Engineering Mathematics-II

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS -II

SUBJECT CODE: MA8251

(Regulation 2017)
Common to all branches of B.E

UNIT- IV
COMPLEX INTEGRATION

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Engineering Mathematics-II

UNIT –IV
COMPLEX INTEGRATION
4.1 LINE INTEGRAL AND CONTOUR INTEGRAL
If 𝑓(𝑧) is a continuous function of the complex variable 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and C is any continuous curve
connecting two points A and B on the z – plane then the complex line integral of 𝑓(𝑧) along C from A to B is

denoted by ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧
When C is simple closed curve, then the complex integral is also called as a contour integral and is denoted

as ∮𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧. The curve C is always take in the anticlockwise direction.

Note: If the direction of C is reversed (clockwise), the integral changes its sign

(𝑖𝑒) ∮ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = − ∮ 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧

𝑐

Standard theorems:
1. Cauchy’s Integral theorem (or) Cauchy’s Theorem (or) Cauchy’s Fundamental Theorem
Statement: If 𝑓 (𝑧) is analytic and its derivative 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) is continuous at all points inside and on a

simple closed curve C then ∮𝑐 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 = 0

2. Extension of Cauchy’s integral theorem (or) Cauchy’s theorem for multiply connected Region
Statement: If 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic at all points inside and on a multiply connected region whose outer
boundary is C and inner boundaries are 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , … , 𝐶𝑛 then

∫ 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 + ⋯ + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧

𝑐 𝑐 𝐶2 𝑐𝑛

3. Cauchy’s integral formula

Statement: If 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C of a simply connected region R
and if ‘a’ is any point interior to C, then
1 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓 (𝑎 ) = ∫ 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑖 𝑐 𝑧 − 𝑎
(OR)
𝑓 (𝑥 )
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓 (𝑎),
𝑐 𝑧−𝑎
the integration around C being taken in the positive direction.
4. Cauchy’s Integral formula for derivatives
Statement: If 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C of a simply connected Region R
and if ‘a’ is any point interior to C, then
𝑓 (𝑧 )
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖𝑓 ′ (𝑎)
𝑐 (𝑧 − 𝑎 ) 2

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𝑓 (𝑧 )
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖𝑓 ′′ (𝑎)
𝑐 (𝑧 − 𝑎 ) 3

𝑓(𝑧)
In general, ∫𝑐 (𝑧−𝑎)𝑛
𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖𝑓 (𝑛−1) (𝑎)

Problems based on Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

𝟑+𝒊 𝟐
Example: 4.1 Evaluate ∫𝒐 𝒛 𝒅𝒛 along the line joining the points (0, 0) and (3, 1)
Solution:
3+𝑖
Given ∫0 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
Here 𝑧 = 0 corresponds to (0, 0) and 𝑧 = 3 + 𝑖 corresponds to (3, 1)
The equation of the line joining (0, 0) and (3, 1) is
𝑥
𝑦 = 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3𝑦

Now 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)2 (𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖𝑑𝑦)

= [𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑖2𝑥𝑦][𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖𝑑𝑦]
= [(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑖2𝑥𝑦][𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖𝑑𝑦]
= [(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦] + 𝑖[2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦]
Since 𝑥 = 3𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑑𝑦
∴ 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 = [8𝑦 2 (3𝑑𝑦) − 6𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦] + 𝑖 [18𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 8𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦]
= 18𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑖26𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
3+𝑖 ′
∴ ∫0 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 = ∫0[18𝑦 2 + 𝑖26𝑦 2 ]𝑑𝑦
′
𝑦2 𝑦3
= [18 + 𝑖 26 ]
3 3 0
26
=6+𝑖
3
𝟐+𝒊
Example: 4.2 Evaluate ∫𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒊𝒚)𝒅𝒛
Solution:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
Here 𝑧 = 0 corresponds to (0, 0) and 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑖 corresponds to (2, 1)
Now (𝑥 2 − 𝑖𝑦)𝑑𝑧 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑖𝑦)(𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖𝑑𝑦)
= 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦) + 𝑖 (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥)
Along the path 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
∴ (𝑥 2 − 𝑖𝑦)𝑑𝑧 = (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥) + 𝑖(2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)
2+𝑖 2
∫0 (𝑥 2 − 𝑖𝑦)𝑑𝑧 = ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑖(2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥3 2𝑥 4 2𝑥 4 𝑥3
= [3 + ] +𝑖[ = ]
4 0 4 3 0

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8 16 16 8
= (3 + ) + 𝑖 ( 2 − 3)
2
32 16
= +𝑖
3 3
1
Example: 4.3 Evaluate ∫𝒄 𝑒 𝑧 𝒅𝒛, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑪 𝒊𝒔 |𝒛| = 𝟐
Solution:
1
Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 clearly 𝑓 (𝑧) is analytic inside and on C.
1
Hence, by Cauchy’s integral theorem we get ∫𝑐 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝟏
Example: 4.4 Evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒛𝟐 𝒆𝒛 𝒅𝒛, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑪 𝒊𝒔 |𝒛| = 𝟏
Solution:

Given∫𝑐 𝑧 2 𝑒 1/𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑧2
= ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
𝑒 −1/𝑧
1
𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 = 0, We get 𝑒 −0 = 𝑒 −∞ = 0
𝑧 = 0 lies inside |𝑧| = 1.
Cauchy’s Integral formula is

∫𝑐 𝑧 2 𝑒 1/𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖𝑓(0) = 0
𝟏
Example: 4.5 Evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒅𝒛 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑪 𝒊𝒔 |𝒛| = 𝟏
𝟐𝒛−𝟑

Solution:
1
Given ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
2𝑧−3
3
𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 2𝑧 − 3 = 0, ⟹ 𝑧 = 2

Given 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
3 3
⇒ | 𝑧 | = |2 | = 2 > 1
3
∴ 𝑧 = 2 lies outside 𝐶
1
∴ By Cauchy’s Integral theorem, ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 0
2𝑧−3
𝒅𝒛
Example: 4.6 Evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑪 𝒊𝒔 |𝒛| = 𝟐
𝒛+𝟒

Solution:
𝑑𝑧
Given ∫𝑐 𝑧+4

𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 + 4 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 = −4
Given 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 2
⇒ |𝑧| = |−4| = 4 > 2
∴ 𝑧 = −4 lies outside 𝐶.

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𝑑𝑧
∴ By Cauchy’s Integral Theorem, ∫𝑐 =0
𝑧+4
𝒆𝟐𝒛 𝟏
Example: 4.7 Evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒅𝒛, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑪 𝒊𝒔 |𝒛| = 𝟐
𝒛𝟐 +𝟏

Solution:
𝑒 2𝑧
Given ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 2+1

𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 2 + 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 = ±𝑖
1
Given 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 2
1
⇒ |𝑧| = |±𝑖 | = 1 > 2

∴Clearly both the points 𝑧 = ±𝑖 lies outside C.

𝑒 2𝑧
∴ By Cauchy’s Integral Theorem, ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑧 2+1
𝒛+𝟏
Example: 4.8 Using Cauchy’s integral formula Evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒅𝒛, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑪 𝒊𝒔 |𝒛| = 𝟐
(𝒛−𝟑)(𝒛−𝟏)

Solution:
𝑧+1
Given ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
(𝑧−3)(𝑧−1)

𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 = 3, 1
Given 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 2
∴Clearly 𝑧 = 1 lies inside C and 𝑧 = 3 lies outside C
𝑧+1 (𝑧+1)/(𝑧−3
∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
(𝑧−3)(𝑧−1) (𝑧−1)

∴ By Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

(𝑧+1)/(𝑧−3) 𝑧+1 2
∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖𝑓(1) Where 𝑓 (𝑧) =
𝑧−3
⇒ 𝑓(1) =
−2
(𝑧−1)

= 2𝜋𝑖(−1) = −2𝜋𝑖
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛑 𝒛𝟐 +𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛑 𝒛𝟐
Example: 4.9 Using Cauchy’s integral formula, evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒅𝒛 where C is the circle
(𝒛−𝟐)(𝒛−𝟑)

|𝒛| = 𝟒.
Solution:
sinπ 𝑧 2+cosπ 𝑧 2
Given ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
(𝑧−2)(𝑧−3)

𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 = 2, 3
Given 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 4
∴Clearly 𝑧 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 lies inside C.
1 𝐴 𝐵
Consider, = 𝑧−2 + 𝑧−3
(𝑧−2)(𝑧−3)

⇒ 1 = 𝐴 (𝑧 − 3) + 𝐵 (𝑍 = 2)
Put 𝑧 = −3 ⇒ 1 = 𝐵
Put 𝑧 = 2 ⇒ −1 = 𝐴

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1 1 1
∴ (𝑧−2)(𝑧−3) = − 𝑧−2 + 𝑧−3
sin 𝜋𝑧 2+cos 𝜋𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑧 2+cos 𝜋𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑧 2+cos 𝜋𝑧 2
∫𝑐 (𝑧−2)(𝑧−3)
𝑑𝑧 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 𝑑𝑧
𝑧−2 𝑧−3

= −2𝜋𝑖𝑓(2) + 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(3) Where 𝑓 (𝑧) = sin(𝜋𝑧 2 ) + cos 𝜋𝑧 2

= −2𝜋𝑖(1) + 2𝜋𝑖(−1) 𝑓(2) = sin 4𝜋 + cos 4𝜋 = 1

= −4𝜋𝑖 𝑓(3) = sin 9𝜋 + cos 9𝜋 − 1 = −1

𝒛+𝟒
Example: 4.10 Evaluate ∫𝒄 Where C is the circle (𝒊)|𝒛 + 𝟏 + 𝒊| = 𝟐 (𝒊𝒊)|𝒛 + 𝟏 − 𝒊| = 𝟐
𝒛𝟐 +𝟐𝒛+𝟓

(𝒊𝒊𝒊) |𝒛| = 𝟏
Solution:
𝑧+4
Given∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 2 +2𝑧+5

𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 5 = 0
−2±√4−20
⇒𝑧= 2

⇒ 𝑧 = −1 ± 2𝑖
𝑧+4 (𝑧+4) 𝑑𝑧
∴ ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝑐
𝑧 2+2𝑧+5 [𝑧−(−1+2𝑖)[𝑧−(−1−2𝑖)]

(i) |𝑧 + 1 + 𝑖 | = 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

When 𝑧 = −1 + 2𝑖, |−1 + 2𝑖 + 1 + 𝑖 | = |3𝑖 | > 2 lies outside C.
When 𝑧 = −1 − 2𝑖, |−1 − 2𝑖 + 1 + 𝑖 | = |−𝑖 | < 2 lies inside C.
∴ By Cauchy’s Integral formula
[(𝑧+1)/(𝑧−(−1+2𝑖)] 𝑧+4
∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖𝑓(−1 − 2𝑖) Where 𝑓 (𝑧) = [𝑧−(−1+2𝑖)]
[𝑧−(−1−2𝑖)]

3−2𝑖 −1−2𝑖+4 3−2𝑖

= 2𝜋𝑖 [ −4𝑖 ] 𝑓 (−1 − 2𝑖 ) = −1−2𝑖+1−2𝑖 = −4𝑖

𝜋
= 2 (2𝑖 − 3)

(ii) |𝑧 + 1 − 𝑖 | = 2 is the circle

When 𝑧 = −1 + 2𝑖, |−1 + 2𝑖 + 1 − 𝑖 | = |𝑖 | < 2 lies inside C
When 𝑧 = −1 − 2𝑖, |−1 − 2𝑖 + 1 − 𝑖 | = |−3𝑖 | > 2 lies outside C
∴ By Cauchy’s Integral formula
(𝑧+1)/[𝑧−(−1−2𝑖)] 𝑧+4
∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(−1 + 2𝑖) Where 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧−(−1−2𝑖)
[𝑧−(−1+2𝑖)]

[3+2𝑖] −1+2𝑖+4 3+2𝑖

= 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(−1 + 2𝑖 ) = −1+2𝑖+1+2𝑖 = 4𝑖
4𝑖

𝜋
= 2 (3 + 2𝑖)

(iii)|𝑧| = 1 is the circle

When 𝑧 = −1 + 2𝑖, 1 − 1 + 2𝑖| = √5 > 1 lies outside C

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When 𝑧 = −1 − 2𝑖, 1 − 1 − 2𝑖| = √5 > 1 lies outside C

∴ By Cauchy’s Integral theorem
𝑧+4
∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑧 2 +2𝑧+5
𝒛+𝟏
Example: 4.11 Using Cauchy’s integral formula, evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒅𝒛 where C is the circle
𝒛𝟐 +𝟐𝒛+𝟒

|𝒛 + 𝟏 + 𝒊 | = 𝟐
Solution:
𝑧+1
Given ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 2 +2𝑧+4

𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 4 = 0
−2±√4−16
⇒𝑧= 2

⇒ 𝑧 = −1 ± 𝑖√3
𝑧+1 (𝑧+1 )𝑑𝑧
∴ ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝑐
𝑧 2 +2𝑧+4 [𝑧−(−1+𝑖 √3)][𝑧−(−1−𝑖√3]

Given 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧 + 1 + 𝑖 | = 2
When 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖√3, |−1 − 𝑖√3 + 1 + 𝑖| = |(1 − √3𝑖)| < 2 lies inside C.

When 𝑧 = −1 + 𝑖√3, |−1 + 𝑖√3 + 1 + 𝑖| = |𝑖 + √3𝑖| > 2 lies outside C.

