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Mathematics X

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
71 views118 pages

Mathematics X

Uploaded by

Manit Arora
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

TINSUKIA REGION

STUDENT SUPPORT MATERIAL 2021-22


MATHEMATICS (041) FOR CLASS X

Chief Patron
Shri S V Joglekar
Deputy Commissioner I/c
Tinsukia Region

Patron
Shri Sojan P. John
Assistant Commissioner

Co-Ordinator: Mr. Neeraj Kumar Shrivastava, Principal, KV Longding

PREPARED BY:
1. Ms. Shanu Singh, TGT (Maths), KV NERIST
2. Mr. Romel SIngh, TGT (Maths), KV No. 2 Imphal
3. Mr. Vimal Kumar, TGT (Maths), KV OIL Duliajan
4. Mr. Aribam Dayamoi Sharma, TGT (Maths), KV Loktak

MODERATED BY:
1. Mr. CS Tiwari, Principal (Gr-II), KV Chakpikarong
2. Mr. Surendra Kumar, TGT (Maths), KV No. 1 Imphal
3. Mr. Manish Kumar, TGT (Maths), KV No. 1 Imphal
4. Mr. Sonoo, TGT (Maths), KV Longding
5. Ms. Preeti, TGT(Maths), KV Churachandpur
FOREWORD
Providing Support Material to students is a tradition in Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan.
The Support material prepared by the subject experts includes all the necessary changes
introduced by CBSE so as to acquaint our student with the changes in curriculum, pattern and
design of questions, topic-wise weightage of marks, MCQs, VSA, SA, LA-1, LA-2 , topic wise
common errors along with previous years' CBSE questions, CCT based questions and
questions based on Case Study .

This students’ support material is surely a meticulous work undertaken by the subject
experts of the Region with an aim to help students’ excellent learning. This comprehensive
material has been crafted in a lucid language to efface any trace of ambiguity from the learners’
minds. Each unit has been moulded scholastically keeping in mind the doubts that may arise
while a young learner deals with the concept. A variety of questions in different designs, like
Assertion-Reason Questions and Multiple-Choice Questions, have been dealt with, to prepare
the students for every possible pattern that could appear in Term II Examination. Descriptive
questions have been included for detailed reading. Important formulae and the core concept
of each chapter have been highlighted for easy revision. HOTS questions can help the students
to think outside the confines of the textbook. Mind maps will help the students to grasp the
ideas as part of a coherent structure. Inclusion of MCQ based questions is for rapid revision.
This succinct material, prepared as per latest CBSE syllabus, would help the students to
comprehend thoroughly and revise swiftly.
I hope this material will prove to be a good tool for quick revision and will serve the
purpose of enhancing students’ confidence level to help them perform better. Planned study
blended with hard work, good time management and sincerity will help the students reach the
pinnacle of success.
All teachers and students are requested to share their feedback to us.
I express my gratitude to Shri Sojan P John, Assistant Commissioner, KVS RO
Tinsukia, Principal Coordinators, teachers whoever involved in preparation and moderation of
Support Material.

Happy & Joyful Learning !

(S.V. Joglekar)
Deputy Commissioner (I/c)
KVS RO Tinsukia
Unit 2 Algebra
Name of chapters Marks Allotted
Quadratic Equations
Arithmetic Progressions 10

Chapter 4 : Quadratic Equations

MIND MAP: LEARNING MADE SIMPLE

Chapter Analysis
 Fundamentals
1. General form of a quadratic equation is : ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0.
2. a is called co-efficient of x2, b is called co-efficient of x, c is called constant
term.
3. The value of variable satisfying equation is called root of that equation.
4. Quadratic equation has at most two real roots.
 Methods of Solving Quadratic Equations :
(a) Factorisation Method (Splitting the Middle Term)
(b) Quadratic Formula Method (Sridharacharya Formula)
 Factorisation Method :
Step 1 : Resolve the equation in factor using splitting the middle term method,
i.e, : ax2 + bx + c = (Ax + B)(Cx + D)
Step 2 : Put both factors equal to zero, separately
Ax + B = 0 and Cx+ D = 0
Therefore, x = - B/A and x = - D/C are two roots.
 Quadratic Formula Method :
Direct formula to calculate the roots is given as :

−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
Discriminant : It is denoted by ‘D’ and given by :
D = b2- 4ac
 Nature of Roots of Quadratic Equation :
First of all find D.
 If D > 0, roots are real and unequal distinct.
 If D = 0, roots are real and equal.
 If D < 0, roots are imaginary.
 Some Short-cut Methods
1. If roots of quadratic equations are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign,
then sum of roots= 0
Which implies b=0
2. If one root is the reciprocal of the other, then product of roots = 1
Therefore c/a = 1 implies c=a

Multiple Choice Questions


1. If p, q are the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0, then
a) p = 1, q = -2 b) p=0, q = 1 c) p= -2, q = 0 d) p= -2, q = 1
Answer: (a) p = 1, q = -2
Hint: p + q = - p, pq = q It implies p = 1 ( since q ≠0) ∴ 1 + q = -1 ⇒ q = -2
2. If x = 1 is a common root of the equations ax2 + ax + 2= 0 and x2 + x + b = 0, then
a+b =
a) 3 b) 5 c) 6 d) -3
Answer: (d) Hint: since a + a +2 = 0 ⇒ a= -1 and 1+1+b = 0 ⇒ b= -2 ⇒ a+b = -3
3. If one root of the equation 2x2 + kx + 4 = 0 is 2, then the other root is
a) 6 b) -6 c) -1 d) 1
Answer: (d) Hint: since 2 is a root therefore 8 + 2k +4 = 0 ⇒ k= -6
sum of roots = - (-6)/2 = 3 , now if one root is 2 ⇒ other root =3-2=1
4. If 9x2 + 6bx + 4 = 0, has equal roots, then roots are both equal to :
2 3
a) ± b) ± c) 0 d) ±3
3 2

Answer: (a)
5. If ½ is a root of the equation x2 + kx – 5/4 = 0, then the value of k is
a) 2 b) -2 c) 1/4 d) ½
Answer: (a) Hint: since ½ is a root ⇒¼ + ½ k – 5/4 =0 ⇒ ½ k = 5/4 – ¼ =1 ⇒k=2
6. The roots of the equation 2x2 - x – 6= 0, are
a) -2, 3/2 b) 2, -3/2 c) -2, -2/3 d) 2, 32
Answer: (b) Hint: 2x2 - x – 6= 0 ⇒ 2x2 -4x + 3x– 6=0⇒ (x-2)(2x + 3)=0⇒ x=2, -3/2
7. Value of k for which the quadratic equation 2x2 - kx + k = 0 has equal roots is
a) 0 only b) 4 c) 8 only d) 0, 8
Answer: (d) Hint: For equal roots k2-8k=0 ⇒ k = 0, 8
8. If one root of the equation 4x2 - 2x + (k- 4) = 0 be the reciprocal of the other,
then k =
a) 8 b) -8 c) 4 d) -4
Answer: (a) Hint: Let a is one of the root of the given equation therefore the
other root is 1/a.
1 𝑘−4
Now a. = ⇒ k-4 = 4 ⇒ k=8
𝑎 4
9. The value of k for which roots of the equation kx2 + 2x + 3 = 0 are equal is
a) 1/3 b) -1/3 c) 3 d) -3
1
Answer:
3

10. A quadratic equation, where one root is 2 and the sum of whose roots is
zero, is
a) x2 + 4 = 0 b) x2 – 4 = 0 c) 4x2 – 1 d) r -2
Answer: (b) x2 – 4 = 0
11. The sum and product of the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial are 3 and -
10 respectively. The quadratic polynomial is
(a) x2- 3x + 10 (b) x2+ 3x – 10 (c) x2- 3x – 10 (d) x2+ 3x + 10
Answer: (a) x2- 3x + 10
12. If α and β are the zeroes of the polynomial 2x2-13x + 6, then α+ β is equal to
a) -3 b) 3 c) 13/2 d) -13/2
−(−13) 13
Answer: (c) α+ β = =
2 2

13. The quadratic equation x2+ x – 5 = 0, has


(a) two distinct real roots (b) two equal real roots
(c) no real roots (d) more than 2 real roots
Answer: (a) Hint: We have x2+ x – 5 = 0, Here, a = 1, b = 1, c =− 5
Now, D=b2 – 4ac = 21, since D > 0, So x2+ x – 5 = 0 has two distinct real roots.
14. If one root of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is the reciprocal of
the other, then
(a) b = c (b) a = b (c) ac = 1 (d) a= c
Answer: (d) a= c
15. The quadratic equation 2x2 – √5x + 1 = 0 has
(a) two distinct real roots (b) two equal real roots
(c) no real roots (d) more than 2 real roots
Answer: (c) Hint: since D= 5 – 8 = -3 < 0 therefore it has no real roots
16. The sum and product of the zeroes of a quadratic polynomial are 3 and -10
respectively. The quadratic polynomial is
1
2 2 2 2
(a) x − 3x + 10 (c) x - 3x – 10 (b) x + 3x – 10 (d) x + 3x + 10
Answer: (c) x2 - 3x – 10

17. Which of the following equations has 2 as a root?


(a) x2 − 4x + 5 = 0 (b) x2 + 3x − 12 = 0 (c) 2x2 − 7x + 6 = 0 (d) 3x2 − 6x − 2 = 0
Answer: (c) 2x2 − 7x + 6 = 0
Fill in the Blank Question

1. A real number α is said to be………… of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx +


c = 0, if aα2 + bα + c = 0.
Answer: root
2. For any quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, b2 - 4ac , is called the _______
of the equation.
Answer: discriminant
3. If the discriminant of a quadratic equation is zero, then its
roots are .......... and ..........
Answer: real , equal
4. If the discriminant of a quadratic equation is greater than zero, then
its roots are .......... and ..........
Answer: real and distinct
5. A polynomial of degree 2 is called the .......... polynomial.
Answer: quadratic

6. The equation of the form ax2 + bx = 0 will always have……….. roots.


Answer: real.

7. A quadratic equation cannot have more than ....... zeroes.

Answer: two
8. A quadratic equation in the variable x is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0,

where a, b, c are real numbers and a ..........

Answer: ≠0

9. If quadratic equation 3x2 − 4x + k = 0 has equal roots, then the value

of k is .......... . Answer: 4/3


10. Value of the roots of the quadratic equation, x2 − x − 6 = 0 are .........

Answer: 3 and -2.


Very Short Answer Questions

1. Find the value of k , for which one root of the quadratic equation kx2 − 14x + 8 =
0 is six times the other.
We have kx2 − 14x + 8 = 0
Let one root be α and other root be 6α
Sum of roots a + 6a = 14 /k ⇒ 7a = 14/ k ⇒ a = 2/k……….(1)
Product of roots a. 6a = 8/k ⇒ 6a2 = 8/k…………….(2)
Solving eq. (1) and (2) we get
k = 0 and k = 3 but k= 0 is not possible therefore required value of k =3
2. Find the roots of the following equations
1
(a) x- = 3, x ≠ 0 (C.B.S.E (b) (x-1)2 – 5( x- 1) – 6 = 0
𝑥
2016) Sol. Given (x-1)2 – 5( x- 1) –
1 6=0
Sol. Given equation x- = 3
𝑥 or, x2 – 2x + 1 – 5x + 5 – 6
2
⇒ x - 1 = 3x =0
⇒ x2 – 3x – 1 = 0 or, x2- 7x + 6 -6 = 0
−(−3) ±√32 −4(1)(−1)
𝑥= or, x2- 7x = 0
2(1)
or, x(x -7 = 0
3+√3
∴ x = 0, 7
Roots are 𝑥 = and 𝑥 =
2
3−√3
2

3. Find the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations. If the real roots
exist, find them:
(ii) 3x2 – 4 √3 x + 4 = 0
(a) (i) 2x2 – 3x + 5 = 0 On comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 3 , b = -4√3 , c= 4
On comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0 Now, as we know D = b2 – 4 a c
a = 2 , b = -3 , c= 5 ⇒ D = (-4√3)2 – 4.3. 4
Now, as we know D = b2 – 4 a c ⇒ D = 48 – 48 = 0
⇒ D = (-3)2 – 4.2. 5 Now since D = 0
⇒ D = 9 – 40 = -31 Therefore this equation has two equal real
Now since D < 0 roots
Therefore this equation has no real Given eq. 3x2 – 4 √3 x + 4 = 0
roots ⇒ 3x2 – 2 √3 x - 2 √3 x + 4 = 0
⇒ √3x(√3 x – 2) – 2(√3 x -2) = 0
⇒(√3 x – 2) (√3 x – 2)= 0

⇒ x = 2/√3 , 2/√3

Short Answer Type Questions


1. Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic equations, so that they
have two equal roots.
(i) 2x 2 + kx + 3 = 0 (ii) (3k + 1)x 2 + 2(k +1 )x + 1 = 0
Sol. Given eq. 2x 2 + kx + 3 = 0 Sol. Given eq. (3k + 1)x 2 + 2(k +1 )x
On comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0 + 1 = 0
a = 2 , b = k , c= 3 On comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0
Now, as we know for equal roots D a = 3k + 1 , b = 2(k+1) , c= 1
=0 Now, as we know for equal roots D
=0
⇒ b2 – 4 a c = 0
⇒ (k)2 – 4.2. 3 = 0 ⇒ b2 – 4 a c = 0
or, k = ±2√6 ⇒ (2k+2)2 – 4(3k+1).1 = 0
⇒ 4(k2+2k +1) – 4(3k+1).1 = 0
⇒ 4k2+8k +4 –12k -4=0
⇒ 4k(k - 1)=0
or, k = 0, 1

2. Find the positive value of k for which x2 – 8x + k = 0, will have real roots.
Sol. Since the given equation has real roots,
i.e. D= b2 – 4 a c = 0
Here a = 1, b = -8, c= k
(-8)2 – 4(1)k ≥ 0
or 64 – 4k ≥ 0 ⇒ 4k ≤ 64 or, k ≤ 16
Long Answer Type Questions
1 1 11
1. Solve for x: - = where x ≠ -4, -7
𝑥+4 𝑥+7 30
Sol. Given equation:
1 1 11 𝑥+7−𝑥−4 11 𝑥+7−𝑥−4 11
- = or = or = or 11(x2 + 11x + 28) = 30 (3)
𝑥+4 𝑥+7 30 (𝑥+4)(𝑥+7) 30 (𝑥+4)(𝑥+7) 30

11x2 + 121x + 308 = 90 or 11x2 + 121x + 218 = 0 , comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0


We get a = 11 , b = 121 and c = 218
−121 ±√1212 −4(11)(218) −121 ±√14641−9592 −121 ±√5049
Now 𝑥 = or 𝑥 = or 𝑥 =
2(11) 22 22

−121±71.06 −49.94 −192.06


X= i.e. x= ,
22 22 22

3 4 29
2. Solve for x: - = where x ≠ 1, -1, ¼
𝑥+1 𝑥−1 4𝑥−1
3 4 29 3𝑥−3+4𝑥+4 29
Sol. - = or = or (4x – 1 ) (7x +1) = 29 ( x2 – 1)
𝑥+1 𝑥−1 4𝑥−1 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) 4𝑥−1

or, 28 x2 – 7x + 4x – 1 = 29 x2 – 29 or, x2 + 3x – 28 = 0 or, x2 + 7x – 4x – 28 = 0


or (x + 7)(x - 4) = 0
Hence x = 4, -7
Case Based Questions

CASE STUDY 1:
Raj and Ajay are very close friends. Both the families decide to go to Ranikhet by
their own cars. Raj’s car travels at a speed of x km/h while Ajay’s car travels 5 km/h
faster than Raj’s car. Raj took 4 hours more than Ajay to complete the journey of 400
km.

Answer the given questions


1. What will be the distance covered by Ajay’s car in two hours?
a) 2(x +5) km b) (x – 5) km c) 2( x + 10) km d) (2x + 5) km
2. Which of the following quadratic equation describes the speed of the two cars ?
a) x 2 - 5 x - 500 = 0 b) x 2 + 4x - 400 = 0 c) x 2 + 5x - 500 = 0 d) x 2 - 4x + 400 = 0
3. What is the speed of Raj’s car?
a) 20 km/hour b) 15 km/hour c) 25 km/hour d) 10 km/hour
4. How much time took Ajay to travel 400 km?
a) 20 hour b) 40 hour c) 25 hour d) 16 hour
ANSWERS: 1. a) 2(x + 5)km 2. c) x 2 + 5x - 500 = 0
3. a) 20km/ hour 4. d) 16 hour

CASE STUDY 2:
The speed of a motor boat is 20 km/hr. For covering the distance of 15 km the
boat took 1 hour more for upstream than downstream.

Answer the given questions

1. Let speed of the stream be x km/hr. then speed of the motorboat in upstream
will be
a) 20 km/hr b) (20 + x) km/hr c) (20 - x) km/hr d) 2 km/hr
2. What is the relation between speed ,distance and time?
a) speed = (distance )/time b) distance = (speed )/time
c) time = speed x distance d) speed = distance x time
3. Which is the correct quadratic equation for the speed of the current ?
a) x 2 + 30x − 200 = 0 b) x 2 + 20x − 400 = 0
c) x 2 + 30x − 400 = 0 d) x 2 − 20x − 400 = 0
4. What is the speed of current ?
a) 20 km/hour b) 10 km/hour c) 15 km/hour d) 25 km/hour
5. How much time boat took in downstream?
a) 90 minute b) 15 minute c) 30 minute d) 45 minute
ANSWERS:
1. c) (20 – x)km/hr 2. b) distance=(speed)/ time
3. c) x 2 + 30x – 400= 0 4. b) 10 km/hour 5. c) 30 minutes
Unit 2 Algebra
Name of chapters Marks Allotted
Quadratic Equations
Arithmetic Progressions 10

Chapter 5 : Arithmetic Progression


MIND MAP: LEARNING MADE SIMPLE

Chapter Analysis
List of Concepts 2018 2019 2020
Terms of A.P. 1Q (1 M) 1Q (1 M) 2Q (1 M)
1Q (2 M) 1Q (2 M)
1Q (4 M) 1Q (4 M)
Sum of A.P. 1Q (2 M) OR OR
1Q (2 M) 1Q (4 M)
Sum of the series
Word Problems 1 Q (4 M) OR
1Q (4 M)
 Sequence : An arrangement of numbers which has a particular pattern, which
can suggest the successor of every number in the arrangement.
 Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) : It is a list of numbers in which each term is
obtained by adding a fixed number (d) to the preceding term except the first
term.
Examples of Arithmetic Progressions:
(i) 3, 5, 7, 9, ………
(ii) -8, -5, -2, 1,…….
(iii) 6, 1, -4, -9, ……….
(iv) √2, √8, √18, √32, …….
(v) -2, -2, -2, -2, -2 …….
Common Difference: The fixed number is called the common difference,
denoted by ‘d’. It can be positive or negative.
 General Form of an A.P. : a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, …………., a + (n-1)d.
where, a= first term, d = common difference, a + (n-1)d = nth term.
If a1, a2, a3,………. be the I, II, III………terms of an A.P.
Then, a2- a1 = d, a3 – a2 = d, a4 – a3 = d
 Important formulae :
nth term of an A.P. an = a + (n – 1)d.
𝑛
Sum of the n terms of an A.P. is : Sn = [ 2a + (n-1)d]
2
𝑛 𝑛
Also: Sn = (a + an) or Sn = (a + l), where l = last term.
2 2
th
1. n term from the end of an A.P. : l- (n - 1)d
2. an = (Sn – Sn-1)
 Tips :
1. To an A.P. if we add or subtract or multiply or divide each term by the same
number, the resulting sequence would always be an A.P.
2. Whenever you be asked to take three numbers which are in A.P, always
take: a – d, a, a + d.
3. Whenever you be asked to take four numbers which are in A.P, always take:
a – 3d, a – d , a + d, a + 3d.
4. Whenever you be asked to take five numbers which are in A.P, always take:
a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d.
 Some Important Key Points :
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
1. 1 + 2 + 3 +…………+ n =
2
2. 1 + 3 + 5 +……….to n terms = n2
3. 2 + 4 + 6 + ………to n terms = n(n +1)
4. If pth term of an A.P. is q and qth term is p, then (p + q)th term = 0
5. If Sp = q, Sq= p, then Sp+q = -(p+q)
6. If pSp = qSq, then Sp+q = 0
7. ap – aq = (p – q)d, if d is the common difference of A.P.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The nth term of the AP a , 3a , 5a , ... is
(a) na (b) (2n - 1) a ( c ) (2n + 1) a (d) 2na
2. The value of x for which 2x, (x + 10) and (3x + 2) are the three consecutive
terms of an AP, is
(a) 6 (b) -6 (c) 18 (d) -18

3. The first term of AP is p and the common difference is q , then its


10th term is
(a) q + 9p (b) p – 9q (c) p + 9q (d) 2p + 9q
4. If 7th term of an AP is 34 and 13th term is 64, then its 18th term is
(a) 87 (b) 88 (c) 89 (d) 90
5. Which term of an AP, 21, 42, 63, 84, ... is 210?
(a) 9th (b) 10th (c) 11th (d) 12th
6. The 4th term from the end of an AP -11, -8, -5 ,…………… , 49 is
(a) 3 (b) 40 (c) 43 (d) 58
7. If the first term of an AP is – 5 and the common difference is 2, then
the sum of first 6 terms is
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 15
8. The sum of first 16 terms of the AP 10, 6, 2, is
(a) -320 (b) 320 (c) -352 (d) -400
9. If the sum of the series 2 + 5 + 8 + 11……………. is 60100, then the number of
terms are
(a) 100 (a) 150 (c) 200 (d) 250
10. In an AP, if a = 1, an = 20 and Sn = 399, then n is equal to
(a) 19 (b) 21 (c) 38 (d) 42
11. If the nth term of an AP is given by an = 5n − 3, then the sum of first 10
terms is
(a) 225 (b) 245 (c) 255 (d) 270
12. There are 60 terms is an AP of which the first term is 8 and the last
term is 185. The 31st term is

(a) 56 (b) 94 (c) 85 (d) 98


13. In an AP, if d =− 4, n = 7 and an = 4, then a is equal to
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 20 (d) 28
14. If 7 times the 7th term of an AP is equal to 11 times its 11th term,
then its 18 th term will be
(a) 7 (b) 11 (c) 18 (d) 0
15. The sum of 11 terms of an AP whose middle term is 30, is
(a) 320 (b) 330 (c) 340 (d) 350

Answers:
1.(b) Given AP is a , 3a , 5a , ... First term is a and d = 3a – a = 2a,
nth term an= a + (n − 1) d = a + (n − 1) 2a = a + 2na − 2a
= 2na – a = (2n − 1) a
2. (a) Since 2x, (x + 10) and (3x + 2) are in AP
(x + 10) − 2x = (3x + 2) − (x + 10) ⇒− x + 10 = 2x – 8 ⇒ - 3x = -18
⇒x=6
3. (c) We have a = p and d = q ⇒ a10 = a + 9d = p + 9q
4. (c) a + 6d = 34, a + 12d = 64 ⇒ d = 5 ⇒ a18 = a + 17d = 89
5. (b) 10th term
6. (b) 40
7. (a) 0, Since S6= 6/2 ( -10 + 5x2)= 0
8. (a) -320 9. (c) 200 10. (c) 38 11. (b) 245 12. (d) 98
13. (d) 28 14. (d) 0 15. (b) 330

Fill In The Blanks


1. In an AP, the letter d is generally used to denote the ………………………….
2. If a and d are respectively the first term and the common difference
of an AP, a + 10d , denotes the ……………. term of the AP.

3. An arithmetic progression is a list of numbers in which each term


is obtained by .......... a fixed number to the preceding term
except the first term.
4. If Sn denotes the sum of n term of an AP, then S12 - S11 is the…….
term of the AP.
5. If the sum of three terms in AP is 24, then middle term is …………
6. The sum of first n odd natural numbers is ……….
7. The common difference of the AP in which a21 – a18 = 66 is ……
8. If sum of first p terms is q and sum of first q terms is p, then Sp+q=…..
9. The sum of first n even natural numbers is …….
10. 20th term of the series 7, 3, -1, -5, ……..

Answers:
1. common difference 2. eleventh 3. Adding 4. Twelfth
5. 8 (Since a – d + a + a + d =3a = 24 i.e. a = 8) 6. n2
7. 22 ( Since a + 20d – a – 17d = 66 ⇒ 3d = 66 ⇒ d= 22)
8. –(p+q) 9. n(n +1)
10. -69 ( since req. term = a +19d = 7 + 19(-4)= -69)

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS


1. Find common difference if A.P. if a23 – a18 = 45
Sol. Given a + 22d – (a + 17d) = 45 ⇒ 5d = 45 ⇒ d = 9
2. Is 68, a term of the A.P. 7, 10, 13, ………?
Sol. Let an = 68 ⇒ a + (n – 1)d = 68 ⇒ 7 + (n – 1)3= 68 ⇒ 3n + 4 = 68
⇒ 3n = 64 ⇒ n = 64/3
But n should be a positive integer.
Therefore 68 is not a term of given A.P.
3. The 17th term of an A.P exceeds its 10th term by 7. Find the common difference.
Sol. By the given condition a17 – a10 = 7 ⇒ a + 16d – (a + 9d) =7
⇒ a + 16d – a – 9d =7 ⇒ d = 1
4. For what value of n, the nth term the following two APs are equal ?
23, 25, 27, 29, …………….and -17, -10, -3, 4, …………………
Sol. A/q An = Bn
23 + (n -1)2 = -17 + (n – 1) 7 ⇒ 21 + 2n = -24 + 7n
⇒ 5n = 45 ⇒ n = 9
5. In an A.P, the first term is 12 and the common difference is 6. If the last term of
the A.P. is 252, find the middle term.
Sol. Let l be the last term i.e. nth term of the A.P. Here a = 12, d = 6
∴ l = a + (n-1)d ⇒ 252 = 12 + ( n – 1)6 ⇒ (n – 1)6 = 240 ⇒ n = 40 + 1 = 41

n +1
Middle term = ( )th term i.e. = 21st term = a + 20d = 12 + 20(6)
2

= 12 + 120 = 132
6. Find the 7th term from the end of A.P. 32, 37, 42, 47,…………….237.
Sol. Here a = 32 , d = 37 – 32 = 5
7th term from the end = 237 – 6 (5) = 207
7. How many three digit numbers are divisible by 7?
Sol. Three digit numbers divisible by 7 are 105, 112, 119,….,994
Let 994 = an = a + (n – 1)d = 105 + (n – 1)7 ⇒ 994 – 105 = 7n -7
⇒ 7n = 889 +7 ⇒ n = 896 / 7 = 128
8. Find the first four terms of an AP Whose first term is - 2 and common
difference is -2.
Sol. We have a1 =− 2, a2 = a1 + d = -2 -2 = -4
a3 = a2 + d = -4 -2 = -6 and a4 = a3 + d=− 6 + ( − 2) =− 8

9. The first three terms of an AP are 3y - 1, 3y + 5 and 5y + 1 respectively then


find y .
Sol. If 3y − 1, 3y + 5 and 5y + 1 in AP ⇒ 3y + 5 – (3y – 1) = 5y + 1 – (3y +5)
⇒ 6 = 2y – 4 ⇒ 2y = 10 ⇒ y = 5
10. If 18, a, b, - 3 are in AP, then find a + b .
Sol. If 18, a, b, - 3 are in AP therefore a – 18 = -3 – b
⇒ a + b = -3 + 18 ⇒ a + b = 15

Short Answer Type Questions:


1. If 3k - 2, 4k - 6 and k + 2 are three consecutive terms of AP, then find the
value of k
Sol. To be term of an AP the difference between two consecutive
terms must be the same.
If 3k - 2, 4k - 6 and k + 2 are terms of an AP, then 4k - 6 - (3k - 2) = k +
2 − (4k − 6)
4k − 6 − 3k + 2 = k + 2 − 4k + 6 i.e. k - 4 = 8 − 3k or 4k = 12 & k = 3
Hence the value k is 3.
2. Which term of an AP 150, 147, 144, ..... is its first negative term?
Sol. Let the first term of an AP be a , common difference be d and n th
term be an .
For first negative term an < 0 ⇒ a + (n – 1)d < 0 ⇒ 150 + (n – 1)(− 3) < 0
⇒ 150 − 3n + 3 < 0 ⇒ -3n < -153 ⇒ n > 51
Therefore, the first negative term is 52nd
term.
3. The 10th term of an AP is -4 and its 22nd term is -16. Find its 38th
term.
Sol. Let the first term be a , common difference be d and n th term be an .
a10 = a + 9d =− 4 ⇒ a22 = a + 21d =− 16

Subtracting (2) from (1) we have 12d =− 12 & d =− 16 , Substituting this value
of d in (1) we get
a = 5 ⇒ a38 = -32
4. If seven times the 7th term of an AP is equal to eleven times the 11th
term, then what will be its 18th term.
Sol. Let the first term be a , common difference be d and n th term be an .

Given 7a7 = 11a11


7a + 42d = 11a + 110d , 11a - 7a = 42d − 110d, 4a + 68d = 0,
a + 17d = 0 or a18 = 0
5. The 17th term of an AP is 5 more than twice its 8th term. If 11th term of AP is
43, then find its nth term.
Sol. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference.
nth term of an AP= an = a + (n − 1) d
Since 17th term of an AP is 5 more than twice of its 8th term,
Thus a + (17 − 1) d= 5 + 2 [a + (8 − 1) d] ⇒ a + 16d = 5 + 2 (a + 7d)
⇒ a + 16d = 5 + 2a + 14d ⇒ 2d - a = 5 ……….(1)
Since 11th term of AP is 43, a + (11 − 1) d = 43 ⇒ a + 10d = 43 ………..(2)
Solving equation (1) and (2), we have a = 3
Hence, nth term would be an = 3 + (n − 1) 4 = 4n – 1
Long Answer Type Questions:
1. The sum of three numbers in A.P. is 12 and sum of their cubes is 288. Find the
numbers.
Sol. Let the numbers in A.P be a – d, a, a + d.
A/Q 3a = 12 or a = 4
Also, (4 – d)3 + 43 + (4 + d )3 = 288
or, 64 – 48d + 12d2 -d3 + 64 + 64 + 48d + 12d2 + d3 = 288
or, 24d2 + 192 = 288 or, d2 = 4 or, d= ±2
The numbers are 2, 4, 6, or 6, 4, 2
2. Find the value of a, b and c such that the numbers a, 7, b, 23 and c are in A.P.
Sol. a, 7, b, 23 and c are in A.P
Let the common difference be d
Therefore a + d = 7 ……….(I)
And a + 3d = 23 ………(2)
From (I) and (2) we get
a = - 1, d = 8 Now b = a + 2d ⇒ b = - 1 + 2 x 8 = -1 + 16 = 15
Now c = a + 4d = - 1 + 4 x 8 = -1 + 32 = 31
Therefore a = -1 , b = 15 and c = 31
Case Based Questions
Case Study 1:
India is competitive manufacturing location due to the low cost of manpower
and strong technical and engineering capabilities contributing to higher quality
production runs. The production of TV sets in a factory increases uniformly by a
fixed number every year. It produced 16000 sets in 6th year and 22600 in 9th
year.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions:


1. Find the production during first year.
2. Find the production during 8th year.
3. Find the production during first 3 years.
4. In which year, the production is Rs 29,200.
5. Find the difference of the production during 7th year and 4th year.
ANSWER:
1. 5000 2. Production during 8th year is (a+7d)= 5000 + 2(2200) =20400
3. Production during first 3 year= 5000 + 7200 + 9400=21600
4. N=12 5. Difference= 18200-11600=6600
CASE STUDY 2:
Your friend Veer wants to participate in a 200m race. He can currently run that
distance in 51 seconds and with each day of practice it takes him 2 seconds
less.He wants to do in 31 seconds .

Based on the above information, answer the following questions:


1. Which of the following terms are in AP for the given situation

a) 51,53,55…. b) 51, 49, 47…. c) -51, -53, -55…. d) 51, 55, 59…

2. What is the minimum number of days he needs to practice till his goal is achieved

a) 10 b) 12 c) 11 d) 9

3. Which of the following term is not in the AP of the above given situation

a) 41 b) 30 c) 37 d) 39

4. If nth term of an AP is given by an = 2n + 3 then common difference of an AP is

a) 2 b) 3 c) 5 d) 1

5. The value of x, for which 2x, x+ 10, 3x + 2 are three consecutive terms of an AP

a) 6 b) -6 c) 18 d) -18

ANSWER: 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. A
CASE STUDY 3:
Your elder brother wants to buy a car and plans to take loan from a bank for his car.
He repays his total loan of Rs 1,18,000 by paying every month starting with the first
instalment of Rs 1000. If he increases the instalment by Rs 100 every month , answer
the following:

1. The amount paid by him in 30th installment is

a) 3900 b) 3500 c) 3700 d) 3600

2. The amount paid by him in the 30 installments is

a) 37000 b) 73500 c) 75300 d) 75000

3. What amount does he still have to pay after 30th installment?

a) 45500 b) 49000 c) 44500 d) 54000

4. If total installments are 40 then amount paid in the last installment?

a) 4900 b) 3900 c) 5900 d) 9400

5. The ratio of the 1st installment to the last installment is

a) 1:49 b) 10:49 c) 10:39 d) 39:10

Answer:

1. a) 3900 2. b) 73500 3. c) 44500 4. a) 4900 5. b) 10 : 49


UNIT NAME: - GEOMETRY MARKS ALLOTED : 9

Name of Chapter -:
1. CIRCLES
1. (Prove) The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact.

2. (Prove) The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

BRAIN MAPPING

BASIC DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS:-

The Relation between a Circle and a Line in a Plane


There could be three situations when there is a line and a circle.

1
1. Non-intersecting Line

When a line and a circle have no common point then it is called a Non-intersecting Line with respect
to the circle.

2. Secant
When a line intersects a circle in such a way that there are two common points then that line is
called Secant.

3. Tangent

When a line touches the circle in such a way that they have only one common point then that line
is called a Tangent. That common point is called the point of contact.

Theorems: - (PROOF IS IN SYLLABUS)

1. All the tangents of a circle are perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact
of that tangent.

OP is the radius of the circle and Q is any point on the line XY which is the tangent to the circle.
As OP is the shortest line of all the distances of the point O to the points on XY since OQ =
radius i.e. OP + some value in every case. So OP is perpendicular to XY. Hence, OP⊥ XY

2
2. The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

Here, two tangents are drawn from the external point C. As the tangent is perpendicular to the
radius, it formed the right angle triangle.

So ∆AOC and ∆BOC are congruent by right hypotenuse side (RHS) congruency criterion. Hence
AC = BC.

Solved Questions (MCQ)

1. In figure, O is the centre of circle. PQ is a chord and PT is tangent at P which makes an angle of 500
with PQ and angle POQ is [Board 2020 OD Basic]
(a) 1300 (b) 900
(c) 1000 (d) 750
Ans : (c) 1000

2. In figure, AP, AQ and BC are tangents of the circle with centre O. If AB = 5 cm, AC = 6 cm and
BC = 4 cm, then the length of AP (in cm) is [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]
(a) 15 (b) 10
(c) 9 (d) 7.5
Ans : (d) 7.5

3. In figure, on a circle of radius 7 cm, tangent PT is drawn from a point P such that PT = 24 cm. If O
is the centre of the circle, then the length of PR is [Board 2020 Delhi Basic]

3
(a) 30 cm (b) 28 cm
(c) 32 cm (d) 25 cm
Ans : (c) 32 cm

4. In the given figure, a circle touches all the four sides of quadrilateral ABCD with AB = 6 cm, BC =
7 cm and CD = 4 cm, then length of AD is
(a) 3 cm (b) 4 cm
(c) 5 cm (d) 6 cm
Ans : (a) 3 cm

5. Two concentric circles of radii a and b where a > b , The length of a chord of the larger circle which
touches the other circle is
(a) √𝑎2 + 𝑏2 (b) 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑏2
(c) √𝑎2 − 𝑏2 (d) 2√𝑎2 − 𝑏2
Ans : (d) 2√𝑎2 − 𝑏2
6. In the given figure, PA is a tangent from an external point P to a circle with centre O. If angle POB
= 1150, then the measurement of angle APO is
(a) 250 (b) 200
(c) 300 (d) 650
Ans : (a) 250

4
7. In the given figure, two tangents AB and AC are drawn to a circle with centre O such that angle
BAC = 1200, then OA is equal to that
(a) 2AB (b) 3AB
(c) 4AB (d) 5AB
Ans : (a) 2AB

8. If a regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle of radius r, then its perimeter is


(a) 3r (b) 6r
(c) 9r (d) 12r
Ans : Side of the regular hexagon inscribed in a circle of radius r is also r , the perimeter is 6r . Thus
(b) is correct option.

9. AB and CD are two common tangents to circles which touch each other at a point C . If D lies on
AB such that CD = 4 cm then AB is
(a) 12 cm (b) 8 cm
(c) 4 cm (d) 6 cm
Ans : (b) 8 cm

5
10. Two concentric circles are of radii 10 cm and 8 cm, then the length of the chord of the larger
circle which touches the smaller circle is
(a) 6 cm (b) 12 cm
(c) 18 cm (d) 9 cm
Ans : (b) 12 cm

SOLVED QUESTION (DESCRIPTIVE)

1. A triangle ABC is drawn to circumscribe a circle. If AB = 13 cm, BC = 14 cm and AE = 7 cm,


then find AC .

Solution
Since AF and AE are tangent of the circle, AF= AE
Thus AF = AE = 7 cm
Now BF = AB - AF = 13 – 7 = 6 cm
Since BF and BD are tangent of the circle, BF =BD
Thus BD = BF = 6 cm
Now CD = BC - BD = 14 – 6 = 8 cm
Since CD and CE are tangent of the circle, CD = CE
Thus CE = CD = 8 cm
Now AC = AE + EC = 7 + 8 = 15 cm.
2. If two tangents PA and PB are drawn to a circle from a point P with centre O and OP is equal to
the diameter of the circle then show that triangle APB is an equilateral triangle.

Solution
Given, AP is a tangent to the circle.

6
Therefore, OA ⊥ AP (Tangent is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact)

∠OAP = 90° In ∆OAP,

𝑂𝐴 𝑟
Sin ∠OPA = 𝑂𝑃 = 2𝑟 (OP = diameter)

1
So sin ∠OPA= 2 = 300

Likewise, we can prove that ∠OPB = 30°

Now, ∠APB = ∠OPA + ∠OPB = 30° + 30° = 60°

In ∆PAB, PA = PB (length of the tangents from the external point is equal)

∠PAB = ∠PBA (Angles opposite to equal sides are equal)

∠PAB + ∠PBA + ∠APB = 180° (Due to angle sum property)

∠PAB + ∠PBA = 180° - 60° 2∠PAB

= 1200

∠PAB = 60° As ∠PAB = ∠PBA = ∠APB = 60° Hence , triangle


PAB is an equilateral triangle.

3. Find the length of AB in the given circle, which is the chord in the outer circle and
tangent to the inner circle. The radius of the inner and outer circle is 6 cm and 10 cm
respectively.

Solution
Given
Radius of the inner circle (r) = 6 cm
Radius of outer circle (R) = 10 cm
As the Point T which is the tangent point is the midpoint of the chord,
AT = TB.
As radius is perpendicular to the tangent,
So is a right angle triangle and we can use Pythagoras theorem.
OB2 = OT2 + TB2
TB2 = OB2 - OT2
= 102 - 62
= 100 – 36
TB2 = 64
TB = 8 cm , AB = TB + AT
7
AB = 8 + 8 (as AT = BT)
AB = 16 cm

4. Find the radius of the circle in the given figure, if the length of the tangent from point A which is
5 cm away from center is 4 cm.
Solution
As we know that the radius is perpendicular to the radius, so the ∆ ABO is a right angle

triangle. Given, AO = 5 cm and AB = 4 cm

We can use Pythagoras theorem here


OA2 = OB2 + AB2
OB2 = OA2 - AB2
OB2 = 52 - 42
OB2 = 25 – 16
OB2 = 9
OB = 3cm

So the radius of the given circle is 3cm

5. PA and PB are tangents from point P to the circle with centre O as shown in figure. At point M a
tangent is drawn cutting PA at K and PB at N . Prove that KN = AK + BN [Board 2012]
Solution

Since length of tangents from an external point to a circle are


equal, .

PA = PB, AK = KM ,BN = NM ,

Ak + BN = KM + NM

AK + BN = KN.

6. In the figure, PA and PB are tangents to a circle with centre O.


If ∠AOB = 1200, then find ∠OPA
Solution

8
Here OA is radius and AP is tangent at A, since radius is always perpendicular to tangent at point of
contact,

we have ∠OAP = 90º

Due to symmetry we have

∠AOB 1200
∠AOP = = = 600
2 2

Now in right ∆ AOP we have

∠OPA + ∠AOP + ∠OA P = 1800

∠OPA + 600 + 900 = 1800

∠OPA = 300

7. In the given figure, find ∠QSR. [Board Term-2, 2012]

Solution

Sum of the angles between radii and between intersections point


of tangent is always 1800.

Thus ∠ROQ + ∠RPQ = 1800

∠ROQ = 1800 – 600 = 1200

We know that angle subtended by an arc on the centre of a circle is twice of the angle subtended on
circumference of circle

Thus 2∠QSR = ∠ROQ = 1200

∠QSR = 600

9
8. In figure, AP and BP are tangents to a circle with centre O, such that AP = 5 cm and ∠ APB =
600. Find the length of chord AB.
Solution

Since length of 2 tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are


equal, we have PA = PB

Thus ∠PAB = ∠PBA = 600

Hence ∆ PAB is an equilateral triangle.

Therefore AB = PA = 5 cm.

9. In the given figure, AB is a chord of the circle and AOC is its


diameter such that ∠ACB = 500. If AT is the tangent to the circle at the point A, find ∠BAT .

Solution

We have ∠ACB = 500 Since ∠CBA is angle in semi-


circle, ∠CBA = 900

Now ∠OAB = 180° -900 - 500 = 400 ( angle sum


property of triangle)

Hence ∠BAT = 900 − 400 = 500

10. . In figure, a circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD. If AB = 6 cm, BC = 9 cm
and CD = 8 cm, then find the length of AD.

Solution

10
Tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal in length. Thus AP = AS and let it be x .

Similarly, BP = BQ, CQ = CR and RD = DS

Now BP = AB - AP = 6 − x

BP = BQ = 6 − x

CQ = BC - BQ = 9 – (6 –x) = 3 + x

Now, CQ = CR = 3 + x

RD = CD - CR = 8 – (3 + x) = 5 − x

Now, RD = DS = 5 – x

AD = AS + SD = x + (5 – x) = 5

Thus AD is 5 cm.

11. From an external point P, tangents PA and PB are drawn to a circle with centre O. If ∠PAB =
50º, then find ∠AOB.
Solution

As per the given question we draw the figure as below.


Since PA = PB

∠PBA = ∠PAB = 500

Now ∠APB = 1800 – (∠PBA +∠PAB)= 800

Hence ∠ AOB = 1800 - ∠APB = 1800 - 800 = 1000

EXERCISE QUESTIONS

1. If tangents PA and PB from a point P to a circle with centre O are inclined to each other at angle of
80°, then find  POA
2. The length of a tangent from a point A at distance 5 cm from the centre of the circle is 4 cm. Find
the radius of the circle.
3. Two concentric circles are of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. Find the length of the chord of the larger circle
which touches the smaller circle.
4. A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle. Prove that AB + CD = AD + BC
5. Prove that the angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is
supplementary to the angle subtended by the line-segment joining the points of contact at the
centre.

11
6. Prove that the parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.
7. Prove that opposite sides of a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle subtend supplementary angles at
the centre of the circle.
8. Prove that in two concentric circles, the chord of the larger circle, which touches the smaller circle,
is bisected at the point of contact.
9. XY and X′Y′ are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and another tangent AB with point
of contact C intersecting XY at A and X′Y′ at B. Prove that  AOB = 90°

10. If d1, d2 (d2 > d1) be the diameters of two concentric circles and c be the length of a chord of a
circle which is tangent to the other circle, prove that (d2) 2 = (d1 )2 + C 2

(MCQ)

1. If radii of two concentric circles are 4 cm and 5 cm, then the length of each chord of one
circle which is tangent to the other circle is
(a) 3 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 9 cm (d) 1 cm
2. In Fig., if ∠AOB = 125°, then ∠COD is equal to

(a) 62.5° (b) 45°


(c) 35° (d) 55°

3. From a point P which is at a distance of 13 cm from the point O of a circle of radius 5 cm, the
pair of tangents PQ and PR to the circle are drawn. Then the area of the quadrilateral PQOR is

(a) 60 cm² (b) 65 cm² (c) 30 cm² (d) 32.5 cm²

12
4. In Fig., AT is a tangent to the circle with centre O such that OT = 4 cm and ∠OTA = 30°. Then
AT is equal to

(a) 4 cm
(b) 2 cm
(c) 2√3 cm
(d) 4√3 cm

5. In Fig., if PQR is the tangent to a circle at Q whose centre is O, AB is a chord parallel to PR


and ∠BQR = 70°, then ∠AQB is equal to

(a) 20°
(b) 40°
(c) 35°
(d) 45°

6. The length of a tangent from a point A at distance 5 cm from the


centre of the circle is 4 cm. Find the radius of the circle.

(a) 4 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 6 cm (d) 5 cm

7. PT is tangent to a circle with centre O and point of contact T & drawn from an external point P ,
OT = 56 cm, TP = 90 cm, find OP

(a) 104 cm (b) 107 cm (c) 106 cm (d) 105 cm

8.TP and TQ are the two tangents to a circle with center O so that angle ∠POQ = 1300. Find

∠ PTQ.
(a) 500 (b) 700 (c) 800 (d) none of these
9.The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are …… …

(a) half (b) one third (c) one fourth (d) equal

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS ASKED IN BOARD EXAM

13
1.Figure 1, O is the centre of a circle, PQ is a chord and PT is the tangent at P. If ∠POQ = 70°,
then calculate ∠TPQ. ( CBSE 2011)

Solution.

2. In Figure 2, AB and AC are tangents to the circle with centre O such that∠BAC = 40°.
Then calculate ∠BOC. (CBSE 2011)

Solution :-

14
3. Figure 3, a circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD whose sides are AB = 6
cm, BC = 9 cm and CD = 8 cm. Find the length of side AD. ( CBSE 2011)

Solution.

4. In Figure 5, a triangle PQR is drawn to circumscribe a circle of radius 6 cm such that the
segments QT and TR into which QR is divided by the point of contact T, are the lengths 12
cm and 9 cm respectively. If the area of ΔPQR = 189 cm2, then find the lengths of sides PQ
and PR. (CBSE 2011)

5. In Figure 1, AP, AQ and BC are tangents to the circle. If AB = 5 cm, AC = 6 cm and BC =


4 cm, then calculate the length of AP (in cm). (CBSE 2012)

15
6. In figure 3, a right triangle ABC, circumscribes a circle of radius r if AB and BC are of
lenths 8cm and 6cm respectively, find the value of r (CBSE 2012)

7. Prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a diameter of a circle of parallel (CBSE 2012)

8. In Figure 5, a circle is inscribed in a triangle PQR with PQ = 10 cm, QR = 8 cm and PR =


12 cm. Find the lengths of QM, RN and PL. (CBSE 2012)

9. In Fig. 1, a circle is inscribed in a quadrilateral ABCD touching its sides AB, BC, CD and
AD at P, Q, R and S respectively. If the radius of the circle is I Q cm, BC = 38 cm, PB = 27 cm
and AD ⊥ CD, then calculate the length of CD. (CBSE - 2013)

16
10. In Fig. 2, two circles touch each other at the point C. Prove that the common tangent to
the circles at C, bisects the common tangent at P and Q. (CBSE - 2013)

11. In Fig. 3, a quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle. Prove that AB + CD =


AD + BC. (CBSE - 2013)

12. In a right triangle ABC, right-angled at B, BC = 12 cm and AB = 5 cm. Calculate the


radius of the circle inscribed in the triangle (in cm). (CBSE - 2014)

13. In Figure 1, common tangents AB and CD to the two circles with centres O 1 and
O2 intersect at E. Prove that AB = CD. (CBSE - 2014)

17
14. The incircle of an isosceles triangle ABC, in which AB = AC, touches the sides BC, CA and
AB at D, E and F respectively. Prove that BD = DC. (CBSE - 2014)

15. In Figure 2, PQ is a chord of a circle with centre O and PT is a tangent. If ∠QPT = 60°,
find ∠PRQ. (CBSE - 2015)

16. In Figure 3, two tangents RQ and RP are drawn from an external point R to the circle
with centre O. If ∠PRQ = 120°, then prove that OR = PR + RQ. (CBSE - 2015)

17. In Figure 4, a triangle ABC is drawn to circumscribe a circle of radius 3 cm, such that the
segments BD and DC are respectively of lengths 6 cm and 9 cm. If the area of ∆ABC is 54
cm2, then find the lengths of sides AB and AC. (CBSE - 2015)

18
18. In Fig. 1, PQ is a tangent at a point C to a circle with centre O. If AB is a diameter and
∠CAB = 30°. Find ∠PCA. (CBSE - 2016)

19. In Fig. 2, a quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle, with centre O, in such a
way that the sides AB, BC, CD and DA touch the circle at the points P, Q, R and S
respectively. Prove that: AB + CD = BC + DA. (CBSE - 2016)

20 . In Fig. 3, from an external point P, two tangents PT and PS are drawn to a circle with
centre O and radius r. If OP = 2r, show that ∠OTS = ∠OST = 30°. (CBSE - 2016)

21. If the angle between two tangents drawn from an external point P to a circle of radius a
and centre O, is 60°, then find the length of OP. (CBSE - 2017)

22. Prove that the tangents drawn at the endpoints of a chord of a circle make equal angles
with the chord. (CBSE - 2017)

23. A circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD. Prove that AB + CD = BC +
DA (CBSE - 2017)

19
24. Prove that the lengths of two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
(CBSE - 2017)

25. In the given figure, XY and XY are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and
another tangent AB with a point of contact C, is intersecting XY at A and X’Y’ at B. Prove
that ∠AOB = 90°. (CBSE - 2017)

26. Prove that the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point of a circle are equal.

(CBSE - 2018)

27. In Figure 3, PQ and RS are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and another
tangent AB with the point of contact C intersecting PQ at A and RS at B. Prove that ∠AOB =
90°. (CBSE - 2019)

CASE STUDY QUESTION

20
In one of the Kendriya Vidyalaya school organised an Interschool throw ball Tournament for girls
just After the Pre-Board Exam. The throw ball team was very excited. The team captain Anjali
directed the team to assemble in the ground for practices. Only three girls Priyanshi, Swetha and
Aditi showed up. The rest did not come on the pretext of preparing for pre board exam. Anjali drew
a circle of radius 5 m on the ground . The centre A was the position of Priyanshi, Anjali marked a
point N, 13 m away from the centre A as her own position. From the point N, she drew two tangential
lines NS and NR and gave positions S and R to Swetha and Aditi respectively. Swetha throws it to
Anjali, Anjali throws it to Aditi, Aditi throws it to Prriyanshi, Priyanshi throws it to Swetha and so
on.

I. What is the measure of angle NSA ?


(a) 300 (b) 450 (c) 600 (d) 900

II. The distance between Swetha and Anjali.


(a) 8m (b) 12 m (c)18m (d)15m

III. How far dose Anjali had to throw ball towards Aditi?
(a) 8m (b) 12 m (c)18m (d)15m

IV. If ∠SNR is equal to β, then which of the following is true ?


(a) ∠ANS = 900 – β (b) ∠SNR = 900 – β
(c ) ∠RAN = β (d) ∠ RAS = 1800 – β

V. If ∠SNR is equal to β, then ∠NAS is equal to


β
(a) 900 – 2 (b) 1800 - 2 β

(c ) 900 – β (d) 900 + β

NAME OF CHAPTER: CONSTRUCTIONS


1. Division of a line segment in a given ratio (internally).
2. Tangents to a circle from a point outside it.

BRAIN MAPPING

21
NOTE- CONSTRUCTION OF TRIANGLES DELETED

MCQ

1. To divide a line segment AB in the ratio 3 : 4, we draw a ray AX , so that ∠BAX is an acute
angle and then mark the points on ray AX at equal distances such that the minimum number
of these points is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 7 (d) 10
Ans : (c) 7

2. To divide a line segment AB in ratio m n: (m n, are positive integers), draw a ray AX to that
∠BAX is an acute angle and the mark point on ray AX at equal distances such that the
minimum number of these points is
(a) greater of m and n (b) m + n
(c) m + n − 1 (d) m n
Ans : (b) m + n

TO CONSTRUCT THE TANGENTS TO A CIRCLE FROM A POINT OUTSIDE IT.

Given : We are given a circle with centre ‘O’ and a point P outside it. We have to construct
two tangents from P to the circle.

Steps of construction:
 Join PO and draw a perpendicular bisector of it. Let M be the midpoint of PO.
22
 Taking M as centre and PM or MO as radius, draw a circle. Let it intersect the given
circle at the points A and B.
 Join PA and PB.
Then PA and PB are the required two tangents.

To Construct a tangent to a circle at a given point when the centre of the circle is known.

We have a circle with centre ‘O’ and a point P anywhere on its circumference. Then we
have to construct a tangent through P.
Steps of Construction :
 Draw a circle with centre ‘O’ and mark a point ‘P’ anywhere on it. Join OP.
 Draw a perpendicular line through the point P and name it as XY, as shown in the figure.
 XY is the required tangent to the given circle passing through P.

1. Draw a line segment of length 7 cm. Find a point P on it which divides it in the ratio 3: 5 . [Board
Term-2, 2015]
Solution:
Steps of Construction:

23
1. Draw a line segment AB of length 7 cm.
2. Draw any ray AX making an acute angle with AB .
3. Mark eight point A1, A2 , A3,……A8, on AX such that AA1 =A1A2 = A2 A3 = ........= A7A8 .
4. Join BA8 .
5. At point A3, draw a line PA3 parallel to BA8. Hence AP | | PB = 3 : 5

2. Draw a circle of radius 3.5 cm. From a point P, 6 cm from its centre, draw two tangents to the circle.
[Board 2020 OD Standard]
Solution:
Step of construction:
1. Draw a line segment OP of length 6 cm.
2. From the point O, draw a circle of radius = 3 5. cm.
3. Draw a perpendicular bisector of OP. Let M be the midpoint of
OP.
4. Taking M as centre and OM as radius draw a circle.
5. This circle intersects the given circle at Q and R.
6. Join PQ and PR, which are tangents to the circle

3. Construct a pair tangents PQ and PR to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point P outside the circle 8
cm away from the centre. Measure PQ and PR. [Board Term-2 2014]

Solution:

24
Steps of Construction:
1. Draw a line segment OP of length 8 cm.
2. Draw a circle with centre O and radius 4 cm.
3. Draw a perpendicular bisector of OP. Let M be the midpoint of OP.
4. Taking M as centre and OM as radius draw a circle.
5. This circle intersects the given circle at Q and R.
6. Join PQ and PR, which are tangents to the circle
On measuring, we get PQ= PR = 5 cm

4.Construct a tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point on the concentric circle of radius 6 cm.
[Board Term-2, 2013]

Solution:
Steps of Construction:
1. Draw a circle with centre O and radius 4 cm.
2. Draw another circle with centre O and radius 6 cm.
3. Take a point P on outer circle and join OP.
4. Draw perpendicular bisector of OP which intersect OP at M .
5.Draw a circle with centre M which intersects inner circle at points A
and B.
6. Join AP and BP. Thus AP and BP are required tangents.
5.Draw a line segment AB of length 7 cm. Taking A as centre, draw a circle of radius 3 cm and
taking B as centre, draw another circle of radius 2 cm. Construct tangents to each circle from the
centre of the other circle. [Board 2020 Delhi Standard
Solution:
Steps of construction:

25
1. Draw a line segment AB of length 7 cm.
2. Draw a circle with A as centre and radius 3 cm.
3. Draw another circle with B as centre and radius 2 cm.
4. Draw the perpendicular bisector of AB which intersects AB at X.
5. Now draw a circle with centre X and radius = AX = BX which intersects two circles at P and Q, R
and S .
5. Join B to P, B to Q , A to R and A to S. Hence, BP, BQ, AR and AS are the required tangents.

6. Draw two tangents to a circle of radius 4 cm, which are inclined to each other at an angle of 600.
[Board 2020 OD Standard]
Solution:
Step of construction:
1. Draw a circle of radius 4 cm with O as centre.
2. Draw two radii OA and OB inclined to each other at an angle of 120 0. ( since angle of inclination of
tangents and the angle made between the radii are supplementary) .
3. Draw AP perpendicular to OA at A and BP perpendicular to OB at B which meet at P.
4. PA and PB are the required tangents inclined to each other an angle of 600.

EXERCISE
26
1. Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. From a point P, 7 cm away from centre draw two tangents to
the circle. Measure the length of each tangent.

2. Draw two concentric circle of radii 3 cm and 5 cm. Taking a point on the outer circle,
construct the pair of tangents to the inner circle.

3. Draw a line segment AB of length 7 cm. Taking A as centre, draw a circle of radius 3 cm
and taking B as center, draw another circle of radius 2 cm. Construct tangents to each
circle from the centre of the other circle. [Board Term-2 Delhi 2015]

4. Draw a line segment AB of length 8 cm. Taking A as centre, draw a circle of radius 4 cm,
and taking B as centre draw another circle of radius 3 cm. Construct tangents to each
circle of radius centre of the other circle. [Board Term-2 Foreign 2017, OD 2014]

27
UNIT NAME : TRIGONOMETRY MARKS ALLOTED : 7

CHAPTER NAME : SOME APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY

MIND MAPPING( FLOW CHART)


ANGLE OF DEPRESSION

INTRODUCTION HORIZONTAL LINE


The height or length of an object or the distance A ------------------- D
between two distant objects can be determined
with the help of trigonometric ratios. Angle of depression

BUILDING

B C

In the above figure , the line AC is the line of sight as the observer is looking
downwards from the top of the building at A towards the object at C .Here
angle DAC , so formed by the line of sight with the horizontal, when the
observer is lowering his/her head is called angle of depression.
LINE OF SIGHT AND ANGLE OF ELEVATION

POLE LINE OF SIGHT


SOME APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRY
B C

HORIZONTAL LINE

In the above figure , the line AC drawn from the eye of


an observer at A to the top of the pole ‘c’ is called the
line of sight. The observer is looking at the top of the
pole. The angle BAC , so formed by the line of sight From the above figure, if we want to find the height CD of the pole
with the horizontal, is called the angle of elevation of without actual measuring it, we need the following information
the top of the pole from the eye of an observer.
(i)Distance ED of the observer from the pole.

(ii) The angle of elevation BAC ,of the top of the pole.

(iii)The height of the observer AE ,if it is considerable.

Assuming that the above three conditions are known we can


determine the height of the pole .
BASIC CONCEPTS

1. The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point on the object viewed by the observer
2. The angle of elevation of a point on the object being viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when it is above the
horizontal level, i.e., the case when we raise our head to look at a point on the object.

3. Line of sight, angles and altitude (height).


(i) ∠AOB is the angle of elevation

(ii) By height AB, means object is at point B from the point A located at the ground.

(ii) AO is the distance of the observer from the point A.


4. The angle of depression of a point on the object being viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when it is below the
horizontal level, i.e., the case when we lower our head to look at a point on the object.

5. The height of object above the water surface is equal to the depth of its image below the water surface
6. The values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the length of the sides of the triangle, if the angles remain the same
7. The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point on the object viewed by the observer
8. The angle of elevation of a point on the object being viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when it is above the
horizontal level, i.e., the case when we raise our head to look at a point on the object.

9. Line of sight, angles and altitude (height).


(iii) ∠AOB is the angle of elevation

(ii) By height AB, means object is at point B from the point A located at the ground.

(iv) AO is the distance of the observer from the point A.


10. The angle of depression of a point on the object being viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when it is below the
horizontal level, i.e., the case when we lower our head to look at a point on the object.

11. The height of object above the water surface is equal to the depth of its image below the water surface
12. The values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the length of the sides of the triangle, if the angles remain the same
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. A pole 6 m high casts a shadow 23 m long on the ground, then the Sun’s elevation is:

(A) 60° (B) 45° (C) 30° (D) 90°

Ans. Option (A) is correct.

Explanation: In ΔABC,
𝟔
<B = 90° tan𝜽 = = √𝟑
𝟐√𝟑

𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎°

2. The angle of depression of a car parked on the road from the top of 150 m high tower is 30°. The distance of the car from the tower (in metres) is:

(A) 50√3 (B) 150 √3 (C) 150 √2 (D) 75

Ans. Option (B) is correct.

Explanation: In ∆ABC, ∠B=90

tan 𝜽 = CB /AB

tan 30° = 150/ x

1/ √3 =150/x

x = 150√ 3 m

3. The length of a string between a kite and a point on the ground is 85 m. If the string makes an angle q with the ground level such that tan 𝜽 = 15/ 8
, then the kite is at what height from the ground ?

(A) 75 m (B) 79.41 m (C) 80 m (D) 72.5 m A

Ans. Option (A) is correct.

Explanation: tan 𝜽= 15/ 8

sin 𝜽 = 15/ 17 --------------- -(i)

Now, sin 𝜽 = x /85 ----------------- (ii)

From, equation (i) and (ii),


15/ 17 = x/ 85

x = 75 m

4. If the height of a vertical pole is √3 times the length of its shadow on the ground, then the angle of elevation of the Sun at that time is:

(A) 30° (B) 60° (C) 45° (D) 75°

Ans. Option (B) is correct.

Explanation: Let the length of shadow is x,

Then height of pole =√ 3 x

Now, tan 𝜽 = CB/AB

tan 𝜽 = √3x / x

tan 𝜽 = √3

tan 𝜽 = tan 60°

𝜽 = 60°

5. The angle of depression of a car, standing on the ground, from the top of a 75 m high tower, is 30°. The distance of the car from the base of the
tower (in m.) is:

(A) 25 3 (B) 50 3 (C) 75 3 (D) 150

Ans. Option (C) is correct.

Explanation: In ∆ABC, ∠B = 90°

tan 𝜽 = CB/ AB

tan 30° = 75/ x

1/√ 3 = 75/ x

x = 75 √3 m
PRACTICE YOURSELF
1.The ratio of the length of a vertical rod and its shadow is 1 : √3 The angle of elevation of the sum is
(a) 30(b) 45°(c) 60°(d) 90°
Ans.(a)

2.If the angle of elevation of a tower from a distance of 100 metres from its foot is 𝟔𝟎° , the height of the tower is

(a) 100√3m (b) 100/√3m (c) 50√3m (d) 200/√3m


Ans. (a)

3. If the altitude of the sun is at 60?, then the height of the vertical tower that will cast a shadow of length 30 m is

(a) 30√3m (b) 30/√3m (c) 15m (d) 15√2m


Ans. (a)

4. If the angles of elevation of a tower from two points distance a and b (a > b) from its foot and in the same straight line from it
are 𝟑𝟎° and 𝟔𝟎° , then the height of the tower is

𝒂
(a) √𝒂 + 𝒃 (b) √𝒂𝒃 (c) √𝒂 − 𝒃 (d) √𝒃

Ans. (b)
5.From a light house the angles of depression of two ships on opposite sides of the light house are observed to be 30° and 45°. If
the height of the light house is h metres, the distance between the ships is

(a) (√𝟑 + 1)hm (b) (√𝟑-1)h m (c) √𝟑 h m (d) 1+ 1/√𝟑


Ans. (a)
6. The tops of two poles of height 20 m and 14 m are connected by a wire. If the wire makes an angle of 30° with horizontal, then
the length of the wire is
(a) 12 m(b) 10 in(c) 8 m(d) 6 m

Ans. (a)
7. From the top of a cliff 25 m high the angle of elevation of a tower is found to be equal to the angle of depression of the foot of
the tower. The height of the tower is
(a) 25 m(b) 50 in(c) 75 m(d) 100 m
Ans. (b)
8. The angles of depression of two ships from the top of a light house are 45° and 30° towards east. If the ships are 100 m apart,
the height of the light house is
𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎
(a) m (b) m (c) 50(√𝟑 − 𝟏)m (d) 50(√𝟑 + 𝟏)𝒎
√𝟑+𝟏 √𝟑− 𝟏

Ans. (c)
9. If the angle of elevation of a cloud from a point 200 m above a lake is 30° and the angle of depression of its reflection in the lake
is 60°, then the height of the cloud above the lake, is
(a) 200 m(b) 500 m(c) 30 m(d) 400 m
Ans. (d)
10. If a 1.5 m tall girl stands at a distance of 3 m from a lamp-post and casts a shadow of length 4.5 m on the ground, then the
height of the lamp-post is
(a) 1.5 m(b) 2 m(c) 2.5 m(d) 2.8 m

Ans. (c)

CASE STUDY :I
I Read the following text and answer the questions that follows, on the basis of the same.

A group of students of class X visited India Gate on an education trip. The teacher and students had interest in history as well. The teacher narrated
that India Gate, official name Delhi Memorial, originally called All-India War Memorial, monumental sandstone arch in New Delhi, dedicated to the
troops of British India who died in wars fought between 1914 and 1919. The teacher also said that India Gate, which is located at the eastern end of
the Rajpath (formerly called the Kings way), is about 138 feet

(42 metres) in height. [CBSE QB, 2021]

1.What is the angle of elevation if they are standing at a distance of 42 m away from the monument ?

(A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60° (D) 0°


Ans. Option (B) is correct

2. They want to see the tower at an angle of 60°. So, they want to know the distance where they should stand and hence find the distance.

(A) 25.24 m (B) 20.12 m (C) 42 m (D) 24.64

Ans. Option (A) is correct.

3.If the altitude of the Sun is at 60°, then the height of the vertical tower that will cast a shadow of length 20 m is: (A) 20 3 m (B) 20 3 m (C) 15 3 m (D)
15 3 m

Ans. Option (A) is correct

4. The ratio of the length of a rod and its shadow is 1 : 1. The angle of elevation of the Sun is:

(A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60° (D) 90°

Ans. Option (B) is correct. 5.

5.The angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when the object viewed is below the horizontal level is:

(A) corresponding angle (B) angle of elevation (C) angle of depression (D) complete angle

Ans. Option (C) is correct.

CASE STUDY :II


. Read the following text and answer the questions that follow, on the basis of the same

An electrician has to repaired an electric fault on the pole of height 5 m. He needs to reach a point 1.3 m below the top of the pole to undertake
the repair work (see figure). [CBSE QB, 2021]

1. What is the length of BD ?


(A) 1.3 m (B) 5 m (C) 3.7 m (D) None of these

Ans. Option (C) is correct

2. What should be the length of ladder, when inclined at an angle of 60° to the horizontal ?

(A) 4.28 m (B) 3 7 3 . m (C) 3.7 m (D) 7.4 m

Ans. Option (A) is correct

3. How far from the foot of pole should she place the foot of the ladder ?
(A) 3.7 (B) 2.14 (C) 1 3 (D) None of these

Ans. Option (B) is correct

4. If the horizontal angle is changed to 30°, then what should be the length of the ladder ?
(A) 7.4 m (B) 3.7 m (C) 1.3 m (D) 5 m

Ans. Option (A) is correct

5. What is the value of ÐB ?


(A) 60° (B) 90° (C) 30° (D) 180°

Ans. Option (C) is correct

CASE STUDY :III


Vijay is trying to find the average height of a tower near his house. He is using the properties of similar triangles.The
height of Vijay’s house if 20m when Vijay’s house casts a shadow 10m long on the ground. At the same time, the tower
casts a shadow 50m long on the ground and the houseof Ajay casts 20m shadow on the ground.

1. What is the height of the tower?


a) 20m b) 50m c) 100m d) 200m

Answer: c) 100m

2. What will be the length of the shadow of the tower when Vijay’s house casts a shadow of 12m?
a) 75m b) 50mc) 45m d) 60m

Answer: d) 60m

3. What is the height of Ajay’s house?


a) 30m b) 40m c) 50m d) 20m

Answer: b) 40m
4. When the tower casts a shadow of 40m, same time what will be the length of the shadow of Ajay’s house?
a) 16m b) 32m c) 20m d) 8m

Answer: a) 16m
5. When the tower casts a shadow of 40m, same time what will be the length of the shadow of Vijay’s house?
a) 15m b) 32m c) 16m d) 8m

Answer: d) 8m

CASE STUDY :IV


Rohan wants to measure the distance of a pond during the visit to his native. He marks points A and B on the opposite
edges of a pond as shown in the figure below. To find the distance between the points, he makes a right-angled triangle
using rope connecting B with another point C are a distance of 12m, connecting C to point D at a distance of 40m from
point C and the connecting D to the point A which is are a distance of 30m from D such the ∠ADC=900.
1. Which property of geometry will be used to find the distance AC?
a) Similarity of triangles b) Thales Theorem c) Pythagoras Theorem d) Area of similar triangles

Answer: c)Pythagoras Theorem


2. What is the distance AC?
a) 50m b) 12m c) 100m d) 70m

Answer: a) 50m

3. Which is the following does not form a Pythagoras triplet?


a) (7, 24, 25) b) (15, 8, 17) c) (5, 12, 13) d) (21, 20, 28)

Answer: d) (21, 20, 28)


4. Find the length AB?
a) 12m b) 38m c) 50m d) 100m

Answer: b) 38m
5. Find the length of the rope used.
a) 120m b) 70m c) 82m d) 22m

Answer: c)82m

PRACTICE YOURSELF

CASE STUDY : I
There are two temples on each bank of a river. One temple is 50 m high. A man, who is standing on the top of 50 m high temple, observed
from the top that angle of depression of the top and foot of other temple are 30° and 60° respectively. (Take 3√3 = 1.73)

Based on the above information, answer the following

1.Measure of ∠ADF is equal to

(a) 45° (b) 60° (c) 30° (d) 90°


2. Measure of ∠ACB is equal to

(a) 45° (b) 60° (c) 30° (d) 90°


3. Width of the river is

(a) 28.90 m (b) 26.75 m (c) 25 m (d) 27 m


4. Height of the other temple is

(a) 32.5 m (b) 35 m (c) 33.33 m (d) 40 m


5. Angle of depression is always

(a) reflex angle (b) straight


(d) an acute angle
(c) an obtuse angle

Ans: 1.c , 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. d
CASE STUDY : II
A boy is standing on the top of light house. He observed that boat P and boat Q are approaching to light house from opposite directions. He
finds that angle of depression of boat P is 45° and angle of depression of boat Q is 30°. He also knows that height of the light house is 100
m.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

1. Measure of ∠ACD is equal to

(d) 90°
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60°
2. If∠YAB = 30°, then ∠ABD is also 30°, Why?

(a) vertically opposite angles (b) alternate interior angles

(c) alternate exterior angles (d) corresponding angles

3. Length of CD is equal to

(a) 90 m (b) 60 m (c) 100 m (d) 80 m


4. Length of BD is equal to

(a) 50 m (b) 100 m (c) 100√2 m (d) 100√3 m


5. Length of AC is equal to
(a)100√2 m (b) 100√3 m (c) 50 m (d) 100 m

Ans: 1.c 2.a 3.d 4.c 5.c

CASE STUDY:III
A clinometer is a tool that is used to measure the angle of elevation, or angle from the ground, in a right - angled triangle. We can use a
clinometer to measure the height of tall things that you can’t possibly reach to the top of, flag poles, buildings, trees.

Ravish got a clinometer from school lab and started the measuring elevation angle in surrounding. He saw a building on which society logo is
painted on wall of building.

From a point P on the ground level, the angle of elevation of the roof of the building is 45c. The angle of elevation of the centre of logo is 30c from
same point. The point P is at a distance of 24 m from the base of the building

1. What is the height of the building logo from ground ?

(a) 8√2 m (b) 4√3 m (c) 8√3 m (d) 4√2 m

2. What is the height of the building from ground ?


(a) 24(3- √3) m (b) 8 (3 - √3) m (c) 24 m (d) 32 m

3. What is the aerial distance of the point P from the top of the building ?

(a) 24√3 m (b) 24√2 m (c) 32√3m (d) 32√2 m

4. If the point of observation P is moved 9 m towards the base of the building, then the angle of elevation θ of the logo on building is given by

(a) tan θ = √𝟑(b) tan θ = 2/√𝟑 (c) tan θ = 1/2(d) tan 𝜽 = 8√ 3/15

5. In above case the angle of elevation φ of the top of building is given by

(a) tan φ = 1/6 (b) tan φ =1.5 (c) tan φ =0.75 (d) tan 0 φ = 0.8

Ans: 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. a

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS


1. The ratio of the length of a vertical rod and the length of its shadow is 1 :√3 . Find the angle of elevation of the sun at that moment ?

Sol. Let AB be a vertical rod and BC be its shadow.

From the figure, ∠ACB = 𝜽.

In ∆ABC, A

B C
tan 𝜽 = AB/ BC
⇒ tan 𝜽 = 1 /√3 [∵ AB/ BC = 1/√ 3 (Given)]

⇒ tan 𝜽 = tan 30°⇒𝜽 = 30° Hence, the angle of elevation of the sun is 30°.

2. The ratio of the height of a tower and the length of its shadow on the ground is √3 : 1 . What is the angle of elevation of the Sun ?
Sol.

Let the height of tower be AB and its shadow be BC.

AB/ BC = tan 𝜽

= √3 /1
= tan 60°
Hence, the angle of elevation of Sun = 60°
3. In the given figure, AB is a 6 m high pole and DC is a ladder inclined at an angle of 60° to the horizontal and reaches up to point D of pole. If
AD = 2.54 m, find the length of the ladder.

(use 𝝅 = 1.73)

Sol. Given, AD = 2.54 m


DB = 6 – 2.54 = 3.46 m
In ∆BCD, B = 90
sin 60° = BD/ DC
√3/ 2 = 3 46./ DC

DC = 3. 46X 2 /√3 = 3 .46X 2/ 1. 73

=4m

Length of ladder = 4 m

4. If the length of the ladder placed against a wall is twice the distance between the foot of the ladder and the wall. Find the angle made by the
ladder with the horizontal.
Sol. Let the distance between the foot of the ladder and the wall, AB be x.

Then AC, the length of the ladder = 2x

In ∆ABC, B = 90°

cos A = x/ 2x

⇒ cos A = 1/ 2 = cos 60°

⇒A = 60°

5. In the given figure, find the angles of depressions from the observing positions O1 and O2 respectively of the object A

Sol. Draw 𝑶𝟏 X || AC
∠A𝑶𝟏 X = 90° – 60° = 30
and ∠A𝑶𝟏 X= ∠BA 𝑶𝟐 =45
PRACTICE YOURSELF
1. A tower stand vertically on the ground. From a point on the ground 20 m away from the foot of the tower, the angle of
elevation of the top of the tower is 60°. What is the height of the tower? ( Ans: 20√𝟑m)
2. The angle of elevation of a ladder leaning against a wall is 60° and the foot of the ladder is 9.5 m away from the wall. Find
the length of the ladder.(Ans: 19 m)
3. A ladder is placed along a wall of a house such that its upper end is touching the top of the wall. The foot of the ladder is 2
m away from the Determine the height of the wall.( Ans: 2√𝟑𝒎)
4. A ladder 15 metres long just reaches the top of a vertical wall . If the ladder makes an angle of 60 0 with the wall, find the
height of the wall (Ans: 7.5 m)
5. A kite is flying at a height of 75 metres from the ground level, attached to a string inclined at 60 to the horizontal. Find the
length of the string to the nearest metre. (Ans: 87 m)
6. An observer, 1.5 m tall, is 28.5 m away from a 30 m high tower. Determine the angle of elevation of the top of the tower from
the eye of the observer.(Ans:𝟒𝟓° )
7. If the angle of elevation of a tower from a distance of 100 metres from its foot is 60°, then find the height of the tower ?(
Ans: 100√𝟑)
8. If the altitude of the sum is at 60°, then find the height of the vertical tower that will cast a shadow of length 30 m ?( Ans:
30√𝟑)
9. The length of shadow of a tower on the plane ground is √3 times the height of the tower. Find the angle of elevation of
sun ? (Ans; 𝟑𝟎° )
10. A ladder 15 m long just reaches the top of a vertical wall. If the ladder makes an angle of 60° with the wall, then find the
height of the wall?(Ans: 15/2)

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS


1. The tops of two towers of height x and y, standing on the ground, subtend the angles of 30° and 60° respectively at the centre of the line joining
their feet, then find x : y
.

Sol.

Let M be the centre of the line joining their feet.

Let BM = MD = z

tan θ = perpendicular/ base

In ∆ABM,

X / z = tan 30°

x = z × 1/ 3 -----------(i)

In ∆CDM,

y/ z = tan 60°

y=z×3 ------------(ii)

From (i) and (ii),


𝒛
𝒙 √𝟑
=
𝒚 𝒛√𝟑

x/y=1/3

x:y=1:3
2. From the top of a 120 m high tower, a man observes two cars on the opposite sides of the tower and in straight line with the base of tower with
angles of depression as 60° and 45°. Find the distance between two cars.

Sol.

In ∆ABD, ADB =DBY = 45° (alternate angles)

and in ∆ABC, BCA = XBC = 60°

AB/ AD = tan 45°

120/AD = 1

AD = 120 m ...(i)

Now, In ∆ABC,

AB/ CA = tan 60°

120 / CA = √3

CA = 120√3 = 40√3 m

CD = AD + CA

= 120 + 40√3

= 120 + 40 × 1·732

= 120 + 69·28 = 189·28 m

Hence the distance between two cars = 189·28 m.


3. The shadow of a tower at a time is three times as long as its shadow when the angle of elevation of the Sun is 60°. Find the angle of elevation of
the Sun at the time of the longer shadow
Sol.

In ∆ABC,

AB/ AC = tan 60°

h/ x = √3

h = x√3

In ∆ABD,

AB /AD = tan 𝜽

h/3x = tan 𝜽
x√3/ 3x = 1/√3 = tan 𝟑𝟎°

𝜽 = 30°
4. The angles of depression of the top and bottom of a 50 m high building from the top of a tower are 45° and 60° respectively. Find the height of
the tower and the horizontal distance between the tower and the building. (Use √3 = 1.73)

Sol.

𝒉−𝟓𝟎
tan 45° = 𝒙

x=h-50

tan 60° = h/ x

x = h/√3

Hence h – 50 = h/√3

√3h −50 √3 = h

√3h −h = 50√3

h( √𝟑 − 𝟏) = 50√3

𝟓𝟎√𝟑
h=
√𝟑−𝟏

h = 50 √3(√𝟑+1)/ (3-1)

h=50(3+√𝟑)/2

h = 75 + 25√3 = 75 + 43.25
= 118.25 m

5. The angle of elevation of the top of a hill from the foot of a tower is 60° and the angle of depression from the top of the tower of the foot of the
hill is 30°. If tower is 50 meter high, find the height of the hill.
Sol.

Let AB = 50 m be the height of the tower and CD be the height of hill


Now, in ∆ABC,
∠ABC = 90°
tan 30° = AB/ BC
or,
BC = 50/ tan30° = 50× √ 3 m
or,
BC = 50 √3 m
. Again in ∆BCD, ∠BCD = 90°
tan 60° = DC/ BC
or,
DC = BC tan 60°
= 50√3 x √3 m
DC = 150 m
∴ The height of hill is 150 m

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. A moving boat observed from the top of a 150 m high cliff, moving away from the cliff. The angle of depression of the boat changes from 60°
to 45° in 2 minutes. Find the speed of the boat. A [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2017]
Ans. 1.902 km/hr
2. The angle of depression of two ships from an Aeroplan flying at the height of 7500 m are 30° and 45°. If both the ships are in the same line
that one ship is exactly behind the other, find the distance between the ships.
Ans. the distance between two ships = 5490 m
3. The angle of elevation of the top B of a tower AB from a point X on the ground is 60°. At a point Y, 40 m vertically above X, the angle of
elevation of the top is 45°. Find the height of the tower AB and the distance XB.
Ans. XB = (√ 3+ 1 ) m
4. As observed from the top of a light house, 100 m high above sea level, the angles of depression of a ship, sailing directly towards it, changes
from 30° to 60°. Find the distance travelled by the ship during the period of observation. (Use √3 = 1.73) [CBSE OD Set-II, 2016]
Ans. 115.33 m
5. Two points A and B are on the same side of a tower and in the same straight line with its base. The angle of depression of these points from
the top of the tower are 60° and 45° respectively. If the height of the tower is 15 m, then find the distance between these points
Ans. the distance between the points = 5 (√3 − 3 )m.
6. From a point P on the ground, the angle of elevation of the top of a tower is 30° and that of the top of the flag-staff fixed on the top of the
tower is 45°. If the length of the flag-staff is 5 m, find the height of the tower. (Use √3 = 1.732)
Ans. Height of tower = 6.83 m
7. As observed from the top of a 100 m high light house from the sea-level, the angles of depression of two ships are 30° and 45°. If one ship is
exactly behind the other on the same side of the light house, find the distance between the two ships. [Use √3 = 1·732]
Ans. The distance between the boat = 73.2 m
8. A man on the top of a vertical observation tower observes a car moving at uniform speed coming directly towards it. If it takes 12 minutes
for the angle of depression to change from 30° to 45°, how long will the car take to reach the observation tower from this point ?
Ans. time taken = 6 (√ 3+ 1) minutes
9. The angle of elevation of the top of a hill from the foot of a tower is 60° and the angle of depression from the top of the tower of the foot of
the hill is 30°. If tower is 50 meter high, find the height of the hill.
Ans. The height of hill is 150 m.
10. The two palm trees are of equal heights and are standing opposite to each other on either side of the river, which is 80 m wide. From a point
O between them on the river the angles of elevation of the top of the trees are 60° and 30°, respectively. Find the height of the trees and the
distances of the point O from the trees. (use 3 = 1.73)
Ans. The height of the trees = h = 34.6 m
The distances of the point O from the trees are 20 m and 60 m respectively
NCERT BOOK QUESTION
Example Q. No.3, 4, 6 and 7

Exercise 9.1 Q. No. 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13 and 15.

COMMONLY MADE ERROR


The concept of angle of depression is not clear to many students. That's why they are not able to draw the diagram correctly

1. Most candidates are unable to draw the diagram as per the given data and lose their marks. Some candidates do calculation errors while
putting the values of √3 = 1.73 instead of 1.732 and hence write inaccurate answer.

ANSWERING TIP

The concept of angle of depression and angle of elevation must be clear to the students

Students should do rounding off at the end while calculating the final answer

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------
Unit Name : Mensuration
Marks Alloted : 6 Marks.
Chapter’s Name : Surface Areas And Volumes
1. Surface areas and volumes of combinations of any two of the following: cubes,
cuboids, spheres, hemispheres and right circular cylinders/cones.
2. Problems involving converting one type of metallic solid into another and other
mixed problems. (Problems with combination of not more than two different solids
be taken).
Basic Definition and Concepts :
Surface Area
The space occupied by a two-dimensional flat surface is called the area. It is
measured in square units. The area occupied by a three-dimensional object by its
outer surface is called surface area. It is also measured in square units. Generally,
Area can be of two types:
(i) Total Surface Area
(ii) Curved Surface Area/Lateral Surface Area
Total surface area
Total surface area refers to the area including the base(s) and the curved part. It is
total of the area covered by the surface of the object. If the shape has curved surface
and base, then total area will be the sum of the two areas.
Curved surface area/Lateral surface area
Curved surface area refers to the area of only the curved part of the shape excluding
its base(s). It is also referred to as lateral surface area for shapes such as a cylinder.
Volume :
The amount of space, measured in cubic units, that an object or substance occupies is
called volume. Two-dimensional doesn’t have volume but has area only. For
example, volume of Circle cannot be found, though Volume of the sphere can be. It is
so because a sphere is a three-dimensional shape.
Brain Mapping ( Flow Chart ):

Page | 1
Formulae:
1.Cuboid : If l , b and h denote respectively the length, breadth and height of
a cuboid, then -
(i) Total surface area of the cuboid = 2 (lb + bh + lh) square units.
(ii) Volume of the cuboid = Area of the base × height = lbh cubic units.
(iii) Diagonal of the cuboid = √𝑙2 + 𝑏2 + ℎ2 units.
(iv) Area of four walls of a room = 2 (l + b) h sq. units.
2.Cube: If the length of each edge of a cube is ‘a’ units, then-
(i) Total surface area of the cube = 6a2 sq. units.
(ii) Volume of the cube = a3 cubic units
(iii) Diagonal of the cube = √3 a units.
3. Right Circular Cylinder : If r and h denote respectively the radius of the
base and height of a right circular cylinder, then -
(i) Area of each end =𝜋r2
(ii) Curved surface area = 2𝜋rh = (circumference) height
(iii) Total surface area = 2𝜋r (h + r) sq. units.
(iv) Volume = 𝜋r2h = Area of the base × height
4.Hollow Cylinder: If R and r (R > r) denote respectively the external and
internal radii of a hollow right circular cylinder, then -
(i) Area of each end = 𝜋 (R2 – r2)
(ii) Curved surface area of hollow cylinder = 2𝜋 (R + r) h
(iii) Total surface area = 2𝜋 (R + r) (R + h – r)
(iv) Volume of material = 𝜋h (R2 – r2)

5. Right Circular Cone : If r, h and l denote respectively the radius of base,


height and slant height of a right circular cone, then-
(i) l2 = r2 + h2 ⇒ Slant Height, l = √𝑙2 + ℎ2
(ii) Curved surface area = 𝜋rl
(iii) Total surface area = 𝜋r2 + 𝜋rl
1
(iv) Volume = 𝜋r2h
3
6.Sphere : For a sphere of radius r, we have
(i) Surface area = 4𝜋r2
4
(ii) Volume = 𝜋r3
3
7. Solid Hemisphere : For a hemisphere of radius r, we have
(i) Surface area = 3𝜋r2
2
(ii) Volume = 𝜋r3
3

Page | 2
Surface Areas and Volumes of Solids Table :

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS


1. The total surface area of a solid hemisphere of radius r is
(a) πr2 (b) 2πr2 (c) 3πr2 (d) 4π r2
Ans : (c) 3πr2
2. A medicine-capsule is in the shape of a cylinder of radius 0.25 cm with two
hemispheres stuck to each of its ends. The length of the entire capsule is 2
cm. What is the total surface area of the capsule? (Take 𝜋 as 3.14)
(a) 3.14 cm2 (b) 2.7475 cm2 (c) 0.98125 cm2 (d) 0.785 cm2
Ans : (a) 3.14 cm2
3. Arman wants to polish the object, which is composed of a cylinder surmounted
by a hemisphere. If the whole length of the solid is 5 m and the diameter of the
hemisphere is 7 m, what is the cost of polishing the surface area of the solid at
22
the rate of 50 paise per sq. m.? (Use 𝜋 as )
7
(a) ₹ 1100 (b) ₹ 550 (c) ₹ 110 (d) ₹ 55
Ans : (d) ₹ 55
4. A cylinder, a cone and a hemisphere are of the same base and of the same
height.The ratio of their volumes is
(a) 1:2:3 (b) 2:1:3 (c) 3:1:2 (d) 3:2:1
Ans : (c) 3:1:2
Page | 3
5 . A solid sphere of radius ‘r’ is melted and recast into the shape of a solid
cone of height ‘r’. Then the radius of the base of cone is
(a) 2r (b) r (c) 4r (d) 3r
Ans : (a) 2r
6 . The volume and the surface area of a sphere are numerically equal, then
the radius of sphere is
(a) 0 units (b) 1 units (c) 2 units (d) 3 units
Ans : (d) 3 units
7. Three solid spheres of diameters 6 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm are melted to form
a single solid sphere. The diameter of the new sphere is
(a) 6 cm (b) 4.5 cm (c) 3 cm (d) 12 cm
Ans : (d) 12 cm
8. Two identical solid cubes of side 𝑘 units are joined end to end. What is
the volume, in cubic units, of the resulting cuboid?
(a) 𝑘3 (b) 2𝑘3 (c) 3𝑘 3 (d) 6𝑘3
Ans : (b) 2𝑘3

9. A vendor sells glasses of juice, which is in the form of a cylinder mounted


by a hollow hemisphere. The diameter of the hemisphere and the
cylinder is 8.4 cm. If the total height of the glass is 15 cm, which of these
is closest to the volume, in cubic centimeters, of 8 such glasses? (Use 𝜋 as
22
)
7
(a) 599 cm3 (b) 754 cm3 (c) 6032 cm3 (d) 29083 cm3
Ans : (c) 6032 cm3
10. Four solids spheres of the same size are made by melting a solid metallic
cylinder of base diameter 4 cm and height 36 cm. What is the diameter
of each sphere?
(a) 3 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 7 cm (d) 14 cm
Ans : (b) 6 cm
11. A cube of side length 66 cm is filled with spherical metallic balls of diameter 0.6
5
cm and it is assumed that space of the cube remains unfilled. What are
8
22
number of balls that can be filled in the cube? (Use 𝜋 as )
7
(a) 952875 (b) 959777 (c) 1165812 (d) 2264031
Ans : (a) 952875
12. A cylindrical pencil sharpened at one edge is the combination of
(a) a cone and a cylinder (b) frustum of a cone and a cylinder
(c) a hemisphere and a cylinder (d) two cylinders.
Ans : (a) a cone and a cylinder
13. A plumbline (sahul) is the combination of (see Fig. below)

Page | 4
(a) a cone and a cylinder (b) a hemisphere and a cone
(c) frustum of a cone and a cylinder (d) sphere and cylinder
Ans : (b) a hemisphere and a cone
14. The shape of a gilli, in the gilli-danda game (see Fig. below) is a
combination of

(a) two cylinders (b) a cone and a cylinder


(c) two cones and a cylinder (d) two cylinders and a cone
Ans : (c) two cones and a cylinder

Exercise questions ( MCQ)


1. A hollow cube of internal edge 22cm is filled with spherical marbles of
1
diameter 0.5 cm and it is assumed that space of the cube remains
8
unfilled. Then the number of marbles that the cube can accomodate is ( HOTS)
(a) 142296 (b) 142396 (c) 142496 (d) 142596
Ans : (a) 142296
2. A metallic spherical shell of internal and external diameters 4 cm and 8 cm,
respectively is melted and recast into the form a cone of base diameter 8cm.
The height of the cone is
(a) 12cm (b) 14cm (c) 15cm (d) 18cm
Ans : (b) 14cm

3. A solid piece of iron in the form of a cuboid of dimensions 49cm × 33cm ×


24cm, is moulded to form a solid sphere. The radius of the sphere is
(a) 21cm (b) 23cm (c) 25cm (d) 19cm
Ans : (a) 21cm

4. A mason constructs a wall of dimensions 270 cm× 300 cm × 350 cm with


the bricks each of size 22.5cm × 11.25cm × 8.75cm and it is assumed that
1
space is covered by the mortar. Then the number of bricks used to construct
8
the wall is
Page | 5
(a) 11100 (b) 11200 (c) 11000 (d) 11300
Ans : (b) 11200
5. Twelve solid spheres of the same size are made by melting a solid metallic
cylinder of base diameter 2 cm and height 16 cm. The diameter of each
sphere is
(a) 4 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 2 cm (d) 6 cm
Ans : (c) 2 cm
6. A medicine-capsule is in the shape of a cylinder of diameter 0.5 cm with
two hemispheres stuck to each of its ends. The length of entire capsule is
2 cm. The capacity of the capsule is
(a) 0.36 cm3 (b) 0.35 cm3 (c) 0.34 cm3 (d) 0.33 cm3
Ans : (a) 0.36 cm3
7. If two solid hemispheres of same base radius r are joined together along
Their bases, then curved surface area of this new solid is
(a) 4πr2 (b) 6πr2 (c) 3πr2 (d) 8πr2
Ans : (a) 4πr2
8. A right circular cylinder of radius r cm and height h cm (h>2r) just encloses
a sphere of diameter
(a) r cm (b) 2r cm (c) h cm (d) 2h cm Ans : (b) 2r cm
9. During conversion of a solid from one shape to another, the volume of the
new shape will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) remain unaltered (d) be doubled
Ans : (c) remain unaltered
10. Volumes of two spheres are in the ratio 64:27. The ratio of their surface areas is
(a) 3 : 4 (b) 4 : 3 (c) 9 : 16 (d) 16 : 9
Ans : (d) 16 : 9

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS ( Solved )


1. 2 cubes each of volume 64 cm3 are joined end to end. Find the surface area
of the resulting cuboids.
Solution : Given that,
Volume of cubes = 64 cm3
(Edge) 3 = 64
Edge = 4 cm
If cubes are joined end to end, the dimension of the resulting
cuboid will be 4 cm, 4 cm, 8 cm.
∴ Surface area of cuboids = 2 (lb + bh + lh )
= 2 ( 4 X4 +4 x8 + 4 x 8 )
= 2 ( 16 + 32 + 32 )
= 2 ( 16 + 64) = 2 x 80 = 160 cm2
2. A toy is in the form of a cone of radius 3.5 cm mounted on a hemisphere of
same radius. The total height of the toy is 15.5 cm. Find the total surface
Page | 6
22
area of the toy.[Use 𝜋 = )
7

Solution: Here,Height of hemispherical part = Radius (r) = 3.5 = 7/2 cm


Height of conical part (h) = 15.5 −3.5 = 12 cm
Slant height (l) of conical part = √𝑟 2 + ℎ2
7 2 49
= √( ) + 122 = √ + 144
2 4
625 25
=√ = cm
4 2
Total surface area of toy = CSA of conical part + CSA of hemispherical
22 7 25 22 7 7
Part = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 2 𝜋𝑟 2 = x x +2x x x = 137.5 + 77 = 214.5 cm2
7 2 2 7 2 2
Hence, the total surface area of the toy is 214.5 cm2
3. A cubical block of side 7 cm is surmounted by a hemisphere. What is the
greatest diameter the hemisphere can have? Find the surface area of the
22
solid. [Use 𝜋 = ]
7
Solution :

From the figure, it can be observed that the greatest diameter possible for
such hemisphere is equal to the cube’s edge, i.e., 7cm.
Radius (r) of hemispherical part = 7/2 = 3.5cm
Total surface area of solid = Surface area of cubical part + CSA of hemispherical part
− Area of base of hemispherical part
= 6 ( Edge )2 + 2𝜋𝑟 2 − 𝜋𝑟 2

= 6 ( Edge )2 + 𝜋𝑟 2
22 7 7
= 6 (7)2 + x x = 294 + 38.5 = 332.5 cm2
7 2 2
Hence the required surface area of the solid is 332.5 cm2

4. A hemispherical depression is cut out from one face of a cubical wooden


block such that the diameter l of the hemisphere is equal to the edge of the
Page | 7
cube. Determine the surface area of the remaining solid.
Solution :

Diameter of hemisphere = Edge of cube = l


Radius of hemisphere = l/2
Total surface area of solid = Surface area of cubical part + CSA of
hemispherical part − Area of base of hemispherical part
= Surface area of cubical part + CSA of hemispherical part
− Area of base of hemispherical part
= 6 ( Edge )2 + 2𝜋𝑟 2 − 𝜋𝑟 2

= 6 ( Edge )2 + 𝜋𝑟 2
𝜋𝑙 2 1
= 2
6 (𝑙) + = ( 24 + 𝜋) 𝑙 2 unit2
4 4
1
Hence , the surface area of the remaining solid is ( 24 + 𝜋) 𝑙 2 unit2
4

5. A solid is in the shape of a cone standing on a hemisphere with both their


radii being equal to 1 cm and the height of the cone is equal to its radius.
Find the volume of the solid in terms of π.
Solution :

Given that,
Height (h) of conical part = Radius(r) of conical part = 1 cm
Radius(r) of hemispherical part = Radius of conical part (r) = 1 cm
Volume of solid = Volume of conical part + Volume of hemispherical part
1 2 1 2
= 𝜋𝑟2ℎ + 𝜋𝑟3 = 𝜋.12 .1 + 𝜋. 13 = 𝜋 cm3
3 3 3 3
Hence the volume of the solid is 𝜋 cm 3

Page | 8
6. A vessel is in the form of an inverted cone. Its height is 8 cm and the radius
of its top, which is open, is 5 cm. It is filled with water up to the brim. When
lead shots, each of which is a sphere of radius 0.5 cm are dropped into the
vessel, one-fourth of the water flows out. Find the number of lead shots
dropped in the vessel.
Solution:

Height (h) of conical vessel = 8 cm


Radius (r1) of conical vessel = 5 cm
Radius (r2) of lead shots = 0.5 cm
Let n number of lead shots were dropped in the vessel.
Volume of water spilled = Volume of dropped lead shots
1 4
Or, x Volume of cone = n x 𝜋 𝑟23
4 3
1 1 4
Or, x 𝜋 h= nx𝑟12 𝜋 𝑟23
4 3 3
Or, 𝑟12 h = n x 16 𝑟23
Or, 52 x 8 = n x 16 x (0.5)2
25 𝑋 8
Or , n= 1 3
= 100
16 𝑋 ( )
2
Hence, the number of lead shots dropped in the vessel is 100.

7. A solid consisting of a right circular cone of height 120 cm and radius 60


cm standing on a hemisphere of radius 60 cm is placed upright in a right
circular cylinder full of water such that it touches the bottom. Find the
volume of water left in the cylinder, if the radius of the cylinder is 60 cm
22
and its height is 180 cm. [Use 𝜋 = ]
7
Solution:

Page | 9
Radius (r) of hemispherical part = Radius (r) of conical part = 60 cm
Height (h2) of conical part of solid = 120 cm
Height (h1) of cylinder = 180 cm
Radius (r) of cylinder = 60 cm
Volume of water left = Volume of cylinder − Volume of solid
= Volume of cylinder – ( Volume of cone + Volume of hemisphere)
1 2
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ1 − ( 𝜋𝑟 2ℎ1 + 𝜋𝑟 3)
3 3
1 2
= 𝜋 (60) (180) − ( 𝜋(60)2 𝑥 120 +
2
𝜋(60)3)
3 3
= = 𝜋 (60)2 [ (180) − (40 + 40 )]
= 1.131m3

8. A metallic sphere of radius 4.2 cm is melted and recast into the shape of a
cylinder of radius 6 cm. Find the height of the cylinder.
Solution:
Radius (r1) of hemisphere = 4.2 cm
Radius (r2) of cylinder = 6 cm
Let the height of the cylinder be h.
The object formed by recasting the hemisphere will be the same in volume.
Volume of sphere = Volume of cylinder
4
𝜋𝑟12 = 𝜋𝑟22 ℎ
3
4
𝜋(4.2)3 = 𝜋(6)2ℎ
3
4 4.2 𝑋 4.2 𝑋 4.2
𝑋 =h
3 36
h = (1.4)3 = 2.74 cm
Hence, the height of the cylinder so formed will be 2.74 cm.
9. Metallic spheres of radii 6 cm, 8 cm, and 10 cm, respectively, are melted to
form a single solid sphere. Find the radius of the resulting sphere.
Solution :
Radius (r1) of 1st sphere = 6 cm
Radius (r2) of 2nd sphere = 8 cm
Radius (r3) of 3rd sphere = 10 cm
Let the radius of the resulting sphere be r.
Page | 10
The object formed by recasting these spheres will be same in volume as the
sum of the volumes of these spheres.
Volume of 3 spheres = Volume of resulting sphere
4 4
Or, 𝜋 [ 𝑟13 + 𝑟23 + 𝑟33 ] = 𝜋 𝑟 3
3 3
4 4
Or, 𝜋 [ 6 + 8 + 10 ] = 𝜋 𝑟 3
3 3 3
3 3
Or, 𝑟 3 = 216 + 512 + 1000 = 1728
Or, r = 12 cm
Therefore, the radius of the sphere so formed will be 12 cm.
10. How many silver coins, 1.75 cm in diameter and of thickness 2 mm, must
be melted to form a cuboid of dimensions 5.5 cm ×10 cm × 3.5 cm?
22
[Use 𝜋 = ]
7
Solution:

Coins are cylindrical in shape.


Height (h1) of cylindrical coins = 2 mm = 0.2 cm
Radius (r) of circular end of coins = 1.75/2 = 0.875 cm
Let n coins be melted to form the required cuboids.
Volume of n coins = Volume of cuboids
n x 𝜋 x r2 x h1 = l x b x h
or, n x 𝜋 x (0.875)2 x 0.2 = 8.5 x 10 x 3.5
5.5 𝑋 10 𝑋 3.5 𝑋 7
or, n = = 400
(𝑜.875)2 𝑋 0.2 𝑋 22
Therefore, the number of coins melted to form such a cuboid is 400.
11. Water in canal, 6 m wide and 1.5 m deep, is flowing with a speed of 10
km/h. how much area will it irrigate in 30 minutes, if 8 cm of standing water
is needed?
Solution :
Given, Width of canal = 6cm , Depth = 1.5 cm
1000
Speed of water = 10 km/h = m/min
60
1000
Volume of water that flows in 1 minute from canal = 9 × = =1500 m3
60
Volume of water that flows in 30 minutes from canal = 30 × 1500 = 45000 m3

Let the irrigated area be A. Volume of water irrigating the required area will
be equal to the volume of water that flowed in 30 minutes from the canal.
Volume of water flowing in 30 minutes from canal = Vol. of water irrigating
the reqd. area
Page | 11
A = 562500 m2
Therefore, area irrigated in 30 minutes is 562500 m2.
Exercise ( Short Answer Type )
1. A copper rod of diameter 1 cm and length 8 cm is drawn into a wire of length
18 m of uniform thickness. Find the thickness of the wire. (Ans:0.67mm)
4
2. A hemispherical tank full of water is emptied by a pipe at the rate of 3 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 per
7
second. How much time will it take to empty half the tank, if it is 3m in diameter?
22
(Take π= )(Ans:16.5minutes)
7
3. If the ratio of volumes of two spheres is 1:8. Find the ratio of their surface areas.
(Ans: 1:4 )
4. A rectangular sheet of paper is 22cm long and 12cm wide. A cylinder is formed
by rolling the paper along its length. Find the volume of the cylinder. (Ans:462cm3)
5. Marbles of diameter 1.4cm are dropped into a cylindrical beaker of diameter of
7cm, containing some water. Find the no.of marbles that should be dropped into
the beaker, so that water level rises by 5.6 cm. (Ans:150)
6. Water is flowing at the rate of 15km/hr through a pipe of diameter 14cm into a
rectangular tank which is 50m long and 44m wide. Find the time in which the level
of water in the tank will rise by 21cm. (Ans:2hrs)
7. The rain water from a roof 22m x 10m drains into a cylindrical vessel having
diameter of base 2m and height 3.5m if the vessel is just full, find the rainfall in
centimeters. (Ans:2.5cm)
8. Find the volume of largest right circular cone that can be cut out of a cube
whose edge is 8cm. (Ans:134.09cm3)
9. The surface area of metallic sphere is 616cm2. It is melted and recast into a
cone of height 28cm. Find the diameter of the base of the cone so formed.
(Ans:14cm)
10.A cone is 8.4 cm high and the radius of its base is 2.1 cm. It is melted and
recast into a sphere. Find the radius of the sphere. (Ans:2.1 cm)

Long Answer Type ( Solved)


1 . A solid iron pole consists of a cylinder of height 220 cm and base diameter
24 cm, which is surmounted by another cylinder of height 60 cm and radius
8 cm. Find the mass of the pole, given that 1 cm3 of iron has approximately
8 g mass. [Use π = 3.14]
Solution:

Page | 12
From the figure, it can be observed that
Height (h1) of larger cylinder = 220 cm
Radius (r1) of larger cylinder = 24/2 = 12 cm
Height (h2) of smaller cylinder = 60 cm
Radius (r2) of smaller cylinder = 8 cm
Total Volume of pole = Volume of larger Cylinder + Volume of smaller cylinder
= 𝜋𝑟12 ℎ1 + 𝜋𝑟22 ℎ2
= 𝜋(12)2 𝑋 220 + 𝜋(8)2 𝑋 60
= 𝜋 [ 144 x 220 + 64 x 60 ]
= 35520 x 3.14 = 1,11,532.8 cm3
Mass of 1 cm3 iron = 8g
Mass of 111532.8 cm3 = 111532.8×8g = 892262.4g = 892.262 Kg
2 . A gulab jamun, contains sugar syrup up to about 30% of its volume. Find
approximately how much syrup would be found in 45 gulab jamuns, each
shaped like a cylinder with two hemispherical ends with length 5 cm and
22
diameter 2.8 cm (see the given figure). [Use 𝜋 = ]
7
Solution :

Here,
2.8
Radius (r) of cylindrical part = Radius (r) of hemispherical part = =1.4 cm
2
Length of each hemispherical part = Radius of hemispherical part = 1.4 cm
Length (h) of cylindrical part = 5 – (2 × Length of hemispherical part)
= 5 – (2 × 1.4) = 2.2 cm
Volume of one gulab jamun = Vol. of cylindrical part + 2 × Vol. of hemispherical part
2 4
= 𝜋𝑟2ℎ + 2 x 𝜋𝑟3 = 𝜋𝑟2ℎ + 𝜋𝑟3
3 3
4
= 𝜋x (1.4)2 x 2.2 + 𝜋(1.4)3
3
Page | 13
22 4 22
= x (1.4)2 x 2.2 + x x 1.4 x 1.4 x 1.4
7 3 7
= 13.552 + 11.498 = 25.05 cm3
Volume of 45 gulab jamuns = 45×25.05 = 1,127.25 cm3
Volume of sugar syrup = 30% of volume
30
= x 1,127.25 = 338.17 = 338 cm3
100
3. From a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 cm and diameter 1.4 cm, a conical
cavity of the same height and same diameter is hollowed out. Find the total
22
surface area of the remaining solid to the nearest cm2. [Use 𝜋 = ]
7
Solution:

Given ,
Height (h) of the conical part = Height (h) of the cylindrical part = 2.4 cm
Diameter of the cylindrical part = 1.4 cm
Therefore, radius (r) of the cylindrical part = 0.7 cm
Slant height 9l) of conical part = √(0.7)2 + (2.4)2 = √0.49 + 5.76 = √6.25 = 2.5
Total surface area of the remaining solid
= CSA of cylindrical part + CSA of conical part + Area of cylindrical base
= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟 2
= 4.4 x 2.4 +2.2 x 2.5 =2.2 x0.7
= 10.56 + 5.50 + 1.54 + 17.60 cm2
The total surface area of the remaining solid to the nearest cm2 is 18 cm 2
4. A cylindrical bucket, 32 cm high and with radius of base 18 cm, is filled
with sand. This bucket is emptied on the ground and a conical heap of sand
is formed. If the height of the conical heap is 24 cm. Find the radius and
slant height of the heap.

Solution:

Page | 14
Height (h1) of cylindrical bucket = 32 cm
Radius (r1) of circular end of bucket = 18 cm
Height (h2) of conical heap = 24 cm
Let the radius of the circular end of conical heap be r2.
The volume of sand in the cylindrical bucket will be equal to the volume of sand in
the conical heap.
Volume of sand in the cylindrical bucket = Volume of sand in conical heap
1
Or, 𝜋 𝑋 𝑟12 X ℎ1 = 𝜋 𝑋 𝑟22 X ℎ2
3
1
Or, 𝜋 𝑋 18 X 32 = 𝜋 𝑋 𝑟22 X 24
2
3
3 𝑋 182 X 32
Or, 𝑟22 = = 182 X 4
24
r2 = 36 cm
Slant height = √362 + 242 = 12√13 cm
Therefore, the radius and slant height of the conical heap are 36 cm and 12√13 cm
respectively.
5. A farmer connects a pipe of internal diameter 20 cm form a canal into a
cylindrical tank in her field, which is 10 m in diameter and 2 m deep. If
water flows through the pipe at the rate of 3 km/h, in how much time will
the tank be filled?
Solution:

Consider an area of cross-section of pipe as shown in the figure.


Radius (r1) of circular end of pipe = 20/200 = 0.1 m
Area of cross-section = 𝜋𝑟12
= 𝜋(0.1)2 = 0.01𝜋 𝑚2
Speed of water = 3 km/h = 3000/60 = 50 m/min
Volume of water that flows in 1 minute from pipe = 50 × 0.01𝜋 = 0.5π m3
Volume of water that flows in t minutes from pipe = t × 0.5π m3
Radius (r2) of circular end of cylindrical tank = 5m
Depth (h2) of cylindrical tank = 2 m
Let the tank be filled completely in t minutes.
Volume of water filled in tank in t minutes is equal to the volume of water
flowed in t minutes from the pipe.
Volume of water that flows in t minutes from pipe = Volume of water in
tank
t × 0.5π = π ×(r2)2 ×h2
t × 0.5 = 52 ×2
Page | 15
t = 100
Therefore, the cylindrical tank will be filled in 100 minutes.
6. A well of diameter 3 m is dug 14 m deep. The earth taken out of it has been
spread evenly all around it in the shape of a circular ring of width 4 m to
form an embankment. Find the height of the embankment.
Solution :

The shape of the well will be cylindrical.


Depth (h1) of well = 14 m
Radius (r1) of the circular end of well = 3/2 m
Width of embankment = 4 m
From the figure, it can be observed that our embankment will be in a
cylindrical shape having outer radius (r2) as 4+ (3/2) = 11/2 m and inner
radius (r1) as 3/2 m.
Let the height of embankment be h2.
Volume of soil dug from well = Volume of earth used to form embankment
Or , 𝜋 x 𝑟12 x ℎ1 = 𝜋 x(𝑟22 − 𝑟12 )x ℎ2
3 11 3
Or, 𝜋 x ( )2 x 14 = 𝜋 x(( )2 − ( )2 )x ℎ2
2 2 2
9 112
Or, x 14 = xh
4 4
9
Or , h = = 1.125 m
8
Therefore, the height of the embankment will be 1.125 m.
7. A juice seller was serving his customers using glasses as shown in Fig.
The inner diameter of the cylindrical glass was 5 cm, but the bottom of the glass
had a hemispherical raised portion which reduced the capacity of the glass. If the
height of a glass was 10 cm, find the apparent capacity of the
glass and its actual capacity. (Use 𝜋 = 3.14.)

Page | 16
Solution :

Here, inner diameter of the glass = 5 cm and height = 10 cm,


∴ Apparent capacity of the glass = 𝜋 r2h
= 3.14 × 2.5 × 2.5 × 10 cm3 = 196.25 cm3
But the actual capacity of the glass is less by the volume of the hemisphere at the
2
base of the glass. That is , it is less by 𝜋 r3
3
2 2
Now, 𝜋 = x 3.14 x 2.5 x 2.5 x 2.5 cm3 = 32.71 cm3
r3
3 3
So, the actual capacity of the glass = apparent capacity of glass – volume of the
hemisphere
= (196.25 – 32.71) cm3
= 163.54 cm3
8. A right triangle whose sides are 3 cm and 4 cm (other than hypotenuse) is
made to revolve about its hypotenuse. Find the volume and surface area
of the double cone so formed. (Choose value of π as found appropriate.) ( HOTS )
Solution :

The double cone so formed by revolving this right-angled triangle ABC


about its hypotenuse is shown in the figure.
Hypotenuse 𝐴𝐶 = √32 + 42 = √25 = 5 𝑐𝑚
1
Area of ΔABC = x AB X AC
2
1 1
Or, x AC X OB = x4X3
2 2

Page | 17
1
Or, x 5 X OB = 6
2
12
Or, OB = = 2.4 cm
5
Volume of double cone = Volume of cone 1 + Volume of cone 2
1 1
= 𝜋 r2 h1 + 𝜋 r2 h2
3 3
1
= 𝜋 r2 (h1 + h2)
3
1
= 𝜋 r2 (OA + OC )
3
1
= X 3.14 X (2.4) 2 (5)
3
= 30.14 cm3
Surface area of double cone
= Surface area of cone 1 + Surface area of cone 2
= πrl1 + πrl2
= πr[ 4 + 3 ]
= 3.14 x 2.4 x7
= 52.75 cm2

Exercise ( Long Answer Type )


1 .A well whose diameter is 7m , has been dug 22.5m deep and the earth dug out Is
used to form an embankment 10.5m wide around it. Find the height of the
embankment.(Ans:1.5m)
2 .A cylindrical road-roller made of iron is 1m long. Its internal diameter is 54 cm and
the thickness of the iron sheet used in making the roller is 9 cm. Find the mass of the
roller, if 1 cm3 of iron has 7.8 g mass. ( Use 𝜋 = 3.14).
3 .A petrol tank is a cylinder of base diameter 21 cm and length 18 cm fitted with
conical ends each of axis-length 9 cm. Determine the capacity of the tank.
4. A solid iron pole consists of a cylinder of height 220 cm and base diameter 24 cm,
which is surmounted by another cylinder of height 60 cm and radius 8 cm. Find the
mass of the pole, given that 1 cm3 of iron has approximately 8 gm mass. ( Use 𝜋 =
3.14 ) (CBSE 2019)
(Ans : mass of the pole =892.2624 kg)
5. A right cylindrical container of radius 6 cm and height 15 cm is full of ice-cream,
which has to be distributed to 10 children in equal cones having hemispherical shape
on the top. If the height of the conical portion is four times its base radius, find the
radius of the ice-cream cone.(CBSE 2019)
( Ans : Radius of ice – cream cone = 3cm)
6. A solid toy is the form of a right circular cylinder with a hemispherical shape at
one end and a cone at the other end. Their diameter is 4.2 cm and the heights of
the cylindrical and conical portions are 12 cm and 7 cm respectively. Find the
volume of the toy.
(Ans : volume of the toy = = 218.064 cm3 )
7. A tent is in the shape of a right circular cylinder upto a height of 3m and conical
Page | 18
above it. The total height of the tent is 13.5 m and radius of base is 14 m. Find
the cost of cloth required to make the tent at the rate of ₹ 80 per sq. m.
(Ans: Cost of cloth = ₹ 82720 )
8. The rain water from a roof 22m × 20m drains into a cylindrical vessel having
diameter of base 2m and height 3.5m. If the vessel is just full, find the rainfall in cm.
(Ans : Rainfall = 2.5 cm)
9. The difference between outer and inner curved surface areas of a hollow right
circular cylinder, 14 cm long is 88cm2. If the volume of the metal used in making
the cylinder is 176cm3. Find the outer and inner diameters of the cylinder.
(Ans : Outer and inner diameter are 5 cm and 3 cm respectively)

Case Study Questions


Case Study 1
Adventure camps are the perfect place for the children to practice decision making
for themselves without parents and teachers guiding their every move. Some
students of a school reached for adventure at Sakleshpur. At the camp, the waiters
served some students with a welcome drink in a cylindrical glass and some students
in a hemispherical cup whose dimensions are shown below. After that they went for
a jungle trek. The jungle trek was enjoyable but tiring. As dusk fell, it was time to take
shelter. Each group of four students was given a canvas of area 551m2. Each group
had to make a conical tent to accommodate all the four students. Assuming that all
the stitching and wasting incurred while cutting, would amount to 1m 2, the students
put the tents. The radius of the tent is 7m.

Page | 19
1. The volume of cylindrical cup is
a) 295.75cm3 b) 7415.5cm3 c) 384.88cm3 d) 404.25cm3
2. The volume of hemispherical cup is
a) 179.67cm3 b) 89.83 cm3 c) 172.25 cm3 d) 210.60 cm3
3. Which container had more juice and by how much?
a) Hemispherical cup, 195 cm3 b) Cylindrical glass, 207 cm3
c) Hemispherical cup, 280.85 cm3 d) Cylindrical glass, 314.42 cm3
4. The height of the conical tent prepared to accommodate four students is
a) 18m b) 10m c) 24m d) 14m
5. How much space on the ground is occupied by each student in the conical
tent ?
a) 54m2 b) 38.5m2 c) 86m2 d) 24m2

Answers
1. d) 404.25cm3
2. b) 89.83 cm3
3. d) Cylindrical glass, 314.42 cm3
4. c) 24m
5. b) 38.5m2

CASE STUDY 2:

Top View

Page | 20
The Great Stupa at Sanchi is one of the oldest stone structures in India, and an
important monument of Indian Architecture. It was originally commissioned by the
emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Its nucleus was a simple hemispherical brick
structure built over the relics of the Buddha. .It is a perfect example of combination
of solid figures. A big hemispherical dome with a cuboidal structure mounted on it.
22
(Take 𝜋 = )
7
1. Calculate the volume of the hemispherical dome if the height of the dome is 21 m

a) 19404 cu. m b) 2000 cu .m c) 15000 cu. M d) 19000 cu. m
2. The formula to find the Volume of Sphere is-
4 2
a) 𝜋r 3 b) 𝜋r 3 c) 4 𝜋r 2 d) 2 𝜋r 2
3 3
3. The cloth require to cover the hemispherical dome if the radius of its base is
14m is
a) 1222 sq.m b) 1232 sq.m c) 1200 sq.m d) 1400 sq.m
4. The total surface area of the combined figure i.e. hemispherical dome with radius
14m and cuboidal shaped top with dimensions 8m X 6m X 4m is
a)1200 sq. m b) 1232 sq. m c) 1392 sq.m d) 1932 sq. m
5. The volume of the cuboidal shaped top is with dimensions mentioned in question 4
a) 182.45 m3 b) 282.45 m3 c) 292m3 d) 192m3

Answers
1. a) 19404 cu. m
2. b)
3. b) 1232 sq.m
4. c) 1392 sq.m
5. d) 192m3

CASE STUDY 3:
On a Sunday, your Parents took you to a fair. You could see lot of toys displayed, and
you wanted them to buy a RUBIK’s cube and strawberry ice-cream for you. Observe
the figures and answer the questions-:

Page | 21
1. The length of the diagonal if each edge measures 6cm is
a) 3√3 b) 3√6 c) √12 d) 6√3
2. Volume of the solid figure if the length of the edge is 7cm is-
a)256 cm3 b) 196 cm3 c) 343 cm3 d) 434 cm3
3. What is the curved surface area of hemisphere (ice cream) if the base radius
is 7cm?
a) 309 cm2 b) 308 cm2 c) 803 cm2 d) 903 cm2
4. Slant height of a cone if the radius is 7cm and the height is 24 cm___
a) 26cm b) 25 cm c) 52 cm d) 62cm
5. The total surface area of cone with hemispherical ice cream is
a) 858 cm2 b) 885 cm2 c) 588 cm2 d) 855 cm2
ANSWERS
1. d) 6√3
2. c) 343 cm3
3. b) 308 cm2
4. b) 25 cm
5. a) 858 cm2

Case Study 4 :
Anil wants to make a tent is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted by a conical top.
The required dimensions of the tent are such that the height and diameter of the
cylindrical part are 22m and 42 m respectively, and the total height of the tent is 42 m.

1.How much canvas is needed to make the tent?


a) 4225 m2 b) 4450 m2 c) 4818m2 d) 3780 m2
2. Find the cost of the canvas of the tent at the rate of ₹ 20 per m2 ?
a) ₹ 96,000 b) ₹ 97,000 c) ₹ 96,360 d) ₹ 97,250
3. What is the area of the base of the tent ?
a) 1380 m2 b)1300 m2 c) 1386 m2 d) 1268m2
4. What is the volume of the tent ?
a) 27248m3 b) 32496m3 c) 39732 m3 d) 15874 m3

Page | 22
5. What is the slant height of the conical top of the tent ?
a) √800 m b) √721 m c) √841 m d) √900 m
ANSWERS
1. c) 4818m2
2. c) ₹ 96,360
3. c) 1386 m2
4. c) 39732 m3
5. c) √841 m
Exercise ( Case Study Questions )
Case Study 1 :
Arun is a Maths teacher in a school. One day , he brings modelling clay in the
classroom to teach the concept of Surface Areas and Volume. He made a cone of
height 24cm and radius of base 6cm. He then ask a student to recast in the shape of
a sphere.

Based on the above


information ,
answer the following
questions
1. The radius of the sphere so formed is
a) 5 cm b) 6 cm c) 4 cm d) 3 cm
2. The volume of the sphere so formed is
a) 905.14cm3 b) 903.27cm3 c) 1026.25cm3 d)1130.43cm3
3.Find the ratio of the volume of sphere to the volume of cylinder.
a) 2:1 b) 1:2 c) 1:1 d) 3:1
4. The surface area of the sphere is
a) 425.23 cm2 b) 452.16 cm2 c) 435.34 cm2 d) 467.56 cm2
5. During the conversion of a solid from one shape to another , which of the
following remains unchanged?
a) Total surface area b) Volume
c) Both Total surface area and Volume d) None of These.

ANSWERS
1. b) 6 cm
2. b) 452.16 cm2
3. c) 1:1
4. d) 904cm2
5. b) Volume

Page | 23
Case Study 2:
A Carpenter hollowed out a conical cavity of the same height and same diameter
from a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 cm and diameter 1.4 cm to make a
decorative item.

Based on the above information answer the following questions.


1. The total surface area of the Cone hollowed out is
a) 5.02 cm2 b) 7.04 cm2 c) 6.20 cm2 d) 8.35 cm2
2. The Total surface area of the remaining solid is
a) 16 cm2 b) 15 cm2 c) 17cm2 d) 18cm2
3. The volume of the cone hollowed out is.
a) 1.02 cm3 b) 1.13 cm3 c) 1.23 cm3 d) None of these
4. The volume of the cylinder left after the cone is hollowed out is
a) 2.35 cm3 b) 2.23 cm3 c) 2.46 cm3 d) 2.12 cm3
5. If water is put in the cylinder after the cone is hollowed out the volume of
the water in the cylinder ( in litres ) is
a) 1.02 ml b) 1.13 litres c) 1.23 ml d) 1.35 litres
ANSWERS
1. b) 7.04 cm2
2. d) 18cm2
3. c) 1.23 cm3
4. c) 2.46 cm3
5. c) 1.23 ml
Previous Years questions asked in Board Exam

1. Water in a canal, 6 m wide and 1.5 m deep, is flowing with a speed of 10 km/ hour.
How much area will it irrigate in 30 minutes; if 8 cm standing water is needed?
(CBSE 2019)
Solution : Length of canal covered in 30 mins = 5000 m
∴ Volume of water flown in 30 mins
= 6 × 1.5 × 5000 m3
6 x 1.5 x 5000
Area irrigated = = 562500 m
0.08

Page | 24
2. A solid is in the form of a cylinder with hemispherical ends. The total height of
the solid is 20 cm and the diameter of the cylinder is 7 cm. Find the total volume b
22
of the solid. (Use 𝜋 = )
7
( CBSE 2019)
Solution : Height of cylinder = 20 – 3.5 – 3.5 = 13 cm
Volume of solid
=Volume of cylindrical part + 2 ×
Volume of hemispherical part
22 2 22
= x (3.5)2 x 13 + 2 x x x (3.5)3
7 3 7
1 3
= 680 cm
6

3. Two spheres of same metal weight 1 Kg and 7 Kg. The radius of the smaller
sphere is 3 cm. The two spheres are melted to form a single big sphere.
Find the diameter of the new sphere. (CBSE 2019)
Solution : Radius of first sphere = 3 cm
Let density of metal be d kg/cm3
4
∴ π × (3)3 d= 1 ...(1)
3
Let radius of second sphere be r cm.
4
∴ π × (r)3 d = 7 ...(2)
3
From (1) and (2), we have
r = 7(3)3
3

Let the radius of new sphere by R cm.


