Mathematics X
Mathematics X
TINSUKIA REGION
Chief Patron
Shri S V Joglekar
Deputy Commissioner I/c
Tinsukia Region
Patron
Shri Sojan P. John
Assistant Commissioner
PREPARED BY:
1. Ms. Shanu Singh, TGT (Maths), KV NERIST
2. Mr. Romel SIngh, TGT (Maths), KV No. 2 Imphal
3. Mr. Vimal Kumar, TGT (Maths), KV OIL Duliajan
4. Mr. Aribam Dayamoi Sharma, TGT (Maths), KV Loktak
MODERATED BY:
1. Mr. CS Tiwari, Principal (Gr-II), KV Chakpikarong
2. Mr. Surendra Kumar, TGT (Maths), KV No. 1 Imphal
3. Mr. Manish Kumar, TGT (Maths), KV No. 1 Imphal
4. Mr. Sonoo, TGT (Maths), KV Longding
5. Ms. Preeti, TGT(Maths), KV Churachandpur
FOREWORD
Providing Support Material to students is a tradition in Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan.
The Support material prepared by the subject experts includes all the necessary changes
introduced by CBSE so as to acquaint our student with the changes in curriculum, pattern and
design of questions, topic-wise weightage of marks, MCQs, VSA, SA, LA-1, LA-2 , topic wise
common errors along with previous years' CBSE questions, CCT based questions and
questions based on Case Study .
This students’ support material is surely a meticulous work undertaken by the subject
experts of the Region with an aim to help students’ excellent learning. This comprehensive
material has been crafted in a lucid language to efface any trace of ambiguity from the learners’
minds. Each unit has been moulded scholastically keeping in mind the doubts that may arise
while a young learner deals with the concept. A variety of questions in different designs, like
Assertion-Reason Questions and Multiple-Choice Questions, have been dealt with, to prepare
the students for every possible pattern that could appear in Term II Examination. Descriptive
questions have been included for detailed reading. Important formulae and the core concept
of each chapter have been highlighted for easy revision. HOTS questions can help the students
to think outside the confines of the textbook. Mind maps will help the students to grasp the
ideas as part of a coherent structure. Inclusion of MCQ based questions is for rapid revision.
This succinct material, prepared as per latest CBSE syllabus, would help the students to
comprehend thoroughly and revise swiftly.
I hope this material will prove to be a good tool for quick revision and will serve the
purpose of enhancing students’ confidence level to help them perform better. Planned study
blended with hard work, good time management and sincerity will help the students reach the
pinnacle of success.
All teachers and students are requested to share their feedback to us.
I express my gratitude to Shri Sojan P John, Assistant Commissioner, KVS RO
Tinsukia, Principal Coordinators, teachers whoever involved in preparation and moderation of
Support Material.
(S.V. Joglekar)
Deputy Commissioner (I/c)
KVS RO Tinsukia
Unit 2 Algebra
Name of chapters Marks Allotted
Quadratic Equations
Arithmetic Progressions 10
Chapter Analysis
Fundamentals
1. General form of a quadratic equation is : ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0.
2. a is called co-efficient of x2, b is called co-efficient of x, c is called constant
term.
3. The value of variable satisfying equation is called root of that equation.
4. Quadratic equation has at most two real roots.
Methods of Solving Quadratic Equations :
(a) Factorisation Method (Splitting the Middle Term)
(b) Quadratic Formula Method (Sridharacharya Formula)
Factorisation Method :
Step 1 : Resolve the equation in factor using splitting the middle term method,
i.e, : ax2 + bx + c = (Ax + B)(Cx + D)
Step 2 : Put both factors equal to zero, separately
Ax + B = 0 and Cx+ D = 0
Therefore, x = - B/A and x = - D/C are two roots.
Quadratic Formula Method :
Direct formula to calculate the roots is given as :
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
Discriminant : It is denoted by ‘D’ and given by :
D = b2- 4ac
Nature of Roots of Quadratic Equation :
First of all find D.
If D > 0, roots are real and unequal distinct.
If D = 0, roots are real and equal.
If D < 0, roots are imaginary.
Some Short-cut Methods
1. If roots of quadratic equations are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign,
then sum of roots= 0
Which implies b=0
2. If one root is the reciprocal of the other, then product of roots = 1
Therefore c/a = 1 implies c=a
Answer: (a)
5. If ½ is a root of the equation x2 + kx – 5/4 = 0, then the value of k is
a) 2 b) -2 c) 1/4 d) ½
Answer: (a) Hint: since ½ is a root ⇒¼ + ½ k – 5/4 =0 ⇒ ½ k = 5/4 – ¼ =1 ⇒k=2
6. The roots of the equation 2x2 - x – 6= 0, are
a) -2, 3/2 b) 2, -3/2 c) -2, -2/3 d) 2, 32
Answer: (b) Hint: 2x2 - x – 6= 0 ⇒ 2x2 -4x + 3x– 6=0⇒ (x-2)(2x + 3)=0⇒ x=2, -3/2
7. Value of k for which the quadratic equation 2x2 - kx + k = 0 has equal roots is
a) 0 only b) 4 c) 8 only d) 0, 8
Answer: (d) Hint: For equal roots k2-8k=0 ⇒ k = 0, 8
8. If one root of the equation 4x2 - 2x + (k- 4) = 0 be the reciprocal of the other,
then k =
a) 8 b) -8 c) 4 d) -4
Answer: (a) Hint: Let a is one of the root of the given equation therefore the
other root is 1/a.
1 𝑘−4
Now a. = ⇒ k-4 = 4 ⇒ k=8
𝑎 4
9. The value of k for which roots of the equation kx2 + 2x + 3 = 0 are equal is
a) 1/3 b) -1/3 c) 3 d) -3
1
Answer:
3
10. A quadratic equation, where one root is 2 and the sum of whose roots is
zero, is
a) x2 + 4 = 0 b) x2 – 4 = 0 c) 4x2 – 1 d) r -2
Answer: (b) x2 – 4 = 0
11. The sum and product of the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial are 3 and -
10 respectively. The quadratic polynomial is
(a) x2- 3x + 10 (b) x2+ 3x – 10 (c) x2- 3x – 10 (d) x2+ 3x + 10
Answer: (a) x2- 3x + 10
12. If α and β are the zeroes of the polynomial 2x2-13x + 6, then α+ β is equal to
a) -3 b) 3 c) 13/2 d) -13/2
−(−13) 13
Answer: (c) α+ β = =
2 2
Answer: two
8. A quadratic equation in the variable x is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0,
Answer: ≠0
1. Find the value of k , for which one root of the quadratic equation kx2 − 14x + 8 =
0 is six times the other.
We have kx2 − 14x + 8 = 0
Let one root be α and other root be 6α
Sum of roots a + 6a = 14 /k ⇒ 7a = 14/ k ⇒ a = 2/k……….(1)
Product of roots a. 6a = 8/k ⇒ 6a2 = 8/k…………….(2)
Solving eq. (1) and (2) we get
k = 0 and k = 3 but k= 0 is not possible therefore required value of k =3
2. Find the roots of the following equations
1
(a) x- = 3, x ≠ 0 (C.B.S.E (b) (x-1)2 – 5( x- 1) – 6 = 0
𝑥
2016) Sol. Given (x-1)2 – 5( x- 1) –
1 6=0
Sol. Given equation x- = 3
𝑥 or, x2 – 2x + 1 – 5x + 5 – 6
2
⇒ x - 1 = 3x =0
⇒ x2 – 3x – 1 = 0 or, x2- 7x + 6 -6 = 0
−(−3) ±√32 −4(1)(−1)
𝑥= or, x2- 7x = 0
2(1)
or, x(x -7 = 0
3+√3
∴ x = 0, 7
Roots are 𝑥 = and 𝑥 =
2
3−√3
2
3. Find the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations. If the real roots
exist, find them:
(ii) 3x2 – 4 √3 x + 4 = 0
(a) (i) 2x2 – 3x + 5 = 0 On comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 3 , b = -4√3 , c= 4
On comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0 Now, as we know D = b2 – 4 a c
a = 2 , b = -3 , c= 5 ⇒ D = (-4√3)2 – 4.3. 4
Now, as we know D = b2 – 4 a c ⇒ D = 48 – 48 = 0
⇒ D = (-3)2 – 4.2. 5 Now since D = 0
⇒ D = 9 – 40 = -31 Therefore this equation has two equal real
Now since D < 0 roots
Therefore this equation has no real Given eq. 3x2 – 4 √3 x + 4 = 0
roots ⇒ 3x2 – 2 √3 x - 2 √3 x + 4 = 0
⇒ √3x(√3 x – 2) – 2(√3 x -2) = 0
⇒(√3 x – 2) (√3 x – 2)= 0
⇒ x = 2/√3 , 2/√3
2. Find the positive value of k for which x2 – 8x + k = 0, will have real roots.
Sol. Since the given equation has real roots,
i.e. D= b2 – 4 a c = 0
Here a = 1, b = -8, c= k
(-8)2 – 4(1)k ≥ 0
or 64 – 4k ≥ 0 ⇒ 4k ≤ 64 or, k ≤ 16
Long Answer Type Questions
1 1 11
1. Solve for x: - = where x ≠ -4, -7
𝑥+4 𝑥+7 30
Sol. Given equation:
1 1 11 𝑥+7−𝑥−4 11 𝑥+7−𝑥−4 11
- = or = or = or 11(x2 + 11x + 28) = 30 (3)
𝑥+4 𝑥+7 30 (𝑥+4)(𝑥+7) 30 (𝑥+4)(𝑥+7) 30
3 4 29
2. Solve for x: - = where x ≠ 1, -1, ¼
𝑥+1 𝑥−1 4𝑥−1
3 4 29 3𝑥−3+4𝑥+4 29
Sol. - = or = or (4x – 1 ) (7x +1) = 29 ( x2 – 1)
𝑥+1 𝑥−1 4𝑥−1 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) 4𝑥−1
CASE STUDY 1:
Raj and Ajay are very close friends. Both the families decide to go to Ranikhet by
their own cars. Raj’s car travels at a speed of x km/h while Ajay’s car travels 5 km/h
faster than Raj’s car. Raj took 4 hours more than Ajay to complete the journey of 400
km.
CASE STUDY 2:
The speed of a motor boat is 20 km/hr. For covering the distance of 15 km the
boat took 1 hour more for upstream than downstream.
1. Let speed of the stream be x km/hr. then speed of the motorboat in upstream
will be
a) 20 km/hr b) (20 + x) km/hr c) (20 - x) km/hr d) 2 km/hr
2. What is the relation between speed ,distance and time?
a) speed = (distance )/time b) distance = (speed )/time
c) time = speed x distance d) speed = distance x time
3. Which is the correct quadratic equation for the speed of the current ?
a) x 2 + 30x − 200 = 0 b) x 2 + 20x − 400 = 0
c) x 2 + 30x − 400 = 0 d) x 2 − 20x − 400 = 0
4. What is the speed of current ?
a) 20 km/hour b) 10 km/hour c) 15 km/hour d) 25 km/hour
5. How much time boat took in downstream?
a) 90 minute b) 15 minute c) 30 minute d) 45 minute
ANSWERS:
1. c) (20 – x)km/hr 2. b) distance=(speed)/ time
3. c) x 2 + 30x – 400= 0 4. b) 10 km/hour 5. c) 30 minutes
Unit 2 Algebra
Name of chapters Marks Allotted
Quadratic Equations
Arithmetic Progressions 10
Chapter Analysis
List of Concepts 2018 2019 2020
Terms of A.P. 1Q (1 M) 1Q (1 M) 2Q (1 M)
1Q (2 M) 1Q (2 M)
1Q (4 M) 1Q (4 M)
Sum of A.P. 1Q (2 M) OR OR
1Q (2 M) 1Q (4 M)
Sum of the series
Word Problems 1 Q (4 M) OR
1Q (4 M)
Sequence : An arrangement of numbers which has a particular pattern, which
can suggest the successor of every number in the arrangement.
Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) : It is a list of numbers in which each term is
obtained by adding a fixed number (d) to the preceding term except the first
term.
Examples of Arithmetic Progressions:
(i) 3, 5, 7, 9, ………
(ii) -8, -5, -2, 1,…….
(iii) 6, 1, -4, -9, ……….
(iv) √2, √8, √18, √32, …….
(v) -2, -2, -2, -2, -2 …….
Common Difference: The fixed number is called the common difference,
denoted by ‘d’. It can be positive or negative.
General Form of an A.P. : a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, …………., a + (n-1)d.
where, a= first term, d = common difference, a + (n-1)d = nth term.
If a1, a2, a3,………. be the I, II, III………terms of an A.P.
Then, a2- a1 = d, a3 – a2 = d, a4 – a3 = d
Important formulae :
nth term of an A.P. an = a + (n – 1)d.
𝑛
Sum of the n terms of an A.P. is : Sn = [ 2a + (n-1)d]
2
𝑛 𝑛
Also: Sn = (a + an) or Sn = (a + l), where l = last term.
2 2
th
1. n term from the end of an A.P. : l- (n - 1)d
2. an = (Sn – Sn-1)
Tips :
1. To an A.P. if we add or subtract or multiply or divide each term by the same
number, the resulting sequence would always be an A.P.
2. Whenever you be asked to take three numbers which are in A.P, always
take: a – d, a, a + d.
3. Whenever you be asked to take four numbers which are in A.P, always take:
a – 3d, a – d , a + d, a + 3d.
4. Whenever you be asked to take five numbers which are in A.P, always take:
a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d.
Some Important Key Points :
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
1. 1 + 2 + 3 +…………+ n =
2
2. 1 + 3 + 5 +……….to n terms = n2
3. 2 + 4 + 6 + ………to n terms = n(n +1)
4. If pth term of an A.P. is q and qth term is p, then (p + q)th term = 0
5. If Sp = q, Sq= p, then Sp+q = -(p+q)
6. If pSp = qSq, then Sp+q = 0
7. ap – aq = (p – q)d, if d is the common difference of A.P.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The nth term of the AP a , 3a , 5a , ... is
(a) na (b) (2n - 1) a ( c ) (2n + 1) a (d) 2na
2. The value of x for which 2x, (x + 10) and (3x + 2) are the three consecutive
terms of an AP, is
(a) 6 (b) -6 (c) 18 (d) -18
Answers:
1.(b) Given AP is a , 3a , 5a , ... First term is a and d = 3a – a = 2a,
nth term an= a + (n − 1) d = a + (n − 1) 2a = a + 2na − 2a
= 2na – a = (2n − 1) a
2. (a) Since 2x, (x + 10) and (3x + 2) are in AP
(x + 10) − 2x = (3x + 2) − (x + 10) ⇒− x + 10 = 2x – 8 ⇒ - 3x = -18
⇒x=6
3. (c) We have a = p and d = q ⇒ a10 = a + 9d = p + 9q
4. (c) a + 6d = 34, a + 12d = 64 ⇒ d = 5 ⇒ a18 = a + 17d = 89
5. (b) 10th term
6. (b) 40
7. (a) 0, Since S6= 6/2 ( -10 + 5x2)= 0
8. (a) -320 9. (c) 200 10. (c) 38 11. (b) 245 12. (d) 98
13. (d) 28 14. (d) 0 15. (b) 330
Answers:
1. common difference 2. eleventh 3. Adding 4. Twelfth
5. 8 (Since a – d + a + a + d =3a = 24 i.e. a = 8) 6. n2
7. 22 ( Since a + 20d – a – 17d = 66 ⇒ 3d = 66 ⇒ d= 22)
8. –(p+q) 9. n(n +1)
10. -69 ( since req. term = a +19d = 7 + 19(-4)= -69)
n +1
Middle term = ( )th term i.e. = 21st term = a + 20d = 12 + 20(6)
2
= 12 + 120 = 132
6. Find the 7th term from the end of A.P. 32, 37, 42, 47,…………….237.
Sol. Here a = 32 , d = 37 – 32 = 5
7th term from the end = 237 – 6 (5) = 207
7. How many three digit numbers are divisible by 7?
Sol. Three digit numbers divisible by 7 are 105, 112, 119,….,994
Let 994 = an = a + (n – 1)d = 105 + (n – 1)7 ⇒ 994 – 105 = 7n -7
⇒ 7n = 889 +7 ⇒ n = 896 / 7 = 128
8. Find the first four terms of an AP Whose first term is - 2 and common
difference is -2.
Sol. We have a1 =− 2, a2 = a1 + d = -2 -2 = -4
a3 = a2 + d = -4 -2 = -6 and a4 = a3 + d=− 6 + ( − 2) =− 8
Subtracting (2) from (1) we have 12d =− 12 & d =− 16 , Substituting this value
of d in (1) we get
a = 5 ⇒ a38 = -32
4. If seven times the 7th term of an AP is equal to eleven times the 11th
term, then what will be its 18th term.
Sol. Let the first term be a , common difference be d and n th term be an .
a) 51,53,55…. b) 51, 49, 47…. c) -51, -53, -55…. d) 51, 55, 59…
2. What is the minimum number of days he needs to practice till his goal is achieved
a) 10 b) 12 c) 11 d) 9
3. Which of the following term is not in the AP of the above given situation
a) 41 b) 30 c) 37 d) 39
a) 2 b) 3 c) 5 d) 1
5. The value of x, for which 2x, x+ 10, 3x + 2 are three consecutive terms of an AP
a) 6 b) -6 c) 18 d) -18
ANSWER: 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. A
CASE STUDY 3:
Your elder brother wants to buy a car and plans to take loan from a bank for his car.
He repays his total loan of Rs 1,18,000 by paying every month starting with the first
instalment of Rs 1000. If he increases the instalment by Rs 100 every month , answer
the following:
Answer:
Name of Chapter -:
1. CIRCLES
1. (Prove) The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact.
2. (Prove) The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
BRAIN MAPPING
1
1. Non-intersecting Line
When a line and a circle have no common point then it is called a Non-intersecting Line with respect
to the circle.
2. Secant
When a line intersects a circle in such a way that there are two common points then that line is
called Secant.
3. Tangent
When a line touches the circle in such a way that they have only one common point then that line
is called a Tangent. That common point is called the point of contact.
1. All the tangents of a circle are perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact
of that tangent.
OP is the radius of the circle and Q is any point on the line XY which is the tangent to the circle.
As OP is the shortest line of all the distances of the point O to the points on XY since OQ =
radius i.e. OP + some value in every case. So OP is perpendicular to XY. Hence, OP⊥ XY
2
2. The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
Here, two tangents are drawn from the external point C. As the tangent is perpendicular to the
radius, it formed the right angle triangle.
So ∆AOC and ∆BOC are congruent by right hypotenuse side (RHS) congruency criterion. Hence
AC = BC.
1. In figure, O is the centre of circle. PQ is a chord and PT is tangent at P which makes an angle of 500
with PQ and angle POQ is [Board 2020 OD Basic]
(a) 1300 (b) 900
(c) 1000 (d) 750
Ans : (c) 1000
2. In figure, AP, AQ and BC are tangents of the circle with centre O. If AB = 5 cm, AC = 6 cm and
BC = 4 cm, then the length of AP (in cm) is [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
(a) 15 (b) 10
(c) 9 (d) 7.5
Ans : (d) 7.5
3. In figure, on a circle of radius 7 cm, tangent PT is drawn from a point P such that PT = 24 cm. If O
is the centre of the circle, then the length of PR is [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
3
(a) 30 cm (b) 28 cm
(c) 32 cm (d) 25 cm
Ans : (c) 32 cm
4. In the given figure, a circle touches all the four sides of quadrilateral ABCD with AB = 6 cm, BC =
7 cm and CD = 4 cm, then length of AD is
(a) 3 cm (b) 4 cm
(c) 5 cm (d) 6 cm
Ans : (a) 3 cm
5. Two concentric circles of radii a and b where a > b , The length of a chord of the larger circle which
touches the other circle is
(a) √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 (b) 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑏2
(c) √𝑎2 − 𝑏2 (d) 2√𝑎2 − 𝑏2
Ans : (d) 2√𝑎2 − 𝑏2
6. In the given figure, PA is a tangent from an external point P to a circle with centre O. If angle POB
= 1150, then the measurement of angle APO is
(a) 250 (b) 200
(c) 300 (d) 650
Ans : (a) 250
4
7. In the given figure, two tangents AB and AC are drawn to a circle with centre O such that angle
BAC = 1200, then OA is equal to that
(a) 2AB (b) 3AB
(c) 4AB (d) 5AB
Ans : (a) 2AB
9. AB and CD are two common tangents to circles which touch each other at a point C . If D lies on
AB such that CD = 4 cm then AB is
(a) 12 cm (b) 8 cm
(c) 4 cm (d) 6 cm
Ans : (b) 8 cm
5
10. Two concentric circles are of radii 10 cm and 8 cm, then the length of the chord of the larger
circle which touches the smaller circle is
(a) 6 cm (b) 12 cm
(c) 18 cm (d) 9 cm
Ans : (b) 12 cm
Solution
Since AF and AE are tangent of the circle, AF= AE
Thus AF = AE = 7 cm
Now BF = AB - AF = 13 – 7 = 6 cm
Since BF and BD are tangent of the circle, BF =BD
Thus BD = BF = 6 cm
Now CD = BC - BD = 14 – 6 = 8 cm
Since CD and CE are tangent of the circle, CD = CE
Thus CE = CD = 8 cm
Now AC = AE + EC = 7 + 8 = 15 cm.
2. If two tangents PA and PB are drawn to a circle from a point P with centre O and OP is equal to
the diameter of the circle then show that triangle APB is an equilateral triangle.
Solution
Given, AP is a tangent to the circle.
6
Therefore, OA ⊥ AP (Tangent is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact)
𝑂𝐴 𝑟
Sin ∠OPA = 𝑂𝑃 = 2𝑟 (OP = diameter)
1
So sin ∠OPA= 2 = 300
= 1200
3. Find the length of AB in the given circle, which is the chord in the outer circle and
tangent to the inner circle. The radius of the inner and outer circle is 6 cm and 10 cm
respectively.
Solution
Given
Radius of the inner circle (r) = 6 cm
Radius of outer circle (R) = 10 cm
As the Point T which is the tangent point is the midpoint of the chord,
AT = TB.
As radius is perpendicular to the tangent,
So is a right angle triangle and we can use Pythagoras theorem.
OB2 = OT2 + TB2
TB2 = OB2 - OT2
= 102 - 62
= 100 – 36
TB2 = 64
TB = 8 cm , AB = TB + AT
7
AB = 8 + 8 (as AT = BT)
AB = 16 cm
4. Find the radius of the circle in the given figure, if the length of the tangent from point A which is
5 cm away from center is 4 cm.
Solution
As we know that the radius is perpendicular to the radius, so the ∆ ABO is a right angle
5. PA and PB are tangents from point P to the circle with centre O as shown in figure. At point M a
tangent is drawn cutting PA at K and PB at N . Prove that KN = AK + BN [Board 2012]
Solution
PA = PB, AK = KM ,BN = NM ,
Ak + BN = KM + NM
AK + BN = KN.
8
Here OA is radius and AP is tangent at A, since radius is always perpendicular to tangent at point of
contact,
∠AOB 1200
∠AOP = = = 600
2 2
∠OPA = 300
Solution
We know that angle subtended by an arc on the centre of a circle is twice of the angle subtended on
circumference of circle
∠QSR = 600
9
8. In figure, AP and BP are tangents to a circle with centre O, such that AP = 5 cm and ∠ APB =
600. Find the length of chord AB.
Solution
Therefore AB = PA = 5 cm.
Solution
10. . In figure, a circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD. If AB = 6 cm, BC = 9 cm
and CD = 8 cm, then find the length of AD.
Solution
10
Tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal in length. Thus AP = AS and let it be x .
Now BP = AB - AP = 6 − x
BP = BQ = 6 − x
CQ = BC - BQ = 9 – (6 –x) = 3 + x
Now, CQ = CR = 3 + x
RD = CD - CR = 8 – (3 + x) = 5 − x
Now, RD = DS = 5 – x
AD = AS + SD = x + (5 – x) = 5
Thus AD is 5 cm.
11. From an external point P, tangents PA and PB are drawn to a circle with centre O. If ∠PAB =
50º, then find ∠AOB.
Solution
EXERCISE QUESTIONS
1. If tangents PA and PB from a point P to a circle with centre O are inclined to each other at angle of
80°, then find POA
2. The length of a tangent from a point A at distance 5 cm from the centre of the circle is 4 cm. Find
the radius of the circle.
3. Two concentric circles are of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. Find the length of the chord of the larger circle
which touches the smaller circle.
4. A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle. Prove that AB + CD = AD + BC
5. Prove that the angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is
supplementary to the angle subtended by the line-segment joining the points of contact at the
centre.
11
6. Prove that the parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.
7. Prove that opposite sides of a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle subtend supplementary angles at
the centre of the circle.
8. Prove that in two concentric circles, the chord of the larger circle, which touches the smaller circle,
is bisected at the point of contact.
9. XY and X′Y′ are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and another tangent AB with point
of contact C intersecting XY at A and X′Y′ at B. Prove that AOB = 90°
10. If d1, d2 (d2 > d1) be the diameters of two concentric circles and c be the length of a chord of a
circle which is tangent to the other circle, prove that (d2) 2 = (d1 )2 + C 2
(MCQ)
1. If radii of two concentric circles are 4 cm and 5 cm, then the length of each chord of one
circle which is tangent to the other circle is
(a) 3 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 9 cm (d) 1 cm
2. In Fig., if ∠AOB = 125°, then ∠COD is equal to
3. From a point P which is at a distance of 13 cm from the point O of a circle of radius 5 cm, the
pair of tangents PQ and PR to the circle are drawn. Then the area of the quadrilateral PQOR is
12
4. In Fig., AT is a tangent to the circle with centre O such that OT = 4 cm and ∠OTA = 30°. Then
AT is equal to
(a) 4 cm
(b) 2 cm
(c) 2√3 cm
(d) 4√3 cm
(a) 20°
(b) 40°
(c) 35°
(d) 45°
7. PT is tangent to a circle with centre O and point of contact T & drawn from an external point P ,
OT = 56 cm, TP = 90 cm, find OP
8.TP and TQ are the two tangents to a circle with center O so that angle ∠POQ = 1300. Find
∠ PTQ.
(a) 500 (b) 700 (c) 800 (d) none of these
9.The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are …… …
(a) half (b) one third (c) one fourth (d) equal
13
1.Figure 1, O is the centre of a circle, PQ is a chord and PT is the tangent at P. If ∠POQ = 70°,
then calculate ∠TPQ. ( CBSE 2011)
Solution.
2. In Figure 2, AB and AC are tangents to the circle with centre O such that∠BAC = 40°.
Then calculate ∠BOC. (CBSE 2011)
Solution :-
14
3. Figure 3, a circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD whose sides are AB = 6
cm, BC = 9 cm and CD = 8 cm. Find the length of side AD. ( CBSE 2011)
Solution.
4. In Figure 5, a triangle PQR is drawn to circumscribe a circle of radius 6 cm such that the
segments QT and TR into which QR is divided by the point of contact T, are the lengths 12
cm and 9 cm respectively. If the area of ΔPQR = 189 cm2, then find the lengths of sides PQ
and PR. (CBSE 2011)
15
6. In figure 3, a right triangle ABC, circumscribes a circle of radius r if AB and BC are of
lenths 8cm and 6cm respectively, find the value of r (CBSE 2012)
7. Prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a diameter of a circle of parallel (CBSE 2012)
9. In Fig. 1, a circle is inscribed in a quadrilateral ABCD touching its sides AB, BC, CD and
AD at P, Q, R and S respectively. If the radius of the circle is I Q cm, BC = 38 cm, PB = 27 cm
and AD ⊥ CD, then calculate the length of CD. (CBSE - 2013)
16
10. In Fig. 2, two circles touch each other at the point C. Prove that the common tangent to
the circles at C, bisects the common tangent at P and Q. (CBSE - 2013)
13. In Figure 1, common tangents AB and CD to the two circles with centres O 1 and
O2 intersect at E. Prove that AB = CD. (CBSE - 2014)
17
14. The incircle of an isosceles triangle ABC, in which AB = AC, touches the sides BC, CA and
AB at D, E and F respectively. Prove that BD = DC. (CBSE - 2014)
15. In Figure 2, PQ is a chord of a circle with centre O and PT is a tangent. If ∠QPT = 60°,
find ∠PRQ. (CBSE - 2015)
16. In Figure 3, two tangents RQ and RP are drawn from an external point R to the circle
with centre O. If ∠PRQ = 120°, then prove that OR = PR + RQ. (CBSE - 2015)
17. In Figure 4, a triangle ABC is drawn to circumscribe a circle of radius 3 cm, such that the
segments BD and DC are respectively of lengths 6 cm and 9 cm. If the area of ∆ABC is 54
cm2, then find the lengths of sides AB and AC. (CBSE - 2015)
18
18. In Fig. 1, PQ is a tangent at a point C to a circle with centre O. If AB is a diameter and
∠CAB = 30°. Find ∠PCA. (CBSE - 2016)
19. In Fig. 2, a quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle, with centre O, in such a
way that the sides AB, BC, CD and DA touch the circle at the points P, Q, R and S
respectively. Prove that: AB + CD = BC + DA. (CBSE - 2016)
20 . In Fig. 3, from an external point P, two tangents PT and PS are drawn to a circle with
centre O and radius r. If OP = 2r, show that ∠OTS = ∠OST = 30°. (CBSE - 2016)
21. If the angle between two tangents drawn from an external point P to a circle of radius a
and centre O, is 60°, then find the length of OP. (CBSE - 2017)
22. Prove that the tangents drawn at the endpoints of a chord of a circle make equal angles
with the chord. (CBSE - 2017)
23. A circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD. Prove that AB + CD = BC +
DA (CBSE - 2017)
19
24. Prove that the lengths of two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
(CBSE - 2017)
25. In the given figure, XY and XY are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and
another tangent AB with a point of contact C, is intersecting XY at A and X’Y’ at B. Prove
that ∠AOB = 90°. (CBSE - 2017)
26. Prove that the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point of a circle are equal.
(CBSE - 2018)
27. In Figure 3, PQ and RS are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and another
tangent AB with the point of contact C intersecting PQ at A and RS at B. Prove that ∠AOB =
90°. (CBSE - 2019)
20
In one of the Kendriya Vidyalaya school organised an Interschool throw ball Tournament for girls
just After the Pre-Board Exam. The throw ball team was very excited. The team captain Anjali
directed the team to assemble in the ground for practices. Only three girls Priyanshi, Swetha and
Aditi showed up. The rest did not come on the pretext of preparing for pre board exam. Anjali drew
a circle of radius 5 m on the ground . The centre A was the position of Priyanshi, Anjali marked a
point N, 13 m away from the centre A as her own position. From the point N, she drew two tangential
lines NS and NR and gave positions S and R to Swetha and Aditi respectively. Swetha throws it to
Anjali, Anjali throws it to Aditi, Aditi throws it to Prriyanshi, Priyanshi throws it to Swetha and so
on.
III. How far dose Anjali had to throw ball towards Aditi?
(a) 8m (b) 12 m (c)18m (d)15m
BRAIN MAPPING
21
NOTE- CONSTRUCTION OF TRIANGLES DELETED
MCQ
1. To divide a line segment AB in the ratio 3 : 4, we draw a ray AX , so that ∠BAX is an acute
angle and then mark the points on ray AX at equal distances such that the minimum number
of these points is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 7 (d) 10
Ans : (c) 7
2. To divide a line segment AB in ratio m n: (m n, are positive integers), draw a ray AX to that
∠BAX is an acute angle and the mark point on ray AX at equal distances such that the
minimum number of these points is
(a) greater of m and n (b) m + n
(c) m + n − 1 (d) m n
Ans : (b) m + n
Given : We are given a circle with centre ‘O’ and a point P outside it. We have to construct
two tangents from P to the circle.
Steps of construction:
Join PO and draw a perpendicular bisector of it. Let M be the midpoint of PO.
22
Taking M as centre and PM or MO as radius, draw a circle. Let it intersect the given
circle at the points A and B.
Join PA and PB.
Then PA and PB are the required two tangents.
To Construct a tangent to a circle at a given point when the centre of the circle is known.
We have a circle with centre ‘O’ and a point P anywhere on its circumference. Then we
have to construct a tangent through P.
Steps of Construction :
Draw a circle with centre ‘O’ and mark a point ‘P’ anywhere on it. Join OP.
Draw a perpendicular line through the point P and name it as XY, as shown in the figure.
XY is the required tangent to the given circle passing through P.
1. Draw a line segment of length 7 cm. Find a point P on it which divides it in the ratio 3: 5 . [Board
Term-2, 2015]
Solution:
Steps of Construction:
23
1. Draw a line segment AB of length 7 cm.
2. Draw any ray AX making an acute angle with AB .
3. Mark eight point A1, A2 , A3,……A8, on AX such that AA1 =A1A2 = A2 A3 = ........= A7A8 .
4. Join BA8 .
5. At point A3, draw a line PA3 parallel to BA8. Hence AP | | PB = 3 : 5
2. Draw a circle of radius 3.5 cm. From a point P, 6 cm from its centre, draw two tangents to the circle.
[Board 2020 OD Standard]
Solution:
Step of construction:
1. Draw a line segment OP of length 6 cm.
2. From the point O, draw a circle of radius = 3 5. cm.
3. Draw a perpendicular bisector of OP. Let M be the midpoint of
OP.
4. Taking M as centre and OM as radius draw a circle.
5. This circle intersects the given circle at Q and R.
6. Join PQ and PR, which are tangents to the circle
3. Construct a pair tangents PQ and PR to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point P outside the circle 8
cm away from the centre. Measure PQ and PR. [Board Term-2 2014]
Solution:
24
Steps of Construction:
1. Draw a line segment OP of length 8 cm.
2. Draw a circle with centre O and radius 4 cm.
3. Draw a perpendicular bisector of OP. Let M be the midpoint of OP.
4. Taking M as centre and OM as radius draw a circle.
5. This circle intersects the given circle at Q and R.
6. Join PQ and PR, which are tangents to the circle
On measuring, we get PQ= PR = 5 cm
4.Construct a tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point on the concentric circle of radius 6 cm.
[Board Term-2, 2013]
Solution:
Steps of Construction:
1. Draw a circle with centre O and radius 4 cm.
2. Draw another circle with centre O and radius 6 cm.
3. Take a point P on outer circle and join OP.
4. Draw perpendicular bisector of OP which intersect OP at M .
5.Draw a circle with centre M which intersects inner circle at points A
and B.
6. Join AP and BP. Thus AP and BP are required tangents.
5.Draw a line segment AB of length 7 cm. Taking A as centre, draw a circle of radius 3 cm and
taking B as centre, draw another circle of radius 2 cm. Construct tangents to each circle from the
centre of the other circle. [Board 2020 Delhi Standard
Solution:
Steps of construction:
25
1. Draw a line segment AB of length 7 cm.
2. Draw a circle with A as centre and radius 3 cm.
3. Draw another circle with B as centre and radius 2 cm.
4. Draw the perpendicular bisector of AB which intersects AB at X.
5. Now draw a circle with centre X and radius = AX = BX which intersects two circles at P and Q, R
and S .
5. Join B to P, B to Q , A to R and A to S. Hence, BP, BQ, AR and AS are the required tangents.
6. Draw two tangents to a circle of radius 4 cm, which are inclined to each other at an angle of 600.
[Board 2020 OD Standard]
Solution:
Step of construction:
1. Draw a circle of radius 4 cm with O as centre.
2. Draw two radii OA and OB inclined to each other at an angle of 120 0. ( since angle of inclination of
tangents and the angle made between the radii are supplementary) .
3. Draw AP perpendicular to OA at A and BP perpendicular to OB at B which meet at P.
4. PA and PB are the required tangents inclined to each other an angle of 600.
EXERCISE
26
1. Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. From a point P, 7 cm away from centre draw two tangents to
the circle. Measure the length of each tangent.
2. Draw two concentric circle of radii 3 cm and 5 cm. Taking a point on the outer circle,
construct the pair of tangents to the inner circle.
3. Draw a line segment AB of length 7 cm. Taking A as centre, draw a circle of radius 3 cm
and taking B as center, draw another circle of radius 2 cm. Construct tangents to each
circle from the centre of the other circle. [Board Term-2 Delhi 2015]
4. Draw a line segment AB of length 8 cm. Taking A as centre, draw a circle of radius 4 cm,
and taking B as centre draw another circle of radius 3 cm. Construct tangents to each
circle of radius centre of the other circle. [Board Term-2 Foreign 2017, OD 2014]
27
UNIT NAME : TRIGONOMETRY MARKS ALLOTED : 7
BUILDING
B C
In the above figure , the line AC is the line of sight as the observer is looking
downwards from the top of the building at A towards the object at C .Here
angle DAC , so formed by the line of sight with the horizontal, when the
observer is lowering his/her head is called angle of depression.
LINE OF SIGHT AND ANGLE OF ELEVATION
HORIZONTAL LINE
(ii) The angle of elevation BAC ,of the top of the pole.
1. The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point on the object viewed by the observer
2. The angle of elevation of a point on the object being viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when it is above the
horizontal level, i.e., the case when we raise our head to look at a point on the object.
(ii) By height AB, means object is at point B from the point A located at the ground.
5. The height of object above the water surface is equal to the depth of its image below the water surface
6. The values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the length of the sides of the triangle, if the angles remain the same
7. The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point on the object viewed by the observer
8. The angle of elevation of a point on the object being viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when it is above the
horizontal level, i.e., the case when we raise our head to look at a point on the object.
(ii) By height AB, means object is at point B from the point A located at the ground.
11. The height of object above the water surface is equal to the depth of its image below the water surface
12. The values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the length of the sides of the triangle, if the angles remain the same
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. A pole 6 m high casts a shadow 23 m long on the ground, then the Sun’s elevation is:
Explanation: In ΔABC,
𝟔
<B = 90° tan𝜽 = = √𝟑
𝟐√𝟑
𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎°
2. The angle of depression of a car parked on the road from the top of 150 m high tower is 30°. The distance of the car from the tower (in metres) is:
tan 𝜽 = CB /AB
1/ √3 =150/x
x = 150√ 3 m
3. The length of a string between a kite and a point on the ground is 85 m. If the string makes an angle q with the ground level such that tan 𝜽 = 15/ 8
, then the kite is at what height from the ground ?
x = 75 m
4. If the height of a vertical pole is √3 times the length of its shadow on the ground, then the angle of elevation of the Sun at that time is:
tan 𝜽 = √3x / x
tan 𝜽 = √3
𝜽 = 60°
5. The angle of depression of a car, standing on the ground, from the top of a 75 m high tower, is 30°. The distance of the car from the base of the
tower (in m.) is:
tan 𝜽 = CB/ AB
1/√ 3 = 75/ x
x = 75 √3 m
PRACTICE YOURSELF
1.The ratio of the length of a vertical rod and its shadow is 1 : √3 The angle of elevation of the sum is
(a) 30(b) 45°(c) 60°(d) 90°
Ans.(a)
2.If the angle of elevation of a tower from a distance of 100 metres from its foot is 𝟔𝟎° , the height of the tower is
3. If the altitude of the sun is at 60?, then the height of the vertical tower that will cast a shadow of length 30 m is
4. If the angles of elevation of a tower from two points distance a and b (a > b) from its foot and in the same straight line from it
are 𝟑𝟎° and 𝟔𝟎° , then the height of the tower is
𝒂
(a) √𝒂 + 𝒃 (b) √𝒂𝒃 (c) √𝒂 − 𝒃 (d) √𝒃
Ans. (b)
5.From a light house the angles of depression of two ships on opposite sides of the light house are observed to be 30° and 45°. If
the height of the light house is h metres, the distance between the ships is
Ans. (a)
7. From the top of a cliff 25 m high the angle of elevation of a tower is found to be equal to the angle of depression of the foot of
the tower. The height of the tower is
(a) 25 m(b) 50 in(c) 75 m(d) 100 m
Ans. (b)
8. The angles of depression of two ships from the top of a light house are 45° and 30° towards east. If the ships are 100 m apart,
the height of the light house is
𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎
(a) m (b) m (c) 50(√𝟑 − 𝟏)m (d) 50(√𝟑 + 𝟏)𝒎
√𝟑+𝟏 √𝟑− 𝟏
Ans. (c)
9. If the angle of elevation of a cloud from a point 200 m above a lake is 30° and the angle of depression of its reflection in the lake
is 60°, then the height of the cloud above the lake, is
(a) 200 m(b) 500 m(c) 30 m(d) 400 m
Ans. (d)
10. If a 1.5 m tall girl stands at a distance of 3 m from a lamp-post and casts a shadow of length 4.5 m on the ground, then the
height of the lamp-post is
(a) 1.5 m(b) 2 m(c) 2.5 m(d) 2.8 m
Ans. (c)
CASE STUDY :I
I Read the following text and answer the questions that follows, on the basis of the same.
A group of students of class X visited India Gate on an education trip. The teacher and students had interest in history as well. The teacher narrated
that India Gate, official name Delhi Memorial, originally called All-India War Memorial, monumental sandstone arch in New Delhi, dedicated to the
troops of British India who died in wars fought between 1914 and 1919. The teacher also said that India Gate, which is located at the eastern end of
the Rajpath (formerly called the Kings way), is about 138 feet
1.What is the angle of elevation if they are standing at a distance of 42 m away from the monument ?
2. They want to see the tower at an angle of 60°. So, they want to know the distance where they should stand and hence find the distance.