∴ By Cauchy’s Integral Formula
(𝑧+1)/[𝑧−(−1+𝑖√3)] 𝑧+1
∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(−1 − 𝑖√3) Where 𝑓 (𝑧) =
𝑧−(−1+𝑖√3)
[𝑧−(−1−𝑖√3)]

1 −1−𝑖√3+1 √3𝑖 1
= 2𝜋𝑖 (2) = 𝜋𝑖 𝑓(−1 − 𝑖√3) =
−1−𝑖√3+1−𝑖√3
=
−2𝑖√3
=
2
𝑧+1
∴ ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜋𝑖
𝑧 2+2𝑧+4
𝒛𝟐 +𝟏
Example: 4.12 Evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒅𝒛 where C is the circle (𝒊)|𝒛 − 𝟏| = 𝟏 (𝒊𝒊)|𝒛 + 𝟏| = 𝟏(𝒊𝒊𝒊)|𝒛 − 𝒊| = 𝟏
𝒛𝟐 −𝟏

Solution:
𝑧 2 +1 𝑧 2 +1
Given ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 2 −1 (𝑧+1)(𝑧−1)

𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 = 1, −1
(i) (𝑧 − 1) = 1 is the circle
When 𝑧 = 1, |1 − 1| = 0 < 1 lies inside C
When 𝑧 = −1, |−1 − 1| = 2 > 1 lies outside C
∴ By Cauchy’s Integral formula
𝑧 2+1 (𝑧 2+1)/𝑧+1
∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
(𝑧+1)(𝑧−1) (𝑧−1)

𝑧 2+1
= 2𝜋𝑖𝑓(1) where 𝑓(𝑧) = ⇒ 𝑓 (1) = 1
𝑧+1

= 2𝜋𝑖(1)
= 2𝜋𝑖

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(ii)|𝑧 + 1| = 1 is the circle

When 𝑧 = 1, |1 + 1| = 2 > 1 lies outside C
When 𝑧 = −1, |−1 + 1| = 0 < 1 lies inside C
∴ By Cauchy’s Integral formula
(𝑧 2+1)/(𝑧−1) 𝑧 2+1
∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(−1) where 𝑓(𝑧) = ⇒ 𝑓 (−1) = −1
𝑧+1 𝑧−1

= 2𝜋𝑖(−1) = −2𝜋𝑖
(iii) |𝑧 − 𝑖 | = 1 is the circle
When 𝑧 = 1, |1 − 𝑖 | = √2 > 1 lies outside C
When 𝑧 = −1, |−1 − 𝑖 | = √2 > 1 lies outside C
∴ By Cauchy’s Integral Formula
(𝑧 2+1)
∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 0
(𝑧+1)(𝑧−1)

Problems based on Cauchy’s Integral Formula for derivatives

𝟑𝒛𝟐 +𝟕𝒛+𝟏
Example: 4.13 If 𝒇(𝒂) = ∫𝒄 𝒅𝒛 where C is the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 find the values of
𝒛−𝒂

𝒇(𝟑), 𝒇(𝟏), 𝒇′(𝟏 − 𝒊) and 𝒇"(𝟏 − 𝒊)

Solution:
3𝑧 2 +7𝑧+1
Given 𝑓 (𝑎) = ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
𝑧−𝑎
3𝑧 2 +7𝑧+1
To find: 𝑓(3) = ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
𝑧−3

𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 = 3
Hence 𝑧 = 3 lies outside the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
By Cauchy’s Integral theorem
3𝑥 2 +7𝑧+1
∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑧−3
3𝑧 2 +7𝑧+1
To find: 𝑓(1) = ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
𝑧−1

𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 = 1
Clearly 𝑧 = 1 lies inside the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
∴ By Cauchy’s Integral formula

3𝑧 2 +7𝑧+1
∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(1) Where 𝑓 (𝑧) = 3𝑧 2 + 7𝑧 + 1 ⇒ 𝑓 (1) = 11
𝑧−1

= 2𝜋𝑖(11)
= 22𝜋𝑖
3𝑧 2+7𝑧+1
To find: 𝑓 ′ (1 − 𝑖 ) = ∫𝑐 𝑧−(1−𝑖)
𝑑𝑧

𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑖
and the point 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑖 lies inside the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4

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∴ By Cauchy’s Integral formula

𝑓 ′ (1 − 𝑖 ) = 2𝜋𝑖𝜑′ (1 − 𝑖 ) Where 𝜑(𝑧) = 3𝑧 2 + 7𝑧 + 1
= 2𝜋𝑖[6(1 − 𝑖 ) + 7] ⇒ 𝜑′ (𝑧) = 6𝑧 + 7
= 2𝜋𝑖[13 − 6𝑖 ] ⇒ 𝜑 ′ ( 1 − 𝑖 ) = 6(1 − 𝑖 ) + 7
= 2𝜋𝑖[13 − 6𝑖]
3𝑧 2 +7𝑧+1
To find: 𝑓 " (1 − 𝑖 ) = ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
𝑧−(1−𝑖)

Cleary and the point 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑖 lies inside the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4

∴ By Cauchy’s Integral formula
𝑓 ′ (1 − 𝑖 ) = 2𝜋𝑖𝜑" (1 − 𝑖 ) Where 𝜑(𝑧) = 3𝑧 2 + 7𝑧 + 1
= 2𝜋𝑖[6] 𝜑" (𝑧) = 6𝑧 + 7 ⇒ 𝜑" (𝑧) = 6
= 12𝜋𝑖
𝒛𝒅𝒛
Example: 4.14 Using Cauchy’s Integral formula evaluate ∫𝒄 (𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛−𝟐)𝟐 where C is the circle

𝟏
| 𝒛 − 𝟐| =
𝟐

Solution:
𝑧𝑑𝑧
Given ∫𝑐 (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)2

𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 = 1 is a pole of order 1, 𝑧 = 2 is a pole of order 2.

1
Given C is |𝑧 − 2| = 2
1
When 𝑧 = 1, |1 − 2| = 1 > 2 lies outside C.
1
When 𝑧 = 2, |2 − 2| = 0 < 2 lies inside C.

∴ By Cauchy’s Integral formula

𝑧/𝑧−1 𝑧
∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓′(2) Where 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧−1
(𝑧−2)2
(𝑧−1)1−𝑧(1)
= 2𝜋𝑖(−1) 𝑓 ′ (𝑧 ) = ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (2) = −1
(𝑧−1)2

= −2𝜋𝑖
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒛
Example: 4.15 Evaluate ∫𝒄 𝝅 𝟑
𝒅𝒛 where C is the circle |𝒛| = 𝟏
(𝒛− )
𝟔

Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑧
Given ∫𝑐 𝜋 𝑑𝑧
(𝑧− )3
6
𝜋
𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 6 is a pole of order 3.

Give C is |𝑧| = 1.
𝜋
Clearly 𝑧 = lies inside the circle |𝑧| = 1
6

∴ By Cauchy’s Integral formula

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𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑧 2𝜋𝑖
∫𝑐 𝜋 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓"(𝜋/6) Where 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑧
(𝑧− )3 2!
6

2𝜋𝑖
= (1) 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 2 sin 𝑧 cos 𝑧 = sin 2𝑧
2!

𝜋 2𝜋
= 𝜋𝑖 𝑓 ′′ (𝑧) = cos 2𝑧(2) ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ ( 6 ) = 2 cos ( 6 )

𝜋 1
= 2 cos 3 = 2 (2) = 1
𝒛
Example: 4.16 Evaluate ∫𝒄 (𝒛−𝟏)𝟑
𝒅𝒛 where C is the circle |𝒛| = 𝟐, using Cauchy’s Integral formula

Solution:
𝑧
Given ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
(𝑧−1)3

𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 1 is a pole of order 3.
Given C is |𝑧| = 2.
Clearly 𝑧 = 1 lies inside the circle 𝐶
∴ By Cauchy’s Integral formula
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑧 2𝜋𝑖
∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓"(1) Where 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 1
(𝑧−1)3 2!

2𝜋𝑖
= (0) ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑧) = 0 ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (1) = 0
2!

=0
𝒛𝟐
Example: 4.17 Evaluate∫𝒄 (𝟐𝒛−𝟏)𝟐
𝒅𝒛 where C is the circle |𝒛| = 𝟏

Solution:
𝑧2
Given ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧
(2𝑧−1)2
1
𝐷𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 2 is a pole of order 2.

Given C is |𝑧| = 1.
1
Clearly 𝑧 = 2 lies inside the circle 𝐶

∴ By Cauchy’s Integral formula

𝑧2 1 𝑧2
∫𝑐 1 𝑑𝑧 = 4 ∫𝑐 1 2
𝑑𝑧 Where 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 2 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 2𝑧
22 (𝑧− )2 (𝑧− )
2 2

1 1 1
= (2𝜋𝑖𝑓 ′ (2)) ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (2) = 1
4
1
= 2 𝜋𝑖(1)
𝜋𝑖
= 2

Exercise: 4.1

Evaluate the following using Cauchy’s Integral formula

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𝑧2 3
1. ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 where 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧 − 1| = 2 Ans: 0
𝑧 2 +9
7𝑧−1 16𝜋𝑖
2. ∫𝑐 where C is the ellipse 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 4 Ans:
𝑧 2 −3𝑧−4 5
𝑧 3−𝑧
3. ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 where 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 3 Ans: 12𝜋𝑖
(𝑧+2)3

3𝑧−1 1
4. ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 where 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 2 Ans: 2𝜋𝑖
𝑧 2−𝑧
12𝑧−7
5. ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 where C is the circle 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 4 Ans: 0
(2𝑧+3)(𝑧−1)3

𝑒 2𝑧
6. ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 where 𝐶 𝑖𝑠|𝑧| = 3 Ans: 2𝜋𝑖(𝑒 4 − 𝑒 2 )
(𝑧+1)(𝑧−2

𝑧+1
7. ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 where 𝐶 𝑖𝑠|𝑧 − 2 − 𝑖 | = 2 Ans: 𝜋𝑖
𝑧 4 −4𝑧 3 +4𝑧 2
𝑧 1
8. ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 where 𝐶 𝑖𝑠|𝑧 − 2} = 2 Ans: 4𝜋𝑖
𝑧 4 −4𝑧 3 +4𝑧 2
𝑧 1
9. ∫𝑐 (𝑧−2)(𝑧−3) 2
𝑑𝑧 where 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧 − 3| = 2 Ans: −4𝜋𝑖
4𝑧 2 +𝑧+5 𝑥2 𝑦2
10. If 𝑓 (𝑎) = ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 where C is the ellipse 4 + = 1 find the values of 𝑓 (1), 𝑓(𝑖 ), 𝑓′(1 − 𝑖)
𝑧−𝑎 9

and 𝑓′′(1 + 𝑖) Ans: 20𝜋𝑖, 2𝜋𝑖(1 + 𝑖 ), 2𝜋𝑖 (9 − 8𝑖 ), 8𝜋𝑖

4. 2 TAYLORS AND LAURENTS SERIES

In this section, we find a power series for the given analytic function. Taylor’s series is a series of
positive powers while Laurent’s series is a series of both positive and negative powers.
Taylor’s Series
If 𝑓 (𝑧) is analytic inside and on a circle C with centre at point ‘a’ and radius ‘R’ then at each point Z
inside C,
𝑓′ (𝑎) 𝑓′′ (𝑎)
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = 𝑓 (𝑎 ) + (𝑧 − 𝑎 ) + (𝑧 − 𝑎 )2 +⋯
1! 2!

(OR)
(𝑧−𝑎)𝑛
𝑓 (𝑧) = ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑎)
𝑛!

This is known as Taylor’s series of 𝑓(𝑧) about 𝑧 = 𝑎.

Note: 1 Putting 𝑎 = 0 in the Taylor’s series we get
𝑓 ′ (0) 𝑓′′ (0)
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = 𝑓 (0 ) + (𝑧 − 0) + (𝑧 − 0) 2 + ⋯ this series is called Maclaurin’s Series.
1! 1!

Note: 2 The Maclaurin’s for some elementary functions are

1) (1 − 𝑧)−1 = 1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 3 + ⋯, when |𝑧| < 1
2) (1 + 𝑧)−1 = 1 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 3 + ⋯, when |𝑧| < 1
3) (1 − 𝑧)−2 = 1 + 2𝑧 + 3𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 3 + ⋯, when |𝑧| < 1
4) (1 + 𝑧)−2 = 1 − 2𝑧 + 3𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 3 + ⋯, when |𝑧| < 1
𝑧 𝑧2
5) 𝑒 𝑧 = 1 + 1! + 2! + ⋯ when |𝑧| < ∞

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𝑧 𝑧2
6) 𝑒 𝑧 = 1 − 1! + 2! + ⋯ when |𝑧| < ∞
𝑧3 𝑧5
7) sin 𝑧 = 𝑧 − + + ⋯ when |𝑧| < ∞
3! 5!
𝑧2 𝑧4
8) cos 𝑧 = 1 − + + ⋯ when |𝑧| < ∞
2! 4!

