SAN FABIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

GRADE

San Fabian, Pangasinan 11/12

MODULE
in
UNDERSTANDING
CULTURE,
SOCIETY AND
POLITICS

QUARTER 1 WEEK 4 MODULE 4

For queries, please contact

us:
Name of Teacher Contact Messenger
Number
ANA GISELLE I. SORIANO 09171585330 Ana Giselle Imbat Soriano
BRENDA G. MAHINAY 09209472795 Brenda Mahinay
JANELLE H. SERRAN 09209828059 Janelle Moina Halog Serran
 PRE-TEST

Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of your answer.

1. Evolution of human became an important concern in the emergence of different societies. How does the
first human different from any other hominid species?
A. They used tools. C. They used and controlled fire.
B. They had large brains. D. They used symbolic thought.
2. Which of the following statements can describe evolution according to Banaag?
A. The progress of the society.
B. The natural process of biological process.
C. The change of populations through time.
D. The change of simple to complex organisms.

3. The following statements are best describe human evolution. Which of the following statements cannot
describe human evolution?
A. Large brain C. Upright stature
B. Use tool D. The ability to live in groups.

4. Which of the following statement is true about adaptation and adjustments?

A. Adaptation may be biologically inherited.
B. Adjustments served as the onset of their culture
C. Adjustments refers to cultural response to an environmental extreme.
D. Adjustments and adaptation are both equally to occur in response to mild short-term environmental
stresses.

5. Which of the following statements is true in adapting environment?

A. Adaptability to specific environmental stresses rarely varies from person to person.
B. Human normally exposed to about the same sort of environmental stresses.
C. Our cultural technology has allowed us to adapt to new environments without having to
first evolve biological adaptation.
D. Genetic adaptation and the various types of adjustments to environmental stresses are
always distinct phenomena.

6. The cultural evolution of man has three remarkable era. Which of the following has the correct order of these era.
A. Age of Metal, Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period
B. Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal
C. Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal, Neolithic Period
D. Paleolithic Period, Neolithic Period, Age of Metal
7. In the early stage, human move from one place to another. As they transform and adapt their environment, they learn
to have permanent settlement. Of what period does the permanent settlement occurs?
A. Age of Bronze C. Neolithic Period
B. Age of Copper D. Paleolithic Period

8. Each era has a significant cultural development such as the use of fire in Paleolithic period, the domestication of plants
and animals in the Neolithic Period, and the use of metal in the age of Metal. Thus, the Age of Metal was known as:
A. Agricultural Revolution C. Stone Revolution
B. Metal Civilization D. Rise of Revolution

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9. In the Neolithic period, the Cro Magnon disappeared and the new people which is considered the modern man
appeared, which of the following were the accomplishment of human during this period?
A. Live in a cave C. Used metals to upgrade tools
B. Used unpolished stone tools D. Domesticate plants and animals

10. There were three metals distinguished in the Age of Metals. Which of the following were the first known metal in this
period?
A. Aluminum C. Copper
B. Bronze D. Iron

DECODING WORDS : Use the letters from the box below with their corresponding numbers to
decode the hidden words.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

1. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

8 21 13 1 14
2. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
8 15 13 15 14 9 4
3. ____ ____ ____ ____
12 21 3 25
4. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
8 15 13 15 8 1 2 9 12 9 19
5. ____ ____ ____ __ __ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
8 15 13 15 19 1 16 9 5 14
6. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
5 22 15 12 21 20 9 15 14
7. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
3 8 9 13 16 26
8. ____ ____ ____ - ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
3 18 15 13 1 7 14 15 14
9. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
8 15 13 15 5 18 5 3 20 21 19

10. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
14 5 1 14 4 5 18 20 8 1 12

LESSON I: HUMAN ORIGINS

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Examine the picture. What does it
represents? How does it explain man’s development? It is common understanding that change is the only permanent
things is this world. Every living things is dynamic and, as such, undergoes transformation. Likewise, man as the
most important component of society,
goes through evolutionary changes that help him adapt to his environment. Thus, his adaptation started the
formation of society as well as cultural development which is essential for survival.
All the human’s social drives developed long before he developed intellectually. Therefore, they are, instinctive.
Such instincts as mother-love, compassion, cooperation, curiosity, inventiveness and competitiveness are ancient
and embedded in the human.
They were all necessary for the survival of the human and pre-human (www.onlife.com). Hence, man’s
progression and characteristics are essential in understanding the capability for adaptation.
Evolution is a natural process of biological changes occurring in a population across successive
generations (Banaag, 2012, p. 31). More so, the evolution of man became an important concern in the emergence of
difference societies. Early man’s development serves as an avenue in analyzing the process of our society.

