Heat and Mass Transfer
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chandar munisamyHeat and Mass Transfer
Uploaded by
chandar munisamyHeat and Mass Transfer
Unit-1 Conduction
Part-A
1. State Fourier’s Law of conduction.
The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured – normal to the direction
of heat flow and to the temperature gradient in that direction.
Q - A where A – are in m2
- Temperature gradient in K/m K – Thermal conductivity W/mK.
2. Define Thermal Conductivity.
Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.
3. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a slab or plane wall.
Heat transfer Where T = T1 – T2
- Thermal resistance of slab
L = Thickness of slab, K = Thermal conductivity of slab, A = Area
4. Write down the equation for conduction of heat through a hollow cylinder.
Heat transfer Where, T = T1 – T2
thermal resistance of slab
L – Length of cylinder, K – Thermal conductivity, r2 – Outer radius , r1 – inner radius
5. State Newton’s law of cooling or convection law.
Heat transfer by convection is given by Newton’s law of cooling
Q = hA (Ts - T)
Where
A – Area exposed to heat transfer in m2 , h - heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K
Ts – Temperature of the surface in K, T - Temperature of the fluid in K.
6. Write down the general equation for one dimensional steady state heat transfer in slab or
plane wall with and without heat generation.
7. Define overall heat transfer co-efficient.
The overall heat transfer by combined modes is usually expressed in terms of an overall
conductance or overall heat transfer co-efficient ‘U’.
Heat transfer Q = UA T.
8. Write down the equation for heat transfer through composite pipes or cylinder.
Heat transfer Where , T = Ta– Tb,
,
9. What is critical radius of insulation (or) critical thickness?
Critical radius = rc Critical thickness = rc – r1
Addition of insulating material on a surface does not reduce the amount of heat transfer
rate always. In fact under certain circumstances it actually increases the heat loss up to certain
thickness of insulation. The radius of insulation for which the heat transfer is maximum is called
critical radius of insulation, and the corresponding thickness is called critical thickness.
10. Define fins (or) extended surfaces.
It is possible to increase the heat transfer rate by increasing the surface of heat transfer.
The surfaces used for increasing heat transfer are called extended surfaces or sometimes known
as fins.
11. State the applications of fins.
The main applications of fins are
1. Cooling of electronic components
2. Cooling of motor cycle engines.
3. Cooling of transformers
4. Cooling of small capacity compressors
12. Define Fin efficiency.
The efficiency of a fin is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer by the fin to the
maximum possible heat transferred by the fin.
13. Define Fin effectiveness.
Fin effectiveness is the ratio of heat transfer with fin to that without fin
Fin effectiveness =
Part -B
1. A wall is constructed of several layers. The first layer consists of masonry brick 20 cm.
thick of thermal conductivity 0.66 W/mK, the second layer consists of 3 cm thick mortar of
thermal conductivity 0.6 W/mK, the third layer consists of 8 cm thick lime stone of thermal
conductivity 0.58 W/mK and the outer layer consists of 1.2 cm thick plaster of thermal
conductivity 0.6 W/mK. The heat transfer coefficient on the interior and exterior of the wall
are 5.6 W/m2K and 11 W/m2K respectively. Interior room temperature is 22C and outside
air temperature is -5C.
Calculate
a) Overall heat transfer coefficient
b) Overall thermal resistance
c) The rate of heat transfer
d) The temperature at the junction between the mortar and the limestone.
Given Data
Thickness of masonry L1 = 20cm = 0.20 m
Thermal conductivity K1 = 0.66 W/mK
Thickness of mortar L2 = 3cm = 0.03 m
Thermal conductivity of mortar K2 = 0.6 W/mK
Thickness of limestone L3 = 8 cm = 0.08 m
Thermal conductivity K3 = 0.58 W/mK
Thickness of Plaster L4 = 1.2 cm = 0.012 m
Thermal conductivity K4 = 0.6 W/mK
Interior heat transfer coefficient ha = 5.6 W/m2K
Exterior heat transfer co-efficient hb = 11 W/m2K
Interior room temperature Ta = 22C + 273 = 295 K
Outside air temperature Tb = -5C + 273 = 268 K.
Solution:
Heat flow through composite wall is given by
[From equation (13)] (or) [HMT Data book page No. 34]
Where, T = Ta– Tb
We know, Heat transfer Q = UA (Ta – Tb) [From equation (14)]
Where U – overall heat transfer co-efficient
We know
Overall Thermal resistance (R)
For unit Area
Interface temperature between mortar and the limestone T3
Interface temperatures relation
Temperature between Mortar and limestone (T3 is 276.5 K)
2. A furnace wall made up of 7.5 cm of fire plate and 0.65 cm of mild steel plate. Inside
surface exposed to hot gas at 650C and outside air temperature 27C. The convective heat
transfer co-efficient for inner side is 60 W/m 2K. The convective heat transfer co-efficient for
outer side is 8W/m2K. Calculate the heat lost per square meter area of the furnace wall and
also find outside surface temperature.
Given Data
Thickness of fire plate L1 = 7.5 cm = 0.075 m
Thickness of mild steel L2 = 0.65 cm = 0.0065 m
Inside hot gas temperature Ta = 650C + 273 = 923 K
Outside air temperature Tb = 27C + 273 = 300K
Convective heat transfer co-efficient for
Inner side ha = 60W/m2K
Convective heat transfer co-efficient for
Outer side hb = 8 W/m2K.
Solution:
(i) Heat lost per square meter area (Q/A)
Thermal conductivity for fire plate
K1 = 1035 10-3 W/mK [From HMT data book page No.11]
Thermal conductivity for mild steel plate
K2 = 53.6W/mK [From HMT data book page No.1]
Heat flow , Where
T = Ta– Tb
[The term L3 is not given so neglect that term]
(ii) Outside surface temperature T3
We know that, Interface temperatures relation
3. A steel tube (K = 43.26 W/mK) of 5.08 cm inner diameter and 7.62 cm outer diameter is
covered with 2.5 cm layer of insulation (K = 0.208 W/mK) the inside surface of the tube
receivers heat from a hot gas at the temperature of 316C with heat transfer co-efficient of
28 W/m2K. While the outer surface exposed to the ambient air at 30C with heat transfer
co-efficient of 17 W/m2K. Calculate heat loss for 3 m length of the tube.
Given
Steel tube thermal conductivity K1 = 43.26 W/mK
Inner diameter of steel d1 = 5.08 cm = 0.0508 m
Inner radius r1 = 0.0254 m
Outer diameter of steel d2 = 7.62 cm = 0.0762 m
Outer radius r2 = 0.0381 m
Radius r3 = r2 + thickness of insulation
Radius r3 = 0.0381 + 0.025 m r3 = 0.0631 m
Thermal conductivity of insulation K2 = 0.208 W/mK
Hot gas temperature Ta = 316C + 273 = 589 K
Ambient air temperature Tb = 30C + 273 = 303 K
Heat transfer co-efficient at inner side ha = 28 W/m2K
Heat transfer co-efficient at outer side hb = 17 W/m2K
Length L = 3 m
Solution :
Heat flow [From equation No.(19) or HMT data book Page No.35]
Where T = Ta– Tb
[The terms K3 and r4 are not given, so neglect that terms]
Heat loss Q = 1129.42 W.
4. Derive an expression of Critical Radius of Insulation For A Cylinder.
Consider a cylinder having thermal conductivity K. Let r 1 and r0 inner and outer radii of
insulation.
Heat transfer [From equation No.(3)]
Considering h be the outside heat transfer co-efficient.
To find the critical radius of insulation, differentiate Q with respect to r 0 and equate it to
zero.
5. A wire of 6 mm diameter with 2 mm thick insulation (K = 0.11 W/mK). If the convective
heat transfer co-efficient between the insulating surface and air is 25 W/m 2L, find the
critical thickness of insulation. And also find the percentage of change in the heat transfer
rate if the critical radius is used.
Given Data
d1= 6 mm
r1 = 3 mm = 0.003 m
r2 = r1 + 2 = 3 + 2 = 5 mm = 0.005 m
K = 0.11 W/mK
hb = 25 W/m2K
Solution :
1. Critical radius [From equation No.(21)]
Critical thickness = rc – r1
2. Heat transfer through an insulated wire is given by
Heat flow through an insulated wire when critical radius is used is given by
Percentage of increase in heat flow by using
Critical radius =
6. An aluminium alloy fin of 7 mm thick and 50 mm long protrudes from a wall, which is
maintained at 120C. The ambient air temperature is 22C. The heat transfer coefficient
and conductivity of the fin material are 140 W/m2K and 55 W/mK respectively. Determine
1. Temperature at the end of the fin.
2. Temperature at the middle of the fin.
3. Total heat dissipated by the fin.
Given
Thickness t = 7mm = 0.007 m
Length L= 50 mm = 0.050 m
Base temperature Tb = 120C + 273 = 393 K
Ambient temperature T = 22 + 273 = 295 K
Heat transfer co-efficient h = 140 W/m2K
Thermal conductivity K = 55 W/mK.
Solution :
Length of the fin is 50 mm. So, this is short fin type problem. Assume end is insulated.
We know
Temperature distribution [Short fin, end insulated]
[From HMT data book Page No.41]
(i) Temperature at the end of the fin, Put x = L
A – Area = Length thickness = 0.050 0.007
(ii) Temperature of the middle of the fin,
Put x = L/2 in Equation (A)
Temperature at the middle of the fin
(iii) Total heat dissipated
[From HMT data book Page No.41]
7. A copper plate 2 mm thick is heated up to 400C and quenched into water at 30C. Find
the time required for the plate to reach the temperature of 50C. Heat transfer co-efficient
is 100 W/m2K. Density of copper is 8800 kg/m3. Specific heat of copper = 0.36 kJ/kg K.
Plate dimensions = 30 30 cm.
[Oct. 97 M.U. April ’97 Bharathiyar University]
Given
Thickness of plate L = 2 mm = 0.002 m
Initial temperature T0 = 400C + 273 = 673 K
Final temperature T = 30C + 273 = 303 K
Intermediate temperature T = 50C + 273 = 323 K
Heat transfer co-efficient h = 100 W/m2K
Density = 8800 kg/m3
Specific heat C= 360 J/kg k
Plate dimensions = 30 30 cm
To find
Time required for the plate to reach 50C.
[From HMT data book Page No.2]
Solution:
Thermal conductivity of the copper K = 386 W/mK
For slab,
Characteristic length
We know,
Biot number
Bi =
Biot number value is less than 0.1. So this is lumped heat analysis type problem.
For lumped parameter system,
……….(1)
[From HMT data book Page No.48]
We know,
Characteristics length Lc =
Time required for the plate to reach 50C is 92.43 s.
8. A steel ball (specific heat = 0.46 kJ/kgK. and thermal conductivity = 35 W/mK) having 5
cm diameter and initially at a uniform temperature of 450C is suddenly placed in a control
environment in which the temperature is maintained at 100C. Calculate the time required
for the balls to attained a temperature of 150C. Take h = 10W/m2K.
[M.U. April-2000, 2001, 2002, Bharathiyar Uni. April 98] Bharathiyar Uni. April 98]
Given
Specific heat C = 0.46 kJ/kg K = 460 J/kg K
Thermal conductivity K = 35 W/mK
Diameter of the sphere D = 5 cm = 0.05 m
Radius of the sphere R = 0.025 m
Initial temperature T0 = 450C + 273 = 723 K
Final temperature T = 100C + 273 = 373 K
Intermediate temperature T = 150C + 273 = 423 K
Heat transfer co-efficient h = 10 W/m2K
To find
Time required for the ball to reach 150C
[From HMT data book Page No.1]
Solution
Density of steel is 7833 kg/m3
For sphere,
Characteristic Length
We know,
Biot number
Bi = 2.38 10-3 < 0.1
Biot number value is less than 0.1. So this is lumped heat analysis type problem.
For lumped parameter system,
……….(1)
[From HMT data book Page No.48]
We know,
Characteristics length Lc =
Time required for the ball to reach 150C is 5840.54 s.