3.If the altitude of the Sun is at 60°, then the height of the vertical tower that will cast a shadow of length 20 m is: (A) 20 3 m (B) 20 3 m (C) 15 3 m (D)
15 3 m
4. The ratio of the length of a rod and its shadow is 1 : 1. The angle of elevation of the Sun is:
5.The angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when the object viewed is below the horizontal level is:
(A) corresponding angle (B) angle of elevation (C) angle of depression (D) complete angle
An electrician has to repaired an electric fault on the pole of height 5 m. He needs to reach a point 1.3 m below the top of the pole to undertake
the repair work (see figure). [CBSE QB, 2021]
2. What should be the length of ladder, when inclined at an angle of 60° to the horizontal ?
3. How far from the foot of pole should she place the foot of the ladder ?
(A) 3.7 (B) 2.14 (C) 1 3 (D) None of these
4. If the horizontal angle is changed to 30°, then what should be the length of the ladder ?
(A) 7.4 m (B) 3.7 m (C) 1.3 m (D) 5 m
Answer: c) 100m
2. What will be the length of the shadow of the tower when Vijay’s house casts a shadow of 12m?
a) 75m b) 50mc) 45m d) 60m
Answer: d) 60m
Answer: b) 40m
4. When the tower casts a shadow of 40m, same time what will be the length of the shadow of Ajay’s house?
a) 16m b) 32m c) 20m d) 8m
Answer: a) 16m
5. When the tower casts a shadow of 40m, same time what will be the length of the shadow of Vijay’s house?
a) 15m b) 32m c) 16m d) 8m
Answer: d) 8m
Answer: a) 50m
Answer: b) 38m
5. Find the length of the rope used.
a) 120m b) 70m c) 82m d) 22m
Answer: c)82m
PRACTICE YOURSELF
CASE STUDY : I
There are two temples on each bank of a river. One temple is 50 m high. A man, who is standing on the top of 50 m high temple, observed
from the top that angle of depression of the top and foot of other temple are 30° and 60° respectively. (Take 3√3 = 1.73)
Ans: 1.c , 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. d
CASE STUDY : II
A boy is standing on the top of light house. He observed that boat P and boat Q are approaching to light house from opposite directions. He
finds that angle of depression of boat P is 45° and angle of depression of boat Q is 30°. He also knows that height of the light house is 100
m.
(d) 90°
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60°
2. If∠YAB = 30°, then ∠ABD is also 30°, Why?
3. Length of CD is equal to
CASE STUDY:III
A clinometer is a tool that is used to measure the angle of elevation, or angle from the ground, in a right - angled triangle. We can use a
clinometer to measure the height of tall things that you can’t possibly reach to the top of, flag poles, buildings, trees.
Ravish got a clinometer from school lab and started the measuring elevation angle in surrounding. He saw a building on which society logo is
painted on wall of building.
From a point P on the ground level, the angle of elevation of the roof of the building is 45c. The angle of elevation of the centre of logo is 30c from
same point. The point P is at a distance of 24 m from the base of the building
3. What is the aerial distance of the point P from the top of the building ?
4. If the point of observation P is moved 9 m towards the base of the building, then the angle of elevation θ of the logo on building is given by
(a) tan θ = √𝟑(b) tan θ = 2/√𝟑 (c) tan θ = 1/2(d) tan 𝜽 = 8√ 3/15
(a) tan φ = 1/6 (b) tan φ =1.5 (c) tan φ =0.75 (d) tan 0 φ = 0.8
Ans: 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. a
In ∆ABC, A
B C
tan 𝜽 = AB/ BC
⇒ tan 𝜽 = 1 /√3 [∵ AB/ BC = 1/√ 3 (Given)]
⇒ tan 𝜽 = tan 30°⇒𝜽 = 30° Hence, the angle of elevation of the sun is 30°.
2. The ratio of the height of a tower and the length of its shadow on the ground is √3 : 1 . What is the angle of elevation of the Sun ?
Sol.
AB/ BC = tan 𝜽
= √3 /1
= tan 60°
Hence, the angle of elevation of Sun = 60°
3. In the given figure, AB is a 6 m high pole and DC is a ladder inclined at an angle of 60° to the horizontal and reaches up to point D of pole. If
AD = 2.54 m, find the length of the ladder.
(use 𝝅 = 1.73)
=4m
Length of ladder = 4 m
4. If the length of the ladder placed against a wall is twice the distance between the foot of the ladder and the wall. Find the angle made by the
ladder with the horizontal.
Sol. Let the distance between the foot of the ladder and the wall, AB be x.
In ∆ABC, B = 90°
cos A = x/ 2x
⇒A = 60°
5. In the given figure, find the angles of depressions from the observing positions O1 and O2 respectively of the object A
Sol. Draw 𝑶𝟏 X || AC
∠A𝑶𝟏 X = 90° – 60° = 30
and ∠A𝑶𝟏 X= ∠BA 𝑶𝟐 =45
PRACTICE YOURSELF
1. A tower stand vertically on the ground. From a point on the ground 20 m away from the foot of the tower, the angle of
elevation of the top of the tower is 60°. What is the height of the tower? ( Ans: 20√𝟑m)
2. The angle of elevation of a ladder leaning against a wall is 60° and the foot of the ladder is 9.5 m away from the wall. Find
the length of the ladder.(Ans: 19 m)
3. A ladder is placed along a wall of a house such that its upper end is touching the top of the wall. The foot of the ladder is 2
m away from the Determine the height of the wall.( Ans: 2√𝟑𝒎)
4. A ladder 15 metres long just reaches the top of a vertical wall . If the ladder makes an angle of 60 0 with the wall, find the
height of the wall (Ans: 7.5 m)
5. A kite is flying at a height of 75 metres from the ground level, attached to a string inclined at 60 to the horizontal. Find the
length of the string to the nearest metre. (Ans: 87 m)
6. An observer, 1.5 m tall, is 28.5 m away from a 30 m high tower. Determine the angle of elevation of the top of the tower from
the eye of the observer.(Ans:𝟒𝟓° )
7. If the angle of elevation of a tower from a distance of 100 metres from its foot is 60°, then find the height of the tower ?(
Ans: 100√𝟑)
8. If the altitude of the sum is at 60°, then find the height of the vertical tower that will cast a shadow of length 30 m ?( Ans:
30√𝟑)
9. The length of shadow of a tower on the plane ground is √3 times the height of the tower. Find the angle of elevation of
sun ? (Ans; 𝟑𝟎° )
10. A ladder 15 m long just reaches the top of a vertical wall. If the ladder makes an angle of 60° with the wall, then find the
height of the wall?(Ans: 15/2)
Sol.
Let BM = MD = z
In ∆ABM,
X / z = tan 30°
x = z × 1/ 3 -----------(i)
In ∆CDM,
y/ z = tan 60°
y=z×3 ------------(ii)
x/y=1/3
x:y=1:3
2. From the top of a 120 m high tower, a man observes two cars on the opposite sides of the tower and in straight line with the base of tower with
angles of depression as 60° and 45°. Find the distance between two cars.
Sol.
120/AD = 1
AD = 120 m ...(i)
Now, In ∆ABC,
120 / CA = √3
CA = 120√3 = 40√3 m
CD = AD + CA
= 120 + 40√3
= 120 + 40 × 1·732
In ∆ABC,
h/ x = √3
h = x√3
In ∆ABD,
AB /AD = tan 𝜽
h/3x = tan 𝜽
x√3/ 3x = 1/√3 = tan 𝟑𝟎°
𝜽 = 30°
4. The angles of depression of the top and bottom of a 50 m high building from the top of a tower are 45° and 60° respectively. Find the height of
the tower and the horizontal distance between the tower and the building. (Use √3 = 1.73)
Sol.
𝒉−𝟓𝟎
tan 45° = 𝒙
x=h-50
tan 60° = h/ x
x = h/√3
Hence h – 50 = h/√3
√3h −50 √3 = h
√3h −h = 50√3
h( √𝟑 − 𝟏) = 50√3
𝟓𝟎√𝟑
h=
√𝟑−𝟏
h = 50 √3(√𝟑+1)/ (3-1)
h=50(3+√𝟑)/2
h = 75 + 25√3 = 75 + 43.25
= 118.25 m
5. The angle of elevation of the top of a hill from the foot of a tower is 60° and the angle of depression from the top of the tower of the foot of the
hill is 30°. If tower is 50 meter high, find the height of the hill.
Sol.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. A moving boat observed from the top of a 150 m high cliff, moving away from the cliff. The angle of depression of the boat changes from 60°
to 45° in 2 minutes. Find the speed of the boat. A [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2017]
Ans. 1.902 km/hr
2. The angle of depression of two ships from an Aeroplan flying at the height of 7500 m are 30° and 45°. If both the ships are in the same line
that one ship is exactly behind the other, find the distance between the ships.
Ans. the distance between two ships = 5490 m
3. The angle of elevation of the top B of a tower AB from a point X on the ground is 60°. At a point Y, 40 m vertically above X, the angle of
elevation of the top is 45°. Find the height of the tower AB and the distance XB.
Ans. XB = (√ 3+ 1 ) m
4. As observed from the top of a light house, 100 m high above sea level, the angles of depression of a ship, sailing directly towards it, changes
from 30° to 60°. Find the distance travelled by the ship during the period of observation. (Use √3 = 1.73) [CBSE OD Set-II, 2016]
Ans. 115.33 m
5. Two points A and B are on the same side of a tower and in the same straight line with its base. The angle of depression of these points from
the top of the tower are 60° and 45° respectively. If the height of the tower is 15 m, then find the distance between these points
Ans. the distance between the points = 5 (√3 − 3 )m.
6. From a point P on the ground, the angle of elevation of the top of a tower is 30° and that of the top of the flag-staff fixed on the top of the
tower is 45°. If the length of the flag-staff is 5 m, find the height of the tower. (Use √3 = 1.732)
Ans. Height of tower = 6.83 m
7. As observed from the top of a 100 m high light house from the sea-level, the angles of depression of two ships are 30° and 45°. If one ship is
exactly behind the other on the same side of the light house, find the distance between the two ships. [Use √3 = 1·732]
Ans. The distance between the boat = 73.2 m
8. A man on the top of a vertical observation tower observes a car moving at uniform speed coming directly towards it. If it takes 12 minutes
for the angle of depression to change from 30° to 45°, how long will the car take to reach the observation tower from this point ?
Ans. time taken = 6 (√ 3+ 1) minutes
9. The angle of elevation of the top of a hill from the foot of a tower is 60° and the angle of depression from the top of the tower of the foot of
the hill is 30°. If tower is 50 meter high, find the height of the hill.
Ans. The height of hill is 150 m.
