VD for water at 20°C (V in m/s, D in cm)

0.06 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100 200 400 600 1000 2000 4000 6000 10000
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VD for atmospheric air at 20°C
1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100 200 400 600 1000 2000 4000 6000 10000 20000 40000 60000 100000
−1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
10
__
Laminar → Critical ← Transition zone →← Complete turbulence, rough pipes, R > 3500/r, 1/√f = 1.14 − 2 log r
9 flow zone
0.07
8
0.06

0.05
7
0.045
0.04
6 0.035
0.03
5.5
0.025
5
0.02

(ε in mm, D in mm)
0.0175
4.5
0.015
0.0125
Darcy−Weisbach friction factor f

4
0.01

3.5 0.008

0.006
3

D
ε
0.004

Relative roughness r
0.003
2.5
Material ε (mm) 0.002
Riveted steel 0.9−9 0.0015
Concrete 0.3−3
2 Wood stave 0.18−0.9 0.001
Cast iron 0.25
0.0008
1.8 Galvanized iron 0.15
Asphalted cast iron 0.12 0.0006
Commercial steel 0.046 Smooth pipes, r __= 0
1.6 __ 0.0004
Drawn tubing 0.0015
1/√f = 2 log(R √f ) − 0.8
1.4
Fluid at 20°C ν (m2/s) Hagen−Poisseuille equation 0.0002
Water 1.003e−06 R ≤ 2300, f = 64/R
Air (101.325 kPa) 1.511e−05
1.2 0.0001
Colebrook
__
equation, R ≥ 2300 __
r = 5e−006
Latitude (WGS84) g (m/s2) 1/√f = −2 log(r /3.7 + 2.51/(R √f ))
5e−05
−2 0.0 ° Sea level 9.78033
10 Continuity equation, Q = AV
45.5° Standard 9.80665
9
90.0° Sea level 9.83219 A = π D 2/4, V = 4Q /(π D 2) 2e−05
r = 1e−006
1e−05
8
6 7 8 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8
10 10 10 10 10 10
VD Metzger & Willard, Inc.
Moody Diagram Reynolds number R (V in m/s, D in m, ν in m 2/s) http://www.metzgerwillard.com
ν