9. Alloy steel ball of 2 mm diameter heated to 800C is quenched in a bath at 100C. The
material properties of the ball are K = 205 kJ/m hr K, = 7860 kg/m3, C = 0.45 kJ/kg K, h
= 150 KJ/ hr m2 K. Determine (i) Temperature of ball after 10 second and (ii) Time for ball
to cool to 400C.
Given
Diameter of the ball D = 12 mm = 0.012 m
Radius of the ball R = 0.006m
Initial temperature T0 = 800C + 273 = 1073 K
Final temperature T = 100C + 273 = 373 K
Thermal conductivity K = 205 kJ/m hr K
Density = 7860 kg/m3
Specific heat C = 0.45 kJ/kg K
= 450 J/kg K
Heat transfer co-efficient h = 150 kJ/hr m2 K
Solution
Case (i) Temperature of ball after 10 sec.
For sphere,
Characteristic Length
We know,
Biot number
Bi = 1.46 10-3 < 0.1
Biot number value is less than 0.1. So this is lumped heat analysis type problem.
For lumped parameter system,
……….(1)
[From HMT data book Page No.48]
We know,
Characteristics length Lc =
Case (ii) Time for ball to cool to 400C
T = 400C + 273 = 673 K
10. A large steel plate 5 cm thick is initially at a uniform temperature of 400C. It is
suddenly exposed on both sides to a surrounding at 60C with convective heat transfer co-
efficient of 285 W/m2K. Calculate the centre line temperature and the temperature inside
the plate 1.25 cm from themed plane after 3 minutes.
Take K for steel = 42.5 W/mK, for steel = 0.043 m2/hr.
Given
Thickness L = 5 cm = 0.05 m
Initial temperature Ti = 400C + 273 = 673 K
Final temperature T = 60C + 273 = 333 K
Distance x = 1.25 mm = 0.0125 m
Time t = 3 minutes = 180 s
Heat transfer co-efficient h = 285 W/m2K
Thermal diffusivity = 0.043 m2/hr = 1.19 10-5 m2/s.
Thermal conductivity K = 42.5 W/mK.
Solution
For Plate :
Characteristic Length
We know,
Biot number
0.1 < Bi < 100, So this is infinite solid type problem.
Infinite Solids
Case (i)
[To calculate centre line temperature (or) Mid plane temperature for infinite plate, refer
HMT data book Page No.59 Heisler chart].
X axis value is 3.42, curve value is 0.167, corresponding Y axis value is 0.64
Case (ii) Temperature (Tx) at a distance of 0.0125 m from mid plane
[Refer HMT data book Page No.60, Heisler chart]
X axis value is 0.167, curve value is 0.5, corresponding Y axis value is 0.97.
Temperature inside the plate 1.25 cm from the mid plane is 544 K.
Unit-2 Convection
Part-A
1. Define convection.
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface and a fluid
medium when they are at different temperatures.
2. Define Reynolds number (Re) & Prandtl number (Pr).
Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force.
Prandtl number is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity of the thermal diffusivity.
3. Define Nusselt number (Nu).
It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow by convection process under an unit temperature
gradient to the heat flow rate by conduction under an unit temperature gradient through a
stationary thickness (L) of metre.
Nusselt number (Nu) =
4. Define Grash of number (Gr) & Stanton number (St).
It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and buoyancy force to the square of
viscous force.
Stanton number is the ratio of nusselt number to the product of Reynolds number and prandtl
number.
5. What is meant by Newtonian and non – Newtonian fluids?
The fluids which obey the Newton’s Law of viscosity are called Newtonian fluids and
those which do not obey are called non – Newtonian fluids.
6. What is meant by laminar flow and turbulent flow?
Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow. In this type of flow, the fluid
moves in layers and each fluid particle follows a smooth continuous path. The fluid particles in
each layer remain in an orderly sequence without mixing with each other.
Turbulent flow: In addition to the laminar type of flow, a distinct irregular flow is frequency
observed in nature. This type of flow is called turbulent flow. The path of any individual particle
is zig – zag and irregular. Fig. shows the instantaneous velocity in laminar and turbulent flow.
7. What is meant by free or natural convection & forced convection?
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature
gradients, the mode of heat transfer is said to be free or natural convection.
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or
fan, that type of heat transfer is known as forced convection.
8. Define boundary layer thickness.
The thickness of the boundary layer has been defined as the distance from the surface at
which the local velocity or temperature reaches 99% of the external velocity or temperature.
9. What is the form of equation used to calculate heat transfer for flow through cylindrical
pipes?
Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n
n = 0.4 for heating of fluids
n = 0.3 for cooling of fluids
10. What is meant by Newtonian and non – Newtonian fluids?
The fluids which obey the Newton’s Law of viscosity are called Newtonian fluids and
those which do not obey are called non – Newtonian fluids.
Part-B
1. Air at 20C, at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. if the
plate maintained at 60C, calculate the heat transfer per unit width of the plate. Assuming
the length of the plate along the flow of air is 2m.
Given : Fluid temperature T = 20C, Pressure p = 1 bar,
Velocity U = 3 m/s, Plate surface temperature Tw = 60C,
Width W = 1 m, Length L = 2m.
Solution : We know,
Film temperature
Properties of air at 40C:
Density = 1.129 Kg/m3 Thermal conductivity K =
Kinematic viscosity v= Prandtl number Pr = 0.699
We know, Reynolds number Re =
Reynolds number value is less than 5 105, so this is laminar flow.
For flat plate, Laminar flow,
Local Nusselt Number Nux = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333
Local heat transfer coefficient hx = 2.327 W/m2K We know,
Average heat transfer coefficient h = 2 hx
h = 4.65 W/m2K
Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw - T)
2. Air at 20C at atmospheric pressure flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. if the
plate is 1 m wide and 80C, calculate the following at x = 300 mm.
1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness,
2. Thermal boundary layer thickness,
3. Local friction coefficient,
4. Average friction coefficient,
5. Local heat transfer coefficient
6. Average heat transfer coefficient,
7. Heat transfer.
Given: Fluid temperature T = 20C Velocity U = 3 m/s
Wide W=1m Surface temperature Tw = 80C
Distance x = 300 mm = 0.3 m
Solution: We know, Film temperature
We know,
Reynolds number Re =
Since Re < 5 105, flow is laminar
For Flat plate, laminar flow,
1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness:
2. Thermal boundary layer thickness:
3. Local Friction coefficient:
4. Average friction coefficient:
5. Local heat transfer coefficient (hx):
Local Nusselt Number Nux = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333
We know
Local Nusselt Number
6. Average heat transfer coefficient (h):
7. Heat transfer:
We know that,
3. Air at 30C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 2 m/s. The plate is 2 m long and 1.5 m
wide. Calculate the following:
1. Boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the plate,
2. Total drag force,
3. Total mass flow rate through the boundary layer between x = 40 cm and x = 85 cm.
Given: Fluid temperature T = 30C
Velocity U = 2 m/s
Length L =2m
Wide W W = 1.5 m
To find:
1. Boundary layer thickness
2. Total drag force.
3. Total mass flow rate through the boundary layer between x = 40 cm and x = 85 cm.
Solution: Properties of air at 30C
We know,
Reynolds number
For flat plate, laminar flow, [from HMT data book, Page No.99]
Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness
Thermal boundary layer thickness,
We know,
Average friction coefficient,
We know
Total mass flow rate between x = 40 cm and x= 85 cm.
Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness
4. Air at 290C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 6 m/s. The plate is 1m long and 0.5 m
wide. The pressure of the air is 6 kN/2. If the plate is maintained at a temperature of 70C,
estimate the rate of heat removed form the plate.
Given : Fluid temperature T = 290C Velocity U = 6 m/s. Length L = 1 m
Wide W = 0.5 m Pressure of air P = 6 kN/m2
Plate surface temperature Tw = 70C
To find: Heat removed from the plate
Solution: We know, Film temperature
Properties of air at 180C (At atmospheric pressure)
Note: Pressure other than atmospheric pressure is given, so kinematic viscosity will vary with
pressure. Pr, K, Cp are same for all pressures.
Kinematic viscosity
We know, Reynolds number
For plate, laminar flow,
Local nusselt number
We know NUx =
We know
Average heat transfer coefficient h = 2hx
Heat transfer from both side of the plate = 2 254.1
= 508.2 W.
5. Air at 40C flows over a flat plate, 0.8 m long at a velocity of 50 m/s. The plate surface is
maintained at 300C. Determine the heat transferred from the entire plate length to air
taking into consideration both laminar and turbulent portion of the boundary layer. Also
calculate the percentage error if the boundary layer is assumed to be turbulent nature from
the very leading edge of the plate.
Given : Fluid temperature T = 40C, Length L = 0.8 m, Velocity U = 50 m/s , Plate surface
temperature Tw = 300C
To find :
1. Heat transferred for:
i. Entire plate is considered as combination of both laminar and turbulent flow.
ii. Entire plate is considered as turbulent flow.
2. Percentage error.
Solution: We know Film temperature T
We know
Case (i): Laminar – turbulent combined. [It means, flow is laminar upto Reynolds number value
is 5 105, after that flow is turbulent]
Average nusselt number = Nu = (Pr)0.333 (Re)0.8 – 871
Nu = (0.6815)0.333 [0.037 (1.26 106)0.8 – 871
Average nusselt number Nu = 1705.3
Case (ii) : Entire plate is turbulent flow:
Local nusselt number} Nux = 0.0296 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.333
NUx = 0.0296 (1.26 106)0.8 (0.6815)0.333
NUx = 1977.57
We know
Local heat transfer coefficient hx = 91.46 W/m2K
Average heat transfer coefficient (for turbulent flow)
h = 1.24 hx
= 1.24 91.46
Average heat transfer coefficient} h = 113.41 W/m2K
We know Heat transfer Q2 = h A (Tw + T)
= h L W (Tw + T)
= 113.41 0.8 1 (300 – 40)
Q2 = 23589.2 W
6. 250 Kg/hr of air are cooled from 100C to 30C by flowing through a 3.5 cm inner
diameter pipe coil bent in to a helix of 0.6 m diameter. Calculate the value of air side heat
transfer coefficient if the properties of air at 65C are
K = 0.0298 W/mK
= 0.003 Kg/hr – m
Pr = 0.7
= 1.044 Kg/m3
Given : Mass flow rate in = 205 kg/hr
Inlet temperature of air Tmi = 100C
Outlet temperature of air Tmo = 30C
Diameter D = 3.5 cm = 0.035 m
Mean temperature
To find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)
Solution:
Reynolds Number Re =
Kinematic viscosity
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent
For turbulent flow, general equation is (Re > 10000)
We know that,
Heat transfer coefficient h = 2266.2 W/m2K
7. In a long annulus (3.125 cm ID and 5 cm OD) the air is heated by maintaining the
temperature of the outer surface of inner tube at 50C. The air enters at 16C and leaves at
32C. Its flow rate is 30 m/s. Estimate the heat transfer coefficient between air and the inner
tube.
Given : Inner diameter Di = 3.125 cm = 0.03125 m
Outer diameter Do = 5 cm = 0.05 m
Tube wall temperature Tw = 50C
Inner temperature of air Tmi = 16C
Outer temperature of air tmo = 32C
Flow rate U = 30 m/s
To find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)
Solution:
Mean temperature Tm =
We know,
Hydraulic or equivalent diameter
= 0.05 – 0.03125
Dh = 0.01875 m
Re = 35.3 10-6
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent
For turbulent flow, general equation is (Re > 10000)
Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n
This is heating process. So n = 0.4
8. Engine oil flows through a 50 mm diameter tube at an average temperature of 147C.
The flow velocity is 80 cm/s. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient if the tube wall
is maintained at a temperature of 200C and it is 2 m long.
Given : Diameter D = 50 mm = 0.050 m
Average temperature Tm = 147C
Velocity U = 80 cm/s = 0.80 m/s
Tube wall temperature Tw = 200C
Length L = 2m
To find: Average heat transfer coefficient (h)
Solution : Properties of engine oil at 147C
We know
Since Re < 2300 flow is turbulent
For turbulent flow, (Re < 10000)
9. A large vertical plate 4 m height is maintained at 606C and exposed to atmospheric air
at 106C. Calculate the heat transfer is the plate is 10 m wide.
Given :
Vertical plate length (or) Height L = 4 m
Wall temperature Tw = 606C
Air temperature T = 106C
Wide W = 10 m
To find: Heat transfer (Q)
Solution:
Gr = 1.61 1011
Gr Pr = 1.61 1011 0.676
Gr Pr = 1.08 1011
Since Gr Pr > 109, flow is turbulent
For turbulent flow,
Nusselt number Nu = 0.10 [Gr Pr]0.333
We know that,
Nusselt number
Heat transfer coefficient h = 5.78 W/m2K
Heat transfer Q = h A T
10. A thin 100 cm long and 10 cm wide horizontal plate is maintained at a uniform
temperature of 150C in a large tank full of water at 75C. Estimate the rate of heat to be
supplied to the plate to maintain constant plate temperature as heat is dissipated from
either side of plate.
Given :
Length of horizontal plate L = 100 cm = 1m
Wide W = 10 cm = 0.10 m
Plate temperature Tw = 150C
Fluid temperature T = 75C
To find: Heat loss (Q) from either side of plate
Solution:
Lc = 0.05 m
Gr Pr = 5.29 109
Gr Pr value is in between 8 106 and 1011
i.e., 8 106 < Gr Pr < 1011
For horizontal plate, upper surface heated:
Nusselt number Nu = 0.15 (Gr Pr)0.333
We know that,
Upper surface heated, heat transfer coefficient hu = 3543.6 W/m2K
For horizontal plate, lower surface heated:
Nusselt number Nu = 0.27 [Gr Pr]0.25
Lower surface heated, heat transfer coefficient h1 = 994.6 W/m2K
Total heat transfer Q = (hu + h1) A T
= (hu + h1) W L (Tw - T)
= (3543.6 + 994.6) 0.10 (150 – 75)
Q = 34036.5 W
Unit-3
PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS
1. What is meant by Boiling and condensation?
The change of phase from liquid to vapour state is known as boiling.
The change of phase from vapour to liquid state is known as condensation.
2. Give the applications of boiling and condensation.
Boiling and condensation process finds wide applications as mentioned below.
1. Thermal and nuclear power plant.
2. Refrigerating systems
3. Process of heating and cooling
4. Air conditioning systems
3. What is meant by pool boiling?
If heat is added to a liquid from a submerged solid surface, the boiling process referred to
as pool boiling. In this case the liquid above the hot surface is essentially stagnant and its motion
near the surface is due to free convection and mixing induced by bubble growth and detachment.
4. What is meant by Film wise and Drop wise condensation?
The liquid condensate wets the solid surface, spreads out and forms a continuous film
over the entire surface is known as film wise condensation.
In drop wise condensation the vapour condenses into small liquid droplets of various sizes
which fall down the surface in a random fashion.
5. Give the merits of drop wise condensation?
In drop wise condensation, a large portion of the area of the plate is directly exposed to
vapour. The heat transfer rate in drop wise condensation is 10 times higher than in film
condensation.
6. What is heat exchanger?
A heat exchanger is defined as an equipment which transfers the heat from a hot fluid to a
cold fluid.
7. What are the types of heat exchangers?
The types of heat exchangers are as follows
1. Direct contact heat exchangers
2. Indirect contact heat exchangers
3. Surface heat exchangers
4. Parallel flow heat exchangers
5. Counter flow heat exchangers
6. Cross flow heat exchangers
7. Shell and tube heat exchangers
8. Compact heat exchangers.
8. What is meant by Direct heat exchanger (or) open heat exchanger?
In direct contact heat exchanger, the heat exchange takes place by direct mixing of hot
and cold fluids.
9. What is meant by Indirect contact heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchangers, the transfer of heat between two fluids could be carried
out by transmission through a wall which separates the two fluids.
10. What is meant by Regenerators?
In this type of heat exchangers, hot and cold fluids flow alternately through the same
space. Examples: IC engines, gas turbines.
11. What is meant by Recuperater (or) surface heat exchangers?
This is the most common type of heat exchangers in which the hot and cold fluid do not
come into direct contact with each other but are separated by a tube wall or a surface.
12. What is meant by parallel flow and counter flow heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in the same direction.
In this type of heat exchanger hot and cold fluids move in parallel but opposite directions.
13. What is meant by shell and tube heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, one of the fluids move through a bundle of tubes enclosed
by a shell. The other fluid is forced through the shell and it moves over the outside surface of the
tubes.
14. What is meant by compact heat exchangers?
There are many special purpose heat exchangers called compact heat exchangers. They
are generally employed when convective heat transfer coefficient associated with one of the
fluids is much smaller than that associated with the other fluid.
15. What is meant by LMTD?
We know that the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids in the heat
exchanger varies from point in addition various modes of heat transfer are involved. Therefore
based on concept of appropriate mean temperature difference, also called logarithmic mean
temperature difference, also called logarithmic mean temperature difference, the total heat
transfer rate in the heat exchanger is expressed as
Q = U A (T)m Where U – Overall heat transfer coefficient W/m2K A – Area m2
(T)m – Logarithmic mean temperature difference.
16. What is meant by Fouling factor?
We know the surfaces of a heat exchangers do not remain clean after it has been in use for
some time. The surfaces become fouled with scaling or deposits. The effect of these deposits the
value of overall heat transfer coefficient. This effect is taken care of by introducing an additional
thermal resistance called the fouling resistance.
17. What is meant by effectiveness?
The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer to the
maximum possible heat transfer.
Effectiveness =
Part-B
1. Water is boiled at the rate of 24 kg/h in a polished copper pan, 300 mm in diameter, at
atmospheric pressure. Assuming nucleate boiling conditions calculate the temperature of
the bottom surface of the pan.
Given :
m = 24 kg / h
d = 300 mm = .3m
Solution:
We know saturation temperature of water is 100C
i.e. Tsat = 100C
Properties of water at 100C
From HMT data book Page No.13
From steam table (R.S. Khumi Steam table Page No.4)
At 100C
Enthalpy of evaporation hfg = 2256.9 kj/kg
Specific volume of vapour
Vg = 1.673 m3/kg
Density of vapour
For nucleate boiling
At 100C (From HMT data book Page No.147)
For water – copper – Csf = Surface fluid constant = 013
(From HMT data book Page No.145)
Substitute, and Pr values in Equation (1)
2. A nickel wire carrying electric current of 1.5 mm diameter and 50 cm long, is submerged
in a water bath which is open to atmospheric pressure. Calculate the voltage at the burn out
point, if at this point the wire carries a current of 200A.
Given :
D = 1.5mm = 1.5 10-3 m; L = 50 cm = 0.50m; Current I = 200A
Solution
We know saturation temperature of water is 100C
i.e. Tsat = 100C
Properties of water at 100C
(From HMT data book Page No.11)
R.S. Khurmi Steam table Page No.4
= Surface tension for liquid – vapour interface
At 100C
(From HMT data book Page No.147)
For nucleate pool boiling critical heat flux (AT burn out)
(From HMT data book Page No.142)
Substitute hfg, values in Equation (1)
We know
Heat transferred Q = V I
3. Water is boiling on a horizontal tube whose wall temperature is maintained ct 15C
above the saturation temperature of water. Calculate the nucleate boiling heat transfer
coefficient. Assume the water to be at a pressure of 20 atm. And also find the change in
value of heat transfer coefficient when
1. The temperature difference is increased to 30C at a pressure of 10 atm.
2. The pressure is raised to 20 atm at T = 15C
Given :
Wall temperature is maintained at 15C above the saturation temperature.
= p = 10 atm = 10 bar
case (i)
case (ii)
p = 20 atm = 20 bar; T - 15C
Solution:
We know that for horizontal surface, heat transfer coefficient
h = 5.56 (T)3 From HMT data book Page No.128
h = 5.56 (Tw – Tsat)3
= 5.56 (115 – 100)3
Heat transfer coefficient other than atmospheric pressure
hp = hp0.4 From HMT data book Page No.144
= 18765 100.4
Case (i)
P = 100 bar T = 30C From HMT data book Page No.144
Heat transfer coefficient
Heat transfer coefficient other than atmospheric pressure
hp = hp0.4
Case (ii)
P = 20 bar; T = 15C
Heat transfer coefficient h = 5.56 (T)3 = 5.56 (15)3
Heat transfer coefficient other than atmospheric pressure
hp = hp0.4
= 18765 (20)0.4
4. A vertical flat plate in the form of fin is 500m in height and is exposed to steam at
atmospheric pressure. If surface of the plate is maintained at 60C. calculate the following.
1. The film thickness at the trailing edge
2. Overall heat transfer coefficient
3. Heat transfer rate
4. The condensate mass flow rate.
Assume laminar flow conditions and unit width of the plate.
Given :
Height ore length L = 500 mm = 5m
Surface temperature Tw = 60C
Solution
We know saturation temperature of water is 100C
i.e. Tsat = 100C
(From R.S. Khurmi steam table Page No.4
hfg = 2256.9kj/kg
hfg = 2256.9 103 j/kg
We know
Properties of saturated water at 80C
(From HMT data book Page No.13)
1. Film thickness x
We know for vertical plate
Film thickness
Where
X = L = 0.5 m
2. Average heat transfer coefficient (h)
For vertical surface Laminar flow
The factor 0.943 may be replace by 1.13 for more accurate result as suggested by Mc Adams
3. Heat transfer rate Q
We know
4. Condensate mass flow rate m
We know
10. Steam at 0.080 bar is arranged to condense over a 50 cm square vertical plate. The
surface temperature is maintained at 20C. Calculate the following.
a. Film thickness at a distance of 25 cm from the top of the plate.
b. Local heat transfer coefficient at a distance of 25 cm from the top of the plate.
c. Average heat transfer coefficient.
d. Total heat transfer
e. Total steam condensation rate.
f. What would be the heat transfer coefficient if the plate is inclined at 30C with
horizontal plane.
Given :
Pressure P = 0.080 bar
Area A = 50 cm 50 cm = 50 050 = 0.25 m2
Surface temperature Tw = 20C
Distance x = 25 cm = .25 m
Solution
Properties of steam at 0.080 bar
(From R.S. Khurmi steam table Page no.7)
We know
Properties of saturated water at 30.76C = 30C
From HMT data book Page No.13
a. Film thickness
We know for vertical surfaces
b. Local heat transfer coefficient hx Assuming Laminar flow
c. Average heat transfer coefficient h
(Assuming laminar flow)
The factor 0.943 may be replaced by 1.13 for more accurate result as suggested by Mc adams
Where L = 50 cm = .5 m
d. Heat transfer (Q)
We know
Q = hA(Tsat – Tw)
e. Total steam condensation rate (m)
We know
Heat transfer
f. If the plate is inclined at with horizontal
Let us check the assumption of laminar film condensation
We know
So our assumption laminar flow is correct.
5. A condenser is to designed to condense 600 kg/h of dry saturated steam at a pressure of
0.12 bar. A square array of 400 tubes, each of 8 mm diameter is to be used. The tube surface
is maintained at 30C. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient and the length of each tube.
Given :
Pressure P – 0.12 bar No. of tubes = 400
Solution
Properties of steam at 0.12 bar From R.S. Khurmi steam table Page No.7
We know
Properties of saturated water at 40C
From HMT data book Page No.13
with 400 tubes a 20 20 tube of square array could be formed
i.e.
For horizontal bank of tubes heat transfer coefficient.
