Chapter 5: Integumentary System →A layer of epithelial tissue increases, producing a

Anatomy and Physiology that rests on the dermis thickened area called a
❖ Dermis callus
→ Layer of dense connective • Over a bony prominence,
Integumentary System
tissue the stratum corneum can
• Consist of the ski and thicken to form a cone-
accessory structures, such The skin rests on the subcutaneous shaped structure called a
as hair, glands, and nails. tissue (which is not part of the skin), corn
❖ Integument means which is a layer of connective tissue
Cells found in the skin Stratum basale/Germinativum
“covering”
❖ The appearance of the ➢ The deepest epidermal layer and
integumentary system can • Basal cell is a cuboidal- attaches the epidermis to the
indicate physiological shaped stem cell that is a basal lamina, below which lie the
imbalances in the body precursor of the layers of the dermis. A finger-like
keratinocytes of the projection, or fold, known as the
Layers of Epidermis epidermis dermal papilla is found in the
• Merkel cell, functions as a superficial portion of the dermis
□ Stratum basale/ Germinativum
receptor cell and is • The cells in the stratum
❖ Cells undergo mitosis
responsible for stimulating basale bond to the dermis
❖ Lies next to dermis
sensory nerves that the brain via intertwining collagen
□ Stratum spinosum
perceives as touch fibers, referred to as the
□ Stratum granulosum
• Melanocyte, a cell that basement membrane
□ Stratum lucidum
produces the pigment • In a growing fetus,
❖ Occurs only in thick skin
melanin. Melanin gives hair fingerprints form where the
□ Stratum corneum
and skin its color, and also cells of the stratum basale
❖ Shingle-like dead skin
helps protect the living cells meet the papillae of the
Integumentary System Functions of the epidermis from underlying dermal layer
ultraviolet (UV) radiation (papillary layer), resulting in
1. Protection damage. the formation of the ridges
❖ The skin provides protection
Epidermis on your fingers that you
against abrasion and
recognize as fingerprints.
ultraviolet light
➢ Prevents water loss and resists
2. Sensation Stratum Spinosum
abrasion
❖ The integumentary system has
• Also known as the ➢ As the name suggests, the stratum
sensory receptors that can
cutaneous membrane, is a spinosum in spiny in appearance
detect heat, cold, touch,
keratinized stratified due to the protruding cell
pressure and pain
squamous epithelium processes that join the cells via a
3. Vitamin D production
• Composed of distinct layers structure called a desmosome
❖ When exposed to ultraviolet
called strata • The desmosomes interlock
light, the skin produces a
• The stratum corneum, the with each other and
molecule that can be
most superficial stratum of strengthen the bond
transformed into vitamin D
the epidermis, consist of between the cells
4. Temperature regulation
dead squamous cells filled • The stratum spinosum is
❖ The amount of blood flow
with keratin composed of eight to 10
beneath the skin’s surface and
• Keratin gives the stratun layers of keratinocytes,
the activity of sweat glands in
corneum its structural formed as a result of cell
the skin both help regulate
strength division in the stratum
body temperature
• Stratum Basale perform basale
5. Excretion
mitosis • The keratinocytes in the
❖ Small amounts of waste
• As new cells form, they push stratum spinosum begin the
products are lost through the
older cells to the surface, synthesis of keratin and
skin and in gland secretions
where they slough, or flake release a water-repelling
Skin off glycolipid that helps prevent
• Excessive sloughing of water loss from the body,
• Made up of two major tissue stratum corneum cells from making the skin relatively
layers: the epidermis and the surface of the scalp is waterproof
the dermis called dandruff • Langerhans cell functions as
❖ Epidermis • In skin subjected to friction, a macrophage by engulfing
→ Most superficial layer of the number of layers in the bacteria, foreign particles,
skin stratum corneum greatly
 and damaged cells that • Melanin provides protection Subcutaneous Tissue
occurs in this layer against ultraviolet light from
the sun ➢ The skin (cutaneous membrane)
Stratum Granulosum • Melanin is produced by rests on the subcutaneous tissue
melanocytes and the melanin • The part which is sometimes
➢ Has a grainy appearance due to not part of the skin is called
further changes to the is packed into vesicles called
melanosomes, which move hypodermis
keratinocytes as they are pushed • It attaches the skin to
from the stratum spinosum into the cell processes of
melanocytes underlying bone and muscle
• The cells (three to five layers and supplies it with blood
deep) become flatter, their • Epithelial cells phagocytize
the tips of the melanocyte vessels and nerves
cell membranes thicken, • It is loose connective tissue,
and they generate large cell processes, thereby
acquiring melanosomes including adipose tissue that
amounts of proteins keratin, contains about half the
which is fibrous, and • Large amounts of melanin
form freckles or moles in some bodies stored lipids
keratohyalin, which • The amount and location of
accumulates as lamellar regions of the skin
• Melanin production is adipose tissue vary with age,
granules within the cells sex, and diet
determined by genetic
factors, exposure to light, and • Adipose tissue in the
Stratum Lucidum
hormones subcutaneous tissue functions
➢ A smooth, seemingly translucent • Genetic factors are as padding and insulation
