ngine is a device which transforms the. rani ergy and uses this energy to produce mechanical work. Heat e ROIS broad classes: omg (2) External combustion engines, and ~ (6) Internal combustion engines. In an external combustion engine the products of combustion of air and fuel transfer heat to 2 second fiuid which is the working fluid of the cycle. For example, in the steam turbine plant where the heat of combustion is employed to generate steam which is used in a turbine. Another example of an external combustion engine is closed cycle gas turbine plant in which heat of combustion in an external furnace is transferred to gas, usually air, which is used in 2 turbine. Stirling engine is also an external combustion engine. In an internal combustion engine the products of combustion are directly the motive fluid. Petrol, gas and diesel engines, Wankel engine, and open cycle gas turbines are examples of internal combustion engines. ‘Comparison of IC and EC Engines: Table 1.1; Comparison of IC and EC Engines IC Engines Working fluid takes part in combustion | 1, Working fluid does not tea single cylinder houses two pistons, each of re ald sn "oppased piston” ype. on harangement ike opposed-ofinger rangement ‘may be used esents the probl ank Mnecting rod in other convent ghtly different path since the poi the above important types of ton arrangement. fe@ opposed pistons with three [engines) may also classified by valve locati ve, oF L:head design was a n. The cycle of operation for an ideal four: Suction or intake stroke. }) Expansion or power stroke. (2) Compression stroke. (4) Exhaust stroke. ke SL. engine is il ik Suction Stroke (0-1): The piston is at TDC positon and is s. The suction valve is open and exhaust valve is closed, Du sh charge (mixture of fuel and ait is sucked into the valves are closed Compression Stroke The fresh charge taken dur compressed and the piston moves from BDC to'TDC position, roke, the J! occurs instant, releasing thDiesel comparatively @ ‘and. selfignition tem, engine is the method from it n the fouroo ran ‘Four-Stroke and Two-stroke Engines SCAVENGINGke Petrol Engine Value Timing In Relation to the Pressure Volume DiagramINTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES “stroke. However, the BDC results in ove hhigh speed engines) the ine carrying out a greater mass of volumetric efficiency, cole has a two stroke engine Tworstioke petrol engine may also be sets, and outboard engines. with maximum power upto trend towards smaller capa The four-stioke petrol engines are also used for jeeps, buse 4000 ce six elinder engines with mi “application petrol engines have application of four-stroke petiWork done = Heat added: = QG-T:ases like helium (y = 1.66) argon (y = 19 le,Uetireugh the'compression ratio + a t exchange takes place during Cause confsion th dual on maItis clear from the T-s diagram that than that heat rejected by Diesel pressure and same heat input. Fuel-air cycle is theoretical ele based on’ | Tepresents 3 nearly attainable ides for compa Physical properties of the eyinder ‘uch loser approach to actual performequilibrium condi 4. The number of molecules p upon the pressu 1 hange in 2. Subsequent to combust 2 Thee iso heat xhnge btwn Mie they ore sciapatc. Aso ne -trioness 4 Incase of recip chp 1]140INTERNAL com=ysioN Eats 1 “the eneray which goes into Hence more heats requ fog, (0 - 1) The process 34" may be compar point 3. Thus with the above ar stant specific hea hp 2] 1a2 Cerin)Fig. 1.33 shows the Py standard cycle (i) alr st_ NTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES MA, imal | _ Table 14 above @ comparison is made of man Fig. 134 wien an be plac at vet gee anc conetane throttle | © F.239:Computan of i yaa ut olan ___ 1.22.1 Thermal Efficiency and Fuel Consumption "Win the analysis of simp) |) red variation oftheFig. 