LAURENTS SERIES
If 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐2 are two concentric circles with centre at 𝑧 = 𝑎 and radii 𝑟1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟2 (𝑟1 < 𝑟2 ) and if 𝑓 (𝑧)
is analytic inside on the circles and within the annulus between 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐2 then for any z in the annulus,
we have
𝑓(𝑧) = ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑛 + ∑∞𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑎)−𝑛 … (1)
1 𝑓(𝑧) 1 𝑓(𝑧)
Where 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑑𝑧 and 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑑𝑧 and the integration being taken in positive
2𝜋𝑖 𝑐1 (𝑧−𝑎)𝑛+1 2𝜋𝑖 𝑐2 (𝑧−𝑎)1−𝑛

direction. This series (1) is called Laurent series of 𝑓 (𝑧) about the point 𝑧 = 𝑎
Note:
1) If 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside 𝑐2 , then the Laurent’s series reduces to the Taylor series of 𝑓(𝑧)with centre
𝑎,since the negative powers in Laurent’s series is Zero.
2) As the Taylor’s and Laurent’s expansion in the regions are unique, they can find by simpler method
such as binomial series.
3) In Laurent’s series the part ∑∞𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑛 , consisting of positive powers of (𝑧 − 𝑎) is called the
analytic part of Laurent’s series, while ∑∞𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑎)−𝑛 consisting of negative powers of (𝑧 − 𝑎) is
called the principal part of Laurent’s series.
1
4) The coefficient of 𝑧−𝑎 (𝑖. 𝑒) 𝑏, in the Laurent’s expansion of 𝑓(𝑧) about a singularity 𝑧 = 𝑎 valid in

region 0 < |𝑧 − 𝑎| < 𝑟 is also called residue.

1
(𝑖. 𝑒) coeff of 𝑧−𝑎 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠 [𝑓(𝑧), 𝑧 = 𝑎]

Problems based on Taylor’s series

𝝅
Example: 4.18 Expand 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒛 as a Taylor’s series about 𝒛 = 𝟒 .

Solution:
𝜋
Function Value of function at 𝑧 = 4

𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 ( 4 ) = cos ( 4 ) =
1
√2

𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 𝜋 𝜋 1
𝑓 ′ ( ) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = −
4 4 √2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑧) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 𝜋 𝜋 1
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) = −
4 4 √2
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑧) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 𝜋 𝜋 1
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) =
4 4 √2

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′ 𝜋 ′′ 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝑓 (4) 𝜋 2 𝑓 ( 4)
The Taylor series of 𝑓(𝑧) about 𝑧 = is 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑓 ( 4 ) + (𝑧 − 4 ) + (𝑧 − 4 ) +⋯
4 1! 2!
1 1
1 𝜋 −√2 𝜋 2 −√2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 = + (𝑧 − ) + (𝑧 − 4 ) +⋯
√2 4 1! 2!

Example: 4.19 Expand 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝒛) as a Taylor’s series about 𝒛 = 𝟎.

Solution:
Function Value of function at 𝑧 = 0
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑓(0) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 0)= 0
1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑧 ) = 𝑓 ′ (0) = =1
1+𝑧 1+0
−1 −1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑧) = 𝑓 ′′ (0) = = −1
(1 + 𝑧 )2 (1 + 0) 2
2 ′(0) 2
𝑓 ′′ ′(𝑧) = 𝑓 ′′ = =2
( 1 + 𝑧 )3 (1 + 0 )3
The Taylor series of 𝑓(𝑧) about 𝑧 = 0 is
𝑓′ (0) 𝑓′′ (0)
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = 𝑓 ( 0) + (𝑧 − 0) + (𝑧 − 0)2 +⋯
1! 2!
1 −1
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑧) = 0 + (𝑧) + (𝑧 )2 +⋯
1! 2!
1 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑧) = (𝑧) 1! − (𝑧)2 2! + ⋯
𝟏
Example: 4.20 Expand 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛−𝟐as a Taylor’s series about 𝒛 = 𝟏.

Solution:
Function Value of function at 𝑧 = 1
1 1
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = 𝑓(𝑧) = 1−2 = −1
𝑧−2
−1 −1
𝑓 ′ (𝑧 ) = 𝑓 ′ (1 ) = = −1
(𝑧 − 2)2 (1 − 2) 2
2 2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑧) = 𝑓 ′′ (1) = = −2
(𝑧 − 2)3 (1 − 2) 3
−6 ′(0) −6
𝑓 ′′ ′(𝑧) = 𝑓 ′′ = = −6
( 𝑧 − 2)4 (𝑧 − 2) 4
The Taylor series of 𝑓(𝑧) about 𝑧 = 1 is
𝑓′ (1) 𝑓′′ (1)
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = 𝑓 (1) + (𝑧 − 1 ) + (𝑧 − 1)2 +⋯
1! 2!
1 −1 −2
= −1 + (𝑧 − 1) + (𝑧 − 1)2 +⋯
𝑧−2 1! 2!

Problems based on Laurent’s Series

Working rule to expand 𝒇(𝒛) as a Laurent’s Series
1 1
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = + 𝑧+𝑏 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 < 𝑏
𝑧+𝑎

(i) To expand 𝑓 (𝑧) in |𝑧| < 𝑎, rewrite 𝑓(𝑧)as

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1 1
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = + 𝑏(1+𝑧
𝑎(1+𝑧⁄𝑎 ) ⁄𝑏)

1 1 −1
= (1 + 𝑧⁄𝑎)−1 + (1 + 𝑧⁄𝑏)
𝑎 𝑏

Now use Binomial expansion.

(ii)To expand 𝑓 (𝑧) in |𝑧| > 𝑎, rewrite 𝑓 (𝑧) as
1 1
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = + 𝑧(1+𝑏⁄
𝑧(1+𝑎⁄𝑧 ) 𝑍)

1 1 −1
= (1 + 𝑎⁄𝑧)−1 + (1 + 𝑏⁄𝑧)
𝑍 𝑧

Now use Binomial expansion.

(iii)To expand 𝑓 (𝑧) in 𝑎 < |𝑧| < 𝑏, rewrite 𝑓 (𝑧)as
1 1
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = + 𝑏(1+𝑧
𝑧(1+𝑎⁄𝑧 ) ⁄𝑏)

1 1 −1
= (1 + 𝑎⁄𝑧)−1 + (1 + 𝑧⁄𝑏)
𝑍 𝑏

Now use Binomial expansion.

𝒛𝟐 −𝟏
Example: 4.21 Expand 𝒇(𝒛) = (𝒛+𝟐)(𝒛+𝟑)as a Laurent’s series if (i) |𝒛| < 2 (ii) |𝒛| > 3

(iii) 𝟐 < |𝒛| < 3

Solution:
𝑧 2−1
Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧+2)(𝑧+3) is an improper fraction. Since degree of numerator and degree of

denominator of 𝑓(𝑧) are same

∴ Apply division process
1
𝑧 2 + 5𝑧 + 6 𝑧2 − 1
𝑧 2 + 5𝑧 + 6
−5𝑧 − 7
𝑧 2−1 5𝑧+7
∴ (𝑧+2)(𝑧+3)
=1− (𝑧+2)(𝑧+3)
… (1)
5𝑧+7 𝐴 𝐵
Consider (𝑧+2)(𝑧+3) = 𝑧+2 + 𝑧+3

⇒ 5𝑧 + 7 = 𝐴(𝑧 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑧 + 2)
Put 𝑧 = −2, we get −10 + 7 = 𝐴 (1)
⇒ 𝐴 = −3
Put 𝑧 = −3, we get −15 + 7 = 𝐵(−1)
⇒𝐵= 8
5𝑧+7 −3 8
∴ (𝑧+2)(𝑧+3)
= 𝑧+2 + 𝑧+3
3 8
∴ (1) ⇒ 1 − 𝑧+2 − 𝑧+3

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(i) Given |𝑧| < 2

3 8
∴ 𝑓 (𝑧 ) = 1 + − 3(1+𝑧
2(1+𝑧⁄2) ⁄3)

3 −1 8 −1
=1+ (1 + 𝑧⁄2) − 3 (1 + 𝑧⁄3)
2

3 𝑧 𝑧 2 8 𝑧 𝑧 2
=1+ [1 − 2 + [2] + ⋯ ] − 3 [1 − 3 + [3] + ⋯ ]
2

3 𝑧 𝑛 8 𝑧 𝑛
= 1 + 2 ∑∞𝑛=0(−1)𝑛 [2] − 3 ∑∞𝑛=0(−1)𝑛 [3]

(ii) Given |𝑧| > 3

3 8
∴ 𝑓 (𝑧 ) = 1 + − 𝑧(1+3⁄
𝑧(1+2⁄𝑧 ) 𝑧)

3 −1 8 −1
=1+ (1 + 2⁄𝑧) − 𝑧 (1 + 3⁄𝑧)
𝑧

3 2 2 2 8 3 3 2
=1+ [1 − + [ ] + ⋯ ] − [1 − + [ ] … ]
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

3 2 𝑛 8 3 𝑛
= 1 + 𝑧 ∑∞𝑛=0(−1)𝑛 [𝑧] − 𝑧 ∑∞𝑛=0(−1)𝑛 [𝑧]

(iii) Given 2 < |𝑧| < 3

3 8
∴ 𝑓 (𝑧 ) = 1 + − 3(1+𝑧
𝑧(1+2⁄𝑧 ) ⁄3)

3 −1 8 −1
=1+ (1 + 2⁄𝑧) − 3 (1 + 𝑧⁄3)
𝑧

3 2 2 2 8 𝑧 𝑧 2
=1+ [1 − 𝑧 + [𝑧] + ⋯ ] − 3 [1 − 3 + [3] … ]
𝑧

3 2 𝑛 8 𝑧 𝑛
= 1 + 𝑧 ∑∞𝑛=0(−1)𝑛 [𝑧] − 3 ∑∞𝑛=0(−1)𝑛 [3]
𝟕𝒛−𝟐
Example: 4.22 Find the Laurent’s series expansion of𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛(𝒛−𝟐)(𝒛+𝟏)in𝟏 < |𝒛 + 𝟏| < 3.

Also find the residue of 𝒇(𝒂) at 𝒛 = − 𝟏

Solution:
7𝑧−2
Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧(𝑧−2)(𝑧+1)
7𝑧−2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + 𝑧−2 + 𝑧+1
𝑧(𝑧−2)(𝑧+1) 𝑧

7𝑧 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 + 1) + 𝐵𝑧(𝑧 + 1) + 𝐶𝑧(𝑧 − 2)

Put 𝑧 = 2, we get 14 − 2 = 𝐵 (2) (2 + 1)
⇒ 12 = 6𝐵
⇒𝐵= 2
Put 𝑧 = −1, we get −7 − 2 = 𝐶(−1)(−1 − 2)
⇒ −9 = 3𝐶
⇒ 𝐶 = −3
Put 𝑧 = 0we get −2 = 𝐴(−2)
⇒𝐴= 1

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1 2 3
∴ 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 + 𝑧−2 − 𝑧+1

Given region is 1 < |𝑧 + 1| < 3

Let 𝑢 = 𝑧 + 1 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑢 − 1
(𝑖. 𝑒) 1 < |𝑢| < 3
1 2 3
Now 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢−1 + 𝑢−3 − 𝑢
1 2 3
= + −3(1−𝑢 −
𝑢(1−1⁄𝑢 ) ⁄3) 𝑢

1 −1 2 −1 3
= (1 − 1⁄𝑢) − 3 (1 − 𝑢⁄3) −
𝑢 𝑢

1 1 1 2 2 𝑢 𝑢 2 3
= [1 + 𝑢 + [𝑢] + ⋯ ] − 3 [1 + 3 + [ 3 ] + ⋯ ] − 𝑢
𝑢

1 1 1 2 2 𝑧+1 𝑧+1 2 3
= [1 + 𝑧+1 + [𝑧+1] + ⋯ ] − 3 [1 + +[ ] + ⋯] −
𝑧+1 3 3 𝑧+1
𝑛
1 1 𝑛 2 1 3
= ∑∞𝑛=0 [ ] − ∑∞
[ 𝑧+1 ] − 𝑧+1
𝑧+1 𝑧+1 3 𝑛=0
3

1
Also 𝑅𝑒𝑠[𝑓(𝑧), 𝑧 = −1] =coefficient of 𝑧+1 = −2
𝟏
Example: 4.23 Expand 𝒇(𝒛) = (𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛−𝟐) in a Laurent’s series valid in the region

(i)|𝒛 − 𝟏| > 1(ii) 𝟎 < |𝒛 − 𝟐| < 1 (iii) |𝒛| > 2 (iv) 𝟎 < |𝒛 − 𝟏| < 1
Solution:
𝟏
Given 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛−𝟐)
1 𝐴 𝐵
Consider (z−1)(z−2) = + 𝑧−2
𝑧−1

⇒ 1 = 𝐴 (𝑧 − 2) + 𝐵 (𝑧 − 1)
Put 𝑧 = 2, we get 1 = 𝐵(1)
⇒𝐵= 1
Put 𝑧 = 1we get 1 = 𝐴(1 − 2)
⇒𝐴 =−1
−1 1
∴ 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧−1 + 𝑧−2

(i) Given region is |𝑧 − 1| > 1

Let 𝑢 = 𝑧 − 1 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 1
(𝑖. 𝑒) |𝑢| > 1

1 1
Now 𝑓 (𝑧) = − +
𝑢 𝑢−1
−1 1
= + 𝑢(1−1⁄
𝑢 𝑢)

−1 1 −1
= + 𝑢 (1 − 1⁄𝑢)
𝑢

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−1 1 1 1 2
= + 𝑢 [1 + 𝑢 + [𝑢] + ⋯ ]
𝑢