layer of the epidermis located just responsible for the amounts of • The subcutaneous tissue can
above the stratum granulosum the melanin produced in be used to estimate total
and below the stratum corneum different races body fat
• This thin layer of cells is found • Since all races have about • The acceptable percentage
only in the thick skin of the the same number of of body fat varies from 21% to
palms, soles, and digits melanocytes, racial variations 30% for females and from 13%
• The keratinocytes that in skin color are determined to 25% for males
compose the stratum lucidum by the amount, kind, and Hair
are dead and flattened distribution of melanin
• These cells are densely • The result of suntun is the ➢ In humans, hair is found
packed with eleiden, a clear exposure to ultraviolet light – everywhere on the skin except on
protein rich in lipids, derived for example melanocytes to the palms, sole, lips, nipples, parts
from keratohyalin, which gives increase melanin production of the genitalia, and the distal
these cells their transparent • Although many genes are segments of the fingers and toes
(i.e., lucid) appearance and responsible for skin color, a • Each hair arises from a hair
provides a barrier to water single mutation can prevent follicle, an invagination of
the production of melanin the epidermis that extends
Dermis
and cause albinism deep into the dermis
➢ Composed of dense collagenous • Carotene is lipid-soluble; when • A hair shaft protrudes
connective tissue containing consumed, it accumulates in above the surface of the
fibroblasts, adipocytes, and the lipids of the stratum skin; the root is below the
macrophages corneum and in the surface and the hair bulb
• Nerves, hair follicles, smooth adipocytes of the dermis and is the expanded base of
muscles, glands, and subcutaneous tissue the root
lymphatic vessels extend into • If large amounts of carotene • A hair has a hard cortex,
the dermis are consumed, the skin can which surrounds a softer
• Collagen fibers, oriented in become quite yellowish center, the medulla
many directions, and elastic • The color of blood in the • The cortex is the covered
fibers are responsible for the dermis contributes to skin by the cuticle, a single
structural strength of the color layer of overlapping cells
dermis and resistance to • A decrease in blood flow, as that holds the hair in the
stretch occurs in shock, can make hair follicle
the skin appear pale • Hair is produced in the hair
Skin Color • A decrease in the blood O2 bulb, which rests in the hair
➢ Most melanin molecules are brown content produces a bluish papilla
to black pigments, but some are color of the skin, called • The hair papilla is an
cyanosis extension of the dermis
yellowish or reddish
that protrudesinto the hair
 bulb and contains blood • They produce sebum, an oily, root extends distally from the
vessels white substance rich in lipids nail matrix
• Hair is produced in cycles, • The sebum is released by
with a growth stage and holocrine secretion and Integumentary System Protection
resting stage lubricates the hair and the The integumentary system performs
• During the growth stage, surface of the skin, which many protective functions:
hair is formed by mitosis of prevents drying and protects
epithelial cells within the against some bacteria ➢ Reduce in body water loss
hair bulb; these cells • There are two kinds of sweat ➢ Acts as barrier that prevents
divide and undergo glands: eccrine and apocrine microorganisms and other foreign
keratinization ❖ Eccrine sweat glands are substances from entering the body
• During the resting stage, simple, coiled, tubular ➢ Protects underlying structures
growth stops and the hair glands and release sweat against abrasion
is held in the hair follicle by merocrine secretion ➢ Melanin absorbs ultraviolet light
• When the next growth ❖ Located in almost every and protects underlying structures
stage begins, a new hair is part of the skin but most from its damaging effects
formed and the old hair numerous in the palms ➢ Hair protection: The hair on the
falls out and soles head acts as a heat insulator,
• The duration of each ❖ They produce a secretion eyebrows keep sweat out of the
stage depends on the that is mostly water with eyes, eyelashes protect the eyes
individual hair few salts from foreign objects, and hair in
• Eyelashes grow for about ❖ Have ducts that opens the nose and ears prevents the
30 days and rest for 105 onto the surface of the entry of dust and other materials
days, whereas scalp hairs skin through sweat pores ➢ The nails protect the ends of the
grown for 3 years and rest and are for thermal fingers and toes from damage and
for 1 to 2 years regulation can be used in defense
• The loss of hair normally ❖ Sweat can also be
means that the hair is released in the palms, Sensory Receptor
being replaced because soles, armpits and other ➢ Many sensory receptors are
the old hair falls out of the places because of the associated with the skin
hair follicle when the new emotional stress ➢ Receptors in the epidermis and
hair begins to grow ❖ Apocrine sweat glands are dermis can detect pain, heat,
• Hair color is determined by simple, coiled tubular cold, and pressure
varying amounts and glands that produce a • Although hair does not have a
types of melanin thick secretion rich in nerve supply, sensory receptors
• With age, the amount of organic substances around the hair follicle can
