Sql :

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DDL:Drop,Rename,Create,Alter,Truncate
DML:Update,Delete,Insert
TCL:Commit,RollBack,SavePoint
DCL:Grant,Revoke
DQL/DRL: Select
Q)Add column in table?
Q)Composite key ?
Q)unique and primary ?
A composite key is a combination of two or more columns in a table that can be used
to uniquely identify each row in the table when the columns are combined uniqueness
is guaranteed, but when it taken individually it does not guarantee uniqueness.
Q) Difference between truncate and Delete ?

Truncate Delete
------- -------
1.It is DDL. 1.It is DML command.
2.Perminant deletion. 2.Temparary deletion.
3.cannot delete specifice. 3.can delete specific.

Q) Difference between synonyms and views ?

synonyms
views
--------
-------
1.cannot to create a synonym based on partial table. 1.can create a view
based on partial table
2.we cannot create synonym based one table. 2. we can
create view based on more than one table.
3.it becomes invalid in two cases. 3.view
become invalid in three cases.
4.can create synonym based on another synonum. 4.we can create
view on another view upto maximum 32.

Union: This operator returns all the values from the tables excluding
duplicate values
UnionAll: This operator returns all the values from the tables include
duplicate values
Intersection: This return common values from both tables.
Minus:the rows which are present in first table but not available in second
table.

Q) Constriant in SQL ?

2nd higest salary:

------------------
SELECT MAX(Salary) From Employee WHERE Salary < ( SELECT Max(Salary) FROM
Employee);

Q) find the average salary of employees department wise along with other details?
select department_id,avg(sal) from employees group by department_id;
Select avg(sal) over (partition by department_id) as avg_dept, a.* from
employees a order by eployee_id;

Q) Find the details of most recent joinee from all departments?

select lead(hire_date) over (partition by department_id order by hire_date )
as recent_joinee,.a.* from employee a order by recent_joiners;
Q) Second higest salry in each department?
select * from (select sal,dense_rank() over (partitionby deptno order by sal
desc) rnk from emp) where rnk=2;

Analytic Functions:
-------------------
To assign rank numbers to each row or else group of rows wise.

ROW_NUMBER() : To assign Different rank numbers to same value.

RANK() : To assign same rank number to same value.but is skipping the next
sequence rank number in the order.
DENSE_RANK() : To assign same rank number to same value but is not skipping
the next sequence rank number in the order.

Syntax : ANALYTICAL_FUNCTION_NAME() OVER ([PARTITION BY <COLUMN NAME>] ORDER

BY <COLUMN NAME>)
SET PAGESIZE 100
SET LINES 100
SELECT ENAME,SAL,ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY SAL DESC) RANK FROM EMP;
Select * From (SELECT ENAME,SAL,ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY SAL DESC) RNK FROM
EMP) where rnk=3;

SELECT ENAME,SAL,RANK() OVER(ORDER BY SAL DESC) RANK FROM EMP:

SELECT ENAME,SAL,DENSE_RANK() OVER(ORDER BY SAL DESC) RANK FROM EMP;
SELECT ENAME,SAL,DEPTNO,DENSE_RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY DEPTNO ORDER BY SAL
DESC) RANK FROM EMP;

2nd hgiest salary:

-----------------

select * from (Select ENAME,SAL , dense_rank() over(order by SAL desc) rnk

from EMP) a where rnk <=3;

select * from (Select ENAME,SAL , dense_rank() over(order by SAL desc) rnk

from EMP) a where rnk=3;

Select name,occupation,dense_rank() over( partition by occupation order by

sal desc) rnk from emp;

select * from Employye where effecdate in (select max(effectdate) from

employee);

2nd higest salary in each department:

------------------------------------
SELECT * from ( SELECT ENAME,SAL,DEPTNO,DENSE_RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY DEPTNO ORDER
BY SAL DESC) RANK1 FROM EMP ) as a where RANK1=2;

NTH higest salary in MYSQL:

--------------------------
WITHOUT SUB-QUERY:
SELECT salary FROM Employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT N-1, 1 --nth higest
SELECT salary FROM Employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 1,1 salary --2nd
higest
SELECT salary FROM Employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 2,1 --- 3rd
higest

===================================================================================
=======================================================================
LAG: TO access previous subsequence row :
 syntax:
LAG(next_col_name,[offset,defult_value) over ([partition by columnname]
order by columnname [asc/desc])
offset default value 1
default value for if subsequence row not exist
partition by for to do partiton the data
Ex: select ename,sal,lag(sal,1) over (order by sal desc) as prev_row
from emp;
LEAD: To access next subsequence row
LEAD(next_col_name,[offset,defult_value) over ([partition by columnname]
order by columnname [asc/desc])
offset default value 1
default value for if subsequence row not exist
Ex: select ename,sal,lead(sal,1) over (order by sal desc) as prev_row
from emp;

First_value() : to get first value from results

Syntax : first_value(column_name) over(partition by columnname order
bycolumnname [asc/desc])
Ex1: select ename,sal,first_value(ename) over (order by sal ) as
lowsalname from emp;
Ex2 :Select deptno,ename,sal,first_value(ename) over (partition
bydeptno order by sal rows between unbounded preceding and unbounded follwing) from
Emp) from emp;

Last_value(): to get last_value from results

syntax: last_value(column_name) over (partition by colname order by
columnname [asc/desc])
by default last_value use one clause i.e "rows between unbounded
preceding and current row "
this clause give un expected results.
so in last_value function we have to specify the class i.e "rows
between unbounded preceding and unbounded follwing"