From HMT data book Page No.150
We know
Heat transfer
We know
Problems on Parallel flow and Counter flow heat exchangers
From HMT data book Page No.135
Formulae used
1. Heat transfer Q = UA (T)m
Where
U – Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K
A – Area, m2
(T)m – Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. LMTD
For parallel flow
In Counter flow
Where
T1 – Entry temperature of hot fluid C T2 – Exit temperature of hot fluid C
T1 – Entry temperature of cold fluid C T2 – Exit temperature of cold fluid C
2. Heat lost by hot fluid = Heat gained by cold fluid
Qh = Qc
Mh – Mass flow rate of hot fluid, kg/s
Mc – Mass flow rate of cold fluid kg/s
Cph – Specific heat of hot fluid J/kg K
Cpc – Specific heat of cold fluid J/kg L
3. Surface area of tube
A = D1 L
Where D1 Inner din
4. Q = m hfg
Where hfg – Enthalpy of evaporation j/kg K
5. Mass flow rate
m = AC
Unit-4
RADIATION
1. Define emissive power [E] and monochromatic emissive power. [Eb]
The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a body per unit
time and unit area. It is expressed in W/m2.
The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time per unit area in all
directions is known as monochromatic emissive power.
2. What is meant by absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity?
Absorptivity is defined as the ratio between radiation absorbed and incident radiation.
Reflectivity is defined as the ratio of radiation reflected to the incident radiation.
Transmissivity is defined as the ratio of radiation transmitted to the incident radiation.
3. What is black body and gray body?
Black body is an ideal surface having the following properties.
A black body absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wave length and direction. For a
prescribed temperature and wave length, no surface can emit more energy than black body.
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation irrespective of their wave
length, the body is known as gray body. The emissive power of a gray body is always less than
that of the black body.
4. State Planck’s distribution law.
The relationship between the monochromatic emissive power of a black body and wave
length of a radiation at a particular temperature is given by the following expression, by Planck.
Where Eb = Monochromatic emissive power W/m2
= Wave length – m
c1 = 0.374 10-15 W m2
c2 = 14.4 10-3 mK
5. State Wien’s displacement law.
The Wien’s law gives the relationship between temperature and wave length
corresponding to the maximum spectral emissive power of the black body at that temperature.
Where c3 = 2.9 10-3 [Radiation constant]
6. State Stefan – Boltzmann law. [April 2002, M.U.]
The emissive power of a black body is proportional to the fourth power of absolute
temperature.
7. Define Emissivity.
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to radiate heat. It is also defined as the
ratio of emissive power of any body to the emissive power of a black body of equal temperature.
Emissivity
8. State Kirchoff’s law of radiation.
This law states that the ratio of total emissive power to the absorbtivity is constant for all
surfaces which are in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. This can be written as
It also states that the emissivity of the body is always equal to its absorptivity when the
body remains in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.
1 = E1; 2 = E2 and so on.
9. Define intensity of radiation (Ib).
It is defined as the rate of energy leaving a space in a given direction per unit solid angle
per unit area of the emitting surface normal to the mean direction in space.
10. State Lambert’s cosine law.
It states that the total emissive power Eb from a radiating plane surface in any direction
proportional to the cosine of the angle of emission
Eb cos
11. What is the purpose of radiation shield?
Radiation shields constructed from low emissivity (high reflective) materials. It is used to
reduce the net radiation transfer between two surfaces.
12. Define irradiation (G) and radiosity (J)
It is defined as the total radiation incident upon a surface per unit time per unit area. It is
expressed in W/m2.
It is used to indicate the total radiation leaving a surface per unit time per unit area. It is
expressed in W/m2.
13. What is meant by shape factor?
The shape factor is defined as the fraction of the radiative energy that is diffused from on
surface element and strikes the other surface directly with no intervening reflections. It is
represented by Fij. Other names for radiation shape factor are view factor, angle factor and
configuration factor.
Part-B
1. A black body at 3000 K emits radiation. Calculate the following:
i) Monochromatic emissive power at 7 m wave length.
ii) Wave length at which emission is maximum.
iii) Maximum emissive power.
iv) Total emissive power,
v) Calculate the total emissive of the furnace if it is assumed as a real surface having
emissivity equal to 0.85.
Given: Surface temperature T = 3000K
Solution: 1. Monochromatic Emissive Power :
From Planck’s distribution law, we know
[From HMT data book, Page No.71]
Where
c1 = 0.374 10-15 W m2
c2 = 14.4 10-3 mK
= 1 10-6 m [Given]
2. Maximum wave length (max)
From Wien’s law, we know
3. Maximum emissive power (Eb) max:
Maximum emissive power
(Eb)max = 1.307 10-5 T5
= 1.307 10-5 (3000)5
(Eb)max = 3.17 1012 W/m2
4. Total emissive power (Eb):
From Stefan – Boltzmann law, we know that
Eb = T4
[From HMT data book Page No.71]
Where = Stefan – Boltzmann constant
= 5.67 10-8 W/m2K4
Eb = (5.67 10-8) (3000)4
Eb = 4.59 106 W/m2
5. Total emissive power of a real surface:
(Eb)real = T4
Where = Emissivity = 0.85
(Eb)real =
2. Assuming sun to be black body emitting radiation at 6000 K at a mean distance of
12 1010 m from the earth. The diameter of the sun is 1.5 109 m and that of the earth is
13.2 106 m. Calculation the following.
1. Total energy emitted by the sun.
2. The emission received per m2 just outside the earth’s atmosphere.
3. The total energy received by the earth if no radiation is blocked by the earth’s atmosphere.
4. The energy received by a 2 2 m solar collector whose normal is inclined at 45 to the
sun. The energy loss through the atmosphere is 50% and the diffuse radiation is 20% of
direct radiation.
Given: Surface temperature T = 6000 K
Distance between earth and sun R = 12 1010 m
Diameter on the sun D1 = 1.5 109 m
Diameter of the earth D2 = 13.2 106 m
Solution:1. Energy emitted by sun Eb = T4
2. The emission received per m2 just outside the earth’s atmosphere:
The distance between earth and sun R = 12 1010 m
3. Energy received by the earth:
Energy received by the earth
4. The energy received by a 2 2 m solar collector;
Energy loss through the atmosphere is 50%. So energy reaching the earth.
Energy received by the earth
Diffuse radiation is 20%
Total radiation reaching the collection
Energy received by the collector
3. Two black square plates of size 2 by 2 m are placed parallel to each other at a distance of
0.5 m. One plate is maintained at a temperature of 1000C and the other at 500C. Find the
heat exchange between the plates.
Given: Area A = 2 2 = 4 m2
T1 = 1000C + 273
= 1273 K
T2 = 500C + 273
= 773 K
Distance = 0.5 m
To find : Heat transfer (Q)
Solution : We know Heat transfer general equation is
where [From equation No.(6)]
For black body
Where F12 – Shape factor for square plates
In order to find shape factor F12, refer HMT data book, Page No.76.
Curve 2 [Since given is square plates]
X axis value is 4, curve is 2. So corresponding Y axis value is 0.62.
i.e.,
4. Two parallel plates of size 3 m 2 m are placed parallel to each other at a distance of 1
m. One plate is maintained at a temperature of 550C and the other at 250C and the
emissivities are 0.35 and 0.55 respectively. The plates are located in a large room whose
walls are at 35C. If the plates located exchange heat with each other and with the room,
calculate.
1. Heat lost by the plates.
2. Heat received by the room.
Given: Size of the plates =3m2m
Distance between plates =1m
First plate temperature T1 = 550C + 273 = 823 K
Second plate temperature T2 = 250C + 273 = 523 K
Emissivity of first plate 1 = 0.35
Emissivity of second plate 2 = 0.55
Room temperature T3 = 35C + 273 = 308 K
To find: 1. Heat lost by the plates
2. Heat received by the room.
Solution: In this problem, heat exchange takes place between two plates and the room. So this is
three surface problems and the corresponding radiation network is given below. Area A1 = 3
2 = 6 m2
Since the room is large
From electrical network diagram.
Apply values in electrical network diagram.
To find shape factor F12 refer HMT data book, Page No.78.
X value is 3, Y value is 2, corresponding shape factor [From table]
F12 = 0.47
We know that,
F11 + F12 + F13 = 1 But, F11 = 0
Similarly, F21 + F22 + F23 = 1 We know F22 = 0
From electrical network diagram,
From Stefan – Boltzmann law, we know
[From diagram]
The radiosities, J1 and J2 can be calculated by using Kirchoff’s law.
The sum of current entering the node J1 is zero.
At Node J1:
At node j2
-+*
Solving equation (7) and (8),
Heat lost by plate (1) is given by
Heat lost by plate 2 is given by
Total heat lost by the plates
Q = Q1 + Q2
= 49.36 103 – 3.59 103
Heat received by the room
From equation (9), (10), we came to know heat lost by the plates is equal to heat received
by the room.
5. A gas mixture contains 20% CO2 and 10% H2o by volume. The total pressure is 2 atm.
The temperature of the gas is 927C. The mean beam length is 0.3 m. Calculate the
emissivity of the mixture.
Given : Partial pressure of CO2, = 20% = 0.20 atm
Partial pressure of H2o, = 10% = 0.10 atm.
Total pressure P = 2 atm
Temperature T = 927C + 273
= 1200 K
Mean beam length Lm = 0.3 m
To find: Emissivity of mixture (mix).
Solution : To find emissivity of CO2
From HMT data book, Page No.90, we can find emissivity of CO2.
From graph, Emissivity of CO2 = 0.09
To find correction factor for CO2
Total pressure, P = 2 atm
From HMT data book, Page No.91, we can find correction factor for CO2
From graph, correction factor for CO2 is 1.25
To find emissivity of :
From HMT data book, Page No.92, we can find emissivity of
From graph Emissivity of = 0.048
To find correction factor for :
From HMT data book, Page No.92 we can find emission of H20
6. Two black square plates of size 2 by 2 m are placed parallel to each other at a distance of
0.5 m. One plate is maintained at a temperature of 1000C and the other at 500C. Find the
heat exchange between the plates.
Given: Area A = 2 2 = 4 m2
T1 = 1000C + 273 = 1273 K
T2 = 500C + 273 = 773 K
Distance = 0.5 m
To find : Heat transfer (Q)
Solution : We know Heat transfer general equation is
where
[From equation No.(6)]
For black body
Where F12 – Shape factor for square plates
In order to find shape factor F12, refer HMT data book, Page No.76.
Curve 2 [Since given is square plates]
X axis value is 4, curve is 2. So corresponding Y axis value is 0.62.
i.e.,
From graph,
Correction factor for = 1.39
Correction factor for mixture of CO2 and H2O:
From HMT data book, Page No.95, we can find correction factor for mixture of CO2 and
Unit-5
MASS TRANSFER
1. What is mass transfer?
The process of transfer of mass as a result of the species concentration difference in a
mixture is known as mass transfer.
2. Give the examples of mass transfer.
Some examples of mass transfer.
1. Humidification of air in cooling tower
2. Evaporation of petrol in the carburetor of an IC engine.
3. The transfer of water vapour into dry air.
3. What are the modes of mass transfer?
There are basically two modes of mass transfer,
1. Diffusion mass transfer
2. Convective mass transfer
4. What is molecular diffusion?
The transport of water on a microscopic level as a result of diffusion from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration in a mixture of liquids or gases is known
as molecular diffusion.
5. What is Eddy diffusion?
When one of the diffusion fluids is in turbulent motion, eddy diffusion takes place.
6. What is convective mass transfer?
Convective mass transfer is a process of mass transfer that will occur between surface and
a fluid medium when they are at different concentration.
7. State Fick’s law of diffusion.
The diffusion rate is given by the Fick’s law, which states that molar flux of an element
per unit area is directly proportional to concentration gradient.
8. What is free convective mass transfer?
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from concentration
gradients, the mode of mass transfer is said to be free or natural convective mass transfer.
Example : Evaporation of alcohol.
9. Define forced convective mass transfer.
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or
fan, that type of mass transfer is known as convective mass transfer.
Example: The evaluation if water from an ocean when air blows over it.
10. Define Schmidt Number.
It is defined as the ratio of the molecular diffusivity of momentum to the molecular
diffusivity of mass.
11. Define Scherwood Number.
It is defined as the ratio of concentration gradients at the boundary.