Homonid Ancestor of Modern Human and their Characteristics

Stages of Human Evolution

Homonid (Manlike Primates). The development of the different

species of primates which were able to evolve in 40 million years ago.
There have been various relics of hominids which could be described as
manlike primates.

Subspecies:
a. “Ramapithecus”. This hominid believed to have live 14 million years whose remains could stand upright
and used stones and sticks to frighten his enemies. This kind of species was found by Mrs. Mary Leaky at
the volcanic ash of Laetolil, Tanzania, East Africa in 1975.
b. “Lucy”. The American archeologist, Donald C. Johanson discovered a whole skeleton of a teenage girl at
Hadar, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
c. “Australopithecus”. Believed to live in Africa about 5 million years
ago. He had small brain but could walk straight and used simple tools.

Physical Characteristics of Homonid

- Apelike face proportions (a flat nose, a strongly projecting lower
jaw).
- Small brain, usually less than 500 cubic centimeters-1/3 the size of a
modern human brain.
- Long, strong arms with curved fingers adapted for climbing trees.
- Could stand upright.
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Homo Habilis. The apelike man used stone tools as weapons and protection of their enemies.
This species is recognized to be the first true human. The species name means “Handy
Man.” Live about 2.4 to 1.4 years ago scavenging for food. Subspecies:
a. “Zinjanthropus”. The physical description of this specie was about 4 feet and could walked upright with
small brain. He used crude stone weapons for protections against predators. This was discovered by Dr.
Louis S.B. Leaky (Husband of Mrs. Mary Leaky) in Olduva Gorge, Tanzania, East Africa in 1999 which
believed to lived about 1.75 million years ago.
 b. “Lake Turkana” (“1470 Man”). This specie was about 5 feet tall and walked upright. He used more
refined stone tools with a brain double size of a chimpanzee’s brain. This was excavated in Lake Turkana,
Kenya, East Africa by Dr. Richard Leakey (The son of the famous Dr. and Mrs. Leakey) in 1972 which
considered by a shattered skull and leg bones.

Homo Erectus. It was believed to be the first manlike creature that live about
500,000 years ago in Asia, Africa and Europe. This manlike specie could
walk straight with almost the same brain with modern man. This specie
name means “Upright Man”. They were the first hunters with improvised
tools such as axes and knives, and were the first to produce fire and
adapted to hot climates. Subspecies:
a. “Pithecanthropus Erectus” (“Java Man”). This was discovered by
Eugene Dubois at Trinil, Java, Indonesia in 1891 which was the called
the “Java Man”. The physical characteristics of this homo erectus were
about 5 feet tall, could walk erect, heavy and chinless jaw, hairy body of modern man.
b. “Sinanthropus Pekinensis” (‘Peking Man”). This homo erectus specie was discovered at Choukontien
village, Beijing, China in 1929. This was about 5’ 2” tall, could walk upright, and the brain almost as large
as the modern human which believed to live 500,000 years ago.

Homo Sapien (Wise Man). It was believed that this was the direct descendant of
modern human which lived about 250,000 years ago. They had similar physical
description with modern man. They originated as the primitive men whose activities
were largely dependent on hunting, fishing, and agriculture. They buried dead, used
hand tools, and had religion.
Subspecies:
a. Neanderthal Man. It was discovered in the cave of Neanderthal valley near
Dusseldorf, Germany in 1856. It was believed to
appear in the high temperate zone in Europe and Asia about 70,000 years
ago. They had physical characteristics as heavily built with powerful
jaws, brutish and primitively intelligent. They usually lived in cave and dependent in
hunting and fishing. They had
religious belief and more advanced than the homo erectus.

b. Cro Magnon Man. This subspecies also known as the Homo sapiens sapiens. This
was stronger homo sapien than the Neanderthal which was discovered by French
archeologist Louis Lartet in the Cro Magnon Cave at Ley Eyzies in Southern
France. It was believed to live in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Specifically, their
remains have been found in
Western Asia including Italy, Spain, France and Russia and all
areas over Africa. They were about 5 feet and 11 inches with 4
more developed brain than their predecessor. They were the first
produce art in cave paintings and crafting decorated tools and
accessories.

Based on the insight that you read a while ago.