−1 1 1 1 2
= + 𝑧+1 [1 + 𝑧+1 + [𝑧+1] + ⋯ ]
𝑧+1

−1 1 1 𝑛
= 𝑧+1 + 𝑧+1 ∑∞𝑛=0 [𝑧+1]

(ii) Given 0 < |𝑧 − 2| < 1

Let 𝑢 = 𝑧 − 2 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 2
(𝑖. 𝑒) 0 < |𝑢| < 1
1 1
Now 𝑓 (𝑧) = − 𝑢+1 + 𝑢
1
= −(1 + 𝑢)−1 + 𝑢
1
= −[1 − 𝑢 + [𝑢]2 + ⋯ ] + 𝑢
1
= −[1 − (𝑧 − 2) + [𝑧 − 2]2 + ⋯ ] + 𝑧−2
1
= − ∑∞𝑛=0[−1]𝑛 [𝑧 − 2]𝑛 + 𝑧−2

(iii) Given |𝑧| > 2

1 1
Now 𝑓 (𝑧) = − 1 + 2
𝑧(1− ) 𝑧(1− )
𝑧 𝑧

1 1 −1 1 2 −1
= − 𝑧 (1 − 𝑧) + 𝑧 (1 − 𝑧 )

1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2
= − 𝑧 [1 + 𝑧 + [𝑧 ] + ⋯ ] + 𝑧 [1 + 𝑧 + [𝑧 ] + ⋯ ]

1 1 𝑛 1 2 𝑛
= − 𝑧 ∑∞ ⇁∞
𝑛=0 [𝑧 ] + 𝑧 ∑𝑛=0 [𝑧 ]

(iv) Given 0 < |𝑧 − 1| < 1

Let 𝑢 = 𝑧 − 1 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 1
(𝑖. 𝑒) 0 < |𝑢| < 1
1 1
Now 𝑓 (𝑧) = − 𝑢 + 𝑢−1
1 1
= −𝑢 + −1 [1−𝑢]
1
=− − (1 − 𝑢)−1
𝑢
1
=− − [1 + 𝑢 + [𝑢 ]2 + ⋯ ]
𝑢
1
= − − [ 1 + 𝑧 − 1 + [ 𝑧 − 1] 2 + ⋯ ]
𝑧−1
1
=− − ∑∞𝑛=0[𝑧 − 1]𝑛
𝑧−1
𝒛
Example: 4.24 Expand 𝒇(𝒛) = (𝒛+𝟏)(𝒛−𝟐) in a Laurent’s series about (i) 𝒛 = −𝟏 (ii) 𝒛 = 𝟐

Solution:
𝒛 𝑨 𝑩
Consider (𝒛+𝟏)(𝒛−𝟐) = + 𝒛−𝟐
𝒛+ 𝟏

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⇒ 𝑧 = 𝐴 ( 𝑧 − 2) + 𝐵 (𝑧 + 1)
Put 𝑧 = 2, we get 2 = 𝐵(3)
2
⇒𝐵= 3

Put 𝑧 = − 1we get −1 = 𝐴(−3)

1
⇒𝐴= 3
1 2
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) = 3(𝑧+ 1) + 3(𝑧−2)

(i)To expand 𝑓(𝑧) about 𝑧 = −1

(or) |𝑧 − 1| < 1
Put 𝑧 + 1 = 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑢 − 1
⇒ |𝑧 − 1 | < 1 ⇒ |𝑢 | < 1
1 2
Now 𝑓 (𝑧) = 3𝑢 + 3(𝑢−3)
1 2
= +
3𝑢 3((−3)(1−𝑢⁄3))

1 2 −1
= − 9 (1 − 𝑢⁄3)
3𝑢

1 2 𝑢 𝑢 2
= − 9 [1 + 3 + [ 3 ] + ⋯ ]
3𝑢

1 2 (𝑧+1) (𝑧+1) 2
= − 9 [1 + +[ ] + ⋯]
3(𝑧+1) 3 3

1 2 (𝑧+1) 𝑛
= 3(𝑧+1) − 9 ∑∞𝑛=0 [ ]
3

(ii) To expand 𝑓(𝑧) about 𝑧 = 2

(or) |𝑧 − 2| < 1
Put 𝑧 − 2 = 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 2
⇒ |𝑧 − 2 | < 1 ⇒ |𝑢 | < 1
1 2
Now 𝑓 (𝑧) = 3(𝑢+3) + 3(𝑢)
1 2
= + 3(u)
3((3)(1+u⁄3))

1 −1 2
= (1 + u⁄3) +
9 3(u)

1 u u 2 2
= [1 − 3 + [ 3] + ⋯ ] + 3(u)
9

1 (z−2) (z−2) 2 2
= [1 − +[ ] +⋯] +
9 3 3 3(z−2)

1 (z−2) n 2
= ∑∞n=0(−1)n [ ] +
9 3 3(z−2)
𝟔𝒛+𝟓
Example: 4.25 Expand the Laurent’s series about for 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛(𝒛−𝟐)(𝒛+𝟏)in the region 𝟏 < |𝒛 + 𝟏| < 3

Solution:

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6𝑧+5 𝐴 𝐵 𝑐
Consider 𝑧(𝑧−2)(𝑧+1) = + 𝑧−2 + 𝑧+ 1
𝑧

⇒ 6𝑧 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 + 1) + 𝐵𝑧(𝑧 + 1) + 𝐶𝑧(𝑧 − 2)

Put 𝑧 = 0, we get 5 = 𝐴(−2)(1)

−5
⇒𝐴= 2

Put 𝑧 = − 1we get −11 = 𝐶 (−1)(−3)

11
⇒𝐶=− 3

Put 𝑧 = 2we get 17 = 𝐵(2)(3)

17
⇒𝐵= 6
−5 17 11
∴ 𝑓 (𝑧 ) = + 6(𝑧−2) − 3(𝑧+ 1)
2𝑧

Given region 1 < |𝑧 + 1| < 3

Put 𝑧 + 1 = 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑢 − 1
(𝑖. 𝑒) 1 < |𝑢| < 3
−5 17 11
Now 𝑓 (𝑧) = 2(𝑢−1) + 6(𝑢−3) − 3𝑢
−5 17 11
= 1 + 𝑢 − 3𝑢
2𝑢(1− ) 6(−3)(1− )
𝑢 3

−5 1 −1 17 𝑢 −1 11
= 2𝑢 [1 − 𝑢] − 18 [1 − 3 ] − 3𝑢

−5 1 1 2 17 𝑢 𝑢 2 11
= [1 + + [ ] + ⋯ ] − [1 + + [ ] + ⋯ ] −
2𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 18 3 3 3𝑢

−5 1 1 2 17 (𝑧+1) (𝑧+1) 2 11
= [1 + (𝑧+1) + [(𝑧+1)] + ⋯ ] − 18 [1 + +[ ] +⋯] −
2(𝑧+1) 3 3 3(𝑧+1)

−5 1 𝑛 17 (𝑧+1) 𝑛 11
= 2(𝑧+1) ∑∞𝑛=0 [(𝑧+1)] − 18 ∑∞𝑛=0 [ ] −
3 3(𝑧+1)
𝒛
Example: 4.26 Find the Laurent’s series which represents the function (𝒛+𝟏)(𝒛+𝟐)in (i)|𝒛| < 1

(ii) 1<|𝒛| < 2 (iii) |𝒛| > 2

Solution:
𝑧 𝐴 𝐵
Consider (𝑧+1)(𝑧+2) = +
𝑧+1 𝑧+2

⇒ 𝑧 = 𝐴(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 1)
Put 𝑧 = −2we get −2 = 𝐵(−1)
⇒𝐵= 2
Put 𝑧 = −1 we get −1 = 𝐴(1)
⇒𝐴 =−1
−1 2
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧+1 + 𝑧+2

(i) Given region |𝑧| < 1

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−1 2
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧+1 + 2(1+𝑧
⁄2)
−1
= −(1 + 𝑧)−1 + (1 + 𝑧⁄2)
𝑧 𝑧 2
= −[1 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 − ⋯ ] + [1 − + [ ] − ⋯ ]
2 2

𝑧 𝑛
= (−1) ∑∞𝑛=0(−1)𝑛 𝑧 𝑛 + ∑∞𝑛=0(−1)𝑛 [2]

(ii) Given region 1 < |𝑧| < 2

−1 2
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = +
𝑧(1+1⁄𝑧 ) 2(1+𝑧⁄2)

−1 −1
= − 1⁄𝑧 (1 + 1⁄𝑧) + (1 + 𝑧⁄2)
𝑧 𝑧 2
= − 1⁄𝑧 [1 − 1⁄𝑧 + (1⁄𝑧)2 − ⋯ ] + [1 − 2 + [2] − ⋯ ]

𝑧 𝑛
= (− 1⁄𝑧) ∑∞𝑛=0(−1)𝑛 (1⁄𝑧)𝑛 + ∑∞𝑛=0(−1)𝑛 [2]

(iii) Given region |𝑧| > 2

−1 2
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧(1+1⁄ ) + 𝑧(1+2⁄
𝑧 𝑧)
−1 2 −1
= − 1⁄𝑧 (1 + 1⁄𝑧) + 𝑧 (1 + 2⁄𝑧)

2 2 2 2
= − 1⁄𝑧 [1 − 1⁄𝑧 + (1⁄𝑧)2 − ⋯ ] + 𝑧 [1 − 𝑧 + [𝑧] − ⋯ ]

2 2 𝑛
= (− 1⁄𝑧) ∑∞𝑛=0(−1)𝑛 (1⁄𝑧)𝑛 + 𝑧 ∑∞𝑛=0(−1)𝑛 [𝑧 ]

(iv) Given region |𝑧 + 1| < 1

Put 𝑧 + 1 = 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑢 − 1
∴ | 𝑧 + 1 | < 1 ⇒ |𝑢 | < 1
−1 2
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = + 𝑢+1
𝑢
−1
= + 2(1 + 𝑢)−1
𝑢
−1
= + 2[1 − 𝑢 + 𝑢 2 − ⋯ ]
𝑢
−1
= + 2[1 − (𝑧 + 1) + ((𝑧 + 1)2 ) − ⋯ ]
𝑧+1
−1
= 𝑧+1 + 2 ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0(−1) (𝑧 + 1)
𝑛

EXERCISE: 4.2
𝑧 𝑧2
(1) Expand 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 in a Taylor’s series about 𝑧 = 0. Ans: 𝑓(𝑧) = 1 + 1! + 2! + ⋯
2
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 1 [𝑧− ] [[𝑧− ]]
4
(2) Expand 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 in a Taylor’s series about 𝑧 = 4 . Ans: 𝑓 (𝑧) = [1 + 4
− +⋯]
√2 1! 2!

𝑧−1
(3) Find the Laurent’s series expansion of 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧+2)(𝑧+3)valid in the region2 < |𝑧| < 3

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−3 2 𝑛 4 𝑧 𝑛
Ans: 𝑓 (𝑧) = ∑∞ 𝑛 ∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0(−1) [𝑧 ] + 3 ∑𝑛=0(−1) [3]
2
3𝑧−7`
(4) Expand the Laurent’s series the function𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2) in the region1 < |𝑧 − 1| < 2

−2 1 𝑛 𝑧−1 𝑛
Ans: 𝑓(𝑧) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 ( ) − 2 ∑∞
𝑛=0 [ ]
𝑧−1 𝑧−1 2
1
(5) Find the Laurent’s series the function𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧(1−𝑧) valid in the region (i) |𝑧 + 1| < 1

(ii) 1 < |𝑧 + 1| < 2(iii) |𝑧 + 1| > 2

1 1 𝑛+1 (𝑧+1)𝑛
Ans: (i)∑∞
𝑛=0 ( − 1) (𝑧 + 1)𝑛 (ii) ∑∞
𝑛=0 ( ) + ∑∞
𝑛=0
2𝑛+1 𝑧+1 2𝑛+1
1−2𝑛
(iii) ∑∞
𝑛=0 (𝑧+1)𝑛+1

1
(6) Find the Laurent’s series expansion𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 2 +4𝑧+3 valid in the region (i) |𝑧| < 1and
1 1 𝑧+1 𝑛
(ii) 0 < |𝑧 + 1| < 2 Ans: ( i) 𝑓 (𝑧) = − ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0(−1) ( )
2(𝑧+1) 4 2

1 1 𝑧 𝑛
(ii) 𝑓 (𝑧) = 2 ∑∞ 𝑛 𝑛 ∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0(−1) [𝑧] − 6 ∑𝑛=0(−1) [3]

𝑧+3
(7) Expand 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧)(𝑧2−𝑧−2) the Laurent’s series for the region

(i) |𝑧| < 1(ii) 1 < |𝑧| < 2(iii) |𝑧| < 2
−3 2 5 𝑧 𝑛
Ans: (i) 𝑓 (𝑧) = + 3 ∑∞ 𝑛 𝑛 ∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0(−1) (𝑧) − 12 ∑𝑛=0(−1) (2)
2𝑧

−3 2 1 𝑛 5 𝑧 𝑛
(ii) 𝑓 (𝑧) = + 3𝑧 ∑∞ 𝑛 ∞
𝑛=0(−1) (𝑧 ) − 12 ∑𝑛=0 (2)
2𝑧

−3 2 1 𝑛 5 2 𝑛
(iii)𝑓 (𝑧) = + 3𝑧 [∑∞ 𝑛 ∞
𝑛=0(−1) (𝑧 ) ] − 6𝑧 ∑𝑛=0 (𝑧 )
2𝑧
𝑧 2 +6𝑧−1
(8) Expand (𝑧−1)(𝑧−3)(𝑧+2) in 3 < |𝑧 + 2| < 5as a Laurent’s Series.