Part-B
1. Hydrogen gases at 3 bar and 1 bar are separated by a plastic membrane having thickness
0.25 mm. the binary diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in the plastic is 9.1 10-3 m2/s. The
solubility of hydrogen in the membrane is 2.1 10-3
An uniform temperature condition of 20 is assumed.
Calculate the following
1. Molar concentration of hydrogen on both sides
2. Molar flux of hydrogen
3. Mass flux of hydrogen
Given Data:
Inside pressure P1 = 3 bar
Outside pressure P2 = 1 bar
Thickness, L = 0.25 mm = 0.25 10-3 m
Diffusion coefficient Dab =
To find
1. Molar concentration on both sides Ca1 and Ca2
2. Molar flux
3. Mass flux
Solution :
1. Molar concentration on inner side,
Ca1 = Solubility inner pressure
Ca2 = 2.1 10-3 3
Ca1 = 6.3 10-3
Molar concentration on outer side
Ca1 = solubility Outer pressure
Ca2 = 2.1 10-3 1
Ca2 = 2.1 10-3
2. We know
3. Mass flux = Molar flux Molecular weight
2. Oxygen at 25C and pressure of 2 bar is flowing through a rubber pipe of inside diameter
25 mm and wall thickness 2.5 mm. The diffusivity of O2 through rubber is 0.21 10-9 m2/s
and the solubility of O2 in rubber is 3.12 10-3 . Find the loss of O2 by diffusion
per metre length of pipe.
Given data:
Temperature, T = 25C fig
Inside pressure P1 = 2 bar
Inner diameter d1 = 25 mm
Inner radius r1 = 12.5 mm = 0.0125 m
Outer radius r2 = inner radius + Thickness
= 0.0125 + 0.0025
r2 = 0.015 m
Molar concentration on outer side,
Ca2 = Solubility Outer pressure
Ca2 = 3.12 10-3 0
Ca2 = 0
[Assuming the partial pressure of O2 on the outer surface of the tube is zero]
We know,
3. An open pan 210 mm in diameter and 75 mm deep contains water at 25C and is exposed
to dry atmospheric air. Calculate the diffusion coefficient of water in air. Take the rate of
diffusion of water vapour is 8.52 10-4 kg/h.
Given :
Diameter d = 210 = .210 m
Deep (x2 – x1) = 75 mm = .075 m
Temperature, T = 25C + 273 = 298K
Diffusion rate (or) mass rate, = 8.52 10-4 kg/h
= 8.52 10-4 kg/3600s = 2.36 10-7 kg/s
Mass rate of water vapour = 2.36 10-7 kg/s
To find
Diffusion coefficient (Dab)
Solution
Dry atmospheric air
We know that, molar rate of water vapour.
We know that,
Pw2 = 0
4. An open pan of 150 mm diameter and 75 mm deep contains water at 25C and is exposed
to atmospheric air at 25C and 50% R.H. Calculate the evaporation rate of water in grams
per hour.
Given :
Diameter, d = 150mm = .150m
Deep (x2 –x1) = 75 mm = .075m
Temperature, T = 25 + 273 = 298 K
Relative humidity = 50%
To find
Evaporation rate of water in grams per hour
Solution:
Diffusion coefficient (Dab) [water + air] at 25C
Atmospheric air 50% RH (2)
We know that, for isothermal evaporation,
Molar flux,
At 25C
Pw1 = 0.03166 bar
Pw1 = 0.03166 105 N/m2
Pw2 = Partial pressure at the top of the test pan corresponding to 25C and 50% relative humidity.
At 25C
For laminar flow :
Sherwood Number (Sh) = 0.664 (Re)0.5 (Sc)0.333
[From HMT data book, Page No.179]
where, Sc – Schmidt Number =
Dab – Diffusion coefficient
Sherwood Number, Sh =
Where, hm – Mass transfer coefficient – m/s
For Turbulent flow :
Shedwood Number (Sh) = [.037 (Re)0.8 – 871] Sc0.333
Solved Problems on Flat Plate.
5. Air at 10C with a velocity of 3 m/s flows over a flat plate. The plate is 0.3 m long.
Calculate the mass transfer coefficient.
Given :
Fluid temperature, T = 10C
Velocity, U = 3 m/s
Length, x = 0.3 m
To find: Mass transfer coefficient (hm)
Solution: Properties of air at 10C [From HMT data book, Page No.22]
Kinematic viscosity. V = 14.16 10-6 m2/s
We know that,
For Laminar flow, flat plate,
Sherwood Number (Sh) = 0.664 (Re)0.5 (Sc)0.333 ….(1)
[From HMT data book, Page No.179]
Where, Sc – Schmidt Number =
Dab – Diffusion coefficient (water+Air) at 10C = 8C
Substitute Sc, Re values in equation (1)
. Hydrogen gases at 3 bar and 1 bar are separated by a plastic membrane having thickness
0.25 mm. the binary diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in the plastic is 9.1 10-3 m2/s. The
solubility of hydrogen in the membrane is 2.1 10-3
An uniform temperature condition of 20 is assumed.
Calculate the following
4. Molar concentration of hydrogen on both sides
5. Molar flux of hydrogen
6. Mass flux of hydrogen
Given Data:
Inside pressure P1 = 3 bar
Outside pressure P2 = 1 bar
Thickness, L = 0.25 mm = 0.25 10-3 m
Diffusion coefficient Dab =
To find
4. Molar concentration on both sides Ca1 and Ca2
5. Molar flux
6. Mass flux
Solution :
1. Molar concentration on inner side,
Ca1 = Solubility inner pressure
Ca2 = 2.1 10-3 3
Ca1 = 6.3 10-3
Molar concentration on outer side
Ca1 = solubility Outer pressure
Ca2 = 2.1 10-3 1
Ca2 = 2.1 10-3
2. We know
3. Mass flux = Molar flux Molecular weight
2. Oxygen at 25C and pressure of 2 bar is flowing through a rubber pipe of inside diameter
25 mm and wall thickness 2.5 mm. The diffusivity of O2 through rubber is 0.21 10-9 m2/s
and the solubility of O2 in rubber is 3.12 10-3 . Find the loss of O2 by diffusion
per metre length of pipe.
Given data:
Temperature, T = 25C fig
Inside pressure P1 = 2 bar
Inner diameter d1 = 25 mm
Inner radius r1 = 12.5 mm = 0.0125 m
Outer radius r2 = inner radius + Thickness
= 0.0125 + 0.0025
r2 = 0.015 m
Molar concentration on outer side,
Ca2 = Solubility Outer pressure
Ca2 = 3.12 10-3 0
Ca2 = 0
[Assuming the partial pressure of O2 on the outer surface of the tube is zero]
We know,
3. An open pan 210 mm in diameter and 75 mm deep contains water at 25C and is exposed
to dry atmospheric air. Calculate the diffusion coefficient of water in air. Take the rate of
diffusion of water vapour is 8.52 10-4 kg/h.
Given :
Diameter d = 210 = .210 m
Deep (x2 – x1) = 75 mm = .075 m
Temperature, T = 25C + 273 = 298K
Diffusion rate (or) mass rate, = 8.52 10-4 kg/h
= 8.52 10-4 kg/3600s = 2.36 10-7 kg/s
Mass rate of water vapour = 2.36 10-7 kg/s
To find
Diffusion coefficient (Dab)
Solution
Dry atmospheric air
We know that, molar rate of water vapour.
We know that,
Pw2 = 0
4. An open pan of 150 mm diameter and 75 mm deep contains water at 25C and is exposed
to atmospheric air at 25C and 50% R.H. Calculate the evaporation rate of water in grams
per hour.
Given :
Diameter, d = 150mm = .150m
Deep (x2 –x1) = 75 mm = .075m
Temperature, T = 25 + 273 = 298 K
Relative humidity = 50%
To find
Evaporation rate of water in grams per hour
Solution:
Diffusion coefficient (Dab) [water + air] at 25C
Atmospheric air 50% RH (2)
We know that, for isothermal evaporation,
Molar flux,
At 25C
Pw1 = 0.03166 bar
Pw1 = 0.03166 105 N/m2
Pw2 = Partial pressure at the top of the test pan corresponding to 25C and 50% relative humidity.
At 25C
For laminar flow :
Sherwood Number (Sh) = 0.664 (Re)0.5 (Sc)0.333
[From HMT data book, Page No.179]
where, Sc – Schmidt Number =
Dab – Diffusion coefficient
Sherwood Number, Sh =
Where, hm – Mass transfer coefficient – m/s
For Turbulent flow :
Shedwood Number (Sh) = [.037 (Re)0.8 – 871] Sc0.333
Solved Problems on Flat Plate.
5. Air at 10C with a velocity of 3 m/s flows over a flat plate. The plate is 0.3 m long.
Calculate the mass transfer coefficient.
Given :
Fluid temperature, T = 10C
Velocity, U = 3 m/s
Length, x = 0.3 m
To find: Mass transfer coefficient (hm)
Solution: Properties of air at 10C [From HMT data book, Page No.22]
Kinematic viscosity. V = 14.16 10-6 m2/s
We know that,
For Laminar flow, flat plate,
Sherwood Number (Sh) = 0.664 (Re)0.5 (Sc)0.333 ….(1)
[From HMT data book, Page No.179]
Where, Sc – Schmidt Number =
Dab – Diffusion coefficient (water+Air) at 10C = 8C
Substitute Sc, Re values in equation (1)
ADDITIONAL QUESTION BANK
UNIT I
PART-B
1. A Cold storage room has walls made of 23cm brick on the outside, 8cm of plastic foam
and finally 1.5cm of wood on inside. The outside and inside air temperatures are 22°C and -2°C
respectively. The inside and outside heat transfer co-efficient are 29 and 12 W/m² K. The
thermal conductivities of brick, foam and wood are 0.98, 0.02 and 0.12 W/m K respectively. If
the total wall area is 90 m², Determine the rate of heat removed by refrigeration and temperature
of the inside surface of the brick.
2. A composite wall consists. of 2.5 cm thick layer of building brick, k = 355 W/mK and 3.2 mm
thick plaster, k = 0.110W/mK. An insulating material of k = 0.08 W/mK is to be added to reduce
the heat transfer through the wall by 40%. Find its thickness.
3. A reactor’s wall 320 mm thick is made up of an inner layer of fire brick (k = 0.84 W/mº C)
covered with a layer of insulation (k = 0.16 W/mº C ). The reactor operates at a 25 º C.
Determine the thickness of the firebrick and insulation which gives minimum heat loss.
Calculate the heat loss presuming that the insulating material has a maximum temperature of
1200º C.
4.A composite wall is formed of a 2.5 cm copper plate (k = 355 W/m K), A 3.2 mm layer of
asbestos (k = 0.110 W/m K) and a 5 cm layer of fiber plate (k = 0.049 W/m K). The wall is
subjected to an overall temperature difference of 560°C (560°C on the Cu plate side and 0°C on
the fiber plate side). Estimate the heat flux through this composite all and the interface
temperature between asbestos and fiber plate.
5.An exterior wall of house may be approximated by a 0.1 m layer of common brick (k = 0.7
W/mº C) followed by a 0.04 m layer of gypsum plaster (k = 0.48 W/mº C). What is the thickness
of loosely packed rock wool insulation (k = 0.065 W/mº C) should be added to reduce the heat
loss or gain through the wall by 80 %.
6. A composite wall consist of 10 cm thick layer of building brick, k = 0.7 W/m K and 3 cm
thick plaster, k = 0.5 W/m K. An insulating material of k = W/m K is to be added to reduce the
heat transfer through the wall by 40%. Find its thickness.
7. A furnace wall consists of three layers. The inner layer of 10 cm thickness is made of firebrick
(k =1.04 W/m K). The intermediate layer of 25 cm thickness is made of masonry brick (k = 0.69
W/m K) followed by a 5 cm thick concrete wall (k = 1.37 W/m K). When the furnace is in
continuous operation the inner surface of the furnace is at 800° C while the outer concrete surface
is at 50°C. Calculate the rate of heat loss per unit area of the wall, the temperature at the interface
of the firebrick and masonry brick and the temperature at the interface of the masonry brick and
concrete.
