ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 – MECHANICAL

Mechanical Engineering
- Is an engineering branch that combines engineering physics and mathematics
principles with materials science, to design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain
mechanical systems.
- It is one of the oldest and broadest of the engineering branches.

Engineers utilize civil, structural, mechanical and electrical engineering to create the facility.

 Civil engineers perform site work, excavating or providing structural fill if needed. They also
design connections to water and other utilities. They might also design the roads and
drainage systems surrounding the facility.
 Mechanical engineers are in charge of the HVAC systems, plumbing, roof drain system,
and ventilation systems and all other process systems.
 Electrical engineers design the metering, power distribution, standby and emergency
power systems, and lighting.
 Structural engineers design the foundation and building structure.

INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL UTILITIES

 TEMPERATURE - A degree of hotness and coldness and therefore a measure of intensity
of heat.

 ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE – is the temperature from absolute zero.

 ABSOLUTE ZERO – is the temperature at which the molecules stop moving.
 TEMPERATURE INTERVAL – is the difference between two temperature readings
from the same scale.

 HEAT - a form of energy associated with the kinetic random motion of large number of
molecules.
 SENSIBLE HEAT – is the heat needed to change the temperature of the body
without changing its phase.
 LATENT HEAT – is the heat needed by the body to change its phase without
changing its temperature.
  CONDUCTION – is a mode of heat transfer in which heat is transferred by molecular
interaction through bodies in contact.
 RADIATION – is a mode of heat transfer in which heat is transferred between bodies
by energy propagating electromagnetic waves

 SPECIFIC HEAT - is defined scientifically as the amount of heat that must be added or
removed from one pound of substance to change its temperature by one degree.
 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY - is defined as the amount of heat required to change the
temperature of a specific volume of substance one degree.
Q
∆T=
cM
Q=cM ∆ T
C=cρ
 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: ∆𝑇 − 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑐 − 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑀 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑞 − ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝐶 − 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Sample Problem:
The specific heat of water is 1 Btu/lb-°F and its density is 62.4 lb/ft³. Determine the specific
heat of the water.
Given: Required:
c = 1 Btu/lb-°F C =?
ρ = 62.4 lb/ft3
Solution:

C=cρ= [ 1 Btu
lb−° F ](
4 lb
62. 3 =62.4 3
ft
Btu
)
f t −° F

 PRESSURE - is defined as the force per unit area exerted by liquid or gas on a surface
such sidewall of a container or a pipe. It has units of Pascal and psi.

 ABSOLUTE PRESSURE – the true pressure measured above a perfect vacuum.

 GAGE PRESSURE – is the pressure measured from the level of atmospheric
pressure by most pressure.
 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE – is the pressure obtained from barometric reading.

P|¿|= P gage +P atm ¿

Sample Problem:
At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia (101,325 Pa). A pressure gauge placed at the
bottom of 8 feet (2.45 m) deep tank filled with water measures a water pressure at the tank bottom
of 3.5 psi (23,130 Pa). Determine the absolute pressure.
Given: Required:
Patm = 14.7 psi P|¿|¿ = ?
Pgage = 3.5 psi

Solution:
P|¿|= P gage +P atm=14.7 psi+3.5 psi=18.2 psi ¿
  DENSITY - is defined as mass per unit volume.

 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- The specific weight of the fluid or solid over the specific weight of water at
temperature 39°F is called the specific gravity of a fluid or solid.
- Oil is a common example that has a below 1 specific gravity and that’s why we
observed the oil floats in water.
- On the other hand, any fluid or liquid that sinks in water has higher specific
gravity. But in common plumbing system temperature, the specific gravity is
assumed to be 1.
P gas R air
SG= =
P air R gas

where:

Pair =1.2 kg /m3 =0.075 lb /f t 3

kj
Rair =0.287
kg∗K

PLUMBING MATERIALS, FITTINGS AND FIXTURES

Plumbing
- defined as the practice, materials, and fixtures used in installing, maintaining, and
altering piping, fixtures, appliances, and appurtenances in connection with
sanitary or storm drainage facilities, a venting system, and public or private water
supply systems.

Self-scouring or “self-cleaning”
- is a way flushing out of solid wastes in the pipe with the flow of waste water. This
is one of the simplest and effective way to decide the proper slope of horizontal
drainage piping.
Horizontal drainage pipes shall be run in practical alignments and at a uniform slope between
manholes of not less 20mm/m or 2 % toward the point of disposal. There are also some
exceptions in the slope that can be made if it is impracticable to follow the standard slope due to
the following constraints;
• Excessive depth of the proposed drainage line
• Structural/geological features of terrain; and
• Existing adverse in arrangement of buildings or structures.
If any of these scenarios can’t be avoided to occur, slopes can be adjusted depending on its sizes.

