ce Ea ‘Reclamation (or Closure) The Mining Cycle Hassan Z. Harraz [email protected] This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in Power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. Permission of the author and publisher is required for any otter usage. Please see [email protected] for coniact details.Outline of Topic 2 * WHAT IS MINING? + MINE LIFE CYCLE + LIFE CYCLE OF DEPOSITS + LIFE-CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT + STAGES IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT: 1) Prospecting (Mineral Deposit) 2) Exploration (Ore Body) > 3D modeling sottware’s for mining sectors > Mineral Resource > Mineral Reserve 3) Development 4) Exploitation (Mine): > MINE PLANNING CYCLE 5) Reclamation: + ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES: » SOURCES OF METAL POLLUTION > Harmful Environmental Effects of Mining > Persistent, Bio-accumulative and Toxi (PT ): ¥ Lead ¥ Mercury ¥ Cadmium ¥ Arsenic We will explore all of the above in Topic 2.Mining The activity that removes from the earth’s crust the abnormal concentration of metal found in the deposit @ Mining is extracting ore or minerals from the ground Mine An opening or excavation of the earth from which minerals are extractedGeologists explore for useful metals by mapping, ‘and sampling rocks al minerals Reclamation (or Closure)LIFE CYCLE OF DEPOSITS lue Mining Stage Exploration Stage Time iplortion Biscovery Fensiblly Development Production Clenure Exploration Stage Mining Stage Project Value coralLIFE-CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT EXPLORATION DEVELOPMENT WininG De Lg Ay Project Value Ny ee DD Da Prof. Dr. H.2. Harraz Presentation ‘The Mining CycleMINE PLANNING CYCLE Mine Planning Fo Geology & Mine Caer Ore Control ine ire Contro! Strategy Mies Geological Data| [Resource / Reserve| Mine Design &| | Mine Production & Management Management Mine Strategy) | Scheduling Scheduling Isystem (GDMS) | | Solution (RRMS) Solution Solution Solution Prof. Dr. H.2. Horrae Presentation 7 ‘The Mining CycleDrill & Blast B crade Control Mine Planning Becton Geology Exploration Ore ControtSTAGES IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT The overall sequence of activities in modern mining is often compared with the five stages in the life of a mine: Sequence of Activities in Stages in the Life of a Responsibility Mining: Mine: 1) Prospectin: Stage 1 : Prospecti Geologists, Geophysics, and ust a st bs Mining engineers often share 2) Exploration (discovery) responsibility for these two Stage 2 : Exploration and stages-geologists more _ involved with the former, 3) Feasibility study Assessment mining engineers more with ‘the latter 4) Mine development Stage 3 : Cc ‘ion 5) Extraction/ production 6) Processing/ beneficiation/ Stage 4 : Exploitation or Mining engineer milling Operation 7) Marketing 8) Closure/post-mining use Stage 5 = ReclamationQ Prospecting and exploration, precursors to actual mining, are linked and sometimes combined. Geologists, Geophysics, and Mining engineers often share responsibility for these two stages-geologists more involved with the former, mining engineers more with the latter. Q Likewise, development and exploitation are closely related stages; they are usually considered to constitute mining proper and are the main province of the Mining engineer. Q Reclamation has been added to these stages since the first edition, to reflect the times. Closure and reclamation of the mine site has become a necessary part of the mine life cycle because of the demands of society for a cleaner environment and stricter laws regulating the abandonment of amine. Q The overall process of developing a mine with the future uses of the land in mind is termed sustainable development. Q The fifth stage of the mine is thus of paramount importance and should be planned at the earliest possible time in the life of the mine. Q The five stages in the life of a mine are summarized in Table 1.Table 1: Stages in the Life of a Mine (from Hartman and Matmansky, 2002; p.8). Stage/ erefectiiamé) Procedure Time | Cost/UnitGost Precursors to Mining arch for ore: a) Prospecting methods: > Direct: Physical geologic > Indirect: Geophysical, Geochemical. $0.2—10 million a) Erospeciny b) Locate favorable loci (maps, literature, old mines) |1-3yr| or $0.05—1/ton \(Mineraldeposit) |) pir Aerial photography, Airborne geophysics, ($0.05—1.1/tonne) Satellite d) Surface: Ground geophysics, Geology. e) Spotanomaly, analyze, evaluate, Defining extent and value of ore (examination / evaluation): a) Sample (driling or excavation), Assay, test 'b) Estimate tonnage and grade 2) Exploration | _c) Valuate deposit (Hoskold formula ordiscount (Ore body) method) > present > value= income - cost > Feasibility study: make decisionto abandon or develop. $1—15 million 2-5yr| or $0.20—1.5/ton ($0.22— 1.65/tonne)Table 1: Stages in the Life of a Mine (from Hartman and Matmansky, 2002; p.8). Stage/ 3 ; erefectiiams) Procedure Time | CosvUnitCost Mining Proper [Opening up ore depositfor production a) Acquire mining nights (purchase or lease), if not done in stage 2 $10 —500 million 5) De nt (Prospect)| ») File environmental impact statement, technology, 2-5" eee! “sok , oeeapitege aadi (80.275 — 11/tonne) c) Construct access roads, transport system, d) Locate surface plant, construct facilities. €) Excavate deposit (stip or sink shaft), Large-scale production of ore: a) Factors in choice of method: geologic, geographic, economic, environmental, societal safety $5 — 75 millionyr '4) Exploitation (Mine) 'b) Types of mining methods: 10- 30 yr ot $2 — 150/ton > Surface: open pit, open cast, etc. ($2.2 — 165itonne) > Underground! room and pilar, block caving, ete. c) Monitor costs and economic payback (3 - 10 yr) Post-mining Restoration of site: = 5) Reclamation(Real | 2) Removalof piant and buildings 16 oe een estate) b) Reclamation of waste and tailings dumps EYE (s0. oat aa anonne) ¢) Monitoring of discharges ee1) Prospecting (Mineral Deposit) 1 Prospecting theirs stage nthe utilzation of mineral depos, tsthe search far ores orather valuable minerals(coal ornonmetales).decause ‘mineral deposts may belocsted either ator below the surface ofthe earth, bothdirect andindirect prospecting techniques are employed. 8) The direct method of cicovery, normally imedto surface deposts, consis ofvisual examination of eiterthe exposure (oitrop) of thedepositortheloose fragments that have weathered away trom the outerop.Geologkstudiesof the entire are bys) era! photography, eologiemops, ondil) structurolassessment ofan oro, the geologist gathers evidenceby direct methods to locate ‘nineraideposts. Precise moppingand structura/analysisplus microscopic studies of samples also enable he geologist tolocate the hidden os wel os surface mineralzation. ') The most valuable scientfictool employed inthe indirect search fr hidden mineral deposts is geophy es, the science of detecting anomaliesusing physical measurements of grawtotionaseismi, magnet, electrical, electromagnet, and radiometric variables of the earth. The methods are applied from he ai using arerft ond satelite; onthe surface of te arth; and beneath the earth, using methods that probe below the topography. Geochemistry, the quantitative analysis of soil, rock, and water samples, and geobotany, the analysisoflant growth patterns, eanalso be empoyedas prospectngtoots. 1 Prospecting activity is largely conducted by geologists and geophyscss,asltedby fel samples, dlrs, and laboratory personnel{for chemical 2ss9y3) 1 How prospecting conducted and iscostcan var ignifeanty, depencng on whether acompany is prospecting areas. healfference between these to types of prospecting methods: |) Remote sensing tools: SL Ace rece al esi > The goal of geophysical or geochemical exploration Saison: is to find an anomaly something different from the Pistinw svein normal or expected. From a mineral deposit point {Ground prospecting: of view, the earth is generally boring and barren, > Historical data but sometimes it produces anomalies. > Geological mapping > Anomalies may indicate the presence of minerals > Gis (Geographic Information System) arid crud bee Gergen cians > Magnetic surveys > Sampling (sl, rock... ete) > Chemical assays Took for minerol prospecting: in increasing order of cost per square km, prospecting methods are: > Remote sensing (satelite imagery), > Geophysical surveys, > Geological mapping, > Geochemical surveys. > Radiometric surveys‘Aeromagnetic, Gravity&AEM ‘Surveys Remote Environmental Monitoring. Fig. pplication of integrated geophysical imaging across the mining lifecycle Prof. Or. H.2. Harraz Presentation 4 The Mining Cycle2) Exploration (Ore Body) U The second stagein the life of a mine, exploration, determines as accurately as possible the size and value of a mineral deposit, utilizing techniques similar to but more refined than those used in prospecting. O The fine of demarcation between prospecting and exploration is not sharp; in fact, a distinction may not be possible in some cases. Exploration generally shifts to surface and subsurface locations, using a variety of ‘measurements to obtain a more positive picture of the extent and grade of the ore body. Exploration is commonly the longest and riskiest “stage” on the road to establishing a mine, and can take upto several years for each project. OFor one successful prospect that development. Exploration activity is largely conducted by geologists and geophysicists, assisted by field samplers, drillers, and laboratory personnel (for chemical assays). How exploration is conducted and its cost can vary significantly, depending on whether a company is exploring develo} 10. a mine, many more will be abandoned without any further areas. Ground exploration: Stage 2: Exploration and Assessment (1-10 > Geological mapping years) > GIS (Geographic Information System) ee Speratiall: Copiers > Exploration - Drilling (1/10) > Drilling (RAB, RC, diamond) 2 So > Geology - Analytical and Mineralogical Assessment > Sampling (chip, rock, .... etc.) > Economic Feasibility Assessment (1/10) > Chemical assays > Orebody Modeling (1/10) iWeb tid cre neal lapel‘ a > Mine Planning and Metallurgical Testwork > whether we are exploring in any areas; > the size and accessibility of the area to be explored; > whether we are looking for deposits exposed at surface or “blind” dep. variably thick cover-up to several hundreds of meters); (i.e. deposits hidden under3D Medeling Softwa: for Mining Sectors_ MOCO Ulu s Ae GEOVIA Geft6k Software package. 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AS a miner, Micromine gives you easy-to-use modelling, estimation, and design tools to simplify your day-to-day design and production tasks.Pegler eos inele cco cre & Piece toe intersections, peochemical results and Peon karoncn oe MUTI DEC eexee rare pret for ore deposit structures interpolated orossmccu turks ouiger sheers onal drilling data . 3D Geological ModelingMineral Resource Mineral resource estimation has chanped considerably parece eea reed ‘The fundamental key to successful mineral project is ete ete ee te emt eee ated resource geology andmining aspects of deposit. Bie cere giT us ee Tec edad increasing geolopical confidence, intoInferred, Pitre teenth crate bernie?Mineral Reserve Category Proven eS Probable 1.78 Mt at 2.88% Ni 51,400t Ni metal (113.2 MLbs Ni meta) Total Reserve Szease Inforred Resource 0.48 Mt at 2.64% Ni 12,200 Ni metal (26.9 MLbs Ni metal)2) Exploration (Cont.) ORepresentative samples may be subjected to chemical, metallurgical, Xray, spectrographic, or radiometric evaluation techniques that are meant to enhance the investigator's knowledge of the mineral deposit. samples are obtained by chipping outcrops, trenching, tunneling, and ding; in adcition, borehole logs may be provided to study the geologic and structural make up of the deposit. Rotary, percussion, or diamond drills can be used for exploration purposes. However, diamond drills are favored because the cores they yield provide knowledge of the geologic structure. The core is normally split alongits axis; one halfis analyzed, and the other half is retained intact for further geologic study. ‘an evaluation of the samples enables the geologist or mining engineer to calculate the tonnage and grade, or richness, of the mineral deposit. He or she estimates the mining costs, evaluates the recovery of the valuable minerals, determines the environmental costs, and assesses other foreseeable factors in an effort to reach a conclusion about the profitability of the mineral deposit. The crux of the analysis is the question of whether the property is just another mineral deposit or an ore body. For an ore deposit, the overall process is called reserve estimation, that is, the examination and valuation of the ore body. At the conclusion of this stage, the project is developed, traded to another party, or abandoned. 2.1) Resource evaluation 2.2) Reserve definition 2.3) Mineral determination > After a prospective mineral is located, the mine geologist then determines the ore properties. This may involve chemical analysis of the ore to determine the composition of the sample. > Once the mineral properties are identified, the next step is determining the quantity of the ore. This involves determining the extent of the deposit as well as the purity of the ore. » The engineer drills additional core samples to find the limits of the deposit and calculates the quantity of valuable material present in the deposit. 