8. The door of an industrial furnace is 2 m x 4 m in surface area and is to be insulated to reduce
the heat loss to not. more than 1200 W/m 2. The interior and exterior walls of the door are 10 mm
and 7 mm thick steel v sheets (k =25 W/m K). Between these two sheets, suitable thickness of
insulation material is to be placed. The effective gas temperature inside the furnace is 1200°C and
the overall heat transfer coefficient between the gas and door is 20 W/m 2K. The heat transfer
coefficient outside the door is 5W/m2°C. The. surrounding air temperature is 20°C. Select
suitable insulation material and its size.
9. A 150 mm steam pipe has inside diameter of 120 mm and outside diameter of 160 mm. It is
insulated at the outside with asbestos. The steam temperature is 150º C and the air temperature
is 20º C h (steam) = 100 W/m² C, h (air) = 100 W/m² C, K (asbestos) = 0.8 W/mº C and K
(steel) = 42 W/mº C. How thick the asbestos should be provided in order to limit the heat losses
to 2.1 Kw/m².
10. An aluminium pipe carries steam at 110° C The pipe and K = 185 W/mº C. Has an inner
diameter of 100 mm and outer diameter of 120 mm. The pipe is located in a room where the
ambient air temperature is 30° C and the convective heat transfer co-efficient between the pipe
and air is 15 W/m² C. Determine the heat transfer rate per unit length of pipe. To reduce the heat
loss from the pipe, it is covered with a 50 mm thick layer of insulation (K = 0.20 W/m °C).
Determine the heat transfer rate per unit length from the insulated pipe. Assume that the
convective resistance of the steam is negligible.
11. A steel tube with 5 cm ID, 7.6 cm OD and k = 15 W/mº C is covered with an insulative
covering of thickness 2 cm and k = 0.2 W/mº C. A hot gas at 330º C with h = 400 W/m² º C flows
inside the tube. The outer surface of the insulation is exposed to cooler air at 30º C with h = 60
W/m² º C. Calculate the heat loss from the tube to the air for 10 m of the tube and the temperature
drops resulting from the thermal resistance of the hot gas flow, the steel tube, the insulation layer
and outside air.
12. An electrical wire of 10 m length and 1 mm diameter dissipates 200 W in air at 25°C. The
convection heat transfer coefficient between the wire surface and air is 15 W/m2K. Calculate the
critical radius of insulation and also determine the temperature of the wire if it is insulated to the
critical thickness of insulation.
13. A 3 cm OD steam pipe is to be covered with two layers of insulation each having a thickness
of 2.5 cm. The average thermal conductivity of one insulation is 5 times that of the other.
Determine the percentage decrease heat transfer if better insulating material is next to pipe than it
is the outer layer. Assume that the outside and inside temperatures of composite insulation are
fixed.
A pipe consists of 100 mm internal diameter and 8 mm thickness carries steam at 170°C. The
convective heat transfer coefficient on the inner surface of pipe is 75 W/m2C. The pipe is
insulated by two layers of insulation. The first layer of insulation is 46 mm in thickness having
thermal conductivity of 0.14 W/m° C. The second layer of insulation is also 46 mm in thickness
having thermal conductivity of 0.46 W/mº C. Ambient air temperature = 33°C. The convective
heat transfer coefficient from the outer surface of pipe = 12 W/m²C. Thermal conductivity of
steam pipe = 46 W/m° C. Calculate the heat loss per unit length of pipe and determine the
interface temperatures. Suggest the materials used for insulation.
15. At a certain instant of time, the temperature distribution in a long cylindrical tube is, T = 800
+ 1000r - 5000r2 where, T is in °C and r in m. The inner and outer radii of the tube are
respectively 30 cm and 50 cm. The tube material has a thermal conductivity of 58 W/m.K and a
thermal diffusivity of 0.004 m2/hr. Determine the rate of heat flow at inside and outside surfaces
per unit length, rate of heat storage per unit length and rate of change of temperature at inner and
outer surfaces. 3. Explain the mechanism of heat conduction in solids and gases.
16. A steel ball of 5 cm diameter was initially at 450°C and is suddenly placed in environment at
100°C, heat transfer coefficient between the steel ball and the fluid is 10 W/m² K, For steel C P =
0.46 kj/kg K , ρ=7800 kg/m³. K= 35W/m K. Calculate time required for the ball to reach a
temperature of 150°C Also find the rate of cooling after 12 hr.
17. With neat sketches, explain the different fin profiles.
18.Aluminum fins, 1.5 cm long and 1 mm thick are placed on a 2.5 cm diameter tube to dissipate
heat. The tube surface temperature is 100°C and the ambient temperature is 25°C. Find the heat
loss per fin if the heat transfer coefficient between the fin surface and the ambient is 65 W/m 2.K.
Assume k = 200 W/m.K for aluminum.
19. Heat is conducted through a tapered circular rod of 200 mm length. The ends Aand B having
diameters 50 mm and 25 mm are maintained at 27° C and 227 ° C respectively, K (rod material)
= 40 W/m° C . Find (i) Heat conducted through the rod, and (ii) The temperature at midpoint of
the end. Assume there is no temperature gradient at a particular cross section and there is no heat
transfer through the peripheral surface.
20. A 25 mm diameter rod of 360 mm length connects two heat sources maintained at 127º C
and 227º C respectively. The curved surface of the rod is losing heat to the surrounding air at 27º
C. The heat transfer co-efficient is 10 W/m² ºC. Calculate the loss of heat from the rod if it is
made of copper (k = 335 W/mº C) and steel (k = 40 W/mº C) .
21. Circumferential aluminum fins of rectangular profile (1.5 cm wide and 1 mm thick) are fitted
on a 90 mm engine cylinder with a pitch of 10 mm. The height of the cylinder is 120 mm. The
cylinder base temperature before and after fitting the fins are 200º C and 150º C respectively.
Take ambient at 30º C and h (average) = 100 W/m² K. Estimate the heat dissipated from the
finned and un finned surface areas of cylinder body.
22. A Cylinder 1 m long and 5 cm in diameter is placed in an atmosphere at 45º C. It is provided
with 10 longitudinal straight fins of material having k = 120 W/m K. The height of 0.76 mm
thick fins is 1.27 cm from the cylinder surface. The heat transfer co-efficient between cylinder
and atmosphere air is 17 W/m²K. Calculate the rate of heat transfer and temperature at the end of
fins if surface temperature of cylinder is 150º C.
23. An aluminum rod (k =204 W/mK) 2 cm in diameter and 20 cm long protrudes from a wall
which is maintained at 300°C. The end of the rod is insulated and the surface of the rod is
exposed to air at 30°C. The heat transfer coefficient between the rod's surface and air is 10
W/m²K. Calculate the heat lost by the rod and the temperature of the rod at a distance of 10 cm
from the wall.
24. Find out the amount of heat transferred through an iron fin of length 50 mm, width 100 mm
and thickness 5 mm. Assume k = 58 W/mº C and h = 12 W/m²C for the material of the fin and the
temperature at the base of the fin as 80 º C. Also Determine the temperature at tip of the fin if the
atmosphere temperature is 20º C.
25. A 6 cm long copper rod (k = 300 W/m K) 6mm in diameter Engineering is exposed to an
environment at 20° C. The base temperature of the rod is maintained at 160° C. The heat transfer
co-efficient is 20 W/m² K. Calculate the heat given by the rod and efficiency and effectiveness of
the rod.
26. A slab of Aluminum 10 cm thick initially at 500°C is suddenly immersed in a liquid at 100°C
for which the convection heat transfer co-efficient is 1200 W/m²K. Determine the temperature at
a center line and the surface 1 minute after the immersion. Also calculate the energy removed per
unit area from the plate during 1 minute of immersion. Take P = 2700 bar, Cp = 0.9 kJ/kg. OK,
k=215W/m K, ά = 8.4X 10-5 m²/s.
27. An Aluminum plate (k = 160 W/m² C , ρ = 2790 kg/m³, C P = 0.88 kJ/ kgº C ) of thickness L =
3 cm and at a uniform temperature of 225º C is suddenly immersed at time t = 0 in a well stirred
fluid maintained at a constant temperature Tα = 25º C. Take h = 320 W/m² º C. Determine the
time required for the centre of the plate to reach 50º C.
28. A slab of Aluminum 5 cm thick initially at 200°C is suddenly immersed in a liquid at 70°C
for which the convection heat transfer co-efficient is 525 W/m²K. Determine the temperature at a
depth of 12.5 mm from one of the faces 1 minute after the immersion. Also calculate the energy
removed per unit area from the plate during 1 minute of immersion. Take P = 2700 bar, Cp = 0.9
kJ/kg. OK, k=215W/m K, ά = 8.4X 10-5 m²/s.
29. A large iron plate of 10 cm thickness and originally at 800°C is suddenly exposed to an
environment at 0°C where the convection coefficient is 50 W/m2K. Calculate the temperature at a
depth of 4 cm from one of the faces 100 seconds after the plate is exposed to the environment.
How much energy has been lost per unit area of the plate during this time?
30. A turbine blade 6 cm long and having a cross-sectional area 4.65 cm 2 and perimeter 12 cm is
made of stainless steel (k = 23.3 W/m.K). The temperature at the root is 500°C. The blade is
exposed to a hot gas at 870°C. The heat transfer coefficient between the blade surface and gas is
442 W/m2K. Determine the temperature distribution and
rate of heat flow at the root of the blade. Assume the tip of the blade to be insulated.
31. An ordinary egg can be approximated as. a 5-cm-diameter sphere. The egg is initially at a
uniform temperature of 5°C and is dropped into boiling water at 95°C. Taking the convection
heat transfer coefficient to be h = 1200 W/m 2 °C, determine how long it will take for the center of
the egg to reach 70°C.
32. Hot air at a temperature of 65°C is flowing through steel pipe of 120 mm diameter. The pipe
is covered with two layers of different insulating materials of thickness 60 mm and 40 mm, and
their corresponding thermal conductivities are 0.24 and 0.4 W/mK. The inside and outside heat
transfer coefficients are 60 W/m2K and 12W/m2K respectively. The atmosphere is at 20°C, Find
the Rate of heat loss from 60 m length of pipe.
33. Derive the heat dissipation equation through pin fin- with insulated end and solve.
34. A temperature rise of 50°C in a circular shaft of 50 mm diameter is caused by the. amount of
heat generated due to friction in the bearing mounted on the crankshaft. The thermal conductivity
of shaft material is ' 55 W/mK and heat transfer coefficient is 7 W/m 2K. Determine the amount of
heat transferred through shaft assume that to be covered with two layers of insulation each having
a thickness of 50 mm. The thermal conductivity of the first insulation material is 0.06 W/mK and
that of the second is 0.12 W/mK. Calculate the loss of heat per meter length of pipe and the
interface temperature between the two layers of insulation when the temperature of the inside
tube
surface is 250°C and that of the outside surface of the insulation is 50°C.
35. A metallic Sphere of radius 10 mm is initially at a uniform temperature of 400°C. It is heat
treated by first Cooling it in air (heat transfer coefficient h =10 W/m 2K) at 20°C until its central
temperature reaches 335°C it is then quenched in. a water bath at 20°C with h 6000 W/m2K until
the centre of the sphere Cools from 335°C to 50°C. Compute the time required for Cooling in air
and water for the following Physical properties of the sphere density = 3000 kg/m 3, * specific
heat = 1000 J/kgk; thermal Conductivity = 20 W/mK, thermal diffusivity = 6.66 x KHW/s .
UNIT – II: CONVECTION
PART B
1. Discuss briefly the development of velocity boundary layer for flow through a pipe.
1. Water at 60°C and a velocity of 2 cm/s flows over a 5 m long flat plate which is maintained at
a temperature of 20°C. Determine the total drag force and the rate of heat transfer per unit width
of the entire plate.
2. Considering a heated vertical plate in a quiescent fluid, draw the velocity and temperature
profiles.
3. A horizontal pipe of 6 m length and 8cm diameter passes through a large room in which the air
and walls are at 18°C. The pipe outer surface is at 70°C. Find the rate of heat loss from the pipe
by natural convection.
4. Air at 200 kPa and 200°C is heated as it flows through a tube with a diameter of 25 mm at a
velocity of 10 m./sec. The wall temperature is maintained constant and is 20°C above the air
temperature all along the length of tube. Calculate:
i) The rate of heat transfer per unit length of the tube.
ii) Increase in the bulk temperature of air over a 3 m length of the tube.
6. A 0.5 m high flat plate of glass at 93º C is removed from an annealing furnace and hung vertically in the air a
28º C, 1 atm. Calculate the initial rate of heat transfer to the air. The plate is 1 m wide.
7. A fine wire having a diameter of 0.02 mm is maintained at a constant temperature of 54º C by an electric
current. The wire is exposed to air at 1 atm. And 0º C. Calculate the electric power necessary to
maintain the wire temperature if the length is 50 cm.
8. Air stream at 27° C is moving at 0.3 m/s across a 100 W electric bulb at 127° C If the bulb is
approximated by a 60mm diameter sphere, estimate the heat transfer rate and percentage of
power lost due to convection.
9. Atmospheric air fat 150° C flows with a velocity of 1.25 m/s over a 2m long flat plate whose
temperature is 25° C. Determine the average heat transfer co-efficient and rate of heat transfer
for a plate width 0.5 m.
10. A 6 m long section of an 8 cm diameter horizontal hat water pipe passes through a large
room in which the air and walls are at 20° C. The pipe surface as at 70° C and the emissivity of
the pipe surface is 0.7. Find the rate of heat loss from the pipe by natural convection and
radiation.
* Engine oil at 60°C flows with a velocity of 2 m/s over a 5 m long flat plate whose
temperature is 20°C. Determine the drag force exerted by oil on the plate and the rate of
heat transfer for 1m.
12. Air at 20° C at 3 m/s flows over a thin plate of 2m long and 1m wide. Estimate the
boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge, total drag force, mass flow of air between X =
30cm and X = 80 cm. Take v = 15 X 106 and ρ = 1.17 kg/m3.
15. Cylindrical cans of 150 mm length and 65 mm diameter are to be cooled from an initial
temperature of 20°C by placing them in a cooler containing air at a temperature of 1°C and a
pressure of 1 bar. Determine the cooling rates when the cans are kept in horizontal and vertical
positions.
1. Engine oil (k = 0.14 W/m K, v = 80 X 10-6 m2/s) flows with a mean velocity of 0.2 m/s
inside a 1.25 cm diameter tube which is electrically heated at the wall at a uniform rate of
2.45 Kw/m2 . The heat transfer is taking place in the fully developed region . Calculate the
temperature difference between the tube wall surface and the mean flow temperature.
* Air at 20° C and at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3m/s.
If the plate is 280 mm wide and 56°C. Calculate the following x =280 mm.
Boundary layer thickness.
Local friction co-efficient.
* Average friction co-efficient.
iii. Thickness of thermal boundary layer.
iv. Local convective heat transfer co-efficient.
v. Average convective heat transfer co-efficient.
vi. Rate of heat transfer by convection.
viii) Total drag force on the plate.
18.A Cylindrical body of 300mm diameter and 1.6 m height is maintained at a constant
temperature is 36.5° C. The surrounding temperature is 13.5° C. Find the amount of heat
generated by the body per hour If C P = 0.96 kJ/kg° C; ρ = 1.025 kg/m 3; k = 0.0892 W/m° c, v =
15.06 X 10-6 m²/s and β = 1/298 K-1. Assume Nu = 0.12 (Gr.Pr)1/3
i. Air at 400 K and 1 atm pressure flows at a speed of 1.5 m/s over a flat plate of 2 m long.
The plate is maintained at a uniform temperature of 300 K. If the plate has a width of 0.5
m, estimate the heat transfer
coefficient and the rate of heat transfer from the air stream to the plate. Also estimate the drag
force acting on the plate.
1. Explain for fluid flow along a flat plate:
Velocity distribution in hydrodynamic boundary layer
Temperature distribution in thermal boundary layer
(3) Variation of local heat transfer co-efficient along the flow.
21. The water is heated in a tank by dipping a plate of 20 cm X 40 cm in size. The temperature
of the plate surface is maintained at 100°C. Assuming the temperature of the surrounding
water is at 30° C, Find the heat loss from the plate 20 cm side is in vertical plane.
1. Air at 20° C is flowing along a heated plate at 134° C at a velocity of 3m/s. The plate is 2 m
long and 1.5m wide. Calculate the thickness of hydrodynamic boundary layer and skin
friction co-efficient at 40 cm from the
leading edge of the plate. The kinematic viscosity of air at 20° c is 15.06 X 10 -6 m²/s.
Atmospheric air at 275 K and a free stream velocity of 20 m/s flows over a flat plate 1.5 m
long that is maintained at a uniform temperature of 325 K. Calculate the average heat transfer
coefficient over the region
and the total heat transfer rate from the plate to the air over the length 1.5 m and width 1 m.
Assume transition occurs at Rec = 2xl05.
28.An aeroplane flies with a speed of 450 km/h at a height where the surrounding air has a
temperature of 1°C and pressure of 65 cm of Hg. The aeroplane wing idealised as a flat plate 6
m long, 1.2 m wide is maintained at 19°C. If the flow is made parallel to the 1.2 m width
calculate : (1) Heat loss from the wing ; (2) Drag force on the wing.
29. A two stroke motor cycle petrol engine cylinder consists of 15 annular fins. If outside and
inside diameters of each tin are 200 mm'and 100 mm, respectively. The average fin surface
temperature is 475°C and they are exposed in air at 25°C. Calculate the heat transfer rate from
the fins for the following condition (i) When motor cycle is at rest, (ii) when motor cycle is
running at a speed of 60 km/h. The fin may be idealized as a single horizontal flat plate of same
area.
31. A horizontal heated plate measuring 1.5 m x 1.1 m and at 215°C, facing upwards is placed in
still air at 25°C. Calculate the heat loss by natural convection. Use the relation h = 3.05 (Tf) 1/4, Tf
= Mean film temperature.
32. Explain development of hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers with suitable figure and
solve the following. In a straight tube of 50 mm diameter, water is flowing at 15m/s. The tube
surface temperature is maintained at 60°C and the flowing water is heated from the inlet
temperature 15°C to an outlet temperature of 45°C. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient from
the tube surface to the water and length of the tube.
33. Explain the velocity boundary layer profile on a flat plate and mentions its significance.
34. Engine oil at 20°C is forced Over a 20 cm square plate at a velocity of 1.2 m/s. The plate is
heated to a uniform temperature of 60°C. Calculate the heat loss of the plate.
35. Considering a heated vertical plate in quiescent fluid, draw the Velocity and temperature
profile.
36.Water at 60°C enters a tube of 2.54 mm diameter at a mean flow velocity of 2 cm/s. Calculate
the exit water temperature if the tube is 3 m long and the wall temperature is constant at 80° C.
UNIT – III: PHASE OF HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGER
PART B
1. Water is boiled at a rate of 30 kg/h in copper pan, 300 in diameter, at atmospheric pressure.
Estimate the temperature of the bottom surface of the pan assuming nucleate boiling
conditions.
2. Hot oil with a capacity rate of 2500 W/K flows through a double pipe heat exchanger. It
enters at 360° C and leaves at 300° C Cold fluid temperature enters at 30° C and leaves at
200° C. If the overall heat transfers co-efficient is 800W/m² K, Determine the heat exchanger
area required for (i) parallel flow and (ii) counter flow.
3. The bottom of copper pan, 300 mm in diameter is maintained at 120° C by an electric heater.
Calculate the power required to boil water in this pan. What is the evaporation rate? Estimate
the critical heat flux.
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5. Dry steam at 2.45 bar condenses on a vertical tube of height of 1 m at 117° C. Estimate the
thickness of the condensate film and local heat transfer co-efficient at a distance 0.2m from
the upper end of the plate.
6. A 10 by 10 array of horizontal tubes of 1.27 cm diameter is exposed to pure steam at
atmospheric pressure. If the tube wall temperature is 98°C, estimate the mass of steam
condensed assuming a tube length of 1.5 m.
10. Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure in a mechanically polished stainless steel pan
placed on top of a heating unit. The inner surface of the bottom of the pan is maintained at
lO8°C. The diameter of the bottom
of the pan is 30 cm. Assuming Csf = 0.0130. Calculate (i) the rate of heat transfer to the
water and ii) the rate of evaporation of water.
11. A vertical plate 0.5 m2 in area at temperature of 92°C is exposed to steam at atmospheric
pressure. If the
steam is dry and saturated estimate the heat transfer rate and condensate mass per hour. The
vertical length of the plate is 0.5 m. Properties of water at film temperatures of 96°C can be
obtained from tables.
12. Hot exhaust gases which enters a finned tube cross flow heat exchanger at 300°C and leave
at 100°c, are used to heat pressurized water at a flow rate of 1 kg/s from 35 to 125°C. The
exhaust gas specific heat is approximately 1000 J/kg.K, and the overall heat transfer co-
efficient based on the gas side surface area is
Uh = 100W/m2K. Determine the requi red gas side surface area Ah using the NTU method.
Take Cp,c at Tc
13. A tube of 2m length and 25mm outer diameter is to be condense saturated steam at 100 0C
while the tube surface is maintained at 96 0C. Estimate the average heat transfer co-efficient
and the rate of condensation of steam if the tube is kept horizontal. The steam condenses on
the outside of the tube.
14. It is desired to boil water at atmospheric pressure on a copper surface which is electrically
heated. Estimate the heat flux from the surface to the water, if the surface is maintained at
110C and also the peak heat flux.
15. An aluminium pan of 15cm diameter is used to boil water and the water depth at the time
of boiling is 2.5cm. The pan is placed on an electric stove and the heating element raises
the temperature of the pan to 1100C. Calculate the power input for boiling and the rate of
evaporation. Take Csf = 0.0132.
16. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 2.45 bar condenses on the surface of a vertical tube of
height 1 m. The tube surface temperature is kept at 117 0C. Estimate the thickness of the
condensate film.
17. A counter flow concentric tube heat exchanger is used to cool engine oil [C = 2130J/kg K]
from 1600C to 600C with water available at 250C as the cooling medium. The flow rate of
cooling water through the inner tube of 0.5m is 2kg/s while the flow rate of oil through the
outer annulus, Outer diameter = 0.7m is also 2kg/s. If U is 250Wm 2K, how long must the
heat exchanger be to meet its cooling requirement?
18. A parallel flow heat exchanger has hot and cold water stream running through it, the flow
rates are 10 and 25kg/min respectively. Inlet temperatures are 75 0C and 250C on hot and
cold sides. The exit temperature
on the hot side should not exceed 500C. Assume hi = h0 = 600W/m2K. Calculate the area of
heat exchangers using ε = NTU approach.
19. In a double pipe counter flow heat exchanger, 10,000kg/hr of an oil having a specific heat
of 2095J/kg-K is cooled from 800C to 500C by 8000kg/hr of water entering at 250C.
Determine the heat exchanger area for an
overall heat transfer co-efficient of 300W/m2K. Take Cp for water as 4180J/kg-K.
20. In a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger, water is heated from 25 0C to 650C by an oil
with a specific
heat of 1.45 KJ/kg K and mass flow rate is 0.9 Kg/s. The oil is cooled from 230 0C to 1600C.
If the overall heat transfers co-efficient is 420 W/m2 0C, calculate the following.
a. The rate of heat transfer
b. The mass flow rate of water
c. The surface area of the heat exchanger.
21. Discuss briefly the pool boiling regimes of water at atmospheric pressure.
22. What are the different types of fouling in heat exchangers?
23. Hot exhaust gases which enter a cross-flow heat exchanger at 300°C and leave at 100°C are
used to heat water at a flow rate of 1 kg/s from 35 to 125°C. The specific heat of the gas is 1000
J/kg.K and the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the gas side surface is 100 W/m 2 .K Find
the required gas side surface area using the NTU method and LMTD method.