Ex1: Select ename,sal,last_value(ename) over(order by sal

rowsbetween unbounded preceding and unbounded follwing) from emp;
Ex2: Selectdeptno,ename,sal,last-value(ename) over (partition
bydeptno order by sal rows between unbounded preceding and unbounded follwing) from
Emp) from emp;

First keep & Last keep:

Ex: select empno,ename,deptno,sal,min(sal) keep (dense_rank first order
by sal) over (partition by deptno) as lowest
max(sal) keep(dense_rank last order by sal) over (partition by
deptno ) as higest from EMP order by dept,sal;

Q) display max salary with employee name and min salary and employee name ?
select min(ename) keep(dense_rank first order by sal) as min_ename,min(sal) as
min_sal,max(ename) keep(dense_rank last order by sal) as max_ename ,max(sal) as max
sal from emp;

Emp
ename esal dept

Selct dept ,sum(dept) From Emp e1 Join Emp e2 join e1.dept=e2.dept group by
e1.dept;
 Select * from ( Select ename,sal,deptno,dense_rank() over(order by sal) as rnk
from Emp) where rnk=1;

JOINS:
-------
(INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables
LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the left table, and the matched
records from the right table
EX: SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID FROM Customers LEFT JOIN
Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID;
RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the right table, and the
matched records from the left table.
FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either left
or right table.

Q)Joins on two or multiple tables?

SELECT student.first_name, student.last_name, course.name FROM student
JOIN student_course
ON student.id = student_course.student_id
JOIN course
ON course.id = student_course.course_id;

Q)Identify the employees below avg sal and above avg sal of their dept (new col,
which says above or below)
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > ALL(SELECT avg(salary)FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id);

Q) what are pseudo columns ?

1.these columns behave like a table column,but is not actual stored in
table.
2.on psuedo columns only select queries can be permited,but not
INSERT ,UPDATE,DELETE
3.Ex: CURVAL,NEXTVAl,lEVEL,ROWID,ROWNUM
Q)What are Indexes ?
1.index is schema object ,which pointer locates the physical address.
2.this is used by oracle server to speed up the retrival,manupulate rows.
3.index can be create explicity/automatially.
4.index is activated when index column is used in where condition.
5.index is necessary of disk i/o by using an indexed path to locate data
quckyly.
6.when table drop ,corresonding indexes also dropped.
Automatic Index : creates automatially when you define PRIMARY/UNIQUE
constrint in a table definition.
Manual index: user can create non unique indexes or columns to speed up the
acess rows eg: create index indexname;

Q) select duplicate records from table?

1st approach :
SELECT day, COUNT(day), month, COUNT(month), year, COUNT(year) FROM dates GROUP
BY day,month,year HAVING COUNT(day) > 1 AND COUNT(month) > 1 AND COUNT(year) > 1;
2nd approach :

DELETE t1 FROM dates t1

INNER JOIN dates t2
WHERE t1.id < t2.id AND
t1.day = t2.day AND
t1.month = t2.month AND
 t1.year = t2.year;

3rd approach : CREATE TABLE TempTable SELECT DISTINCT id, day, month, year FROM
dates;

Q) difference between rowid and rownum ?

Rowid
ROWNUM
1.rowid is a permanent unique identifier for that row 1.the rownum is
temporary
2.the rowid won't change if we change query 2.if you change
your query, the rownum number will refer to another row
3.which is a unique ID for a row. 3.ROWNUM is
a consecutive number which applicable

for a specific SQL statement only

Q)Difference between procedure and functions?

Prodecure
function
-------------
-----------------------------
1)procedure may/may not return value 1)function must return value

2)procedure call is plsql stmt itself 2)function call is part

of an expression
3)procedure will do action 3)fuction will do the
calculations.
4)procedue cannot not use with select stmt 4)function can use with
select stmt.
Q)Isoation levels ?

Q)Merge
MERGE TargetProducts AS Target
USING SourceProducts AS Source
ON Source.ProductID = Target.ProductID

-- For Inserts
WHEN NOT MATCHED BY Target THEN
INSERT (ProductID,ProductName, Price)
VALUES (Source.ProductID,Source.ProductName, Source.Price)

-- For Updates
WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET
Target.ProductName = Source.ProductName,
Target.Price = Source.Price

-- For Deletes
WHEN NOT MATCHED BY Source THEN
DELETE;

Q)Views
->it is database object
->it contains logical copy of data from table.
-> provide safety and increase db performance.
-> View maintain data dynamically.

Five types of Views:

1.Simple View /Updatable View
 2.composite view /read only view
3.force view
4.materialize view
5.InLine view

Simple View/Updatable view: a view created by using single table .

EX:CREATE view sales_man as select * from EMP where dep=10;
Simple view accept DML operations, Data will change in
underlaying table.
Composite View:
a view is created based on multiple tables by using joins.
Update/Delete/Select is possible but not insert data.
Materialized View:
it is database object,that stores query output and pre-computed
results.
CREATE materialized view viewname as Select STMT.

Q)unique and primary key ?

Q)Datbase vs Schema ?

Database is collection of schema.

Schema is nothing user.
Q)Normalization and De-Normalization
Q)ACID properties?
Transaction:The transaction is a set of operations. The set of the read/write
operation on the
database is called the database transaction.
ATOMICITY: it means ALL or NOTHING , no partial trasactions should happen.
CONSISTENCY:
ISOLATION:
DURABILITY: