COMPETENCY EXAMINATIONS FOR Functions of the Council of Medical

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST/CLINICAL Technology Education

LABORATORY SCIENTIST ● Recommend the minimum required
curriculum for the course of
medical technology.
PMLS (MIDTERMS) | LESSON 1 - 4
● Determine and prescribe the
number of students to be allowed to
Competency Examinations for MT/MLS
take up the medical technology
– Medical Technologist Licensure
course in each school
examination
● Approve medical technology
schools
RMT (PHILIPPINES)
● Require all medical technology
International: US
schools to submit an annual report
● AMT – American Medical
● Inspect the different medical
Technologists
technology schools in the country
● ASCLS – American Society for
● certify for admission into an
Clinical Laboratory Science
undergraduate internship students
● ASCP – American Society of Clinical
who have satisfactorily completed
Pathologist (ASCPi Certification)
three years of the medical
Australia
technology course
● AIMS – Australian Institute of
● Approval of refresher course for
Medical Scientists
applicants who shall have failed the
Canada
Board Examination for the third
● CSMLS – Canadian Society for
time.
Medical Laboratory Science
● To promulgate and prescribe and
enforce necessary rules and
Republic Act 5527
regulations for the proper
– “Philippine Medical Technology Act of
implementation
1969”

Minimum Required Course

Council of Medical Technology Education
– At least four years
Composition:
– 12-month satisfactory internship
Chairman – Director of Higher Education
Vice-Chairman – Chairman of the PRC;
Board of Medical Technology
Director of the Bureau of Research and
Compositions:
Laboratories of the Department of Health
● Chairman – Pathologist
● 2 Members – Registered Medical
● The Chairman and 2 members of
Technologists
the Board of Medical Technology
● Dean of the Institute of Hygiene of
PRESENT MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY BOARD
the University of the Philippine
● MARILYN A. CABAL-BARZA
● A representative of the deans or
(chairman)
heads of the private schools of
● MARILYN R. ATIENZA (member)
medical technology
● MARIAN M. TANTINGCO (member)
● Presidents of the Philippine
Association of Medical
Functions of the Board of Medical
Technologists and the Philippine
Technology
Society of Pathologists
– Administer the provisions of this Act
– Administer oaths in connection with the
administration of this Act
– Issue, suspend and revoke certificates of DIVISIONS IN THE CLINICAL
registration for the practice of medical LABORATORY
technology
– Look into conditions affecting the CLINICAL ANALYSIS AREAS
practice of medical technology – Specimen Processing
– Investigate such violations of this Act ● Blood
– Draft such rules and regulations ● Other body fluids
● Divided into other sections
Licensure Examination
– Semi-annually during the months of ANATOMICAL AND SURGICAL PATHOLOGY
March and August ● Tissue analysis
● Cytologic examination
Qualification for Examination ● Surgical biopsy
● Good Health ● Frozen sections
● Good Moral Character ● Performance of autopsies
● Has completed a course of at least
four years Histopathology Section
● Tissue Processing
Scope of Examination ● FDCIETSSML
● Clinical Chemistry – 20%
● Microbiology & Parasitology – 20% Specimens
● Hematology – 20% ● Blood
● Blood Banking & Serology – 20% ● Sputum
● Clinical Microscopy (Urinalysis and ● Urine
other body fluids) – 10% ● Stool
● Histopathologic Techniques, ● Seminal fluid
Cytotechnology, Medical ● CSF
Technology Laws, Related Laws and
its implementing rules, and the Hematology
Code of Ethics – 10% – Most common specimen: Whole blood
– EDTA
Report of Rating – Frequently performed test : CBC
– 120 day after the date of completion of
the examinations Complete Blood Count
● RBC count
Rating in the Examination ● WBC count
● General average: 75% ● Platelet count
● No rating below 50% in any of the ● Hematocrit (Hct)
major subjects ● Hemoglobin (Hgb)
● Has not failed in at least 60% of the ● Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
subjects (MCH)
● Mean corpuscular Hemoglobin
Oath Taking concentration (MCHC)
– All successful examinees shall be required ● Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
to take a professional oath prior to entering ● RBC Distribution Width
upon the practice of medical technology in ● Differential count
the Philippines
Blood Smear
Issuance of Certificate of Registration ● Platelet count
– 21 years old ● Differential count
● WBC morphology
 ● RBC count ● Swab throat Culture
● RBC morphology ● Stool Culture
● Parasite Detection
Stain
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) ● Gram stain
– inflammation ● Acid fast staining
● Capsule staining
Hematology Coagulation Test ● Endospore stain
– Hemostasis is evaluated
– Plasma is usually the specimen Serology / Immunology
– Anticoagulant tube: Sodium citrate – Studies antigens and antibodies, to
– Tests: APTT, TT, PT, BT determine:
● Immunity to disease
Clinical Chemistry ● Presence of disease
– Most automated section
Bacterial Studies
CHEM-7 (Basic Chemistry profile) – Fluorescent treponemal antibody
● Glucose – BUN absorption test (FTA-ABS)
● Creatinine – Na – Rapid Plasma reagin (RPR)
● K – Cl – Ca
● Bicarbonate / Carbon dioxide Viral Studies
– Anti-Human immunodeficiency virus
Coronary risk profile (Anti-HIV)
● Cholesterol – Triglyceride – Cytomegalovirus antibody (CMV)
● HDL – LDL – Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
– Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg)
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY – Hepatitis C virus
Liver profile tests:
• Alkaline phosphatase General Studies
• Aspartate aminotransferase – Cold agglutinins
• Alanine aminotransferase – High sensitivity C-reactive protein
• Gamma-glutamyl transferase (hs-CRP)
• Bilirubin – Human Chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
• TPAG – Immunoglobulins
– Rheumatoid factor
Kidney profile tests: – Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)
• BUN
• Creatinine Blood Bank
• BUA Immunohematology Blood is:
● Collected
Microbiology ● Stored
– Detection of microorganisms in patient ● Prepared
samples
– Tests: Culture & Sensitivity Strict adherence to procedure and
– To determine the most effective specimen handling Blood components:
antibiotic therapy ● Packed cells
● Platelets
Culture ● Fresh frozen plasma
● Blood Culture ● Cryoprecipitate
● Wound Culture
● Urine Culture
– ABO/D (Rh) typing Classification by Ownership
– Direct antiglobulin test ● Government
– Type & Crossmatch ● Private

● Forward / Direct ABO/Rh typing Classification by Function

(antigens) ● Clinical Pathology
● Backward / Indirect ABO/Rh typing ● Anatomic Pathology
(antibodies)
● Forward typing Classification by Institutional Character
● Reverse typing ● Institution Based
● Freestanding
Clinical Microscopy
Performs tests on non-blood body fluids i.e: Classification by Service Capability
● Urine ● Primary Clinical Laboratory
● Semen ● Secondary Clinical Laboratory
● Stool ● Tertiary Clinical Laboratory
– URINALYSIS
● Physical Evaluation Primary Clinical Laboratory
● Chemical Evaluation ● 10 sq.m
● Microscopic Analysis Provides the ff. minimum services:
– Pregnancy Test ● Routine Hematology
● Qualitative Platelet Determination
Semen Analysis ● Routine Urinalysis
Macroscopic: ● Routine Fecalysis
● Color ● Blood Typing – for hospital based
● Odor
● Viscosity Secondary Clinical Laboratory
● Liquefaction ● 20 sq.m
● Volume Provides the minimum service capabilities
Microscopic: of a
● Morphology Primary laboratory plus the ff:
● Motility Progression ● Routine Clinical Chemistry
● Quantitative Platelet Determination
● Cross Matching – hospital based
Stool Analysis ( Fecalysis ) ● Gram Staining – hospital based
– Help diagnose certain conditions affect ● KOH – hospital based
the digestive tract
– Infection from parasite Tertiary Clinical Laboratory
– Guaiac test Provides the minimum service capabilities
– Detects presence of Fecal Occult blood of a Secondary laboratory plus the ff:
● Special Chemistry
Clinical Laboratory Categories ● Special Hematology including
(Accredited by DOH) coagulation procedures
– Classification by Ownership ● Immunology
– Classification by Function ● Microbiology – culture and
– Classification by Institutional Character sensitivity
– Classification by Service Capability ● Aerobic and anaerobic (hospital
based)
● Aerobic or anaerobic (non –
hospital based)
NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORIES BRIEF HISTORY IN MICROBIOLOGY AND
LABORATORY SAFETY AND INFECTION
National Reference Laboratories functions: CONTROL
– Maintain a quality assurance program for
laboratory tests Robert Hooke
– Provide laboratory referral services – An English scientist and architect, a
– Train laboratory personnel polymath, recently called "England's
– Evaluate test kits and reagents Leonardo", who, using a microscope, was
the first to visualize a microorganism.
Research Institute for Tropical Medicine Anton van Leeuwenhoek
● Dengue – Dutch microscopist who was the first to
● Influenza observe bacteria and protozoa.
● Tuberculosis and other – His researches on lower animals refuted
Mycobacteria the doctrine of spontaneous generation,
● Malaria and other parasites and his observations helped lay the
● Bacterial enteric diseases foundations for the sciences of bacteriology
● Measles and other viral exanthems and protozoology.
● Mycology
● Enteroviruses Compound Microscope created by
● Antimicrobial resistance and Leeuwenhoek
Emerging Disease – “Father of Ancient Bacteriology
● Confirmatory testing of blood and Scientific Microscopy”.
donors and blood units – Thus, was born the Science of
Bacteriology.
San Lazaro Hospital
● HIV/AIDS Robert Koch
● Hepatitis – a German physician and microbiologist.
● Sexually Transmitted Diseases – As one of the main founders of modern
(STD) bacteriology, he identified the specific
causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera,
East Avenue Medical Center and anthrax, and gave experimental
● Toxicology support for the concept of infectious
● Micronutrient Assay disease, which included experiments on
humans and animals
National Kidney and Transplant Institute
● Hematology Louis Pasteur
● Immunohematology – A French biologist, microbiologist, and
chemist renowned for his discoveries of the
Lung Center of the Philippines principles of vaccination, microbial
● Anatomic Pathology fermentation, and pasteurization.
● Biochemistry – He reduced mortality from puerperal
● Clinical Chemistry fever and created the first vaccines for
rabies and anthrax.
– “Father of Modern Bacteriology”
– He demonstrated that microorganisms
are present in the air and can contaminate
sterile solutions, but air itself does not
create microbes
Alexander Flemming Incineration
– A Scottish physician and microbiologist – Most common method of treating
best known for discovering the enzyme infectious waste. (safest method)
lysozyme and the world's first broadly – Temperature: 870°C to 980°C
effective antibiotic substance which he
named penicillin. Note: The Philippines is the first and thus
far the only country in the world with a
Paul Ehrlich national ban on incineration, following the
– German physician and scientist who passage
worked in the fields of hematology, of two landmark laws nearly 20 years ago:
immunology, and antimicrobial the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 and the
chemotherapy. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
– Among his foremost achievements were 2000.
finding a cure for syphilis in 1909 and
inventing the precursor technique to Gram Moist Heat
staining bacteria. – Sterilize biohazard trash and heat-stable
– The methods he developed for staining objects.
tissue made it possible to distinguish – Machine needed: “Autoclave”
between different types of blood cells, – Biological indicator: Bacillus
which led to stearothermophilus vials incubated at 56’C.
the ability to diagnose numerous blood
diseases. Dry Heat
– His laboratory discovered arsphenamine – Longer exposure times and higher
(Salvarsan), the first effective medicinal temperature than moist heat.
treatment for syphilis, – Sterilize items such as glass wares, oil or
powders.
Syphilis – Biological indicator: Bacillus subtilis
– Syphilis is a bacterial infection usually
spread by sexual contact. The disease starts Filtration
as a painless sore — typically on your – Method of choice for antibiotic solutions,
genitals, rectum or mouth. Syphilis spreads toxic chemicals, radioisotopes, vaccines
from person to person via skin or mucous and carbohydrates, which are all “heat
membrane contact with these sores. sensitive”.
– Filtration of air: HEPA (High efficiency
LABORATORY SAFETY AND particulate air) filters.
INFECTION CONTROL
Ionizing Radiation
Sterilization – Sterilizing disposables (e.g. plastic
– A process that kills “all form” of syringes, catheters, or gloves before use).
microbial life including bacterial
spores. Chemical Methods (Sterilization)
– Destruction of all forms of life. ● Ethylene oxide
● Formaldehyde Vapor and Vapor
Physical Methods (Sterilization) Phase H2O2
● Incineration ● Glutaraldehyde
● Moist heat (steam under pressure) ● Peracetic acid
● Dry heat
● Filtration Ethylene oxide
● Ionizing radiation – Most common.
– Used in gaseous form for sterilizing heat
sensitive objects.
FORMALDEHYDE VAPOR AND VAPOR Chemical Sterilant or Biocides
PHASE H2O2 – Chemicals used to destroy all forms of
– Sterilized HEPA filters in BSCs – life.
designed to remove organisms larger than – Used for shorter periods (disinfectants)
0.3um. – Used in living tissue (skin) – (antiseptics)

Glutaraldehyde Alcohols
– Sporicidal, used for medical equipment. – 70% ethyl alcohol is more effective as a
disinfectant that 95% alcohol
Peracetic acid
– Effective in the presence of organic Heavy Metals
material, used for surgical instruments – 1% silver nitrate à newborns infected
with gonorrhea infection. Ophthalmia
Disinfection Neonatorum (conjunctivitis of the
– Destroys pathogenic organisms, but not newborn) is
necessarily all an eye infection.
microorganism or spores. Halogens
Physical Method (Disinfection) – Iodine à a tincture with alcohol or as an
● Boiling “iodophor” with neutral
● Pasteurization polymer.
● Non Ionizing Radiation – 70% ethyl alcohol à iodophor, the most
common compound used for skin
Boiling disinfection before drawing blood
– 100°C for 15 minutes. specimens for “culture” or surgery.
– Kills vegetative bacteria (bacterial cells
that are metabolizing and undergoing Chlorine
binary fission. They are "alive" and – Most often used in the form of sodium
replicating). hypochlorite household bleach (1:10 ratio)
dilution of bleach after blood spills.
Pasteurization
– 63°C for 30 minutes or 72°C for 15 QUATS (Quaternary Compounds)
seconds. – Detergents, inactivated by organic
– Kills food pathogens without damaging material such as blood.
the nutritional value or flavor.
– While pasteurization kills or inactivates Chemical Hygiene Plan Guidelines:
many microorganisms, it is not a form of
sterilization, because bacterial spores are 1. Proper labeling of chemical containers.
not destroyed. Pasteurization extends shelf
life via heat inactivation of enzymes that 2. Manufacturer’s Material Safety Data
spoils food Sheet (MSDS)
● Include information on the nature
Non-ionizing Radiation of the chemical, the precautions to
– Ultraviolet light (U.V) take if the chemical is spilled and
disposal recommendations.
Chemical Method
● Chemical Sterilant or Biocides 3. Written chemical safety training and
● Antiseptics and Disinfectants retraining program.
- Alcohols, Heavy Metals, Halogens,
QUATS
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION Biosafety Cabinets
ASSOCIATION DIAMOND – Remove particles that may be harmful to
In case of fire… the employee who is working with infective
biologic specimens.
R.A.C.E
● Rescue BSC Types:
● Alarm
● Contain ● Class I, open front
● Extinguish ● Class II Type A
● Type B1
P.A.S.S ● Type B2
● Pull ● Type B3
● Aim ● Class III
● Squeeze
● Sweep Biosafety Level 1
– Suitable for work involving
Types of Fires well-characterized agents not known to
● Class A - Ordinary combustibles consistently cause disease in
● Class B - Flammable liquids & immunocompetent adult humans, and
gasses present minimal potential hazard to
● Class C - Electrical, Energized laboratory personnel and the environment.
Electrical Equipment – Ex. Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium
● Class D - Combustible Metals gordonae
● Class K - Cooking oils and Greases
Biosafety Level 2
Electrical Safety – Suitable for work involving agents that
– All plugs should be three-prong, pose moderate hazards to personnel and
grounded type. the environment.
– Most organisms can cause laboratory
Standard Precautions acquired infection.
– Blood and body fluids from every patient – Observe good laboratory techniques,
be treated as potentially “infectious”. limiting access to the laboratory, training
– Applies to blood and all body fluids except laboratory personnel, and utilizing Class I
sweat. and II BSCs
– Ex. HIV, HBV, Staphylococcus,
Biosafety Salmonella, and Shigella.
– Frequently acquired infection
(shigellosis, salmonellosis, tuberculosis, Biosafety Level 3
brucellosis, and hepatitis) – Applicable to clinical, diagnostic,
teaching, research, or production facilities
Biosecurity where work is performed with indigenous
– measures taken to protect infectious or exotic agents that may cause serious or
agent and toxins from loss, theft, or misuse potentially lethal disease through the
inhalation route of exposure
● Biosafety is to keep harmful agents – Observe level 2 procedures with
from people additional lab clothing and controlled
● Biosecurity is to keep people from access to the laboratory
harmful agents – Ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
Francisella tularensis, and Brucella
 information for health-related decision
Biosafety Level 4 making (WHO, 2008)
– Required for work with dangerous and
exotic agents that pose a high individual Data generation
risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory – coming from the laboratory results to the
infections and life-threatening disease. mother laboratory system, distributed to
– Use mostly for research studies. other departments of the hospital to check
– Ex. Arbovirus, Filovirus, Arenavirus results.

HEALTH INFORMATIONS SYSTEM ● Health planners and

decision-makers need different
HIS (MIDTERMS) | LESSON 5 - 8 kinds of information including:
● Health determinants and the
HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS contextual environments within
(LESSON 5) which the health system operates
policy and organization, health
- Health informatics is the application of infrastructure, facilities and
both technology and systems in a equipment, costs, human and
healthcare setting. financial resources, health
– old information from a healthcare information systems;
provider. ● The performance or outputs of the
health system such as availability,
Health information technology focuses on accessibility, quality and use of
your tool, records, coding, documentation, health information and services,
and administration of patients and ancillary responsiveness of the system to
services. user needs, and financial risk
protection; (cont.)
Health information systems cover different ● health outcomes
systems that capture, store, manage, and ● health inequities, in terms of
transmit health-related information that determinants, coverage of use of
can be sourced from individuals or activities services, and health outcomes, and
of a health institution. including key stratifiers such as
– includes surveillance systems, routine, sex, socio-economic status, ethnic
hospital administration system, human group, geographic location etc.
resource management information system,
and laboratory information system (LIS) in METHODS OF ASSESSING COUNTRY
line with medical laboratory science. HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
The health information system provides
the underpinnings for decision-making and The Health Metrics Network (HMN)
has four key functions: data generation, Framework identifies the key components
compilation, analysis and synthesis, and and standards of a country health
communication and use. information system.

The health information system collects – The HMN health information system
data from the health sector and other assessment brings together country users
relevant sectors, analyses the data and and producers of health data to assess the
ensures their overall quality, relevance and strengths and weaknesses of the national
timeliness, and converts data into health information system.
CORE INDICATORS FOR COUNTRY HEALTH ● Health status (quality of life that a
INFORMATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE: patient leads is crucial to health:
physical functioning, emotional &
● Health Surveys mental wellbeing, cognitive &
● birth and death registration social functioning.)
● Census ● Patient medical history (info on
● Health facility reporting past medical encounters)
● health system resource tracking ● Current medical management
● Capacity for analysis, synthesis, (diagnosis, allergies, medicine,
and validation of data health problems, therapeutic, lab
tests, and counseling)
Role and function of Health Information ● Outcomes data (after effects of
Systems: values healthcare problem,
measures satisfaction of patients)
● Easier access to files
● Better control HEALTH MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
● Easier update SYSTEMS (LESSON 6)
● Improved communications
Health Management Information System
COMPONENTS OF HEALTH INFORMATION (HMIS) - is an information system
SYSTEM: specially designed to assist in the
management and planning of health
° Health information system resources programs, as opposed to delivery of care.
(framework on the legislation, regulation,
planning, and resources that is required for PRINCIPLES OF HMIS:
the system to be fully functional)
° Indicators (basis of HIS plan, strategy, HEALTH
related target, and health status) - Clinical studies assist in the
° Data sources (category: population based understanding of medical terminology,
approaches & institution based data) clinical procedures and database processes.
° Data management (handling of data Heart attack - troponin & potassium level
starting from collection to storage, data
flow, processing, and analysis) MANAGEMENT
° Information products (data is - Management principles enhanced by
transformed into useful info that serves as finance, law, and planning help administer
evidence as well as insights crucial to the healthcare enterprise.
shaping a health action) Needed supplies & materials to provide
° Dissemination and use (making it readily good healthcare
available to data users)
INFORMATION SYSTEM
DIFFERENT DATA SOURCES FOR HEALTH - The ability to analyze systems to design
INFORMATION SYSTEM and implement advanced computer
(explains comprehensive database for HIS) applications make the transfer of
information efficient and effective.
● Demographic data (personal info - Emergency to operating room (assessing
about patient) information)
● Administrative data (diagnostic
test & outpatient procedures)
Health risk information (use of
products like tobacco, medical
history, and genetic factors)
FRAMEWORK OF HMIS (2010) LIST OF FUNCTIONS OF HMIS:

● Relevant
● Functional
● Integrated
● Collected

ROLES OF HMIS

● Complete
● Consistent
● Clear
● Simple
● Cost-effective
● Accessible
● Confidential

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF HMIS:

● Planning
● Epidemic prediction DETERMINANTS OF HMIS PERFORMANCE
● Detection AREA:
● Deciding intervention
● Monitoring PRISM CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:
● Resource allocation (performance of routine information
system management)
FUNDAMENTAL FUNCTION:
BEHAVIORAL
● Data input (most critical step) - The data collector and users of the HMIS
● Data management (processing need to have confidence, motivation and
phase) competence to perform HMIS tasks in order
● Data output to improve the Routine Health Information
System (RHIS) process.
8 ELEMENTS OF HMIS: - Conducting trainings
- Knowledge, skills, attitude, values, &
1. Data Acquisition (bar codes) motivation
2. Data Verification (authentication &
validation of resources) ORGANIZATIONAL
3. Data Storage (archiving - Health workers and data collectors work
information) in organizations’ environments which have
4. Data Classification (data value, norms, culture and practice. The
organization) most important organizational factor which
5. Data Computation (checking of affects the (RHIS) process is related to
data) structure, resource, procedure, support
6. Data Update (updated data in services and the culture
archive) - Culture, structure, resources, roles, &
7. Data Retrieval (data after years) responsibilities
8. Data Presentation (data in system
for decision making)
TECHNICAL M & E Purpose
- Technical factors involve the overall - The primary aim is to have a strong M & E
design used in the collection of the and review system in place for the national
information. It comprises the complexity of health strategic plan that comprises all
the reporting forms, the procedure set major disease programs and health
forward in the collection of data, the overall systems.
design of the computer software used in the
collection of information M & E Plan
- Data collection processes system, forms, - The national M & E plan and system
& method. should address all components of the
framework and lay the foundation for
Technical and Organizational Factors in regular reviews during the implementation
the PRISM Framework: of the national plan.
● Inputs
● Processes 3 PRIMARY USES OF EVALUATION:
● Outputs
● Outcomes ● Rendering judgements
● Impact ● Facilitating improvements
● RHIS determinants ● Generating knowledge

HMIS MONITORING & EVALUATION M&E FRAMEWORK (to guide)

(LESSON7)
- to scale up, strengthen & improve
Monitoring is the systematic collection, healthcare.
analysis, and use of information from - Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is a
programs for three basic purposes: (1) core component of current efforts to scale
Learning from the experiences acquired up for better health. Global partners and
(learning function); (2) Accounting countries have developed a general
internally and externally for the resources framework for M&E of health system
used; and (3) the results obtained strengthening (HSS).
(monitoring function) and taking decisions
(steering function). STEPS IN DEVELOPING AN M&E PLAN

Evaluation is assessing an ongoing or ● Define expected results

completed program or policy as ● Selects indicators
systematically and as objectively as ● Identify data sources
possible. The object is to be able to make ● Determine data collection methods
statements about their relevance,
effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and M&E AND HMIS INDICATORS (changing
sustainability. values)