2.38: fect of ature Strength on *\ Seana ‘Thermal Efficiency at a given Compression(ii) Maximum Temper ‘of misture strength maximum temperature in the eng) given compression ratio. is Fig. 1.40, At a given compression maximum temperature is reached when ratio ther is stil some oxygen p Point 3 because of chemi ‘effects and hence rich at richer mixtures more fo of co ‘overcomes the effect of more combustion SN ENGINES (Prk: The prescure of a gas in 3 given Ws temperature and the number of molecules. The ct because of the increasing nu Ty as shown in Fig. 1.41, wsed expansion causes thedifference between ideal Otto cycle and actual cle. Fig. 2.45 shows c ideal cycle efficiency and actual cycle efficiency We have discussed the ()) Loss Equilibrium Losses (Dissociation) "1.26.1 Time Losses In theoretical cycles (Otto cycle) th Jn an actual cycle the bumi nisBem COMBUSTION eNGNES (AU 7 1.26.2 Incomplete Combustion Loss ‘One can say it isnot possible to achieve practical reasons discussed, The er Continuously leane Fig. 1.51: Percentage of Time Loss, He 1.26.3 Direct Heat Loss “The temperature ofthe burn 1.26.4 Exhaust Blow-down Loss ning Time on Blowdownner pressure at the end of exhaust stroke “Tk the exhaust vale is opened at bottom dead |1.27 COMPARISON OF ACTUAL! ENGINES = (a) Airstandard cycle efciency, % 1. Losses due to variation of s chemical equilibrium, % 2. Buming time loss, % 3. Incomplete combustion loss, % ie Combustion Limited Pressure Cycle for T 4__Direct heat loss, % ae 5 sel Engine a : hp 1/82 7"1. What are the two general asses of combustion ng differ in principle? BD) Discuss the relative ments and demerits of intemal combustion and extermy combustion engines. ; By iste the various types of internal and external combustion engines and the. principal uses. Which of them are modern developments? ‘ypes engine? ‘Compare the relative advantages and disadvantages of four st AL With the help ofa neat sketch ex 12, Compare two-stroke and fou ments and demerits. Gissocition on marimar temperature and brake power. CO afects dissociation? 14 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of intemal combustion engine. Wee) Betve the relation for the percentage variation in air standrd efficiency Variation of C, cyele with percentage EEE hp ta cy is much lower than the air standard cyle ef in an actual engine (i) Time toss es this criterion indicate for reciprocating efficiency on a volume basis of an engine: lower than that of Carnot cycle, he Otto cycle ‘oycle varies with compression ratio the efficiency of the Ot heats of working medium. “chp 21265(woouteH) ae SPARK IGNITION (Si) ENGINES |This carburettor has al the four ba: 1p; Idling and siow running; Accel cars, Willys Jeeps et. I isthe 85 to understand the worki Fig. 28: Solex Carburettor 1g suction stroke, fitered alr enters the ait 1nd fuel takes place and the charge nting um oe a (A) comes in contact with igh the passage shown by | chp 212Pe ettcsesctipslemcensicttome carnione ths sone the fscton vo rode dor by tule ety of he mre eeng fhe pon and deed te sl soya be ume ser 2.20.3 After Burning z : The pont € marks the completion of stage and represents the end of Fame speed is very importa influences the rate of pressu combustion in engin, the caus turbulence; time for each inpracticable. 2.21.2 Fuel-Air Ratio The composition of the wor combustion and the amount $$ ehiergy and too rich flame speed decreases becaus ‘results in incomplete combust rect .21.3 Intake Temperature and Pressure Wit increase in intake temperature and pressure the fame Speed increases due ‘combustion, Ss tovease in e flame speed reduces Because re and diminishes is capacity ted by a spark; flame travels across the a and even way. Due to certain condition there is Uneven and sudden. This is known as Abnormal to the engine and its ble and tion. oF knock, om alte renin and detonation are most important and ‘hp 21228totally undesirable eter ber and tis leeds ta production thus causing severe damage to tng of energy. Presgnitio seh reps 29 generation detonation is needed ye folowing damages: rations of gaseous produ: 8e". This condition of er end stage of flame travel th the help of P-@ diagram, tis propagating at its normal speed of 15 to 30 mi uel misturein this region BOB: gets compressed in the flame front temperature of BOB: less than “se igniting” temper ves ahead in @ normal matime is required to travel.in th + increasing speed.there should be comple high speed flame propagation | hence engine should be coPUMPS will Pump the fuel to individual Injectors which Ble sed in 19@ sow speed engines(0) Zero Delivery Helix for Various Load Condition HSE B16 Used in air injection systems they require multistage 2. Multiple Hole Type: Proper a Sin Ret Fig. 290 aaarovided at 2 single point in the rterng intake manifold. [Refer 1] Gaquantivy oF FUETAND SIZE OF | nd pasus Mature of aicfuel due to which the ¢ ind 5% to 10% of total energy.