10. The two palm trees are of equal heights and are standing opposite to each other on either side of the river, which is 80 m wide. From a point
O between them on the river the angles of elevation of the top of the trees are 60° and 30°, respectively. Find the height of the trees and the
distances of the point O from the trees. (use 3 = 1.73)
Ans. The height of the trees = h = 34.6 m
The distances of the point O from the trees are 20 m and 60 m respectively
NCERT BOOK QUESTION
Example Q. No.3, 4, 6 and 7
1. Most candidates are unable to draw the diagram as per the given data and lose their marks. Some candidates do calculation errors while
putting the values of √3 = 1.73 instead of 1.732 and hence write inaccurate answer.
ANSWERING TIP
The concept of angle of depression and angle of elevation must be clear to the students
Students should do rounding off at the end while calculating the final answer
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------
Unit Name : Mensuration
Marks Alloted : 6 Marks.
Chapter’s Name : Surface Areas And Volumes
1. Surface areas and volumes of combinations of any two of the following: cubes,
cuboids, spheres, hemispheres and right circular cylinders/cones.
2. Problems involving converting one type of metallic solid into another and other
mixed problems. (Problems with combination of not more than two different solids
be taken).
Basic Definition and Concepts :
Surface Area
The space occupied by a two-dimensional flat surface is called the area. It is
measured in square units. The area occupied by a three-dimensional object by its
outer surface is called surface area. It is also measured in square units. Generally,
Area can be of two types:
(i) Total Surface Area
(ii) Curved Surface Area/Lateral Surface Area
Total surface area
Total surface area refers to the area including the base(s) and the curved part. It is
total of the area covered by the surface of the object. If the shape has curved surface
and base, then total area will be the sum of the two areas.
Curved surface area/Lateral surface area
Curved surface area refers to the area of only the curved part of the shape excluding
its base(s). It is also referred to as lateral surface area for shapes such as a cylinder.
Volume :
The amount of space, measured in cubic units, that an object or substance occupies is
called volume. Two-dimensional doesn’t have volume but has area only. For
example, volume of Circle cannot be found, though Volume of the sphere can be. It is
so because a sphere is a three-dimensional shape.
Brain Mapping ( Flow Chart ):
Page | 1
Formulae:
1.Cuboid : If l , b and h denote respectively the length, breadth and height of
a cuboid, then -
(i) Total surface area of the cuboid = 2 (lb + bh + lh) square units.
(ii) Volume of the cuboid = Area of the base × height = lbh cubic units.
(iii) Diagonal of the cuboid = √𝑙2 + 𝑏2 + ℎ2 units.
(iv) Area of four walls of a room = 2 (l + b) h sq. units.
2.Cube: If the length of each edge of a cube is ‘a’ units, then-
(i) Total surface area of the cube = 6a2 sq. units.
(ii) Volume of the cube = a3 cubic units
(iii) Diagonal of the cube = √3 a units.
3. Right Circular Cylinder : If r and h denote respectively the radius of the
base and height of a right circular cylinder, then -
(i) Area of each end =𝜋r2
(ii) Curved surface area = 2𝜋rh = (circumference) height
(iii) Total surface area = 2𝜋r (h + r) sq. units.
(iv) Volume = 𝜋r2h = Area of the base × height
4.Hollow Cylinder: If R and r (R > r) denote respectively the external and
internal radii of a hollow right circular cylinder, then -
(i) Area of each end = 𝜋 (R2 – r2)
(ii) Curved surface area of hollow cylinder = 2𝜋 (R + r) h
(iii) Total surface area = 2𝜋 (R + r) (R + h – r)
(iv) Volume of material = 𝜋h (R2 – r2)
Page | 2
Surface Areas and Volumes of Solids Table :
Page | 4
(a) a cone and a cylinder (b) a hemisphere and a cone
(c) frustum of a cone and a cylinder (d) sphere and cylinder
Ans : (b) a hemisphere and a cone
14. The shape of a gilli, in the gilli-danda game (see Fig. below) is a
combination of
From the figure, it can be observed that the greatest diameter possible for
such hemisphere is equal to the cube’s edge, i.e., 7cm.
Radius (r) of hemispherical part = 7/2 = 3.5cm
Total surface area of solid = Surface area of cubical part + CSA of hemispherical part
− Area of base of hemispherical part
= 6 ( Edge )2 + 2𝜋𝑟 2 − 𝜋𝑟 2
= 6 ( Edge )2 + 𝜋𝑟 2
22 7 7
= 6 (7)2 + x x = 294 + 38.5 = 332.5 cm2
7 2 2
Hence the required surface area of the solid is 332.5 cm2
= 6 ( Edge )2 + 𝜋𝑟 2
𝜋𝑙 2 1
= 2
6 (𝑙) + = ( 24 + 𝜋) 𝑙 2 unit2
4 4
1
Hence , the surface area of the remaining solid is ( 24 + 𝜋) 𝑙 2 unit2
4
Given that,
Height (h) of conical part = Radius(r) of conical part = 1 cm
Radius(r) of hemispherical part = Radius of conical part (r) = 1 cm
Volume of solid = Volume of conical part + Volume of hemispherical part
1 2 1 2
= 𝜋𝑟2ℎ + 𝜋𝑟3 = 𝜋.12 .1 + 𝜋. 13 = 𝜋 cm3
3 3 3 3
Hence the volume of the solid is 𝜋 cm 3
Page | 8
6. A vessel is in the form of an inverted cone. Its height is 8 cm and the radius
of its top, which is open, is 5 cm. It is filled with water up to the brim. When
lead shots, each of which is a sphere of radius 0.5 cm are dropped into the
vessel, one-fourth of the water flows out. Find the number of lead shots
dropped in the vessel.
Solution:
Page | 9
Radius (r) of hemispherical part = Radius (r) of conical part = 60 cm
Height (h2) of conical part of solid = 120 cm
Height (h1) of cylinder = 180 cm
Radius (r) of cylinder = 60 cm
Volume of water left = Volume of cylinder − Volume of solid
= Volume of cylinder – ( Volume of cone + Volume of hemisphere)
1 2
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ1 − ( 𝜋𝑟 2ℎ1 + 𝜋𝑟 3)
3 3
1 2
= 𝜋 (60) (180) − ( 𝜋(60)2 𝑥 120 +
2
𝜋(60)3)
3 3
= = 𝜋 (60)2 [ (180) − (40 + 40 )]
= 1.131m3
8. A metallic sphere of radius 4.2 cm is melted and recast into the shape of a
cylinder of radius 6 cm. Find the height of the cylinder.
Solution:
Radius (r1) of hemisphere = 4.2 cm
Radius (r2) of cylinder = 6 cm
Let the height of the cylinder be h.
The object formed by recasting the hemisphere will be the same in volume.
Volume of sphere = Volume of cylinder
4
𝜋𝑟12 = 𝜋𝑟22 ℎ
3
4
𝜋(4.2)3 = 𝜋(6)2ℎ
3
4 4.2 𝑋 4.2 𝑋 4.2
𝑋 =h
3 36
h = (1.4)3 = 2.74 cm
Hence, the height of the cylinder so formed will be 2.74 cm.
9. Metallic spheres of radii 6 cm, 8 cm, and 10 cm, respectively, are melted to
form a single solid sphere. Find the radius of the resulting sphere.
Solution :
Radius (r1) of 1st sphere = 6 cm
Radius (r2) of 2nd sphere = 8 cm
Radius (r3) of 3rd sphere = 10 cm
Let the radius of the resulting sphere be r.
Page | 10
The object formed by recasting these spheres will be same in volume as the
sum of the volumes of these spheres.
Volume of 3 spheres = Volume of resulting sphere
4 4
Or, 𝜋 [ 𝑟13 + 𝑟23 + 𝑟33 ] = 𝜋 𝑟 3
3 3
4 4
Or, 𝜋 [ 6 + 8 + 10 ] = 𝜋 𝑟 3
3 3 3
3 3
Or, 𝑟 3 = 216 + 512 + 1000 = 1728
Or, r = 12 cm
Therefore, the radius of the sphere so formed will be 12 cm.
10. How many silver coins, 1.75 cm in diameter and of thickness 2 mm, must
be melted to form a cuboid of dimensions 5.5 cm ×10 cm × 3.5 cm?
22
[Use 𝜋 = ]
7
Solution:
Let the irrigated area be A. Volume of water irrigating the required area will
be equal to the volume of water that flowed in 30 minutes from the canal.
Volume of water flowing in 30 minutes from canal = Vol. of water irrigating
the reqd. area
Page | 11
A = 562500 m2
Therefore, area irrigated in 30 minutes is 562500 m2.
Exercise ( Short Answer Type )
1. A copper rod of diameter 1 cm and length 8 cm is drawn into a wire of length
18 m of uniform thickness. Find the thickness of the wire. (Ans:0.67mm)
4
2. A hemispherical tank full of water is emptied by a pipe at the rate of 3 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 per
7
second. How much time will it take to empty half the tank, if it is 3m in diameter?
22
(Take π= )(Ans:16.5minutes)
7
3. If the ratio of volumes of two spheres is 1:8. Find the ratio of their surface areas.
(Ans: 1:4 )
4. A rectangular sheet of paper is 22cm long and 12cm wide. A cylinder is formed
by rolling the paper along its length. Find the volume of the cylinder. (Ans:462cm3)
5. Marbles of diameter 1.4cm are dropped into a cylindrical beaker of diameter of
7cm, containing some water. Find the no.of marbles that should be dropped into
the beaker, so that water level rises by 5.6 cm. (Ans:150)
6. Water is flowing at the rate of 15km/hr through a pipe of diameter 14cm into a
rectangular tank which is 50m long and 44m wide. Find the time in which the level
of water in the tank will rise by 21cm. (Ans:2hrs)
7. The rain water from a roof 22m x 10m drains into a cylindrical vessel having
diameter of base 2m and height 3.5m if the vessel is just full, find the rainfall in
centimeters. (Ans:2.5cm)
8. Find the volume of largest right circular cone that can be cut out of a cube
whose edge is 8cm. (Ans:134.09cm3)
9. The surface area of metallic sphere is 616cm2. It is melted and recast into a
cone of height 28cm. Find the diameter of the base of the cone so formed.