Fill up the table below with the correct information. Identify the characteristics of each species.
 Species Characteristics
Homo habilis

Homo erectus

Homo sapiens

Homo sapiens sapiens

LESSON II: HUMAN CULTURAL EVOLUTION

It is a saying that “human has no contentment”. As the environment change, we continuously grow and find ways
to make less effort as we live. It is very evident in the different stages of human
cultural evolution: Palaeolithic Period, Neolithic Period, and Age of Metal.
The term “Palaeolithic” was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in 1865.
It derives from Greek word, palaios, which means "old"; and, lithos, "stone", In short,
the Palaeolithic Period, which has happened 2.5 million years ago, is also known as
"Old Stone Age". In the Palaeolithic period, the Earth was extremely cold and ocean
levels were much lower than they are now. Due to the
cold climate, much of the Stone Age is also called the Ice Age.

During these years, people were

nomads and able to use simple tools and
weapons made
of unpolished stone. The caves serves as their shelter.
Similarly, this was the time when people 5
discovered to use the fire, through the use of
stone, for their protection against cold

And later on, to cook their food.

Human being in this time were grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by
gathering plants and fishing, hunting or scavenging wild animals.

Also in this era, according to study of Dr. Jesus T. Peralta of NCCA, respect is given to age, and
individual prowess and ability are recognized. There are no leaders that could
be said to be above everybody else and whose commands are obeyed without question. In some cases, one who is known for
good decisions is consulted when a problem arises; or well-known hunter will be asked to lead a hunting group.
Likewise, the term “Neolithic” also comes from the same archaeologist and from the Greek word “neo” which
means new and “lithos” meaning stone or in short, the “New Stone Age” which was happened for about 10,000 B.C.
 In this period, the Cro Magnon disappeared and the new people which is considered the modern man
appeared.
The Neolithic Revolution which is also called the First Agricultural Revolution was the
wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period from a lifestyle of
hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, which made them increases their
population. They depend on domesticated plants and animals. They learned to create such
crafts as pottery and weaving. They developed boat as means of transportation and
also, for fishing.
From being nomads during the early stage, human began to developed a sedentary type of
society of which they built-up villages and towns.

Furthermore, they were never been contented of their

accomplishments. They keep on discovering things for their own
convenience. So, they have discovered metals, and they gradually
abandoned stone as the basic element for their instrument and
tools.
This period was known as Age of Metals (4000 B.C – 1500
B.C). The used of metal such as bronze, copper, and iron produced a
new historical development from the cradle civilization of Egypt,
Mesopotamia, Persia at this point.

I CAN DO THIS 6
Complete the table. Identify the cultural evolution of man in Paleolithic Period, Neolithic Period, and Age
of Metal
 CULTURAL EVOLUTION PALAEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC AGE OF METAL

Tools/Weapon

Shelter

Food Collecting

Main
Accomplishment

JUMBLED LETTERS : Look at the scrambled letters. Rearrange the letters to reveal the artefactual remains. Use
the pictures as your clue.

1. SERAP S___ ___ A___

2. OSBW NDA ___O___ S A__ ___ A__ R ___

ROWAR ___

3. LACY TSOP C__ __ __ __ O __ S

4. LWAL W __ L __ __ A__ __ T__ N __

SGNITNIAP __

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 5. LBADE ECOR B __ A __ D__ __ __ R __

LESSON III: Human Material Remains And Artefactual Evidence In Interpreting Cultural And Social, Including
Political And Economic Processes From The Earliest Form Of Society

Society is defined as a group of individuals living together who share a common, economic, social structure and have
developed organized patterns of relationship through interaction with one another. (Wikipedia)
Social evolution or sociocultural evolution defines how cultures and societies change over time. It is a process by which
structural reorganization is affected and produces a new form of structured society.
Early societies started to emerge as a result of man’s interaction with his environment and continue progressing from time
to time.
In this lesson, we will be discussing the earliest types of societies and the material remains and artefactual evidence
occurring these times.

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TYPE OF SOCIO-POLITICAL and SOCIOCULTURAL
SOCIETY CHARACTERISTICS

Hunting • The earliest form of human society was known as a foraging society.
Food
Gathering • People survived by foraging for food (vegetable foods, small game, fishing,
Societies hunting larger wild animals, and collecting shellfish).

• Their group is called Bands which describes a small group, related by family and
marriage typically mobile hunter and gatherers.

• People used tools made of stones, woods and bones.

• Bow and arrows and spears were tools used in order to hunt for their foods.

• Spear were used primarily as thrown weapons.