‘only Le. it is mixed in t Bajaj scooters, M-80, Luna, 'arious parts for lubricationro NE COOLING ne encaON ren coumson onsen ists of two inter other gear will kets between the pump casing and lve to release pressures “i(4) Oil strainers tt {he ol pump,When the temperature of water increases, th ‘expands and in tun opens the butterty valve, and iscooled. (©, Water Pump: Its used (6) Fane I is civen by t pump. iis provided behind bbe cooled inthe radiator. (Ref Fig. 417, any part of cooling system, rents. Normally following are used as antifreeze ge of engine, 3s more number of parts. Al25 the inertia loads increase. Toads ao increase andthe volumetric efceng Exhaust Suton (@) Naturally Aspirated Engine Fig, 4.19: Difference Naturally Aspiratedi i i the increase in supercl iciency of the engine, at higher temperatures: results supercharged petrol engines have ag)wine requires the ider part load conditions Supercharging is obtained by (a) shows an engine with a compressorFig. 4.25 (d)Fr design and development stage, 8 e ‘4-wheeler Also explain various pars wi ir ‘ aust emissions development engineer te erformance of CI enfs measured with the help of 2d measured at the output shaft is By equation (5), o 1 {@4) Ths the torque and the mean sei Produces more to Lhe measure of the abilty 0spover and fiction horse oe, to exhust. essurements may be necesiny ‘of speed. A wide variety of speed me: tachometer to three-phases perman Of the alternator is meters are affected by ‘and continuousSis the scale reading and Ly | coment RXF. ie. wi fotate with the flywheel. Ie pression brake power has come, 0ip-bp method is the mos igher value for hp as compared= 44 Milka xC, 24x10? x 0074107sures 5 Ft the beginning ofthe compres ‘bore 10 cm and 9 cm stroke has meter vihich has S4 cm arm, During, Veins oon oat a “Mee = 19537 x 214934 ce Heat added = 14934%: = 27% {v)_ Heat to radiation or unaccounted Tig = 80% (0 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (bsfe):e 3250 svoes/nn 14 stroke engine] 1 Oa) 01 « 1250 x 6 x E5090femal efficiency, fuel = 42500 Wg and-y=1 450/300 ‘ 58% 3006p * 2 (i000) *60 x = 0.2325 = 23.25%419 K/kgk = 125/u/kgkStam through th ; ‘iss header, lube may also contain a wa fae gas sam 4 ple of about 100 ce of gas IS "Uming the three way cock ie *repeatable constant reading of ga: means 14-10 = 4 cof ‘means thatthe gas sampl I gas sample contained 4% nly N;. Hence, the percentage 1H bass. The trace gases, any, cannot tat5 Crh fel andrbon_monoxide (cq, ‘and lead and thy NO00 % at Fig. 5.20: Distribution of Emissions by Source fy summer dys wit high 0 ly, This second type of smog 62 diesel engine are are very | leteriorations. They also cause th > harmful eff 98, Serious illness, drop Person very prone“snd 3- wheelers, Bharat "April 1, 2010. ‘were soon replaced by mi | (1992) vehicles. started adopting European emi or heavy-duty vehicles stil apply to two- and three- wheeled peed : Idle s @ {ered very reach mirtures with high HC and CO. ‘pm with accompanying leaner mixture and throttle opening with more airthe missions is shown in Fig, 5.28 for v “emissions occur,during leanjounting of Engine _joeators $0 35 t0 much tat "in automotive fansports and the good: “with high speed where: to be proper fuel system that '$0 a5 to get the proper combustion of fuel wt?cles are having the nce ed in 1828; as it could not 35 stopped.Be internal combustion engin fue homogenous mixture of fuecombustion 2ngne ful, 1200" fuels are blast furnace 998 COThe SEC is higher in dese fo 533 19 The co and NO,of diesel Hence to be redesigned ‘much less compared with diesel fuel. Hence jiesel for the same power output. than diese. a iesel Hence, poses problems of automat535.1 ‘What is Ethanol ? Goons made b jum, ethanol can cut en : “" ‘butadiene by more than 50%. a10)136% 6 26y Dialeonticton ard wokig of on | nell’ Using fuel injection: In this atthe spark plug, The main sprayL ‘erking of the Wankel engine is based Soke in reciprocating IC engine: oens of Stirling Engine nstant