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U5-6 Maxima and Minima of Functions of Two Variables

1. The document discusses functions of two variables and how to determine if a critical point is a relative maximum, minimum, or saddle point. 2. It provides the conditions to check: the critical point must satisfy fx=0 and fy=0, then calculate fxx, fyy, fxy and check if rt-s^2 is positive/negative and the signs of r and t. 3. Three practice problems are worked through as examples to determine the type of critical point for different functions.

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84 views

U5-6 Maxima and Minima of Functions of Two Variables

1. The document discusses functions of two variables and how to determine if a critical point is a relative maximum, minimum, or saddle point. 2. It provides the conditions to check: the critical point must satisfy fx=0 and fy=0, then calculate fxx, fyy, fxy and check if rt-s^2 is positive/negative and the signs of r and t. 3. Three practice problems are worked through as examples to determine the type of critical point for different functions.

Uploaded by

Chanukya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 4: Multivariate Functions

(Book: Advanced Engineering Mathematics By Jain and Iyengar, Chapter-2)

Learning Outcomes:

1. To know about conditions required for maxima and minima of functions


of two variables.

2. To calculate maxima and minima of functions of two variables.


Maxima and Minima

Maxima

Minima
Maxima and Minima

Saddle Point
Sufficient Conditions for a function to have Maxima/Minima:

Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be a continuous function and possesses continuous first and


second order partial derivatives.

Critical Point: Calculate 𝑓𝑥 and 𝑓𝑦

Put 𝑓𝑥 = 0 and 𝑓𝑦 = 0

⟹ 𝑥, 𝑦 = (𝑎, 𝑏) (Say)

Then (𝑎, 𝑏) is called the critical point.


Checking of maxima/minima at critical point (𝒂, 𝒃):

Calculate 𝑓𝑥𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑦

Let 𝑟 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑠 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑡 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)

1. Relative Minima if 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 and 𝑟 > 0.

2. Relative Maxima if 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 and 𝑟 < 0.

3. Saddle Point if 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 < 0. (No maxima or minima)

4. Further investigation required if 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 0.


Test the following function for relative maximum or minimum:

9 3
Problem 1. 𝑥𝑦 + +
𝑥 𝑦

9 3
Solution. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + + (1)
𝑥 𝑦

9 3
𝑓𝑥 = 𝑦 − and 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 −
𝑥2 𝑦2

For critical points: Put 𝑓𝑥 = 0 and 𝑓𝑦 = 0

9 3
⟹𝑦− =0 and 𝑥− =0
𝑥2 𝑦2

⟹ 𝑥, 𝑦 = (3,1) which is the critical point.


9 3
Since 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑦 − and 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 −
𝑥2 𝑦2

18 6
⟹ 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = , 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = 1
𝑥3 𝑦3

At 𝑥, 𝑦 = (3,1)

18 18 2
𝑟 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 3,1 = = = >0
3 3 27 3

𝑠 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (3,1) = 1

6
𝑡 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 3,1 = =6
1 3
2
𝑟= , 𝑠 = 1, 𝑡=6
3

2
Here 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠2 = 6 − 1 2 =4−1=3
3

As 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 and 𝑟 > 0

So, The critical point 3,1 is the point of Relative minima.

9 3
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 3,1 = 𝑥𝑦 + +
𝑥 𝑦

9 3
=3 1 + +
3 1

=9 Answer.
Polling Quiz
The critical points of the function: 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 12𝑦 + 4are:
3
(A) (1, )
2
2
(B) (1, )
3

(C) (1,1)
(D) (0,0)
Test the following function for relative maximum or minimum:

Problem 2. 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑎 > 0.

Solution. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 (1)

𝑥 𝑦
𝑓𝑥 = − and 𝑓𝑦 = −
𝑎2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝑎2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

For critical points: Put 𝑓𝑥 = 0 and 𝑓𝑦 = 0

𝑥 𝑦
⟹− =0 and − =0
𝑎2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝑎2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

⟹ 𝑥, 𝑦 = (0,0) which is the critical point.


𝑥 𝑥
Since 𝑓𝑥 = − and 𝑓𝑦 = −
𝑎2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝑎2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

𝑦 2 −𝑎2 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 −𝑥𝑦


⟹ 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 3 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 3 , 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = 3
(𝑎2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 ) ൗ2 (𝑎2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 ) ൗ2 (𝑎2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 ) ൗ2

At 𝑥, 𝑦 = (0,0)

1
𝑟 = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 0,0 = − <0
𝑎

𝑠 = 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = 0

1
𝑡 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 0,0 = −
𝑎
1 1
𝑟= − , 𝑠 = 0, 𝑡= −
𝑎 𝑎

2 1 1 2 1
Here 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 = − − − 0 =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎2

As 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 > 0 and 𝑟 < 0

So, The critical point 0,0 is the point of Relative maxima.

𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 0,0 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

= 𝑎2 − (0)2 −(0)2

=𝑎 Answer.
Test the following function for relative maximum or minimum:

Problem 3. 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 + 12𝑥 − 6𝑦.

Solution. Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 + 12𝑥 − 6𝑦 (1)

𝑓𝑥 = 8𝑥 + 12 and 𝑓𝑦 = −8𝑦 − 6

For critical points: Put 𝑓𝑥 = 0 and 𝑓𝑦 = 0

⟹ 8𝑥 + 12 = 0 and −8𝑦 − 6 = 0

3 3
⟹ 𝑥, 𝑦 = (− , − ) which is the critical point.
2 4
Since 𝑓𝑥 = 8𝑥 + 12 and 𝑓𝑦 = −8𝑦 − 6

⟹ 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 8, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = −8, 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = 0

3 3
At 𝑥, 𝑦 = (− , − )
2 4

3 3
𝑟= 𝑓𝑥𝑥 − , − =8>0
2 4

3 3
𝑠= 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (− , − ) =0
2 4

3 3
𝑡 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 − , − = −8
2 4
𝑟 = 8, 𝑠 = 0, 𝑡 = −8

Here 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 8 −8 − 0 2 = −64

As 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 < 0

3 3
So, The critical point (− , − )is neither a point of maxima nor minima.
2 4

It is a saddle point.

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