One of the problems in plumbing is the clogging of pipes. It is most likely to occur at joints and at
pipe turns. One of the reasons of this problem is the incorrect pipe alignment and connections.
The code stated the allowable pipe angle bend for the changes in direction of drainage piping.

Figure:
Notes:
 No fitting have more than one inlet at the same level shall be used unless such fitting is
constructed so that the direction from one inlet cannot readily enter into the other inlet.
 Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of the fitting is at least two pipe sizes
larger than the largest side inlet. Nominal pipe sizes recognized of these purposes are 51,
63, 76, 89, 102, 114, 127 & 152 mm diameters.
 Sixty degrees branches or offsets may be used only when installed in a true vertical
position.
 No drainage or vent piping shall be drilled and tapped;
 No cast iron pipe shall be threaded;
 No waste connection shall be made to a closet bend or stub of a water closet;
 No vent pipe shall be used as a soil or waste pipe – vice versa;
 Inter-membering or mixing of dissimilar metal point of connection shall have an accessible
and exposed location;
 Valves, pipes and fittings shall be installed correctly related to the direction of flow.

 Hangers and Supports

For vertical piping. All pipes shall be secured at sufficiently close intervals to keep its
alignment and to carry its weight and content. Stacks shall be supported at their base as
follows;
 For horizontal piping. All pipes shall be secured at a sufficiently close intervals and
must be supported within 0.45 m from the hub or joint to keep its alignment and avoid
sagging.
 IDENTIFICATION COLORS FOR PIPES
The identification of piping by color, or color bands at convenient locations shall be
as follows:
Water Green
Steam Silver-Gray
Acid and alkalis Violet
Air Light Blue
Electricity Light Orange
Communications White
Oil-mineral vegetable or animal, flammable or combustible Brown
Gases in either gaseous or liquefied from, vapors and Yellow Ochre
pneumatically conveyed fumes and materials
Other fluids, including drainage pipes unless the drain is to a Black
particular service
Firefighting materials, including detection and suppression Safety Red
systems
Hazardous service (generally with another identification of Safety Yellow
contents)

 POWER PIPING SYSTEM

- Include all steam, water and oil piping and the component parts such as the pipe,
flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, and fittings for steam generating plants, central
heating plants and industrial plants. The following formula shall be used to
determine pipe wall thickness:

where:
Note: Since all pipe furnished by the mill is subject to 12% variation in wall thickness, 𝑡𝑚 should
be multiplied by 8/7 to obtain the nominal wall thickness.

 INDUSTRIAL GAS AND PIPING SYSTEMS

- includes air and gas mines, power plants, industrial and gas manufacturing
plants.

Thickness of Pipe Wall:

The minimum thickness of pipe wall required shall be determined by the following
formula for the designated pressure and for temperature not exceeding 232 °C.

 REFRIGERATION PIPING SYSTEMS

- Refrigeration piping shall be understood to comprise all refrigerant and brine
piping, whenever used and whatever erected on the premises or factory
assembled. The minimum thickness of pipe wall required shall be determined by
the formula:

Sample Problem:
What is the working stress of a schedule of 120 pipe with the following data?
Outside diameter 219.08 mm
 Wall thickness 18.24 mm
Working pressure 17.6 kg/cm² gage
Allowance for corrosion 1.65
Solution:
PD
t m= +C
2 S+ 0.8 P
( 17.6 ) (219.08)
18.24=
( 2 S+ ( 0.8 )( 17.6 ))
2
S=109.17 kg/c m

 FLOOR DRAINS AND SHOWER STALLS

Shower receptors and floor drains shall be considered as plumbing fixtures and shall
be provided with an approved-type and hinge strainer plate.
 FLOOR DRAINS
- A floor drain is a plumbing fixture that is the exception to the definition of a
plumbing fixture. The minimum size of the drainage outlet required by the
plumbing code is 2in.
TYPES OF WATER CLOSET

TYPES OF LAVATORY

 SHOWER
- A shower is designed to allow full body cleansing. The size and configuration of a
shower must permit an individual to bend at the waist to clean the lower body
extremities. The minimum size of the shower enclosure required in the plumbing
 code is 30in. by 30 in. in (0.6m2 based on RNPCP). The codes further stipulate
that a shower have a 30-in (762mm) diameter circle within the shower to allow
free movement by the bather.
- The maximum permitted flow rate from a shower valve is 2.5 gpm at 80psi.
 SHOWER VALVES
- Shower valves must be thermostatic mixing, pressure balancing, or a
combination of thermostatic mixing and pressure balancing and conform to ASSE
1016. The shower valves not only control the flow and temperature of the water,
they also must control any variation in the temperature of the water. These valves
provide protection against scalding as well as sudden changes in water
temperature, which can cause slips and falls. The maximum permitted flow rate
from a shower valve is 2.5 gpm at 80psi.
PLUMBING TOOLS