−1 8 3 𝑛 13 𝑧+2 𝑛
Ans: 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧+1 + 5 ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=0 (𝑧+2) − 25 ∑𝑛=0 ( )
5
𝑒𝑧
(9) Obtain the Laurent’s Series expansion of the function (𝑧−1)2 in the neighbourhood of its singular point.

Hence find the residue at that pole. Ans: The residue is ‘e’.
𝑧2
(10) Find the residues of 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧−2) at its isolated singularities using Laurent’s Series expansions.

Ans: Residue at 𝑧 = −1 is – 3, Residue at 𝑧 = 2 is 4

4.3 SINGULARITIES – RESIDUES – RESIDUE THEOREM
Zeros of an analytic function
If a function 𝑓 (𝑧) is analytic in a region R, is zero at a point 𝑧 = 𝑧0 in R, then 𝑧0 is called a zero
of 𝑓(𝑧).
Simple zero
If 𝑓(𝑧0 ) = 0 and 𝑓′(𝑧0 ) ≠ 0, then 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is called a simple zero of 𝑓(𝑧) or a zero of the first order.
Zero of order n

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If 𝑓(𝑧0 ) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 ) = ⋯ = 𝑓 𝑛−1 (𝑧0 ) = 0 and 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑧0 ) ≠ 0, then 𝑧0 is called zero of order.
Problems based on zeros
𝑧 2+1
Example: 4.27 Find the zeros of 𝑓 (𝑧) = 1−𝑧 2

Solution:
The zeros of 𝑓 (𝑧)are given by 𝑓 (𝑧) = 0
𝑧 2+1 (𝑧+𝑖)(𝑧−𝑖)
(𝑖. 𝑒. )𝑓 (𝑧) = = =0
1−𝑧 2 1−𝑧 2

⇒ (𝑧 + 𝑖 )(𝑧 − 𝑖 ) = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑖 and – 𝑖 are simple zero.
1
Example: 4.28 Find the zeros of 𝑓 (𝑧) = sin 𝑧−𝑎

Solution:
The zeros are given by 𝑓 (𝑧) = 0
1
(𝑖. 𝑒. ) sin =0
𝑧−𝑎
1
⇒ 𝑧−𝑎 = 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 = ±1, ±2, …

⇒ (𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑛𝜋 = 1
1
∴ The zeros are 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑛𝜋 , 𝑛 = ±1, ±2, ,,
sin 𝑧−𝑧
Example: 4.29 Find the zeros of 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧3

Solution:
The zeros are given by 𝑓 (𝑧) = 0
sin 𝑧−𝑧
(𝑖. 𝑒. ) =0
𝑧3
𝑧3 𝑧5
[𝑧− + ….]
3! 5!
⇒ 3 −𝑧=0
𝑧
𝑧3 𝑧5
− +
3! 5!
⇒ ….= 0
𝑧3
1 𝑧2
⇒ − 3! + 5! … = 0
sin 𝑧−𝑧 1
But lim = − 3! + 0
𝑧→0 𝑧3

∴ 𝑓(𝑧) has no zeros.

1−𝑒 2𝑧
Example: 4.30 Find the zeros of 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧4

Solution:
The zeros are given by 𝑓(𝑧) = 0
1−𝑒 2𝑧
(𝑖. 𝑒. ) =0
𝑧4

⇒ 1 − 𝑒 2𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑖𝑛𝜋

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(𝑖. 𝑒. )2𝑧 = 2𝑖𝑛𝜋

⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑖𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 = 0, ±1; ±2 …
Singular points
A point 𝑧 = 𝑧0 at which a function 𝑓 (𝑧) fails to be analytic is called a singular point or singularity
of 𝑓(𝑧).
1
Example: Consider 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧−5

Here, 𝑧 = 5, is a singular point of 𝑓(𝑧)

Types of singularity
A point 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is said to be isolated singularity of 𝑓(𝑧) if
(i) 𝑓(𝑧) is not analytic at 𝑧 = 𝑧0
(ii) There exists a neighbourhood of 𝑧 = 𝑧0 containing no other singularity
𝑧
Example: 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 2−1

This function is analytic everywhere except at 𝑧 = 1, −1

∴ 𝑧 = 1, −1 are two isolated singular points.
When 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is an isolated singular point of 𝑓(𝑧), it can expand 𝑓(𝑧) as a Laurent’s series about 𝑧 = 𝑧0
Thus
𝑓 (𝑧) = ∑∞ 𝑛 ∞
𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑧0 ) + ∑𝑛=0 𝑏𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )
−𝑛

Note: If 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is an isolated singular point of a function 𝑓(𝑧), then the singularity is called
(i) a removable singularity (or)
(ii) a pole (or)
(iii) an essential singularity
According as the Laurent’s series about 𝑧 = 𝑧0 of 𝑓(𝑧) has
(i) no negative powers (or)
(ii) a finite number of negative powers (or)
(iii) an infinite number of negative powers
Removable singularity
If the principal part of 𝑓(𝑧) in Laurent’s series expansion contains no term (𝑖. 𝑒. )𝑏𝑛 = 0 for all n,
then the singularity 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is known as the removable singularity of 𝑓(𝑧)
∴ 𝑓 (𝑧) = ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 (𝑧−𝑧𝑜 )
𝑛

(OR)
A singular point 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is called a removable singularity of 𝑓(𝑧), if lim 𝑓(𝑧) ezists finitely
𝑧→𝑧0
sin 𝑧
Example: 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧
sin 𝑧 1 𝑧3 𝑧5
= 𝑧 [𝑧 − + …]
𝑧 3! 5!

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𝑧2 𝑧4
= 1 − 3! + 5!

There is no negative powers of z.

∴ 𝑧 = 0 is a removable singularity of 𝑓(𝑧).
Poles
If we can find the positive integer 𝑛 such that lim (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑛 𝑓(𝑧) ≠ 0, then 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is called a pole of order 𝑛
𝑧→𝑧0

for 𝑓(𝑧).
(or)
If lim 𝑓(𝑧) = ∞, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is a pole of 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑧0

Simple pole
A pole of order one is called a simple pole.
1
Example: 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧+2)

Here 𝑧 = 1 is a pole of order 2

𝑧 = 2 is a pole of order 1.
Essential singularity
If the principal part of 𝑓(𝑧) in Laurent’s series expansion contains an infinite number of non zero
terms, then 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is known as an essential singularity.
1 1 2
( )
1/𝑧 𝑧
Example: 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 = 1+ 𝑧
+ + ⋯ has 𝑧 = 0 as an essential singularity since, 𝑓(𝑧) is an infinite
1! 𝟐!

series of negative powers of z.

1
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 2−4 has 𝑧 = 4 an essential singularity

Note: The removable singularity and the poles are isolated singularities. But, the essential singularity is
either an isolated or non-isolated singularity.
Entire function (or) Integral function
A function 𝑓(𝑧) which is analytic everywhere in the finite plane (except at infinity) is called an entire
function or an integral function.
Example: 𝑒 𝑧 , sin 𝑧 , cos 𝑧 are all entire functions.
Problems Based on Singularities
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒛−𝒛
Example: 4.31 What is the nature of the singularity 𝒛 = 𝟎 of the function 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛𝟑

Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧−𝑧
Given 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧3

The function 𝑓(𝑧)is not defined at 𝑧 = 0

By L’ Hospital’s rule.

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𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧−𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧−1
lim = lim
𝑧→0 𝑧3 𝑧→0 3𝑧 2
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
= lim
𝑧→0 6𝑧
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 −1
= lim − =
𝑧→0 6𝑧 6

Since, the limit exists and is finite, the singularity at 𝑧 = 0 is a removable singularity.

𝒛−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒛
Example: 4.32 Classify the singularities for the function𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛

Solution:
𝒛−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒛
Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝒛

The function 𝑓(𝑧)is not defined at 𝑧 = 0

But by L’ Hospital’s rule.
𝑧−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
lim = lim 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 = 1 − 1 = 0
𝑧→0 𝑧 𝑧→0

Since, the limit exists and is finite, the singularity at 𝑧 = 0 is a removable singularity.
𝟏
𝒆 ⁄𝒛
Example: 4.33 Find the singularity of𝒇(𝒛) = (𝒛−𝒂)𝟐

Solution:
1
𝑒 ⁄𝑧
Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−𝑎)2

Poles of 𝑓(𝑧) are obtained by equating the denominator to zero.

(𝑖. 𝑒. )(𝑧 − 𝑎)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑎 is a pole of order 2.
Now, Zeros of 𝑓 (𝑧)
1
𝑒 ⁄𝑧 ∞
lim (𝑧−𝑎)2 = = ∞ ≠0
𝑧→0 𝑎2

⇒ 𝑧 = 0is a removable singularity.

∴ 𝑓(𝑧) has no zeros.
𝒄𝒐𝒕𝝅𝒛
Example: 4.34 Find the kind of singularity of the function 𝒇(𝒛) = (𝒛−𝒂)𝟐

Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜋𝑧
Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−𝑎)2
cos 𝜋𝑧
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑧(𝑧−𝑎)2

Singular points are poles, are given by

⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑎)2 = 0
(𝑖. 𝑒. )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑧 = 0, (𝑧 − 𝑎)2 = 0
𝜋𝑧 = 𝑛𝜋, where 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, …
(𝑖. 𝑒. )𝑧 = 𝑛

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𝑧 = 𝑎 is a pole of order 2
Since 𝑧 = 𝑛, 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, …
𝑧 = ∞ is a limit of these poles.
∴ 𝑧 = ∞ is non- isolated singularity.
𝟏
Example: 4.35 Find the singular point of the function 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒛 𝒛−𝒂. State nature of singularity.

Solution:

1
Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
𝑧−𝑎

𝑧 = 𝑎 is the only singular point in the finite plane.

1 1 1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 𝑧−𝑎 = − + 5!(𝑧−𝑎)5 − ⋯
𝑧−𝑎 3!(𝑧−𝑎)3

𝑧 = 𝑎 is an essential singularity
It is an isolated singularity.
𝟏
Example: 4.36 Identify the type of singularity of the function 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟏−𝒛).

Solution:
𝑧 = 1 is the only singular point in the finite plane.
𝑧 = 1 is an essential singularity
It is an isolated singularity.
𝟏
Example: 4.37 Find the singular points of the function 𝒇(𝒛) = ( 𝟏 ), state their nature.
𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝒛−𝒂

Solution:
𝑓(𝑧)has an infinite number of poles which are given by
1
= 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 = ±1, ±2, …
𝑧−𝑎
1 1
(𝑖. 𝑒. )𝑧 − 𝑎 = ;𝑧 = 𝑎 +
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋

But 𝑧 = 𝑎 is also a singular point.

It is an essential singularity.
It is a limit point of the poles.
So, It is an non - isolated singularity.
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒛
Example: 4.38 Classify the singularity of 𝒇(𝒛) = .
𝒛

Solution:
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧
Given 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧
𝑧3 2𝑧5
𝑧+ + +…
3 15
= 𝑧
𝑧2 2𝑧 4
= 1 + + + …
3 15
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧
lim =1 ≠0
𝑧→0 𝑧

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⇒ 𝑧 = 0is a removable singularity of 𝑓 (𝑧).

𝟏−𝒆𝒛
Example: 4.39 Find the residue of at 𝒛 = 𝟎
𝒛𝟒

Solution:
2𝑧 (2𝑧)2 (2𝑧) 3 (2𝑧) 4
1−𝑒 𝑧 1−[1+ + + + +…]
1! 2! 3! 4!
Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = =
𝑧4 𝑧4
2 4𝑧 8𝑧2 16𝑧3
−[ + + + + …]
1! 2! 3! 4!
= 𝑧4

Here, 𝑧 = 0 is a pole of order 3

1 𝑑2
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧), 𝑧 = 0] = lim 𝑑𝑧 2 [(𝑧)3 𝑓(𝑧)]
2! 𝑧→0

1 𝑑2 2 4𝑧 2 2𝑧 3
= lim 𝑑𝑧 2 [− [1! + 2𝑧 + + + … ]]
2 𝑧→0 3 3

1 𝑑 8 6𝑧 2
= lim [− [ 2 + 𝑧+ + … ]]
2 𝑧→0 𝑑𝑧 3 3

1 8 12
= lim [− (3 + 𝑧 + ⋯ )]
2 𝑧→0 3
1 −8 −4
= ( )=
2 3 3
𝝅
Example: 4.40 Find the residue of 𝒇 (𝒛) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒛 at 𝒛 = 𝟐

Solution:
π π
[Res f(z), z = ] = limπ (z − ) tanz
2 z→2
2
π
z− 0
2
= limπ cot z [ ] form
z→ 0
2

1
= limπ −cosec2 z = −1[By L′ Hospital rule]
z→
2

Residue
1
The residue of 𝑓 (𝑧) at 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is the coefficient of in the Laurent series of 𝑓(𝑧) about 𝑧 = 𝑧0
𝑧−𝑧0

Evaluation of Residues
(i) If 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is a pole of order one (simple pole) for 𝑓 (𝑧), then
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑧 = 𝑧0 ] = lim (𝑧 − 𝑧0 ) 𝑓(𝑧).
𝑧→𝑧0

(ii) If 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is a pole of order n for 𝑓 (𝑧), then

1 𝑑 𝑛−1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑧 = 𝑧0 ] = lim (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑛 𝑓 (𝑧)
𝑧→𝑧0 (𝑛−1)! 𝑑𝑧 𝑛−1

Problems based on Residues

𝒆𝟐𝒛
Example: 4.41 Calculate the residue of 𝒇(𝒛) = (𝒛+𝟏)𝟐
at its pole.