temperature): The volume decreases, It is during this transformationY&R engines change the compression ratio by using two methods: ~ Changing clearance volume Changing swept volume fuel such a5 natural gs, LPG or hyéroge 1d-due to shortage and high The clearance volume is ch lume is changed by raising o ‘Mlnder head is raised, CR decreases becouse ter The swept volume of ¢ main bearing assembly io engine should be used 6.5.2 Effect of Variable Compression Ratio on Performance of ignition engine and doesnot Engine The VCR engines have more power engine becomes more compact, A consumption Thermal efficiency decreases as CR decreases. Bu mechanical efciency. \ Thode, natural gas ignition lag increases as CR decreases and overall heat ele ened sn VER engines CR is lowered at higher loads ine gives smoot fake is drawn into: inde performance due to decrease in heat ant at various bl As tis engine opera con diesel cyele, liquid-fuel also though a diesel system into cylinder, where mibture of ‘conditions. This reduces mechanical load on the pars. aed ‘Also as the peak temperature in the cylinder remains constant, thermal load ¢" - parts is reduced, ew load con ditions, CR is increased. Therefore, the VCR engine shows 92% performance. as CR can be changed?! VCR considering combustion characteristics ofa particu!‘Compression Combustor Fig, 6.7: Working of Duel Fuel Engine ons fuck cehey Sa 2 other than’ petroleum for Affecting Combustion Includes Pitot Fuel + of heating units: The another th mlt-uel fonction obtained for ACE mi tion delay and slower com! ‘chp 61612he Most dificult uel o bg Pration a ms dese nba Natural Ges ver 3 running on tne fa OF clise andthe othe engine runs on one fu FOS, such as corn 9'asses. The use of feduce greenho le of el vehi wth muy cogines oy 98s fuel The to fish an ore el at a time. "hea based fel mase can also be made oe eee ethanol can red : ni oo ae An E85 ene i Uustion engine designed t he ted ended with either eth: nei Blended anol oF meth Hydrogen: H, i being agar be used in fuel cel ie s. In multituel and i speed and high injec 6.7.4 Working of Mul ‘Any diesel engine can be conv’ tengine, Rudolph Diesel, intended for his engine to be run ‘of the 20" century, petroleum was much cheaper. As crude oi intention has returned by populer demand. sity of the fuel to match Diesel. T he visco’ ‘additives. BioDiesel is a chemic: ‘or chemical jesel once processed. f one do not i while commuting. Heating oll will make it thinner and ‘canola etc. one need to heat that oil to 16 To have this, lower t or to work with emg iss <0 to internal combustion gine does not mean means an engine whi ie ny or independent con of them or ndualy iquetied Propane Gasoline (LPG), or hyd pe Rotary Engine (Application) tan engine has the seem high compression oe ion/spray pattern help to burn Pensator to help with the air/fuelows the Sxploding rather thay Srking on a cyce called “Hypercycle ny many Power generation units ete 1p Meal Fo engine designs, Ste The Sg 68.2 Turbochargers temperate of eal ose igh and es energy. Tn order to ute this enery, exhaust Sapa in 2s turbine : 2 The most im Portant difficulty. with cha source This demand target is possible with homogeneous charge to prevent high tem; technology (PM) ‘mixture and 3 igntony the help of porous mas (8) Construction: + Porous medium is placed near two valves ie + Ignition takes place by u valve and outlet value 1; Z:0;) and non-onde50 (A) Advantages: * No gearing is required between the gas turb * Turbochargers are suitable for high speed eng PM enone Exhaust becomes considerably quite and) ~_Improves engine performance. i Fig. 6.9: Use of Porous MediumBEE the hep of 2 neat sketch, explin in detail construction and WorkReeaa Piston engine. Also write its limitations and advantages. @ 6 Explain in detail construction and working “of Sterling engine. Also write ts ‘ limitations and advantages. a 7. What is need of varying compression ratio of a engine? How is it done? What sis ‘effect on engine performance? j & Explain the concept of using two fuels in engine. How does diesel-natural gas engine work? Write 2 note on mylti fuel engine. What are its limitations and advantages? 9. What are modern trends in IC engine development? Explain in brief any _ them,