A.T.Q
4 4 4
∴ π × (R)3 = ∴ π × (3)3 + ∴ π × (r)3
3 3 3
3 3 3
R = (3) + 7(3)
R = 6 cm
∴ Diameter of new sphere = 2 × 6 = 12 cm
4. A cone of height 24 cm and radius of base 6 cm is made up of modeling
Clay. A child reshapes it in the form of a sphere. Find the radius of the
sphere and hence find the surface area of this sphere. (CBSE 2019)
(Answer and Hints : radius of the sphere , r = 6 cm
Surface area of sphere = 144 π cm2)

5. A farmer connects a pipe of internal diameter 20 cm from a canal into a


cylindrical tank in his field which is 10 m in diameter and 2 m deep. If
water flows through pipe at the rate of 3 Km/hr, in How much time will
the tank be filled? (CBSE 2019)
Volume of cylindrical tank
(Answer and Hints : Time to fill tank =
Volume of water flown in 1 hour

Page | 25
2
π (50) X 2
= = 100 minutes or 1 hour 40 minutes.
1 2
π ( 10) X 3000

6. A juice seller was serving his customers using glasses as shown in figure.
The inner diameter of the cylindrical glass was 5 cm but bottom of the glass
had a hemispherical raised portion which reduced the capacity of the glass.
If the height of a glass was 10 cm, find the apparent and actual capacity of
the glass. { Use π = 3.14} (CBSE 2019, 2009)

5
Answer and Hints : Apparent capacity = 3.14 × x 10 = 196.25 cm3.
2
Actual capacity = Volume of cylindrical part – Volume of
hemispherical part
2 5
= 196.25 − x 3.14 x ( )3
3 2
3
= 163.54 cm approx

7. A girl empties a cylindrical bucket full of sand, of base radius 18 crn and
height 32 cm on the floor to form a conical heap of sand. If the height of
this conical heap is 24 cm, then find its slant height correct to one place of
decimal. (CBSE 2019)
Answer and Hints : Volume of conical heap = Volume of cylindrical bucket
1
π r2 x 24 = π(18)2 × 32
3
r = 36 cm
Slant height, l =√(36)2 + (24)2 = 43.2 cm
8. Water is flowing at the rate of 5 km/hour through a pipe of diameter 14 cm
into a tank with rectangular base which is 50 m long and 44 m wide. Find
22
the time in which the level of water tank rises by 7 cm. (Use π = ) (CBSE
7
2019)
7
Answer and Hints : Volume of raised water in tank = 50 × 44 × = 154 m3
100
22 7 2
Volume of water flown in 1 hr = x( ) x 5000 = 77 m3
7 100
154
Time taken = = 2 hours
77

Page | 26
9. A field is in the form of rectangle of length 20 m and width 14 m, A 10 m
deep well of diameter 7 m is dug in one corner of the field and the earth
taken out of the well is spread evenly over the remaining part of the field.
22
Find the rise in the level of the field. ( Use π = ) (CBSE 2019)
7
Earth taken out
Answer and Hints : Rise in level =
Area of the remaining part of field
22 7
𝑋 ( )2 𝑋 10
7 2
= 22 7 7 = 1.5 m approx.
20 𝑋14 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
7 2 2
10. Two cones have their heights in the ratio 1 : 3 and radii in the ratio 3 : 1.
What is the ratio of their volumes?[CBSE 2020 Standard]

Answer : Ratio is 3:1

11 . The volume of a right circular with its height equal to the radius is 25 7
22
1 cm3 . Find the height of the cylinder . ( Use 𝜋 = )[Board 2020 Standard ]
7
Answer : Height of cylinder is 2cm
12. A solid is in the shape of a cone mounted on a hemisphere of same base
radius. If the curved surface areas of the hemispherical part and the conical
part are equal, then find the ratio of the radius and the height of the conical
part. [Board 2020 Standard]
(Answer : ratio is 1: √3 )
13. From a solid right circular cylinder of height 14 cm and base radius 6 cm, a
right circular cone of same height and same base removed. Find the volume
of the remaining solid. [Board 2020 Standard]
Answer: Volume of the remaining solid = 1056 cm2
14. A solid is in the shape of a hemisphere surmounted by a cone. If the radius
of hemisphere and base radius of cone find the volume of the solid.
22
( Use 𝜋 = )[Board 2020 Standard ]
7
Answer : Volume of the solid = = 898.33 cm3 .
16. A wooden article was made by scooping out a hemisphere from each end of
a solid cylinder, as shown in Figure. If the height of the cylinder is 10 cm
and its base is of radius 3.5 cm, find the total surface area of the article.
[Board 2018]

Page | 27
Answer : Total surface area of article = 374 cm2

17. Water in a canal, 6 m wide and 1.5 m deep, is flowing with a speed of 10 km/hour.
How much area will it irrigate in 30 minutes; if 8 cm standing water is needed?
[Board 2020 STD]
Answer and Hints :

18. The weight of two spheres of same metal are 1 kg and 7 kg. The radius of the
smaller sphere is 3 cm. The two spheres are melted to form a single big
sphere. Find the diameter of the new sphere. [Board 2019 Standard]
Answer : Diameter of new sphere= 12 cm
19. A right cylindrical container of radius 6 cm and height 15 cm if full of ice-
cream, which has to be distributed to 10 children in equal cones having
hemispherical shape on the top. If the height of the conical portion
is four times its base radius, find the radius of the ice-cream cone.
[Board 2019 Standard]]
Answer : Radius of the ice-cream cone = 3 cm.
20 . In the given figure, from a cuboidal solid metalic block of dimensions 15 cm × 10
cm × 5 cm a cylindrical hole of diameter 7cm is drilled out. Find the surface area of
22
the remaining block. [ use 𝜋 = ] (CBSE – 2015)
7

Answer : Surface of the remaining block = =583 cm2


21. A solid wooden toy is in the form of a hemi-sphere surmounted by a cone of
same radius. The radius of hemi-sphere is 3.5cm and the total wood used in the
5
making of toy is 166 cm3. Find the height of the toy. Also, find the cost of
6
painting the hemi-spherical part of the toy at the rate of ₹10 per cm².
22
[ use 𝜋 = ] (CBSE – 2015)
7
Answer : Height of the toy = 6 cm
Cost of painting = 77 × 10 = ₹770

Page | 28
22. A glass is in the shape of a cylinder of radius 7 cm and height 10 cm. Find the
22
volume of juice in litre required to fill 6 such glasses. [ use 𝜋 = ] (CBSE – 2015)
7
Answer : 9 240 litre.

23. The largest possible sphere is carved out of a wooden solid cube of side 7 cm.
22
Find the volume of the wood left. . [ use 𝜋 = ] (CBSE – 2014)
7
Answer : 163.3 cm3
24. A vessel is in the form of a hemispherical bowl surmounted by a hollow cylinder
of same diameter. The diameter of the hemispherical bowl is 14 cm and
the total height of the vessel is 13 cm. Find the total surface area of the vessel.
22
[ use 𝜋 = ] (CBSE – 2013)
7
Answer : 572 cm2
25. A metallic solid sphere of radius 10.5 cm melted and recasted into smaller solid
cones each of radius 3.5 cm and height 3 cm. How may cones will be made ?
[CBSE 2017]
Answer : 126 cones.
26. A conical vessel, with base radius 5 cm height 24 cm, is full of water. This water
emptied into a cylindrical vessel, of base radius 10 cm. Find the height to which
22
the water will rise in the cylindrical vessel. [ use 𝜋 = ] (CBSE – 2016)
7
Answer : h=2cm.
27. A sphere of diameter 12 cm, is dropped in a right circular cylindrical vessel, partly
filled with water. If the sphere is completely submerged in water, the
5
water level into the cylindrical vessel rises by 3 cm.Find the diameter of the
9
cylindrical vessel. [CBSE 2016]

Answer : Diameter = 18 cm.


28. 150 spherical marbles, each of diameter 1.4 cm, are dropped in a cylindrical
vessel of diameter 7 cm containing some water, which are completely
immersed in water. Find the rise in the level of water in the vessel.
[CBSE 2014]
Answer : h = 5.6 cm
29. A hollow cylindrical pipe is made up of copper. It is 21 dm long. The outer and
inner diameters of the pipe are 10 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the volume of
copper used in making the pipe.[CBSE 2015]
Answer : 10560 cm3.
30. A hemispherical bowl of internal diameter 36 cm contains liquid that is filled into
72 cylindrical bottles of diameter 6 cm. Find the height of the each bottle, if
10% liquid is wasted in this transfer. [CBSE 2015]
Answer : Height of bottle = 5.4cm

Page | 29
31. A cubical block of side 10 cm is surmounted by a hemisphere. What is the largest
diameter that the hemisphere can have ? Find the cost of painting the total
surface area of the solid so formed, at the rate of Rs.5 per 100 sq. cm.
[ use 𝜋 =3.14 ] (CBSE – 2015)
Answer : The cost of painting of solid= ₹43.55
32. If the total surface area of a solid hemisphere is 462 cm2, find its volume.
22
[ use 𝜋 = ] (CBSE – 2014)
7
Answer : 718.67 cm3.

--------------------------------------xxx------------------------------------------------------

Page | 30
UNIT NAME-STATISTICS
CHAPTER NAME-STATISTICS
MARKS ALLOTTED-8MARKS

BRAIN MAPPING

MEAN OF GROUPED DATA


(i) Direct method:

fi xi
Mean
fi

(ii) Assumed Mean method or Short cut method

Mean= = a+ Where a = assumed mean And di= Xi - a

Median of a grouped frequency distribution can be calculated by Median


.
=l+ ×
Where
l=lower limit of median class
n=number of observations
cf=cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class, f=frequency of median class
h=classsize of the median class.

Mode of grouped data can be calculated by the following formula.

Mode=l+ ×
Where
l=lower limit of modal class
h=size ofclass interval
f1= Frequency of the modal class
fo =frequency of class preceding the modal class
f2=frequency of class succeeding the modal class

Empirical relationship between the three measures of central tendency.


3Median=Mode+2Mean
Or, Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean

93
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
1. While computing mean of grouped data, we assume that the frequencies are
(a) evenly distributed over all the class
(b) centered at the class marks of the class
(c) centered at the upper limits of the class
(d) centered at the lower limits of the class
2. If the difference of mode and median of a data is 24, then the difference of median and mean is
(a) 12 (b) 24 (c) 8 (d) 3
3. The times (in seconds) taken by 150 athletes to run a 110 m hurdle race are tabulated below

13.8- 14- 14.2- 14.4- 14.6- 14.8-


Class 14 14.2 14.4 14.6 14.8 15

Frequency 2 4 5 71 48 20

The number of athletes who completed the race in less than 14.6 s is
(a) 11 (b) 71 (c) 82 (d) 13
4 Mode of the following grouped frequencydistribution is
Class 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21 21-24
Frequency 2 5 10 23 21 12 3

(a) 13.6 (b) 15.6 (c) 14.6 (d) 16.


5 If the number of runs scored by 11 players of a cricket team of India are 5, 19, 42, 11, 50, 30, 21, 0,
52, 36, 27, then median is
(a) 30 (b) 32 (c) 36 (d) 27
6 Consider the following frequency distribution
Class 0-5 6-11 12-17 18-23 24-29

Frequency 13 10 15 8 11

The upper limit of the median class is


(a) 17 (b) 17.5 (c) 18 (d) 18.5
7 Consider the following frequency distribution
Class 65- 85- 105- 125- 145- 165- 185-
85 105 125 145 165 185 205

Frequency 4 5 13 20 14 7 4

The difference of the upper limit of the median class and the lower limit of the modal class is
(a) 0 (b) 19 (c) 20 (d) 38

94
CASE STUDY
Analysis of Water Consumption in a Society
Q1 An inspector in an enforcement squad of department of water resources visit to a society of 100
families and record their monthly consumption of water on the basis of family members and wastage
of water, which is summarized in the following table.
Monthly Consumption 0- 10- 20- 30- 40- 50-
Total
(in kW h) 10 20 30 40 50 60

Number of Families 10 x 25 30 Y 10 100

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.


(i) The value of x  y is
(a) 50 (b) 42
(c) 25 (d) 200
(ii) If the median of the above data is 32, then x is equal to
(a) 10 (b) 8
(c) 9 (d) None of these
(iii) What will be the upper limit of the modal class?
(a) 40 (b) 60
(c) 65 (d) 70
(iv) If A be the assumed mean, then A is always
(a) > (Actual mean)
(b) < (Actual Mean)
(c)  (Actual Mean)
(d) Can’t say
(V) The class mark of the modal class is
(a) 25 (b) 35 (c) 30 (d) 45

95
Q2 Direct income in India was drastically impacted due to the COVID-19 lockdown. Most of the
companies decided to bring down the salaries of the employees up to 50%.
The following table shows the salaries (in percent) received by 50 employees during lockdown.
Salaries received (in 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
%)
Number of employees 18 12 16 4

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.


(i).Total number of persons whose salary is reduced by more than 20% is
(a) 40 (b) 46 (c) 30 (d) 22
(ii).Total number of persons whose salary is reduced by atmost 40% is
(a) 32 (b) 40
(c) 46 (d) 18
(iii).The modal class is
(a) 50-60 (b) 60-70
(c) 70-80 (d) 80-90
(iv). The median class of the given data is
(a) 50-60 (b) 60-70
(c) 70-80 (d) 80-90
(v). The empirical relationship among mean, median and mode is
(a). 3 Median  Mode  2 Mean
(b). 3 Median  Mode 2 Mean
(c). Median  3 Mode 2 Mean
(d). Median  3 Mode  2 Mean
Case Study BASED ANSWERS
Q1. (i) (c) Given x and y are the frequencies of class intervals 10-20 and 40-50,
respectively. Then,
10  x  25  30  y  10  100
 x  y  25 …(1)
(ii) (c) Median is 32, which lies in 30-40. So, the median class is 30-40.
 l  30, h  10, f  30, N  100
and cf  10  x  25  x  35
Put x  9 in Eq. (1), we get
y  16
Hence, x  9 and y  16
(iii) (a) Since, the maximum frequency is 30, so the modal class is 30-40.
Hence, upper limit of the modal class is 40.
(iv) (d) The value of assumed mean can be less, more or equal than the actual mean
96
(v) (b) The modal class is 30-40, class mark=35

Q2 (i) (b) Required number of employees  18  12  16


 46
(ii) (a) Required number of employees 12  16  4
 32
(iii) (a) The maximum frequency is 18 and the corresponding class is 50-60
(iv) (b)=25 Thecumulative frequency more than 25 lies in 60-70. Hence, median class is 60-70.
(v) (a) As we know, Mode  3 Median  2 Mean

PREVIOUS QUESTION
ASKED IN BOARD EXAM
SN Question Ans
1 If the mean distribution is 25 P=16

Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

Frequency 5 18 15 P 6

Then find P
2 Find the mean of the following frequency distribution using assumed mean method 25
method
Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

7 12 13 10 8
Frequency

3 Find the value of p if the median of the following frequency distribution is 50 P=10
Class 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
Frequency 25 15 P 6 24 12 8

4 Find the median of the following data 76.36


Marks Less Less than Less than Less Less than Less than Less than Less than
than 10 30 50 than70 90 110 130 150

Frequency 0 10 25 43 65 87 96 100

5 Compare the modal ages of two groups of students appearing for entrance examination. A=18.93
Age in yrs 16-18 18-20 20-22 22-24 24- B=18.83

26
Group A 50 78 46 28 23

97
Group B 54 89 40 25 17

EXERCISE

1. If mean=60 and median=50, then find mode using empirical relationship.


2. Find the value of p, if the mean of the following distribution is 18.
Variate (xi) 13 15 17 19 20+p 23
Frequency(fi) 8 2 3 4 5p 6

3. Find the mean, mode and median for the following data.
Classes 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
frequency 5 8 15 20 14 8 5

4. The median of the following data is 52.5. Find the value of x and y, if the total frequency is100.

Class Interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100

frequency 2 5 X 12 17 20 Y 9 7 4

5. Find the mean marks for the following data.

Marks Below Below Below Below Below Below Below Below Below Below
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
No. of 5 9 17 29 45 60 70 78 83 85
students

6. The following table shows age distribution of persons in a particular region. Calculate the median age.

Age in Below Below Below Below Below Below Below Below


years 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
No. of 200 500 900 1200 1400 1500 1550 1560
persons

7. If the median of the following data is 32.5. Find the value of x and y.

Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 Total


Interval
frequency x 5 9 12 y 3 2 40
96
8. The following are ages of 300 patients getting medical treatment in a hospital on a particular day.

Age( in years) 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70

Number of 60 42 55 70 53 20
patients

96
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER LINKS
https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/SQP
/ClassX_2021_22/MathsBasic-SQP_Term2.pdf
https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/SQP
/ClassX_2021_22/MathsBasic-MS_Term2.pdf

https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/SQP/
ClassX_2021_22/MathsStandard-SQP_Term2.pdf
https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/SQP/
ClassX_2021_22/MathsStandard-MS_Term2.pdf

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