(Ans:14cm)
10.A cone is 8.4 cm high and the radius of its base is 2.1 cm. It is melted and
recast into a sphere. Find the radius of the sphere. (Ans:2.1 cm)
Page | 12
From the figure, it can be observed that
Height (h1) of larger cylinder = 220 cm
Radius (r1) of larger cylinder = 24/2 = 12 cm
Height (h2) of smaller cylinder = 60 cm
Radius (r2) of smaller cylinder = 8 cm
Total Volume of pole = Volume of larger Cylinder + Volume of smaller cylinder
= 𝜋𝑟12 ℎ1 + 𝜋𝑟22 ℎ2
= 𝜋(12)2 𝑋 220 + 𝜋(8)2 𝑋 60
= 𝜋 [ 144 x 220 + 64 x 60 ]
= 35520 x 3.14 = 1,11,532.8 cm3
Mass of 1 cm3 iron = 8g
Mass of 111532.8 cm3 = 111532.8×8g = 892262.4g = 892.262 Kg
2 . A gulab jamun, contains sugar syrup up to about 30% of its volume. Find
approximately how much syrup would be found in 45 gulab jamuns, each
shaped like a cylinder with two hemispherical ends with length 5 cm and
22
diameter 2.8 cm (see the given figure). [Use 𝜋 = ]
7
Solution :
Here,
2.8
Radius (r) of cylindrical part = Radius (r) of hemispherical part = =1.4 cm
2
Length of each hemispherical part = Radius of hemispherical part = 1.4 cm
Length (h) of cylindrical part = 5 – (2 × Length of hemispherical part)
= 5 – (2 × 1.4) = 2.2 cm
Volume of one gulab jamun = Vol. of cylindrical part + 2 × Vol. of hemispherical part
2 4
= 𝜋𝑟2ℎ + 2 x 𝜋𝑟3 = 𝜋𝑟2ℎ + 𝜋𝑟3
3 3
4
= 𝜋x (1.4)2 x 2.2 + 𝜋(1.4)3
3
Page | 13
22 4 22
= x (1.4)2 x 2.2 + x x 1.4 x 1.4 x 1.4
7 3 7
= 13.552 + 11.498 = 25.05 cm3
Volume of 45 gulab jamuns = 45×25.05 = 1,127.25 cm3
Volume of sugar syrup = 30% of volume
30
= x 1,127.25 = 338.17 = 338 cm3
100
3. From a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 cm and diameter 1.4 cm, a conical
cavity of the same height and same diameter is hollowed out. Find the total
22
surface area of the remaining solid to the nearest cm2. [Use 𝜋 = ]
7
Solution:
Given ,
Height (h) of the conical part = Height (h) of the cylindrical part = 2.4 cm
Diameter of the cylindrical part = 1.4 cm
Therefore, radius (r) of the cylindrical part = 0.7 cm
Slant height 9l) of conical part = √(0.7)2 + (2.4)2 = √0.49 + 5.76 = √6.25 = 2.5
Total surface area of the remaining solid
= CSA of cylindrical part + CSA of conical part + Area of cylindrical base
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟 2
= 4.4 x 2.4 +2.2 x 2.5 =2.2 x0.7
= 10.56 + 5.50 + 1.54 + 17.60 cm2
The total surface area of the remaining solid to the nearest cm2 is 18 cm 2
4. A cylindrical bucket, 32 cm high and with radius of base 18 cm, is filled
with sand. This bucket is emptied on the ground and a conical heap of sand
is formed. If the height of the conical heap is 24 cm. Find the radius and
slant height of the heap.
Solution:
Page | 14
Height (h1) of cylindrical bucket = 32 cm
Radius (r1) of circular end of bucket = 18 cm
Height (h2) of conical heap = 24 cm
Let the radius of the circular end of conical heap be r2.
The volume of sand in the cylindrical bucket will be equal to the volume of sand in
the conical heap.
Volume of sand in the cylindrical bucket = Volume of sand in conical heap
1
Or, 𝜋 𝑋 𝑟12 X ℎ1 = 𝜋 𝑋 𝑟22 X ℎ2
3
1
Or, 𝜋 𝑋 18 X 32 = 𝜋 𝑋 𝑟22 X 24
2
3
3 𝑋 182 X 32
Or, 𝑟22 = = 182 X 4
24
r2 = 36 cm
Slant height = √362 + 242 = 12√13 cm
Therefore, the radius and slant height of the conical heap are 36 cm and 12√13 cm
respectively.
5. A farmer connects a pipe of internal diameter 20 cm form a canal into a
cylindrical tank in her field, which is 10 m in diameter and 2 m deep. If
water flows through the pipe at the rate of 3 km/h, in how much time will
the tank be filled?
Solution:
Page | 16
Solution :
Page | 17
1
Or, x 5 X OB = 6
2
12
Or, OB = = 2.4 cm
5
Volume of double cone = Volume of cone 1 + Volume of cone 2
1 1
= 𝜋 r2 h1 + 𝜋 r2 h2
3 3
1
= 𝜋 r2 (h1 + h2)
3
1
= 𝜋 r2 (OA + OC )
3
1
= X 3.14 X (2.4) 2 (5)
3
= 30.14 cm3
Surface area of double cone
= Surface area of cone 1 + Surface area of cone 2
= πrl1 + πrl2
= πr[ 4 + 3 ]
= 3.14 x 2.4 x7
= 52.75 cm2
Page | 19
1. The volume of cylindrical cup is
a) 295.75cm3 b) 7415.5cm3 c) 384.88cm3 d) 404.25cm3
2. The volume of hemispherical cup is
a) 179.67cm3 b) 89.83 cm3 c) 172.25 cm3 d) 210.60 cm3
3. Which container had more juice and by how much?
a) Hemispherical cup, 195 cm3 b) Cylindrical glass, 207 cm3
c) Hemispherical cup, 280.85 cm3 d) Cylindrical glass, 314.42 cm3
4. The height of the conical tent prepared to accommodate four students is
a) 18m b) 10m c) 24m d) 14m
5. How much space on the ground is occupied by each student in the conical
tent ?
a) 54m2 b) 38.5m2 c) 86m2 d) 24m2
Answers
1. d) 404.25cm3
2. b) 89.83 cm3
3. d) Cylindrical glass, 314.42 cm3
4. c) 24m
5. b) 38.5m2
CASE STUDY 2:
Top View
Page | 20
The Great Stupa at Sanchi is one of the oldest stone structures in India, and an
important monument of Indian Architecture. It was originally commissioned by the
emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Its nucleus was a simple hemispherical brick
structure built over the relics of the Buddha. .It is a perfect example of combination
of solid figures. A big hemispherical dome with a cuboidal structure mounted on it.
22
(Take 𝜋 = )
7
1. Calculate the volume of the hemispherical dome if the height of the dome is 21 m
–
a) 19404 cu. m b) 2000 cu .m c) 15000 cu. M d) 19000 cu. m
2. The formula to find the Volume of Sphere is-
4 2
a) 𝜋r 3 b) 𝜋r 3 c) 4 𝜋r 2 d) 2 𝜋r 2
3 3
3. The cloth require to cover the hemispherical dome if the radius of its base is
14m is
a) 1222 sq.m b) 1232 sq.m c) 1200 sq.m d) 1400 sq.m
4. The total surface area of the combined figure i.e. hemispherical dome with radius
14m and cuboidal shaped top with dimensions 8m X 6m X 4m is
a)1200 sq. m b) 1232 sq. m c) 1392 sq.m d) 1932 sq. m
5. The volume of the cuboidal shaped top is with dimensions mentioned in question 4
a) 182.45 m3 b) 282.45 m3 c) 292m3 d) 192m3
Answers
1. a) 19404 cu. m
2. b)
3. b) 1232 sq.m
4. c) 1392 sq.m
5. d) 192m3
CASE STUDY 3:
On a Sunday, your Parents took you to a fair. You could see lot of toys displayed, and
you wanted them to buy a RUBIK’s cube and strawberry ice-cream for you. Observe
the figures and answer the questions-:
Page | 21
1. The length of the diagonal if each edge measures 6cm is
a) 3√3 b) 3√6 c) √12 d) 6√3
2. Volume of the solid figure if the length of the edge is 7cm is-
a)256 cm3 b) 196 cm3 c) 343 cm3 d) 434 cm3
3. What is the curved surface area of hemisphere (ice cream) if the base radius
is 7cm?
a) 309 cm2 b) 308 cm2 c) 803 cm2 d) 903 cm2
4. Slant height of a cone if the radius is 7cm and the height is 24 cm___
a) 26cm b) 25 cm c) 52 cm d) 62cm
5. The total surface area of cone with hemispherical ice cream is
a) 858 cm2 b) 885 cm2 c) 588 cm2 d) 855 cm2
ANSWERS
1. d) 6√3
2. c) 343 cm3
3. b) 308 cm2
4. b) 25 cm
5. a) 858 cm2
Case Study 4 :
Anil wants to make a tent is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted by a conical top.
The required dimensions of the tent are such that the height and diameter of the
cylindrical part are 22m and 42 m respectively, and the total height of the tent is 42 m.
Page | 22
5. What is the slant height of the conical top of the tent ?
a) √800 m b) √721 m c) √841 m d) √900 m
ANSWERS
1. c) 4818m2
2. c) ₹ 96,360
3. c) 1386 m2
4. c) 39732 m3
5. c) √841 m
Exercise ( Case Study Questions )
Case Study 1 :
Arun is a Maths teacher in a school. One day , he brings modelling clay in the
classroom to teach the concept of Surface Areas and Volume. He made a cone of
height 24cm and radius of base 6cm. He then ask a student to recast in the shape of
a sphere.
ANSWERS
1. b) 6 cm
2. b) 452.16 cm2
3. c) 1:1
4. d) 904cm2
5. b) Volume
Page | 23
Case Study 2:
A Carpenter hollowed out a conical cavity of the same height and same diameter
from a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 cm and diameter 1.4 cm to make a
decorative item.
1. Water in a canal, 6 m wide and 1.5 m deep, is flowing with a speed of 10 km/ hour.
How much area will it irrigate in 30 minutes; if 8 cm standing water is needed?
(CBSE 2019)
Solution : Length of canal covered in 30 mins = 5000 m
∴ Volume of water flown in 30 mins
= 6 × 1.5 × 5000 m3
6 x 1.5 x 5000
Area irrigated = = 562500 m
0.08
Page | 24
2. A solid is in the form of a cylinder with hemispherical ends. The total height of
the solid is 20 cm and the diameter of the cylinder is 7 cm. Find the total volume b
22
of the solid. (Use 𝜋 = )
7
( CBSE 2019)
Solution : Height of cylinder = 20 – 3.5 – 3.5 = 13 cm
Volume of solid
=Volume of cylindrical part + 2 ×
Volume of hemispherical part
22 2 22
= x (3.5)2 x 13 + 2 x x x (3.5)3
7 3 7
1 3
= 680 cm
6
3. Two spheres of same metal weight 1 Kg and 7 Kg. The radius of the smaller
sphere is 3 cm. The two spheres are melted to form a single big sphere.
Find the diameter of the new sphere. (CBSE 2019)
Solution : Radius of first sphere = 3 cm
Let density of metal be d kg/cm3
4
∴ π × (3)3 d= 1 ...(1)
3
Let radius of second sphere be r cm.
