Then, the induced emf can be written as: • The angle between the
magnetic field and the
normal to the loop can
change with time.
• Any combination of the
above can occur. 8
Magnetic Flux Change

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 Lenz’s Law
“The flux of the magnetic field due to the induced current
opposes the change in flux that causes the induced current”
OR
“whenever a change produces an induced current the
direction of flow of this current is such as to oppose the
change causing it”
OR
The induced current in a closed conducting loop appears in
such a direction that opposes the change that produced it.

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 Example: A 0.25 T magnetic field is perpendicular to a
circular loop of wire with 50 turns and a radius 15 cm. The
magnetic field is reduced to zero in 0.12 s. What is the
magnitude of the induced EMF?
Solution

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 Example : Induced EMF and I
A solenoid has a diameter of 10 cm, a length of 10 cm, and contains
3500 windings with a total resistance of 60 Ohm. The solenoid is
connected in a simple loop, modeled below. Initially, the solenoid is
embedded in a magnetic field of 0.100 T, parallel to the axis of the
solenoid, as shown. This external field is reduced to zero in 0.10 sec.
During this 0.1 sec, what is the (a) EMF in the coil (b) current in the
circuit, and (c) the direction and magnitude of the magnetic field in the
solenoid generated by this current?

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 Solution
Initial flux
• Choose current flowing around the circuit in the
clockwise direction to be positive. Such a current would
generate a magnetic field pointing up in the solenoid
(and pointing down outside the solenoid). Thus the initial
flux is positive.
• Flux in one winding of solenoid

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 Motional emf
If the moving conductor is part of a circuit, then the flux
through the circuit will change with time and a current will
be induced (Area of loop = Ls):

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Motional emf

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Motional emf

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 Motional emf
• The emf BDv sets up a current and electric power in the
loop given by:

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APPLICATION OF THE FARADAY LAW OF INDUCTION
Generators and Motors

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Rotate a loop of wire in a uniform magnetic field:

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 Electric Motors

 Current is supplied from

an external source of
emf(battery or power
supply)

 Forces act to rotate the

wire loop

 A motor is essentially a
generator operated in
reverse!
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Electric Motors

 Forces act to rotate the

loop towards the vertical.

 When loop is vertical,

current switches sign and
the forces reverse, in
order to keep the loop in
rotation.

 This is why alternating

current is necessary for a
motor to operate
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 Induced Electric Field

• Current is a collective motion of charges;

• What force makes the charges move around the loop?

• It can’t be a magnetic force, because magnetic field exerts

a force on moving charges only, and the current occurs
even when the coil does not move;

• The only possibility is that:

• There has to be an induced electric field in the

coil caused by the changing magnetic flux
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 Special Sort of Electric Field
• Induced electric field is significantly different from the
static electric field studied before;

• Static electric field exerts a conservative force. The total

work done on the charge moving around a closed path is
zero:

• Induced electric field produces a current in the coil, i.e. it moves

the charges around the closed loop, performing a work.

 This current can e.g. rotate the electro-motor, heat a water etc.

• For induced electric field:

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Self inductance

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• The property of the loop-coil in which its own magnetic
field opposes any change in current is called “self-
inductance,” and the emf generated is called the self-
induced emf or back emf.

• Physically, the inductance L is a measure of an

inductor’s “resistance” to the change of current; the
larger the value of L, the lower the rate of change of
current.

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Example : self induction of a long coil

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Example : self induction of a coaxial cable

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Example : self induction of two parallel wires

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 Mutual inductance
• Current 𝐼1 through circuit loop 1
generates magnetic field density
𝐵1 which penetrates circuit loop 2
• A change in current 𝐼1 will induce
an EMF in circuit loop 2

• Define mutual inductance M

The SI unit for inductance is the henry (H) 37

 Mutual induction of two coaxial solenoids

1. Current through coil 1 creates magnetic field through coil 2.

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2. Current through coil 2 creates magnetic field through coil 1.

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 TASK

With aid of mathematical derivation, discuss the

relationship between the mutual inductance M and
self-inductances of the solenoid.

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 Transformers
•Microscopic currents in soft iron yoke amplify magnetic
field produced by coils, and contain all magnetic field lines
to “magnetic circuit” formed by iron.
•Both primary and secondary circuits experience the same
magnetic flux for each winding, but have different number
of windings.

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END

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