Solution:

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𝑒 2𝑧
Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧+1)2
Here, 𝑧 = −1 is a pole of order 2.

We know that,
1 𝑑 𝑚−1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧), 𝑧 = 𝑧0 ] = lim (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑚 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑧0 (𝑚−1)! 𝑑𝑧 𝑚−1

Here, 𝑚 = 2
1 𝑑 𝑒 2𝑧
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑧 = −1] = lim ( 𝑧 + 1)2
𝑧→−1 1! 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧+1)2
𝑑
= lim [𝑒 2𝑧 ] = lim 2[𝑒 2𝑧 ] = 2 𝑒 −2
𝑧→−1 𝑑𝑧 𝑧→−1
𝟏⁄ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒛
Example: 4.42 Find the residues at 𝒛 = 𝟎 of the function (i) 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒆 𝒛 (ii) 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛𝟒
𝟏
(iii) 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒛

Solution:
1
The residues are the coefficients of in the Laurent’s expansions of 𝑓(𝑧) about 𝑧 = 0
𝑧
1 1 2
1 ( ) ( )
(i) 𝑒 ⁄𝑧 =1+ 𝑧
+ 𝑧
+⋯
1! 2!

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3
= 1 + 1! (𝑧) + ( ) + 3! (𝑧) + ⋯
2! 𝑧
1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧), 0 ] = coefficient of in Laurent’s expansion.
𝑧
1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧), 0 ] = = 1by definition of residue.
1!
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 1 𝑧3 𝑧5 1 1 1 𝑧5
(ii) 𝑓(𝑧) = = [𝑧 − + −⋯]= − + 5! − …
𝑧4 𝑧4 3! 5! 𝑧3 3! 𝑧
1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧), 0 ] = coefficient of in Laurent’s expansion.
𝑧
1 1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧), 0 ] = − =− by definition of residue.
3! 6
1 1 1 1 1
(iii) 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧 = 𝑧 [1 − + − ⋯]
2! 𝑧 2 4! 𝑧 4
11 1 1
=𝑧− + −⋯
2! 𝑧 4! 𝑧 3
1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧), 0 ] = coefficient of in Laurent’s expansion.
𝑧
1 1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧), 0 ] = − =−
2! 2
𝟏
Example: 4.43 Find the residue of 𝒛𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝒛 ) at 𝒛 = 𝟎

Solution:
1 1 3
1 ( ) ( ) 𝑧 1
2
Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑧) = 𝑧 2 [ 1!𝑧 − 𝑧
+ ⋯] = − +⋯
3! 1! 6𝑧

1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧), 0 ] = coefficient of in Laurent’s expansion.
𝑧
1
= − 6
𝟒
Example: 4.44 Find the residue of the function 𝒇(𝒛) = at a simple pole.
𝒛𝟑 (𝒛−𝟐)

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Solution:
Here, 𝑧 = 2 is a simple pole.
4
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧), 𝑧 = 2] = lim(𝑧 − 2) 3
𝑧 (𝑧−2)
𝑧→2
4 4 1
= lim 𝑧 3 = =
𝑧→2 8 2
𝟏−𝒆−𝒛
Example: 4.45 Find the residue of at 𝒛 = 𝟎
𝒛𝟑

Solution:
𝑧 (𝑧)2 (𝑧) 3 (𝑧)4
1−𝑒 −𝑧 1−[1− + − + − …]
1! 2! 3! 4!
Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = =
𝑧3 𝑧3
𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧3
[1− + − + …]
2! 3! 4!
= 𝑧2

Here, 𝑧 = 0 is a pole of order 2.

1 𝑑
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑧 = 0] = lim [(𝑧)2 𝑓(𝑧)]
1! 𝑧→0 𝑑𝑧

𝑑 𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧3
= lim 𝑑𝑧 [[1 − + − + … ]]
𝑧→0 2! 3! 4!

−1 2𝑧 3𝑧 2
= lim [ 2! + − + …]
𝑧→0 3! 4!
−1 1
= = −2
2!

4.4 CAUCHY RESIDUE THEOREM

Statement:
If 𝑓 (𝑧) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C, except at a finite number of singular points
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … 𝑎𝑛 inside C, then

∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑧)𝑎𝑡 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … 𝑎𝑛 ]

Note: Formulae for evaluation of residues

(i) If 𝑧 = 𝑎 is a simple pole of 𝑓(𝑧) then

[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧), 𝑧 = 𝑎] = lim (𝑧 − 𝑎) 𝑓(𝑧)

𝑧→𝑎

(ii) If 𝑧 = 𝑎 is a pole of order n of 𝑓 (𝑧) , then

1 𝑑𝑛−1
[[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)], 𝑧 = 𝑎] = (𝑛−1)!
𝑙𝑖𝑚 {𝑑𝑧 𝑛−1 [(𝑧 − 𝑎)𝑛 𝑓(𝑧)]}
𝑧→𝑎

Problems based on Cauchy Residue theorem

𝒛+𝟐
Example: 4.46 Find the residue of 𝒇(𝒛) = (𝒛−𝟐)(𝑧+1)2
about each singularity.

Solution:
𝑧+2
Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧−2)((𝑧+1)2 )

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The poles are given by (𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 + 1)2

⇒ 𝑧 − 2 = 0, 𝑧 + 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = 2 and 𝑧 = −1
∴ The Poles of 𝑓 (𝑧)are 𝑧 = 2 is a simple pole and 𝑧 = −1 is a pole of order 2
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=2 = lim(𝑧 − 2) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→2
𝒛+𝟐
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=2 = lim(𝑧 − 2)
𝑧→2 (𝒛−𝟐)(𝑧+1)2
𝒛+𝟐 4
= lim (𝑧+1)2 =
𝑧→2 9
𝑑
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=1 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [(𝑧 + 1)2 𝑓(𝑧)]
𝑧→−1 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝒛+𝟐
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [(𝑧 + 1)2 (𝒛−𝟐)(𝑧+1)2 ]
𝑧→−1 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝑧+2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ( )
𝑧→−1 𝑑𝑧 𝑧−2
(𝑧−2)(1)−(𝑧+2)(1) 4
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [ (𝑧−2)2
] = −
𝑧→−1 9

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝅𝒛𝟐 +𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝅𝒛𝟐
Example: 4.47 Evaluate using Cauchy’s residue theorem, ∫𝒄 (𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛−𝟐)
𝒅𝒛, where C is |𝒛| = 𝟑

Solution:
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝅𝒛𝟐 +𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝅𝒛𝟐
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛−𝟐)

The poles are given by (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2) = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = 1, 2 are poles of order 1.
Given C is|𝑧| = 3
∴ Clearly 𝑧 = 1and 𝑧 = 2 lies inside |𝑧| = 3
To find the residues:
(i) When 𝑧 = 1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=1 = lim(𝑧 − 1)𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑧 2+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑧 2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)
𝑧→1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑧 2+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑧 2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑧→1 (𝑧−2)

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋
= −1
−1+0
= =1
−1

(ii) When 𝑧 = 2
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=2 = lim(𝑧 − 2)𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑧 2 +𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑧 2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚(𝑧 − 2) (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)
𝑧→2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑧 2+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑧 2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑧→2 (𝑧−1)

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𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜋+𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋
= 1
1+0
= =1
1

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠)

= 2𝜋𝑖 (1 + 1) = 4𝜋𝑖
𝒛𝟐
Example: 4.48 Evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒅𝒛 where C is |𝒛| = 𝟐 using Cauchy’s residue theorem.
𝒛𝟐 +𝟏

Solution:
𝒛𝟐
Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝒛𝟐 +𝟏

The poles are given by 𝑧 2 + 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑖 are poles of order 1.
Given C is |𝑧| = 2
∴ Clearly 𝑧 = 𝑖, −𝑖 lies inside |𝑧| = 2
To find the residue:
(i) When 𝑧 = 𝑖
𝑧2
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑖 = lim(𝑧 − 𝑖 )
𝑧→𝑖 (𝑧+𝑖)(𝑧−𝑖)

𝑧2 −1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑧+𝑖) =
𝑧→𝑖 2𝑖

(ii) When 𝑧 = −𝑖
𝑧2
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=−𝑖 = lim (𝑧 + 𝑖 )
(𝑧+𝑖)(𝑧−𝑖)
𝑧→−𝑖

𝑧2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑧→−𝑖 (𝑧−𝑖)
−1 1
= −2𝑖 = 2𝑖

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠)

−1 1
= 2𝜋𝑖 ( 2𝑖 + 2𝑖 ) = 0
𝑧2
∴ ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝑧 2+1
(𝒛−𝟏)
Example: 4.49 Evaluate ∫𝒄 (𝒛+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒛−𝟐)
𝒅𝒛 where C is the circle |𝒛 − 𝒊| = 𝟐 using Cauchy’s residue

theorem.
Solution:

(𝒛−𝟏)
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝒛+𝟏)𝟐(𝒛−𝟐)

The poles are given by (𝑧 + 1)2 (𝑧 − 2) = 0

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⇒ 𝑧 + 1 = 0; 𝑧 − 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = −1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑
⇒ 𝑧 = 2 is a pole of order 1.
Given C is |𝑧 − 𝑖 | = 2
When 𝑧 = −1, |𝑧 − 𝑖 | = |−1 − 𝑖 | = √2 < 2
∴ 𝑧 = −1 lies inside C
When 𝑧 = 2, |𝑧 − 𝑖 | = |2 − 𝑖 | = √5 > 2
∴ 𝑧 = −1 lies inside C
To find the residue for the inside pole:
𝑑
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=−1 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [(𝑧 + 1)2 𝑓(𝑧)]
𝑧→−1 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 (𝒛−𝟏)
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [(𝑧 + 1)2 (𝒛+𝟏)𝟐 ]
𝑧→−1 𝑑𝑧 (𝒛−𝟐)

𝑑 𝑧−1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ( )
𝑧→−1 𝑑𝑧 𝑧−2
(𝑧−2)(1)−(𝑧−1)(1) 1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [ ] = −
𝑧→−1 (𝑧−2) 9

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠)

1
= 2𝜋𝑖 (− 9 )
(𝑧−1) 1
∴ ∫𝑐 (𝑧+1)2 (𝑧−2)
𝑑𝑧 = − 2𝜋𝑖 (9)
𝒅𝒛
Example: 4.50 Evaluate ∫𝒄 𝟐 where C is the circle |𝒛 − 𝒊| = 𝟐 using Cauchy’s residue theorem.
(𝒛𝟐 +𝟒)

Solution:

1
Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧 2+4)2

The poles are given by (𝑧 2 + 4)2

⇒ 𝑧2 + 4 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = ±2𝑖 are poles of order 2
Given C is |𝑧 − 𝑖 | = 2
When 𝑧 = 2𝑖, |𝑧 − 𝑖 | = |2𝑖 − 𝑖 | = 1 < 2
∴ 𝑧 = 2𝑖 lies inside C
When 𝑧 = −2𝑖, |𝑧 − 𝑖 | = |−2𝑖 − 𝑖 | = 3 > 2
∴ 𝑧 = −2𝑖 lies outside C
To find the residue for the inside pole
𝑑
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=2𝑖 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [(𝑧 − 2𝑖 )2 𝑓(𝑧)]
𝑑𝑧 𝑧→2𝑖
𝑑 1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [(𝑧 − 2𝑖 )2 ]
𝑧→2𝑖 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧−2𝑖) 2 ((𝑧+2𝑖)2 )

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𝑑 1 2
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧+2𝑖 )
𝑧→2𝑖
−2)
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [(𝑧+2𝑖)3 )]
𝑧→2𝑖
2 2 1
= − (4𝑖)3 = − =
−64𝑖 32𝑖

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠)

1
= 2𝜋𝑖 ( )
32𝑖
𝑑𝑧 𝜋
∴ (𝑧 2+4)2 = 16
𝒆𝒛 𝒅𝒛
Example: 4.51 Evaluate ∫𝒄 𝟐 where C is the circle |𝒛| = 𝟒 using Cauchy’s residue theorem.
(𝒛𝟐 +𝝅𝟐 )

Solution:
𝒆𝒛
Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝟐
(𝒛𝟐 +𝝅𝟐 )

The poles are given by (𝑧 2 + 𝜋 2 )2 = 0

⇒ 𝑧2 + 𝜋2 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝜋𝑖 are poles of order 2
Given C is |𝑧| = 4
Clearly 𝑧 = + 𝜋𝑖 , 𝑧 = 𝜋𝑖 lies inside |𝑧| = 4
To find the residue
(i) When 𝑧 = + 𝜋𝑖
𝑑
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝜋𝑖 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [(𝑧 − 𝜋𝑖 )2 𝑓(𝑧)]
𝑧→𝜋𝑖 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝑒𝑧
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑𝑧 [(𝑧 − 𝜋𝑖 )2 (𝑧−𝜋𝑖)2 (𝑧+𝜋𝑖)2 ]
𝑧→𝜋𝑖