2.4) Feasibility study3) Development snot? Canin $2 08) : Glin the third stage, development, the work of opening a min > Ad unnaisope deeiopment (our 0p) the actual mining ofthe deposit, now called the ore. tay! Sh tome aut ald (Open) i Access to the deposit must be gained either: ‘Pia : : 1) by «: the overburden, which te the soll and/or : See ore for mining, "Waste and Ting Disposal { Stripping ofthe overburden will then proceed if the mi > Ste Selection and Preparation Considerations determine the stripping ratio, the ra > Construction of nial Ctr Dam fr taing dspoeat as high as 38 m/tonne for coal mines to as low as O no overburden to remove; the mineral is simply excavateu at ue surnate). or i by anatg penis torn tie surtacn Yo econ more dagpl brie daposts to propre for underground fer-case, certain preliminary development work, such as: 1) Acquiring water and mineral rights, ii) Buying surface lands, iii) Arranging for financing, and iv) Preparing permit applications and an environmental impact statement (EIS), will generally be required before any development takes place When these steps have been achieved, the provision of a number of requirements: 1) Access roads, i) Power sources, iil) Mineral transportation systems, iv) Mineral processing facilities, v) Waste disposal areas, vi) Offices, and other support facilities-must precede actual mining in most cases. Development for underground mining is generally more complex and expensive. It requires careful planning and layout of access openings for efficient mining, safety, and permanence. The principal openings may be shafts, slopes, or adits; each must be planned to allow passage of workers, machines, ore, waste, air, water, and utilities. Many metal mines are located along steeply posits and thus are opened from shafts, while drifts, winzes, and raises serve the production areas. Many coal and nonmetallic mines are found in nearly horizontal deposits. Their primary openings may be drifts or entries, which may be distinctly different fram those of metal mines. Dinett. . : Active Mining 4) Exploitation (Mine) aaa ——— SER Q Exploitation, the fourth stage of mining, is associate Separation . minerals from the earth in quantity. g Smelting and Refining > Although development may continue, the em, Dibnosa Lot Waste, (Falling) is on production. Usually only enough developmentis done prior to exploitation to ensure that production, once started, can continue uninterrupted throughout the life of the mine. Q The mining method selected for exploitation is determined mainly by the characteristics of the mineral deposit and the limits imposed by safety, technology, environmental concerns, and economics. > Geologic conditions (e.g. such as t” stage 4 : Operations (3 ->100 years) the surrounding rock) play a key rc > Blast Lad, Haul, Dump Traditional exploitation methods fall inte i emoa duaocseoer (Sei ll Sec ieee surface or underground: sa ang, S207 Sor Waste on stern) i) Surface mining includes mechani > Cua kind (Comicon) net ia main > Physical Soparation ( may be chemical (i.e, Benefcitin) and open cast (strip mining), an ee solution mining. Pc iestaes if ee 2 West Disposal: ii) Underground mining is usually c yes unsupported, supported, and cz > Contour, Spread top soi > Hydro-seed and plan for fral drainage Toiting Disposal: > Plan for Lifts as Taling Dam builds > Control Water Levels > Recover water fr recycle > Rewegetate dam wallsMill Complex Bingham Canyon Mill Mill Control Room5) Reclamation The final stage in the operation of most mines is reclamation, the process of closing a mine and recontouring, revegetating, and restoring the water and land values. i The best time to begin the reclamation process of a mine is before the first excavations are initiated. In other words, mine planning engineers should plan the mine so that the reclamation process is considered and the overall cost of mining plus reclamation is minimized, not just the cost of mining itself. The new philosophy in the mining industry is sustainability, that is, the meeting of economic and environmental needs of the present while enhancing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. in planning for the reclamation of any given mine, there are many concerns that must be addressed. |) The first of these is the safety of the mine site, particularly if the area is open to the general public. The removal of office buildings, processing facilities, transportation equipment, utilities, and other surface structures must generally be accomplished. The mining company is then required to seal all mine shafts, adits, and other openings thet may present physical hazards. Any existing highwalls or other geologic structures may require mitigation to prevent