25. The outer surface of a vertical tube, which is 1 m long and has an outer diameter of 80 mm, is
exposed to saturated steam at atmospheric pressure and is maintained at 50°C by the flow of cool
water through the tube. What is the rate of heat transfer to coolant and what is the rate at which
steam is condensed at the surface?
26. A counter-flow concentric tube heat exchanger is used to cool the lubricating oil for a large
industrial gas turbine engine. The flow rate of cooling water through . the inner tube (di=20mm)
is 0.18 kg/s while the flow rate of oil through the outer annulus (do = 40 mm) is 0.12 kg/s. The
inlet and outlet temperatures of oil are 95°C and 65°C respectively. The water enters at 30°C to
the exchanger. Neglecting tube wall thermal resistance, fouling factors and heat loss to the
surroundings, calculate the length of the tube. Take the following properties at the bulk mean
temperature: Engine oil at 80°C ; CP = 2131 J/kg°C ; u = 0.0325 N-s/m2 ; k = 0.138 W/m°C ;
Water at 35°C : CP = 4174 J/kg°C, u =725 x 10 N-s/m2 ; k = 0.625.
27. A wire of 1 mm diameter and 150 mm length is submerged horizontally in water at 7 bar. The
wire carries a
current of 131.5 ampere with an applied voltage of 2.15 Volt. If the surface of the wire is
maintained at 180°C, calculate the heat flux and the boiling heat transfer, coefficient.
28. Classify the heat exchangers, draw temperature distribution in a condenser and evaporator
and derive the expression for effectiveness of parallel flow heat exchanger by NTU method.
29. A 10 x 10 array of horizontal tubes of 1.27 cm diameter is exposed to Pure steam at
atmospheric pressure. If the tube wall temperature is 98°C, estimate the mass of steam condensed
assuming a tube length of 1.5 m.
30. What are the different type of fouling in heat exchangers?
31. Water enters a cross flow heat exchanger (both fluid unmixed) at 5°C and flows at the rate of
4600 kg/h to cool
4000 kg/h of air that is initially at 40°C. Assume the overall heat transfer coefficient value to be
150 W/m2K. For an exchanger surface area of 25 m2. Calculate the exit temperature of air and
Water.
UNIT – IV: RADIATION
PART –B
1. A gray, diffuse opaque surface (α = 0.8) is at 100° C and receives an irradiation 100W/m². If
the surface area is 0.1 m². Calculate
i) Radiosity of the surface
ii) Net radiative heat transfer rate from the surface
iii) Calculate above quantities, if surface is black.
2. Emissivities of two large parallel plate maintained at 800° C and 300° C and 0.3 and 0.5
respectively Find the net heat exchange per square meter of these plates.
3. Two rectangles 50X 50 cm are placed perpendicular with common edge. One surface has T1
= 1000 K; ε = 0.6; While the other surface is insulated and in radiant balance with a large
surrounding room at 300 K .
Determine the temperature of the insulated surface and heat lost by the surface at 1000 K.
4. Two black square plates of size 1.0 by 1.0 m are placed parallel to each other at a distance of
0.4 m. One plate is maintained at a temperature of 900° C and the other at 400° C. Find the
net exchange of energy due to radiation between the two plates.
5. The surfaces of a doubled walled spherical vessel used for storing liquid oxygen are covered
with a layer of silver having, an emissivity of 0.03.The temperature of the outer surface of the
inner wall is 153° C and the temperature of the inner surface of the outer wall is 27° C. The
spheres are 210 mm and 300 mm in
diameter, with the space between them evacuated. Calculate the radiation heat transfer
through the walls into the vessel and the rate of the evaporation of liquid oxygen if its rate of
vaporization is 220kJ/kg.
an emissivity
of 0.8. The
neglected. The hot wall of the furnace is maintained at 900 K and has cold
wall is at 400 K and has the same emissivity. Find the net radiation heat flux leaving the wall.
Third wall of
the furnace may be assumed as a reradiating surface.
Consider two concentric cylinders having diameters 10 cm and 20 cm and a length of 20 cm.
7. designating the
open ends of the cylinders as surfaces 3 and 4, estimate the shape factor, F 3-4.
Two very large parallel planes exchange heat by radiation. The emissivites of the planes are
8. respectively 0.8
and 0.3. To minimize the radiation exchange between the planes; a polished aluminium
radiation shield is
placed between them. If the emissivity of the shield is 0.04 on both sides, find the percentage
reduction in
heat transfer rate.
Two parallel plates of 1 x 1 m spaced 0.5 m a part in a very large room whose walls are at 27°
9. C. The plates
are at 900° C and 400° C with emissivities 0.2 and 0.5 respectively. Find the net heat transfer
to each plate
and to the room.
10. Determine the view factor F 1-2 for the figure shown below.
11. Determine the radiant heat exchange in Wm² between two large parallel steel plates of
emissivities 0.8 and 0.5 held at temperatures of 1000K and 500 K respectively, If a thin
copper plate of emissivity 0.1 is introduced as a radiation shield between the two plates.
14. A surface at 1000K with emissivity of 0.10 is protected from a radiation flux of 1250 W/m²
by a shield with emissivity of 0.05. Determine the percentage cut off and the shield
temperature. Assume shape factor as 1.
15. Two parallel plates of size 1 m x 1 m are spaced 0.5 m apart are located in a very large
room, the walls of which are maintained at a temperature of 27 0C. One plate is maintained at
a temperature of 9000C and the other at 4000C. Their emissivities are 0.2 and 0.5
respectively. If the plates exchange heat between themselves and surroundings, find the net
heat transfer to each plate and to the room. Consider only the plate surfaces facing each
other.
16. Two very large parallel plate with emissivities 0.5 exchange heat. Determine the
percentage reduction in the heat transfer rate if a polished aluminium
radiationshield of ε = 0.04 is placed in between the plates.
17. Calculate the net radiant heat exchange per m 2 area for two large parallel plates at
temperature of 4270C and 270C respectively. ε[hot plate] = 0.9 and ε [cold plate] = 0.6. If a
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ME6502 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
polished aluminium shield is placed between them, find the percentage of reduction in the
heat transfer. ε[shiedl] = 0.4.
18. Two large parallel planes at 800 K and 600 K have emissivities of 0.5 and 0.8
respectively. A radiation shield having an emissivity of 0.1 on one side and an emissivity
of 0.05 on the other side is placed between the plates. Calculate the heat transfer rate by
radiation per square meter with and without radiation shield. Common on the results.
19. State and Prove Kirchhoff s law of thermal radiation.
20. What is a black body? A 20 cm diameter spherical ball at 527°C is suspended in the air.
The ball closely approximates a black body. Determine the total black body emissive
power, and spectral black body emissive power at a wavelength of 3 /an.
21. An oven is approximated as a long equilateral triangular duct, which has a heated surface
maintained at a temperature of 1200 K. The other surface is insulated while the third
surface is at 500 K. The duct has a. width of a 1 m on a side and the heated and insulated
surfaces have an emissivity of 0.8. The emissivity of the third surface is 0.4. For steady
state operation find the rate at which energy must be supplied to the heated side per unit
length of the duct to maintain its temperature at 1200 K. What is the temperature of the
insulated surface?
22. A truncated cone has top and bottom diameters of 10 and 20 cm and a height of 10 cm.
Calculate the shape factor between the top surface and the side and also the shape factor
between the side and itself.
23. Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at 800°C and 300°C and 0.3 and 0.5
respectively. Find the net
radiant heat exchange per square meter for these plates.
24. A 12 mm outside diameter pipe carries a cryogenic fluid at 90 K. Another pipe of 15 mm
outside diameter and at 290 K surrounds it coaxially and the space between the pipes is
completely evacuated (i) determine the radiant heat flow for 3.5 m- length of pipe if the
surface emissivity for both surface is 0.25 (ii) calculate the percentage reduction in heat
flow if. a shield of 13.5 mm diameter and 0.06 surface, emissivity is placed between
pipes.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ME6502 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
25. Derive the relation for heat exchange between infinite parallel planes and solve. Consider
double wall as two infinite parallel planes. The emissivity of the walls is 0.3 and 0.8
respectively. The space between the walls is evacuated. Find the heat transfer/unit area when
inner and outer surface temperatures are 300 K and 260 K. To Reduce the heat flow, a shield of
polished aluminum with s =0.05 is inserted between the walls. Find the reduction in heat
transfer.
26. Consider a cylindrical furnace with outer radius = 1 m and height = 1 m. The top (surface 1)
and the base (surface 2) of the furnace have emissivities 0.8 & 0.4 and are maintained at
uniform temperatures of 700 K and 500 K respectively. The side surface closely approximates a
black body and is maintained at a temperature of 400 K. Find the net rate of radiation heat
transfer at each surface during steady state operation.
27. Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at 800°C and 300°C are 0.3 and 0.5
respectively. Find the net radiant heat exchange per square meter for these plate. Find the
percentage reduction in heat transfer when a polished aluminium radiation shield (s = 0.05) is
placed between them. Also find the temperature of shield.
UNIT-V
MASS TRANSFER
PART- B
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ME6502 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
1.Dry air at 27°,C and 1 atm flows over a wet flat plate 50 cm long at a velocity of 50 m/s.
Calculate the mass transfer co-efficient of water vapour in air at the end of the plate. Take the
diffusion coefficient of water vapour in air is Das = 0.26 x 10-2 m2/s.
2. Helium gas at 2500 and a pressure of 4 bar is stored in a spherical silica container of 150 mm
inside diameter and 3 mm wall thickness. What is the intial rate leakage for the system?
3.Air at 20° C with D = 4.166 x10-5 m²/s flows over a tray (length 320 mm, width 420mm) full
of water with a velocity of 2.8 m/s. The total pressure of moving air 1 atm and the partial
pressure of water present in the air is 0.0068 bar. If the temperature on the water surface is 15 °
C, Calculate the evaporation rate of water.
4. A vessel contains binary mixture of O2 and N2 with partial pressure in the ratio 0.21 and 0.79
at 15° C. The total pressure of the mixture is 1.1 bar. Calculate the following
i) Molar concentrations
ii) Mass densities
iii) Mass fractions
iv)Molar fraction for each species
5. (i) Explain equimolal counter diffusion in gases.
(ii) Discuss briefly the Analogy between heat and mass transfer
6. Define mass transfer coefficient. Air at 1 bar pressure and 25°C containing small quantities of
iodine flows with a velocity of 5.2 m/s. inside a tube having an inner diameter of 3.05 cm. Find
the mass transfer coefficient for iodine transfer from the gas stream to the wall surface. If c m is
the mean-concentration of iodine in kg.mol/m3 in the air stream, find the rate of deposition of
iodine on the tube surface by assuming the wall surface is a perfect sink for iodine deposition.
Assume D = 0.0834 cm2 /s.
7. Air is contained in a tyre tube of surface area 0.5 m2 and wall thickness 10 mm. The pressure
of air drops from 2.2 bar and 2.l8 bar in a period of 6 days. The Solubility of air in the rubber is
0.072 m3 of air per m3 of rubber at 1 bar. Determine the diffusivity of air in rubber at the
operating temperature of 300 K if the volume of air in the. tube is 0.028m3.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ME6502 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
8.Air at 35°C and 1 atmosphere flows at, a velocity of 60 m/s over (i) a flat plate 0.5 Tn long (ii)
a sphere 5 cm in diameter. Calculate the mass transfer coefficient of water in air. Neglect the
concentration of vapour in air.
9.Explain different modes of mass transfer and derive the general mass diffusion equation in
stationary media.
10.Explain Reynold's number, Sherwood number, Schmidt number and solve the following.
11.What are the assumptions made in the 1-D transient mass diffusion problems?
12.The dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures recorded by a thermometer in moist air are 27°C and
17°C respectively. Determine the specific humidity of air assuming the following values :
Prandtl number = 0.74, Schmidt number = 0.6, Specific heat at constant pressure = 1.004
kJ/kgK, pressure = 1.0132 x 105 N/m2.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ME6502 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
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