𝑑 𝑒𝑧
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑𝑧 ((𝑧+𝜋𝑖)2 )
𝑧→𝜋𝑖
(𝑧+𝜋𝑖) 2 𝑒 𝑧 −2(𝑧+𝜋𝑖)𝑒 𝑧 )
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [ (𝑧+𝜋𝑖) 4 )
]
𝑧→𝜋𝑖
(𝑧+𝜋𝑖)𝑒 𝑧 [𝑧+𝜋𝑖−2]
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [ (𝑧+𝜋𝑖) 4
]
𝑧→𝜋𝑖

𝑒 𝜋𝑖 (2𝜋𝑖−2)
= (2𝜋𝑖) 3

𝑒 𝜋𝑖 (𝜋𝑖−1)
= −4𝜋3 𝑖
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋)(1−𝜋𝑖)
=
4𝜋3 𝑖
(−1+0)(1−𝜋𝑖)
= 4𝜋3 𝑖
(𝜋𝑖−1)
= 4𝜋3𝑖

(ii) When 𝑧 = − 𝜋𝑖

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𝑑
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=−𝜋𝑖 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [(𝑧 + 𝜋𝑖 )2 𝑓(𝑧)]
𝑧→−𝜋𝑖 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝑒𝑧
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [(𝑧 + 𝜋𝑖 )2 (𝑧−𝜋𝑖)2 (𝑧+𝜋𝑖)2]
𝑧→−𝜋𝑖 𝑑𝑧

𝑑 𝑒𝑧
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ( )
𝑧→−𝜋𝑖 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧−𝜋𝑖)2

(𝑧−𝜋𝑖) 2𝑒 𝑧 −2(𝑧−𝜋𝑖)𝑒 𝑧 )
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [ (𝑧−𝜋𝑖) 4
]
𝑧→−𝜋𝑖
(𝑧−𝜋𝑖)𝑒 𝑧 [𝑧−𝜋𝑖−2]
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [ (𝑧−𝜋𝑖) 4
]
𝑧→−𝜋𝑖

𝑒 −𝜋𝑖 (−2𝜋𝑖−2)
= (−2𝜋𝑖) 3
(−2)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋−𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋)(𝜋𝑖+1)
= 8𝜋3𝑖
−(−1−0)(𝜋𝑖+1)
= 4𝜋3 𝑖
(1+𝜋𝑖)
= 4𝜋3𝑖

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠)

(𝜋𝑖−1) (𝜋𝑖+1)
= 2𝜋𝑖 [ + ]
4𝜋3 𝑖 4𝜋3 𝑖
2𝜋𝑖 𝑖
= 4𝜋3 𝑖 [2𝜋𝑖 ] = 𝜋
𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑖
∴ ∫𝑐 (𝑧 2+𝜋2 )2
=𝜋
𝒅𝒛
Example: 4.52 Evaluate ∫𝒄 where C is the circle |𝒛| = 𝟏 using Cauchy’s residue theorem.
𝒛𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒛

Solution:
𝟏
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝒛𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒛

The poles are given by 𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 = 0

𝑧3 𝑧5
⇒ 𝑧 [𝑧 − + −⋯] = 0
3! 5!
𝑧2 𝑧4
⇒ 𝑧 2 [1 − 3! + 5! − ⋯ ] = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = 0 is a pole of order 2
Given 𝐶 is |𝑧| = 1
∴ 𝑧 = 0 lies inside C
To find the residue for the inside pole
𝑑
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=0 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [(𝑧 − 0)2 𝑓(𝑧)]
𝑧→0 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑𝑧 [(𝑧)2 𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 ]
𝑧→0
𝑑 𝑧
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑𝑧 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 )
𝑧→0

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𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧(1)−𝑧(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧)
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧)2
]
𝑧→0
0−0 0
= = [0]form
0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧−[𝑧 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧)+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧(1)]
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ( by L’ Hospital rule)
𝑧→0 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧+𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑧→0 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧
𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧
𝑧→0
𝑧
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑧→0 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧
0
=2=0

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠)

= 2𝜋𝑖 [0]
𝑑𝑧
∴ ∫𝑐 =0
𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒛⁄𝟐
Example: 4.53 Evaluate ∫𝒄 (𝒛−𝒂)𝟐
, where−𝟐 < 𝑎 < 2 and C is the boundary of the square whose sides

lie along 𝒙 = ±𝟐 and 𝒚 = ±𝟐

Solution:
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒛⁄
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝒛−𝒂)𝟐𝟐

The poles are given by (𝑧 − 𝑎)2 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑎 is a pole of order 2
C is the square with vertices (−2,2), (2, −2)(2, 2)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−2, −2)
Clearly 𝑧 = 𝑎 lies inside C
To find the residue for the inside pole
𝑑
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [(𝑧 − 𝑎)2 𝑓(𝑧)]
𝑑𝑧 𝑧→𝑎
𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧⁄
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑𝑧 [(𝑧 − 𝑎)2 (𝑧−𝑎)22]
𝑧→𝑎
𝑑
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑑𝑧 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧⁄2)
𝑧→𝑎
𝑧
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2 (1⁄2)]
𝑧→𝑎
1 𝑎
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( 2 )
2

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠)

1 𝑎
= 2𝜋𝑖 [2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( 2 )]

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𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧⁄2 𝑎
∫𝑐 (𝑧−𝑎)2
= 𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (2 )]
𝒅𝒛
Example: 4.54 Evaluate ∫𝒄 where C is the circle |𝒛 − 𝟏| = 𝟐 using Cauchy’s residue theorem.
𝒛𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒛

Solution:
1
Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧

The poles are given by 𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 2 = 0 (𝑜𝑟)𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = 0 𝑜𝑟) 𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 (0) = 0is a pole of order 1.
Given C is |𝑧 − 1| = 2
∴Clearly 𝑧 = 0 lies inside C.
To find residue for the inside pole at 𝑧 = 0
1
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧
1
= 𝑧3 𝑧5
𝑧 2[𝑧+ + +⋯ ]
3! 5!

1
= 𝑧2 𝑧4
𝑧 3[1+ + +⋯ ]
6 120

1 𝑧2
= [
3 1+𝑢
]−1 where 𝑢 = 1 + +⋯
𝑧 6
1
= [1 − 𝑢 + 𝑢 2 − 𝑢 3 … ]
𝑧3
2
1 𝑧2 𝑧4 𝑧2 𝑧4
= 3 [1 − ( + +⋯) + ( + + ⋯) …]
𝑧 6 120 6 120

1 1 𝑧
= 𝑧3 − − +⋯
6𝑧 120
1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=0 = Coefficient of in the Laurent’s expansion of 𝑓 (𝑧)
𝑧
1
∴ [𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=0 = −
6

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠)

1
= 2𝜋𝑖 [− 6]
𝑑𝑧 −𝜋𝑖
∴ ∫𝑐 =
𝑧 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑧 3
𝒛 𝝅 𝝅
Example: 4.55 Evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒅𝒛 where C is the circle |𝒛 − 𝟐 | = 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒛

Solution:
𝑧
Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧

The poles are given by 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧 = 0

𝜋
⇒ 𝑧 = (2𝑛 + 1) 2 , 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, … are poles of order 1

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𝜋 𝜋
Given C is |𝑧 − 2 | = 2
𝜋
Here 𝑧 = lies inside the circle and others lies outside.
2
𝜋
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=𝜋 = lim𝜋 (𝑧 − ) 𝑓(𝑧)
2 2
𝑧→
2

𝜋 𝑧
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=𝜋 = lim𝜋 (𝑧 − )
2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧
𝑧→
2

0
= 0 (form)

Using L ‘ Hospital’s rule

𝜋
(𝑧− )(1)+𝑧(1)
2
= lim𝜋
𝑧→ −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
2
𝜋
(𝑧− )+𝑧
2
= lim𝜋
𝑧→ −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
2
𝜋
= −2

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠)

𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖 [− 2 ]
𝑧
∴ ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 = −𝜋 2 𝑖
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧
𝟏⁄
Example: 4.56 Evaluate∫𝒄 𝒛𝟐 𝒆 𝒛 𝒅𝒛 where C is the unit circle using Cauchy’s residue theorem.
Solution:
1⁄
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 𝑒 𝑧

Here 𝑧 = 0 is the only singular point.

Given C is |𝑧| = 1
∴Clearly 𝑧 = 0 lies inside C.
To find residue of 𝒇(𝒛) 𝒂𝒕 𝒛 = 𝟎
We find the Laurent’s series of 𝑓 (𝑧) 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 0
1⁄
⇒ 𝑓 (𝑧 ) = 𝑧 2 𝑒 𝑧

1 1
⇒ 𝑧 2 [1 + 𝑧 + 2!𝑧 2 + ⋯ ]
1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=0 = C0efficient of in the Laurent’s expansion of 𝑓 (𝑧)
𝑧
1
∴ [𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=0 = 6

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠)

1
= 2𝜋𝑖 [6]

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1⁄ 𝜋𝑖
∴ ∫𝑐 𝑧 2 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 3

Exercise: 4.3
𝑧𝑑𝑧 1
(1) Using Cauchy’s Resi (i) 0 (ii) 0due, evaluate ∫𝑐 (𝑧−1)2 (𝑧+1)
where C is the circle (i) |𝑧| = 2 , (ii) |𝑧| = 2

Ans: (i) 0 (ii) 2

𝑧−3
(2) Obtain the residue of the function 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧+1)(𝑧+2)
at its poles.

Ans: For pole −1 𝑟𝑒𝑠 = −4, For pole −2 𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 5

4−3𝑧 3
(3) Using Cauchy’s Residue theorem, evaluate ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 where C is the circle |𝑧| = 2
𝑧(𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)

Ans: 2𝜋𝑖
3𝑧 2 +𝑧−1 −5𝜋𝑖
(4) Evaluate ∫𝑐 (𝑧 2 −1)(𝑧−3)
𝑑𝑧using the residue theorem where C is the circle |𝑧| = 2. Ans: 4

𝑧 2 +1
(5) Evaluate ∫𝑐 (𝑧 2 −1)
𝑑𝑧 where C is the circle |𝑧 − 𝑖 | = 1using the Cauchy residue theorem. Ans: 0
𝑧−3
(6) Evaluate ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 where C is the circle |𝑧 + 1 + 𝑖 | = 2using Cauchy Residue theorem.
𝑧 2 +2𝑧+5

Ans: 𝜋(𝑖 + 2)
𝑧2
(7) Evaluate ∫𝑐 (𝑧−1) 2(𝑧+2)
𝑑𝑧 where C is the circle |𝑧| = 3 using Cauchy Residue theorem. Ans: 2𝜋𝑖
𝑧 3 +𝑧−1 −5𝜋𝑖
(8) Evaluate ∫𝑐 (𝑧 2 −1)(𝑧−3)
𝑑𝑧 around the circle |𝑧| = 2using Cauchy Residue theorem. Ans: 4

𝑧3 −𝜋𝑖
(9) Evaluate ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 where C is the unit circle. Ans:
2𝑧+1 8
(2𝑧−1) 5𝜋𝑖
(10) Evaluate ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧where C is the circle |𝑧| = 1using Cauchy Residue theorem. Ans:
𝑧(𝑧+2)(2𝑧+1) 3

4.5 Contour Integration

Evaluation of Real Integrals
The evaluation of certain types of real definite integrals of complex functions over suitable closed
paths or contours and applying Cauchy’s Residue theorem is known as Contour Integration.
Type 1: Integration round the unit circle
2𝜋
Integrals of the form ∫0 𝑓(cos 𝜃, sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 where f is a rational function in 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and sin 𝜃

To evaluate this type of integrals

We take the unit circle |𝑧| = 1 as the contour C.
On |𝑧| = 1, 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑑𝑧
⟹ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑖𝑧
𝑑𝑧
∴ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑖𝑧
1
𝑒 𝑖𝜃+𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑧+
𝑧 𝑧 2+1
Also, cos 𝜃 = = =
2 2 2𝑧

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𝑒 𝑖𝜃−𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑧 2−1

and, sin 𝜃 = =
2𝑖 2𝑖𝑧

|𝑧| = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋

2𝜋 𝑧 2+1 𝑧 2 −1 𝑑𝑧
∴ ∫0 𝑓 (cos 𝜃, sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = ∫𝑐 𝑓 ( , ) 𝑖𝑧
2𝑧 2𝑖𝑧

Now applying Cauchy’s Residue theorem, we can evaluate the integral on the right side.
Problems based on Contour Integration
𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝜽
Example: 4.57 Evaluate ∫𝒐 using Contour integration.
𝟓+𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Solution:

Replacement Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 −1
⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧 2𝑖𝑧
𝑑𝑧
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃
∴ ∫𝑜 = ∫𝑐 𝑖𝑧
𝑧2 −1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
5+4 sin 𝜃 5+4( )
2𝑖𝑧

𝑑𝑧
𝑖𝑧
= ∫𝑐 5𝑖𝑧+2𝑧2 −2
𝑖𝑧

𝑑𝑧
= ∫𝑐 2𝑧 2+5𝑖𝑧−2

= ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 . . . (1)
1
Where, 𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑧 2 +5𝑖𝑧−2

To Evaluate, ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧
To find poles of 𝑓 (𝑧), put 2𝑧 2 + 5𝑖𝑧 − 2 = 0
−5𝑖 ± √−25 + 16 −5𝑖 ± 3𝑖
𝑧= =
4 4
𝑖
𝑧 = − , −2𝑖 are poles of order one
2

Given 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
𝑖
Consider 𝑧 = − 2
−𝑖 1
⇒ |𝑧 | = | 2 | = 2 < 1
𝑖
∴ 𝑧 = − 2 lies inside 𝐶

Consider 𝑧 = −2𝑖
⇒ |𝑧| = |−2𝑖 | = 2 > 1
∴ 𝑧 = −2𝑖 lies outside 𝐶.
𝑖
Find the residue for inside pole 𝑧 = − 2
𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧)] 𝑖 = lim𝑖 (𝑧 + 2) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧=−
2 𝑧→−
2

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𝑖 1
= lim𝑖 (𝑧 + 2) 𝑖
𝑧→− 2(𝑍+ )(𝑍+2𝑖)
2 2

1 1
= 𝑖 = 3𝑖
2(− +2𝑖)
2

∴ By Cauchy’s residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]
1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖 (3𝑖 ) = 3
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 2𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫0 =
5+4 sin 𝜃 3
𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝜽
Example: 4.58 Evaluate ∫𝟎 using Contour Integration.
𝟏𝟑+𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Solution:
Replacement Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2−1
⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = and sin 𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧 2𝑖𝑧
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
∴ ∫0 = ∫𝑐 𝑧2 −1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
13+5 sin 𝜃 13+5( )
2𝑖𝑧

𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
=∫𝑐 26𝑖𝑧+5𝑧2 −5
2𝑖𝑧

𝑑𝑧
= 2∫𝑐 5𝑧 2 +26𝑖𝑧−5

= 2∫ 𝑐
𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) =
5𝑧 2 +26𝑖𝑧−5

To evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒇(𝒛)𝒅𝒛
To find poles of 𝑓 (𝑧), put 5𝑧 2 + 26𝑖𝑧 − 5 = 0
−26𝑖±√−676+100 −26𝑖±24𝑖
𝑧= =
10 10
𝑖
⇒ 𝑧 = − 5 , −5𝑖 are poles of order one.