• Bow and arrows are important weapon for both hunting and warfare.
Hand axes were used for chopping wood or bone.
Horticultural • People learned to use human muscle power and hand-held tools to cultivate fields.
Societies
• Specialized roles in horticultural societies include craftspeople, shamans (religious
leaders), and traders.

• Evidence for pottery, metal-working, cultivation and livestock are part of their
everyday lives.

• Started to form tribes in this type of society. Tribes, defined as a larger group of
settled farmers or pastoralists who believe they share descended from a common
ancestor. These tribes are without central control or a strongly developed social
hierarchy.

• Political organization is confined in the village.

• Authority is based on positions inherited by males through the kinship system.

Pastoral • It relied on herding and the domestication of animals for food and clothing to
Societies satisfy the greater need of the group.
• Peoples weaved clothes and learned dyeing it to add color.
• Most pastoralist were nomads who followed their herds in a never-ending quest for
pasture and water.
• Pastoral societies can support larger populations. Since there are food surpluses,
fewer people are needed to produce food.
• It was organized along male-centered kinship groups. It was usually united under
strong political figures. However, centralized political leadership did not occur.
• Over time, hereditary chieftainships emerged. These became the typical form of
government in pastoral societies.
THINK IT OVER

Based on the previous activity, answer the following questions.

1. Cite human material remains and artefactual evidence that plays an important role in the
earliest type/ form of society.
2. What is the significance of the human material remains and artefactual evidence such as cave
paintings, stone and wooden tools in understanding our society?
3. Describe how does society evolved during early human existence?

POST TEST: Read the following carefully. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1.Type of society in which people subsist through the cultivation of plants for food consumption without the use of
mechanized tools or the use of animals to pull plows. Which of the following is an example of society that is producing
enough food to feed the group?
A. Horticultural Societies C. Pastoral Societies
B. Industrial Societies D. Hunting and Gathering Societies
2.Cave paintings are a type of parietal art found on the wall or ceiling of caves. The oldest cave paintings 40,000 years
were discovered in East Kalimanta, Borneo, Indonesia. Cave paintings are examples of ______?
A. Human remains C. Human Material Remains
B. Artefactual evidence D. Evidence of man’s existence 9
3.Defined as a group of individuals living together, who share a common economic, social and developmental
structure with organized patterns of relationships through interaction with one another. Which of the following best
describes a group of people with common territory?
A. Culture C. Society
B.Groups D.Organization
4. Human material remain and artefactual evidence plays an important role in understanding the existence of
man, society and culture. Which of the following choices supports the above statement?
A. Show how people live and eat.
B. Evidence from the past explain one’s personality.
C. Everyone has the right to know how the world can be.
D. Human material remains and artefactual evidence provides perspective in linking the past, present and
future within the experience of any given human generation.
5. The main form of food production in such societies is the daily collection of wild plants, fishing and hunting
larger wild animals. It is also identified as the earliest form of human society and referred to as foraging.
Which of the following is the earliest type of human society wherein they used tools made of stones, woods,
and bones?
A. Agricultural Societies C. Pastoral Society
B. Horticultural Societies D. Hunting and Gathering Societies
6. During the earliest stage of human cultural evolution, people were nomadic, so they hunt and gather foods.
As they learn to make a sedentary lifestyle in the Neolithic period. Which statement tells the accomplishment of
human in the Neolithic period?
A. Agricultural Revolution C. Stone Revolution
B. Metal Civilization D. Rise of Civilization
7. The Age of Metal produced a new historical development from the cradle civilization of Egypt,
Mesopotamia, Persia including the India, and China which later on spread throughout Asia. Which type of
metal were the earliest known by human?
A. Aluminum C. Copper
B. Bronze D. Iron
8. There are three notable stages in the human cultural evolution. Which statement tells the correct timeline
of these evolution?
 A. Age of Metal, Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period
B. Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal
C. Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal, Neolithic Period
D. Paleolithic Period, Neolithic Period, Age of Metal
9. From being nomads during the early stage, human began to developed a sedentary type of society of which
they built-up villages and towns. In which era have these evolution happens?
A. Age of Bronze C. Neolithic Age
B. Age of Copper D. Paleolithic Age
10. The most significant evolution in Paleolithic period is when people discovered the use of fire. In the
Neolithic period is when human learned to domesticate plants and animals, which is known to be the First
Agricultural Revolution. In the Age of Metal is the discovery of people in using metal as their tools, thus,
the Age of Metal is identified as:
A. Agricultural Revolution C. Stone Revolution
B. Metal Civilization D. Rise of Revolution

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