melanin in hair can ❖ The glands open into hair detect the movement of a hair
decrease, causing the hair follicles in the armpits and
color to become faded, or genitalia Temperature Regulation
the hair can contain no ❖ This gland becomes active
melanin and be white at puberty because of the ❖ Regulation of body temperature is
• Each hair follicle is influence of sex hormones important because the rate of
attached to smooth ❖ The secretion generally is chemical reactions within the
muscle cells called the odorless, but when body can be increased or
arrector pili muscle, which released quickly breaks decreased by changes in body
can contract and cause down by bacterial action temperature
the hair to become giving body odor • Even slight changes in
perpendicular to the skins temperature can make
surface Nails enzymes operate less efficiently
and disrupt the normal rates of
➢ The nail is a thin plate, consisting of chemical changes in the body
Glands
layers of dead stratum corneum • Exercise, fever, and an increase
➢ The major glands of the skin are cells that contain a very hard type in environmental temperature
the sebaceous glands and the of keratin tend to raise body temperature
sweat glands • The visible part of the nail is the • If body temperature begins to
• Sebaceous glands are simple, nail body and the part of the drop below normal, heat can
branched acinar glands, with nail covered by skin is the nail be conserved by the
most being connected by a root constriction of dermal blood
duct to the superficial part of a • The cuticle, or eponychium, is vessels, which reduces blood
hair follicle stratum corneum that extends flow to the skin
onto the nail body and the nail
 • Less heat is transferred from or very cold objects, and they disfiguring and debilitating wound
deeper structures to the skin, heal without scarring in about contractures
and heat loss is reduced a week
• With smaller amounts of warm Treatment of Burns
blood flowing through the skin, Second-Degree Burn
To prevent complications of deep
the skin temperature decreases ➢ Second-degree (partial-thickness) partial-thickness and full-thickness
Excretion burns damage both the epidermis burns and to speed healing, skin grafts
and the dermis are often performed
❖ The integumentary system plays a • If dermal damage is minimal,
minor role in excretion, the symptoms include redness, ➢ In a procedure called a split skin
removal of waste products from pain, edema, and blisters graft, the epidermis and part of
the body • Healing takes about 2 weeks, the dermis are removed from
• In addition to water and salts, and no scarring results another parts of the body and
sweat contains small amounts • If the burn goes deep into the placed over the burn
of waste products, such as dermis, the wound appears ➢ When it is not possible or
urea, uric acid, and ammonia red, tan, or white; can take practical to move skin from one
• Even though the body lose several months to heal and part of the body to a burn site,
large amounts of sweats, the might scar physicians sometimes use
sweat glands do not play a artificial skin or grafts from human
significant role in the Third-Degree Burn cadavers
excretion of waste products ➢ Third-degree (full-thickness) burns Types of Skin Cancer
Diagnostic Aid damage the complete epidermis
and dermis ❖ Basal cell carcinoma:
The integumentary system is useful in • The region of third-degree • Cells in stratum basale
diagnosis because it is observed easily burn is usually painless affected
because sensory receptors in • Cancer removed by surgery
❖ Cynosis, a bluish color to the skin the epidermis and dermis ❖ Squamous cell carcinoma:
caused by decreased blood O2 have been destroyed • Cells above stratum basale
content, is an indication of • These burns appear white, affected
impaired circulatory or respiration tan, brown, black, or deep • Can cause death
function cherry red ❖ Malignant melanoma:
❖ Jaundice, a yellowish skin color • Arises from melanocytes in a
that can occur when the liver is Rule of 9’s in Burns mole
damaged by a disease, such as • Rare type
viral hepatitis ❖ Head anterior – 4.5% • Can cause death
❖ Rashes and lesions in the skin can ❖ Head posterior – 4.5%
be symptoms of problems ❖ Thoracic – 9% Aging and the Integument
elsewhere in the body ❖ Abdominoperineal – 9%
❖ Arm anterior – 4.5% ➢ Blood flow decreases and skin
Burns ❖ Arm posterior – 4.5% becomes thinner due to
❖ Pubic – 1% decreased amounts of collagen
➢ An injury to a tissue caused by ❖ Leg anterior – 9% ➢ Decreased activity of sebaceous
heat, cold, friction, chemicals, ❖ Leg posterior – 9% and sweat glands make
electricity, or radiation ❖ Scapulo-vertebral – 9% temperature regulation more
• Classified according to their ❖ Lumbar – 9% difficult
depth ➢ Loss of elastic fibers cause skin to
• Partial-thickness burns are Burn Healing sag and wrinkle
classified as first-degree and
second-degree In all second-degree burns, the
• A full-thickness burn is a third- epidermis, including the stratum basale
degree burn where the stem cells are found, is
damaged
First-Degree Burn
➢ The epidermis regenerates from
➢ A first-degree (superficial) involves epithelial tissue in hair follicles and
only the epidermis and is red and sweat glands, as well as from the
painful edges of the wound
• Slight edema, or swelling, may ➢ Deep partial-thickness and full-
be present thickness burns take a long time to
• They can caused by sunburn heal, and they form scar tissue with
or brief exposure to very hot