injuries or death due to geologic failures. li) The second major issue to be addressed during reclamation of a mine site is restoration of the land surface, the water quality, and the waste disposal areas so that long-term water pollution, soll erosion, dust generation, or vegetation problems do not occur. The restoration of native plants is often a very important part of this process, as the plants help build a stable soil structure and naturalize the area. It may be necessary to carefully place any rock or tailings with acid-producing properties in locations where rainfall has little effect on the material and acid production is minimized. The same maybe true of certain of the heavy metals that pollute streams. Planning of the waste dumns. failings nonds, and other disturbed areas will help prevent pollution probler Stage 5 : Closure (1 - 20 years) ete the reclamation stage of mining and satis Mine The final concern of the mine planning enginee > Flood Pit npleted. Old mine sites have been converted to wildlife > Seal Underground workings srground storage facilities, real estate developments, sol > Long-term Acid Rock Drainage (ARD) plan for ciety. By planning the mine for a subsequent developme waste dumps and help convert it to a use that the public will consider f Omi e will enhance public opinion of the mining industry > Salvage Equipment gulatory agencies. 5 hee > Contour and reseed site > Long-term ARD plan for taling damTailing Dam Reclamation Revegetation Hydro-Seeding a Waste Dump eeeENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES Steps Environmental Effects Disturbed land; mining accidents; health hazards; mine waste dumping; oll spils and blawouts; nose, ugliness; heat Mining exploration, extraction | Processing ‘transportation, purification, manufacturing Use Noise; uginess thermal water polution, ‘transportation or transmission pollution of air, water, and sol, to individual user, eventual use, and discarding ‘Solid and radioactive wastes; safety and health hazards; heat TUT Prof. Dr. H.2. Horrae Presentation 27 ‘The Mining CycleSOURCES OF METAL POLLUTION Q Mining: + Air Water Land Q Fossil Fuel Combustion: Before Mining + Air aa em > Water are Scone! * Land ak Q Other sources Q Natural Sources “Mune z : XYGEN «WATER «SLANE = UAFURICACD ean Meas Fah oy Irayreers, Extraction decreases groundwater depth and ‘ids into Natal filtration, and increases the ‘groundwater contamination.I mifal Envicanmeantal Effart € AAini: Harmful Environmental Effects of Mining 4) Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) 41) Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) * Sowch ake ou rome mine oe ormeuture 2). Heavy Metal. Cofitaniinistion Toho feronians bacenan acd water hastens i Acid is carried off the mine site by rainwater or surface 3) Processing chemical pollution Grainage and deposited ito nearby. streams, vers, lokes 3 5 aie goundwate, ANID severely degrades water Gully, 4) Erosion and Sedimentation nd Gon kl aquatic ite and mace water vrualy unusable 2) Heavy Metal Contamination & Leaching Heavy metal pollution is caused when such metals as arsenic, cobat. copper. cadmium, lead, siver and zine Contained in excavated rock or exposed in an underground mine come in contact with watec Metals are leached out and carried downstream as water washes aver the rack surface. leaching is particularly accelerated in the low pH Conditions Such as are created by Acid Mine Drainage. 3) Processing Chemicals Pollution occurs when chemical agents (such as cyanide or Sulphuric acid used by mining companies to separate the ‘target mineral from the ore) spil, leak, or leach from the mine site into nearby water bodies ‘These chemicals can be highly toxic to humans and widife, 4) Erosion and Sedimentation ‘Mineral development disturbs soll and rock in the course of constructing and maintaining roads, open pits, and waste impoundments erosion of the exposed earth may camry substantial ‘amounts of sediment into streams, rwers and lakes. Excessive sediment can clog nverbeds and smother fe watershed vegetation, wil organisms, habitat and aquaticMetals are emitted in air during... CT eS acs Ve ere a) ferevelis i eS rug Eater el Pee Ra | Soil Vegetation wae om oo a Pa. tenpaeMineral Processing lead to... a a Crushing of ores produces tailings. Traces of pollutants like mercury, arsenic, cadmium and uranium may leach out of tailings and contaminate groundwater and landfills. Processing chemicals (e.g., Cyanide) are major hazards (cyanide spill in Danube). Smelting releases toxic elements, SO, etc and