4
∴ π × (r)3 d = 7 ...(2)
3
From (1) and (2), we have
r = 7(3)3
3
Page | 25
2
π (50) X 2
= = 100 minutes or 1 hour 40 minutes.
1 2
π ( 10) X 3000
6. A juice seller was serving his customers using glasses as shown in figure.
The inner diameter of the cylindrical glass was 5 cm but bottom of the glass
had a hemispherical raised portion which reduced the capacity of the glass.
If the height of a glass was 10 cm, find the apparent and actual capacity of
the glass. { Use π = 3.14} (CBSE 2019, 2009)
5
Answer and Hints : Apparent capacity = 3.14 × x 10 = 196.25 cm3.
2
Actual capacity = Volume of cylindrical part – Volume of
hemispherical part
2 5
= 196.25 − x 3.14 x ( )3
3 2
3
= 163.54 cm approx
7. A girl empties a cylindrical bucket full of sand, of base radius 18 crn and
height 32 cm on the floor to form a conical heap of sand. If the height of
this conical heap is 24 cm, then find its slant height correct to one place of
decimal. (CBSE 2019)
Answer and Hints : Volume of conical heap = Volume of cylindrical bucket
1
π r2 x 24 = π(18)2 × 32
3
r = 36 cm
Slant height, l =√(36)2 + (24)2 = 43.2 cm
8. Water is flowing at the rate of 5 km/hour through a pipe of diameter 14 cm
into a tank with rectangular base which is 50 m long and 44 m wide. Find
22
the time in which the level of water tank rises by 7 cm. (Use π = ) (CBSE
7
2019)
7
Answer and Hints : Volume of raised water in tank = 50 × 44 × = 154 m3
100
22 7 2
Volume of water flown in 1 hr = x( ) x 5000 = 77 m3
7 100
154
Time taken = = 2 hours
77
Page | 26
9. A field is in the form of rectangle of length 20 m and width 14 m, A 10 m
deep well of diameter 7 m is dug in one corner of the field and the earth
taken out of the well is spread evenly over the remaining part of the field.
22
Find the rise in the level of the field. ( Use π = ) (CBSE 2019)
7
Earth taken out
Answer and Hints : Rise in level =
Area of the remaining part of field
22 7
𝑋 ( )2 𝑋 10
7 2
= 22 7 7 = 1.5 m approx.
20 𝑋14 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
7 2 2
10. Two cones have their heights in the ratio 1 : 3 and radii in the ratio 3 : 1.
What is the ratio of their volumes?[CBSE 2020 Standard]
11 . The volume of a right circular with its height equal to the radius is 25 7
22
1 cm3 . Find the height of the cylinder . ( Use 𝜋 = )[Board 2020 Standard ]
7
Answer : Height of cylinder is 2cm
12. A solid is in the shape of a cone mounted on a hemisphere of same base
radius. If the curved surface areas of the hemispherical part and the conical
part are equal, then find the ratio of the radius and the height of the conical
part. [Board 2020 Standard]
(Answer : ratio is 1: √3 )
13. From a solid right circular cylinder of height 14 cm and base radius 6 cm, a
right circular cone of same height and same base removed. Find the volume
of the remaining solid. [Board 2020 Standard]
Answer: Volume of the remaining solid = 1056 cm2
14. A solid is in the shape of a hemisphere surmounted by a cone. If the radius
of hemisphere and base radius of cone find the volume of the solid.
22
( Use 𝜋 = )[Board 2020 Standard ]
7
Answer : Volume of the solid = = 898.33 cm3 .
16. A wooden article was made by scooping out a hemisphere from each end of
a solid cylinder, as shown in Figure. If the height of the cylinder is 10 cm
and its base is of radius 3.5 cm, find the total surface area of the article.
[Board 2018]
Page | 27
Answer : Total surface area of article = 374 cm2
17. Water in a canal, 6 m wide and 1.5 m deep, is flowing with a speed of 10 km/hour.
How much area will it irrigate in 30 minutes; if 8 cm standing water is needed?
[Board 2020 STD]
Answer and Hints :
18. The weight of two spheres of same metal are 1 kg and 7 kg. The radius of the
smaller sphere is 3 cm. The two spheres are melted to form a single big
sphere. Find the diameter of the new sphere. [Board 2019 Standard]
Answer : Diameter of new sphere= 12 cm
19. A right cylindrical container of radius 6 cm and height 15 cm if full of ice-
cream, which has to be distributed to 10 children in equal cones having
hemispherical shape on the top. If the height of the conical portion
is four times its base radius, find the radius of the ice-cream cone.
[Board 2019 Standard]]
Answer : Radius of the ice-cream cone = 3 cm.
20 . In the given figure, from a cuboidal solid metalic block of dimensions 15 cm × 10
cm × 5 cm a cylindrical hole of diameter 7cm is drilled out. Find the surface area of
22
the remaining block. [ use 𝜋 = ] (CBSE – 2015)
7
Page | 28
22. A glass is in the shape of a cylinder of radius 7 cm and height 10 cm. Find the
22
volume of juice in litre required to fill 6 such glasses. [ use 𝜋 = ] (CBSE – 2015)
7
Answer : 9 240 litre.
23. The largest possible sphere is carved out of a wooden solid cube of side 7 cm.
22
Find the volume of the wood left. . [ use 𝜋 = ] (CBSE – 2014)
7
Answer : 163.3 cm3
24. A vessel is in the form of a hemispherical bowl surmounted by a hollow cylinder
of same diameter. The diameter of the hemispherical bowl is 14 cm and
the total height of the vessel is 13 cm. Find the total surface area of the vessel.
22
[ use 𝜋 = ] (CBSE – 2013)
7
Answer : 572 cm2
25. A metallic solid sphere of radius 10.5 cm melted and recasted into smaller solid
cones each of radius 3.5 cm and height 3 cm. How may cones will be made ?
[CBSE 2017]
Answer : 126 cones.
26. A conical vessel, with base radius 5 cm height 24 cm, is full of water. This water
emptied into a cylindrical vessel, of base radius 10 cm. Find the height to which
22
the water will rise in the cylindrical vessel. [ use 𝜋 = ] (CBSE – 2016)
7
Answer : h=2cm.
27. A sphere of diameter 12 cm, is dropped in a right circular cylindrical vessel, partly
filled with water. If the sphere is completely submerged in water, the
5
water level into the cylindrical vessel rises by 3 cm.Find the diameter of the
9
cylindrical vessel. [CBSE 2016]
Page | 29
31. A cubical block of side 10 cm is surmounted by a hemisphere. What is the largest
diameter that the hemisphere can have ? Find the cost of painting the total
surface area of the solid so formed, at the rate of Rs.5 per 100 sq. cm.
[ use 𝜋 =3.14 ] (CBSE – 2015)
Answer : The cost of painting of solid= ₹43.55
32. If the total surface area of a solid hemisphere is 462 cm2, find its volume.
22
[ use 𝜋 = ] (CBSE – 2014)
7
Answer : 718.67 cm3.
--------------------------------------xxx------------------------------------------------------
Page | 30
UNIT NAME-STATISTICS
CHAPTER NAME-STATISTICS
MARKS ALLOTTED-8MARKS
BRAIN MAPPING
fi xi
Mean
fi
Mode=l+ ×
Where
l=lower limit of modal class
h=size ofclass interval
f1= Frequency of the modal class
fo =frequency of class preceding the modal class
f2=frequency of class succeeding the modal class
93
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
1. While computing mean of grouped data, we assume that the frequencies are
(a) evenly distributed over all the class
(b) centered at the class marks of the class
(c) centered at the upper limits of the class
(d) centered at the lower limits of the class
2. If the difference of mode and median of a data is 24, then the difference of median and mean is
(a) 12 (b) 24 (c) 8 (d) 3
3. The times (in seconds) taken by 150 athletes to run a 110 m hurdle race are tabulated below
Frequency 2 4 5 71 48 20
The number of athletes who completed the race in less than 14.6 s is
(a) 11 (b) 71 (c) 82 (d) 13
4 Mode of the following grouped frequencydistribution is
Class 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21 21-24
Frequency 2 5 10 23 21 12 3
Frequency 13 10 15 8 11
Frequency 4 5 13 20 14 7 4
The difference of the upper limit of the median class and the lower limit of the modal class is
(a) 0 (b) 19 (c) 20 (d) 38
94
CASE STUDY
Analysis of Water Consumption in a Society
Q1 An inspector in an enforcement squad of department of water resources visit to a society of 100
families and record their monthly consumption of water on the basis of family members and wastage
of water, which is summarized in the following table.
Monthly Consumption 0- 10- 20- 30- 40- 50-
Total
(in kW h) 10 20 30 40 50 60
95
Q2 Direct income in India was drastically impacted due to the COVID-19 lockdown. Most of the
companies decided to bring down the salaries of the employees up to 50%.
The following table shows the salaries (in percent) received by 50 employees during lockdown.
Salaries received (in 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
%)
Number of employees 18 12 16 4
PREVIOUS QUESTION
ASKED IN BOARD EXAM
SN Question Ans
1 If the mean distribution is 25 P=16
Frequency 5 18 15 P 6
Then find P
2 Find the mean of the following frequency distribution using assumed mean method 25
method
Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
7 12 13 10 8
Frequency
3 Find the value of p if the median of the following frequency distribution is 50 P=10
Class 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
Frequency 25 15 P 6 24 12 8
Frequency 0 10 25 43 65 87 96 100
5 Compare the modal ages of two groups of students appearing for entrance examination. A=18.93
Age in yrs 16-18 18-20 20-22 22-24 24- B=18.83
26
Group A 50 78 46 28 23
97
Group B 54 89 40 25 17
EXERCISE
3. Find the mean, mode and median for the following data.
Classes 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
frequency 5 8 15 20 14 8 5
4. The median of the following data is 52.5. Find the value of x and y, if the total frequency is100.
Class Interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
frequency 2 5 X 12 17 20 Y 9 7 4
Marks Below Below Below Below Below Below Below Below Below Below
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
No. of 5 9 17 29 45 60 70 78 83 85
students
6. The following table shows age distribution of persons in a particular region. Calculate the median age.
7. If the median of the following data is 32.5. Find the value of x and y.
Age( in years) 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70
Number of 60 42 55 70 53 20
patients
96
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER LINKS
https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/SQP
/ClassX_2021_22/MathsBasic-SQP_Term2.pdf
https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/SQP
/ClassX_2021_22/MathsBasic-MS_Term2.pdf
https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/SQP/
ClassX_2021_22/MathsStandard-SQP_Term2.pdf
https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/SQP/
ClassX_2021_22/MathsStandard-MS_Term2.pdf