COMPLEMENTARY: - reproductive health

- immunization
Learning function – future proposals & - disease prevention & control
policies - resources utilization (data quality)
Monitoring function – review the - data quality
implementation of policies based on
objectives & resources mobilize
 1. Rapidly verify the quality of reported data
HMIS DATA QUALITY (LESSON 8) for
key indicators at selected sites.
DATA QUALITY 2. Implement corrective measures with
– Is the overall utility of a dataset(s) as a action
function of its ability to be processed easily plans for strengthening data management
and analyzed for and reporting systems and improving data
a database, data warehouse, or data quality.
analytics system. 3. Monitor capacity improvements and
– Signifies the data’s appropriateness to performance of data management and
serve its reporting system to produce quality data.
purpose in a given context.
DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Aspects of Data Quality – An Implementation Plan is a project
● accuracy management tool that illustrates how a
● completeness project is expected to progress at a high
● update status level. It is developed through the following
● relevance key steps (Smartsheet, 2017):
● consistency
● reliability ● Define goals/objectives
● appropriate – “what do you want to accomplish?”
● presentation ● Schedule milestones
● accessibility – Outline deadline and timelines in
implementation phase
Data cleansing ● Allocate resources
– Done to raise the quality of available data. – Determine if you have sufficient
resources
THE LOT QUALITY ASSESSMENT (LQAS) ● Designate team member
– this is a tool that allows the use of small responsibilities
random samples to distinguish between – Create general team plan with overall
different roles
groups of data elements (or Lots) with high ● Define metrics for success
and – How will you determine if you have
low data quality. achieved your goal?

LQAS DATA QUALITY TOOLS

– Widely applied in the healthcare industry. – A data quality tool analyzes information
– Primarily used for quality assurance of and
products identifies incomplete or incorrect data.
Recently, these tools started to focus on
The Routine Data Quality Assessment Tool Data Quality Management (DQM), which
(RDQA) generally integrate profiling, parsing,
– is a simplified version of the Data Quality standardization, cleansing and matching
Audit (DQA) which allows programs and processes. (Goasdoue, Nugier, Duquennoy,
projects to verify and assess the quality of and Laboisse, 2007)
their reported data. It aims to strengthen
their Parsing and Standardization
data management and reporting systems. – Decomposition of fields into component
parts and formatting the values into
Objectives of RCQA: consistent layouts.
Generalized “Cleansing” 3. Fault tree analysis
– Modification of data values to meet – Used in risk and safety analysis.
domain – Uses the boolean logic to determine the
restrictions. root causes of an undesirable event.

Matching 4. Current reality tree

– Identification and merging of related – Used when the root causes of multiple
entries within or across data sets problems need to be analyzed all at once.

Profiling 5. Fishbone diagram

– Analysis of data to capture statistics or – A.K.A. Ishikawa or cause-and-effect
metadata to determine the quality of data. diagram
– Shows categorized causes and sub-causes
Monitoring of a
– The deployment of controls to ensure problem
conformity of data to business rules set by – Useful in grouping causes into categories
organization
6. Kepner-Tregoe technique
Enrichment – Breaks a problem down to its root cause
– Enhancement of value of the data by by
using external sources such as (consumer assessing a situation using priorities and
demographic attributes or geographic orders of
descriptors) concern for specific issues.

ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS 7. Rapid problem resolution (RPR Problem

– A root cause analysis is a problem solving Diagnosis)
method that identifies the root causes of – Diagnoses the causes of recurrent
the problems or events instead of simply problems by
addressing the obvious symptoms. The aim ● Discover
is to improve the quality of the products by ● Investigate
using systematic ways in order to be ● Fix
effective (Bowen, 2011).

TECHNIQUES IN ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS

1. Failure mode and effect analysis

– Aims to find various modes of failure
within a
system.
– Used when there is a new product or
process or
when there are changes or updates in a
product.

2. Pareto analysis
– Uses pareto principle which states that
20% of the work creates 80% of the results
– Used when there are multiple potential
causes to
a problem