causes acid rain which can destroy vegetation Do not waste mineral resources. Recycle and reuse 60-80% of mineral resources. Include the harmful environmental costs of mining and processing minerals in the prices of items (ful-cost pricing) Reduce mining subsidies Increase subsidies for recycling, reuse, and finding substitutes. Redesign manufacturing processes to use less mineral resources and to [produce less pollution and waste (cleaner production) Use mineral resource wastes of one manufacturing process as raw materials, for other processes. ‘Slow population growth, Scone niesPersistent, Bio-accumulative and Toxi (PBT ) O PBT = Persistent, Bio-accumulative and Toxic: > 5 nutrient metals: Cu, Cr, Ni, Al, Zn. > 6 non-nutrient metals: Sb, As, Be, Cd, Pb, Hg. QO) Metals cannot be banned and are present in nature, in soil, in food and in water. Q Pb, Cd, As and Hg pose special problem.Lead Q Present Scenario compared to 100 yrs ago: > 4X in Antarctica lee > 15X greaterin Coral > S00X greater in household dusts Q Was used in Plumbing soldering Paint Gasoline Lead types for printing, Leadin printingink vVvvvY Adverse Effects of Lead a a Affects Nervous system of human fetus and small children Most of the lead is stored in bones and along with Calcium, is released in mother’s milk Affects 1Q, causes delinquency, kidney cancer In adults: High BP, affects nervous system and kidney, anemia, infertility Sources of Lead Q Similarto other metals: mining, smelting, coal burning power plants, incinerators Lead paints, lead contaminated soil, plumbing. > affects children in poorer households > Made worse by poor diet low in Ca and Fe For people livingin Lead free environment: > Food is the major source Gasoline > Lead level in exhausts fell 90% after banning of lead in gasoline - the substitute, Benzene, Is carcinogen > Lead in the blood of Children fell to 4-6 microgram/t (threshold: 10 micrograms/It) > Major problem now in China Incinerator: P? measures: the following are banned: > Lead in gasoline, in paint, in printing ink, in solders in plumbing and cans, in sealing wine bottles, in toys > Imported products can still have lead > Car batteries still contain lead ooMercury Q_— Much of the mercury in the environment originates as Traci Weboc ROHR cs bis ung poner artsran Reducing Risk from Mercury incinerators (2-3000 tons) and from natural sources (2700 to 6000 tons). Regulations: EPA has set standards for Elemental Mercury not as injurious as methylmercury. drinking water, air-emissions and is tackling Most of the mercury ends up in the ocean where the biggest source: coal burning power bacteria inthe Bottom sediments convert elemental plants. OSrOMY SOMMER ATSTEUNY, Reduce workplace exposure. D_ Methyimercury biomagnifies up the food chain ied ioe ; > Some game fishhas Hg cone, 200000 X that of surrounding fediuce or eliminate mercury containing water. products: > Can cause roblemstohuman se fish, particularly > In rechargeable batteries and button cells. —y Cideoplean pregrontwomeh > Remove batteries from municipal solid ane > Green Lights program: Hg free fluorescent Adverse effects of Mercury - 195% of the exposure comes from eating contaminated 2 igs mnereary rom hosp eat It fish. Ofoxicto nervous system. OMinamata Tragedy: > Chisso Corp discharged mercury in Minamata bay from 1930. > Biomagnification in Fish upto 40 ppm (0.5 ppm safe limit). > 200,000 people were poisoned. > Chronic nervous system damage, miscarriages, deformed fetus. > Settled in 1996 after 30 years of litigation.Cadmium ——— discovered in 1827, heavily mined since mid-40s CBBioaccumulates in kidney — increases with age ita-itai disease among older women in Japan cancer, birth defects in rats sources: > Mining andsmelting of2n, Pb, cu > Coalbumning > Phosphatiefertilers, sewagesludge > Nicadbatteries:amajorsourcein Municipal Solid Waste (90% of the exposure (of non-smokers) is ‘through food: > Fish, scallopsand oysters > Liverand kidneysoflargeranimals: beef, > Readily taken up by plants concentrated InTebaceos. 90% of inhaled Cais absorbedby the body control: EPA regulations: > Power plantsstiinotcontolled > NicadBatteriesstilla ator problem ooo oO oo Arsenic Metal smelting of Copper and Lead Used to be common weed killer Emitted by volcanoes Naturally present in soil > Major environmental problem in Bangladesh Level in seafoods higher than in land-grown food. Much of the Arsenic in Food is not bioavailable CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenate) used to treat wood including playground eauipments™ can contaminate soi