Given C is |𝑧| = 1
𝑖
Consider 𝑧 = − 5
𝑖 1
⇒ |𝑧| = |− 5| = 5 < 1
𝑖
∴ 𝑧 = − 5 lies inside C

Consider 𝑧 = −5𝑖
⇒ |𝑧| = |−5𝑖 | = 5 > 1
∴ 𝑧 = −5𝑖 lies outside 𝐶.
𝑖
Find the residue for inside pole 𝑧 = − 5
𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)] 𝑖 = lim𝑖 (𝑧 + 5) 𝑓 (𝑧)
𝑧= −
5 𝑧→−
5

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𝑖 1
= lim𝑖 (𝑧 + 5) 5𝑧 2 +26𝑖𝑧−5
𝑧→−
5

𝑖 1
= lim𝑖 (𝑧 + 5) (5𝑧+𝑖)(𝑧+5𝑖)
𝑧→−
5

𝑖 1
= lim𝑖 (𝑧 + 5) 𝑖
𝑧→− (5(𝑧+ )(𝑧+5𝑖)
5 5

1 1
= 𝑖 = 24𝑖
5(− +5𝑖)
5

∴ By Cauchy’s residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖[𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]
1 𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖 (24𝑖 ) = 12
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 𝜋 𝜋
⇒ ∫0 = 2 (12) =
13+5 sin 𝜃 6
𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝜽
Example: 4.59 Evaluate ∫𝟎 , 𝒂 > 𝑏 > 0 𝑏𝑦using contour integration.
𝒂+𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Solution:
Replacement Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 +1
⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧 2𝑧
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
∴ ∫𝑜 = ∫𝑐 𝑧2 +1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
𝑎+𝑏 cos 𝜃 𝑎+𝑏( )
2𝑧

𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
= ∫𝑐 2𝑎𝑧+𝑏𝑧2+𝑏
2𝑧

2 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑖 ∫𝑐 𝑏𝑧 2+2𝑎𝑧+𝑏
2
= 𝑖 ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1
Where, 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑏𝑧 2 +2𝑎𝑧+𝑏

To evaluate ∫𝑐 𝒇(𝒛)𝒅𝒛
To find poles of 𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑏𝑧 2 + 2𝑎𝑧 + 𝑏
−2𝑎±√4(𝑎 2−𝑏2 ) −𝑎±√𝑎 2 −𝑏2
𝑧= =
2𝑏 𝑏

−𝑎+√𝑎 2 −𝑏 2 −𝑎+√𝑎 2−𝑏2

𝑧= , are poles of order one.
𝑏 𝑏

−𝑎+√𝑎 2 −𝑏2
Clearly, 𝑧 = =∝ lies inside 𝑐
𝑏

−𝑎−√𝑎 2−𝑏2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = = 𝛽 lies outside 𝑐
𝑏

Since a > b, we can write 𝑏𝑧 2 + 2𝑎𝑧 + 𝑏 = 𝑏(𝑧 − 𝛼)(𝑧 − 𝛽)

Find the residue for inside pole 𝑧 = 𝛼
1
𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝛼 = lim (𝑧 − 𝛼 ) 𝑏(𝑧−𝛼)(𝑧−𝛽)
𝑧→𝛼

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1
= 𝑏(𝛼−𝛽)
1
=
2√𝑎 2 −𝑏2

∴ By Cauchy residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]
1
= 2𝜋𝑖 [ ]
2√𝑎 2 −𝑏2
𝜋𝑖
= √𝑎2
−𝑏2
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 2 𝜋𝑖
(1) ⟹ ∫𝑜 = 𝑖 [√𝑎2 ]
𝑎+𝑏 cos 𝜃 −𝑏2
2𝜋
= √𝑎2
−𝑏2
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 2𝜋
Example: 4.60 Show that ∫𝑜 = 1−𝑝2 𝑖𝑓 |𝑝| < 1
1−2𝑝 cos 𝜃+𝑝2

Solution:
Replacement Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 +1
⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧 2𝑧
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
∴ ∫𝑜 = ∫𝑐 𝑧2 +1
1−2𝑝 cos 𝜃+𝑝2 [1−2𝑝( )+𝑃 2 ]
2𝑧

Where, C is |𝑧| = 1
𝑑𝑧
= ∫𝑐 𝑧−𝑃(𝑧2 +1)+𝑃2 𝑧
𝑖𝑧[ ]
𝑧

1 𝑑𝑧
= − 𝑖 ∫𝑐 𝑃(𝑧 2+1)−𝑃2 𝑧−𝑧
1 𝑑𝑧
= − 𝑖 ∫𝑐 𝑃(𝑧 2−(1+𝑃2 )𝑧+𝑃
1
= − 𝑖 ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1
Where, 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑃𝑧 2 −(1+𝑃2 )𝑧+𝑃

To evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒇(𝒛)𝒅𝒛
To find poles of 𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑧 2 − (1 + 𝑝2 )𝑧 + 𝑝 = 0
(𝑃 2+1)±√(𝑃 2+1)2 −4𝑃 2
𝑧= 2𝑝

(𝑃 2+1)±(𝑃 2−1)
= 2𝑝
1
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑝, 𝑝 are poles of order one.
1
Since |𝑝| < 1, the pole 𝑧 = 𝑝 lies inside C and the pole 𝑧 = 𝑝 lies outside C.

Find the residue for the inside pole 𝑧 = 𝑝

[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=𝑝 = lim(𝑧 − 𝑝) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑝

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1
= lim [(𝑧 − 𝑝) 1 ]
𝑧→𝑝 𝑝(𝑧−𝑝)(𝑧− )
𝑝

1 1
= 1 = 𝑃2−1
𝑃(𝑃− )
𝑃

∴ By Cauchy Residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]
1
= 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑃2 −1]
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 1 2𝜋𝑖
(1) ⟹ ∫𝑂 = − 𝑖 [𝑃2 −1]
1−2𝑝 cos 𝜃+𝑃 2
2𝜋
= 1−𝑃2
𝟐𝝅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜽 𝒅𝜽
Example: 4.61 Evaluate ∫𝑶 using contour integration.
𝟓−𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Solution:
Replacement Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 +1
⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧 2𝑧

cos 3𝜃 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒 𝑖3𝜃 = 𝑅. 𝑃 (𝑧 3 )

(𝑍3 )𝑑𝑧
2𝜋 cos 3𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2𝜋 𝑅.𝑃 𝑖𝑧
∴ ∫𝑂 5−4 cos 𝜃 = ∫𝑂 𝑧2+1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
5−4( )
2𝑧

𝑧 3𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
= 𝑅. 𝑃∫𝑐 5𝑧−(2𝑧2 +2)
𝑍

1
= 𝑅. 𝑃 (− 𝑖 ) ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 … (1)
𝑧3
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 2𝑧 2 −5𝑧+2

To evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒇(𝒛)𝒅𝒛
To find poles of 𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑝𝑢𝑡 2𝑧 2 − 5𝑧 + 2 = 0
5+√25−16 5±3
𝑧= =
4 4
1
⇒ 𝑧 = 2, 2 are poles of order one.

Given 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
1
Consider 𝑧 = 2
1 1
⇒ |𝑧| = |2| = 2 < 1
1
∴ 𝑧 = 2 lies inside 𝐶
Consider 𝑧 = 2
⇒ |𝑧| = |2| = 2 > 1
∴ 𝑧 = 2 lies outside 𝐶
1
Find the residue for inside pole 𝑧 = 2

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1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=1 = lim1 (𝑧 − ) 𝑓 (𝑧)
2 2
𝑧→
2

1
= lim1 (𝑧 − 2) 𝑓 (𝑧)
𝑧→
2

1 𝑧3
= lim1 (𝑧 − 2) (2𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)
𝑧→
2

1 𝑧3
= lim1 (𝑧 − 2) 1
𝑧→ 2(𝑧− )(𝑧−2)
2 2

1 3
( ) 1
2
= 1 = − 24
2( −2)
2

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]
1 𝜋𝑖
= 2𝜋𝑖 (− 24) = − 12
2𝜋 cos 3𝜃 1 𝜋𝑖 𝜋
(1) ⇒ ∫𝑂 5−4 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑅. 𝑃 (− 𝑖 ) (− 12) = 12
2𝜋 sin2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 2𝜋 cos 2𝜃𝑑𝜃
Example: 4.62 Evaluate ∫𝑂 = ∫𝑂
5−3 cos 𝜃 10−6 cos 𝜃

Solution:
Replacement Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 +1
⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧 2𝑧
𝑖2𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒 = 𝑅. 𝑃 (𝑍 2 )
(𝑧2)𝑑𝑧
2𝜋 sin2 𝜃 1−𝑅.𝑃
𝑖𝑧
∴ ∫𝑂 5−3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫𝑂 𝑧2 +1
10−6( )
2𝑧

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
(1−𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
= 𝑅. 𝑃 ∫𝐶 10𝑧−3𝑧2 −3
𝑧

1 (1−𝑧 2)𝑑𝑧
= 𝑅. 𝑃 (− 𝑖 ) ∫𝐶 3𝑧 2 −10𝑍+3
1
= 𝑅. 𝑃 (− 𝑖 ) ∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1−𝑧 2
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 3𝑧 2 −10𝑧+3

To evaluate ∫𝒄 𝒇(𝒛)𝒅𝒛
To find poles of 𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑝𝑢𝑡 3𝑧 2 − 10𝑧 + 3 = 0
10±√100−36 10±8
𝑧= =
6 6
1
∴ 𝑧 = 3, 3 are poles of order one.

Given 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
1
Consider 𝑧 =
3

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1 1
⇒ |𝑧| = |3| = 3 < 1
1
∴ 𝑧 = 3 lies inside 𝐶
Consider 𝑧 = 3
⇒ |𝑧| = |3| = 3 < 1
∴ 𝑧 = 3 lies outside 𝐶
1
Find the residue for inside pole 𝑧 = 3
1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=1 = lim1 (𝑧 − ) 𝑓(𝑧)
3
3 𝑧→
3

1 (1−𝑍 2)
= lim1 (𝑧 − 3) 1
𝑧→ 3(𝑍− )(𝑍−3)
3 3

1 2
1−( ) 1
3
= 1 = −9
3 ( −3)
3

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

1
= 2𝜋𝑖 (− 9 )
2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 2𝜋𝑖 2𝜋
(1) ⇒ ∫𝑂 = 𝑅. 𝑃 (− 𝑖 ) (− )=
5−3 cos 𝜃 9 9
𝜋 1+2 cos 𝜃
Example: 4.63 Using Contour Integration, evaluate the real integral ∫𝑂 𝑑𝜃
5+4 cos 𝜃

Solution:
Replacement Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑑𝑧 𝑍 2 +1
⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧 2𝑍
𝜋 1+2 cos 𝜃 1 2𝜋 1+2 cos 𝜃
Now, ∫𝑂 𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫𝑂 𝑑𝜃
5+4 cos 𝜃 5+4 cos 𝜃

2𝑎 𝑎
[∵ ∫𝑂 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫𝑂 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑧2 +1) 𝑑𝑧
1 2𝜋 1+2 cos 𝜃 1 1+[1+2 ( )]
2𝑧 𝑖𝑧
∴ ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫𝐶 𝑧2 +1)
2 𝑂 5+4 cos 𝜃 5+4 ( )
2𝑧

1 (𝑧 2+𝑧+1)
= ∫
2𝑖 𝐶 𝑧(2𝑧 2 +5𝑧+2

1
= 2𝑖 ∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
𝑧 2+𝑧+1
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑍(2𝑧 2 +5𝑧+2)

To evaluate ∫𝑪 𝒇(𝒛)𝒅𝒛
To find poles of 𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧(2𝑧 2 + 5𝑧 + 2) = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = 0; 2𝑧 2 + 5𝑧 + 2 = 0
1
⇒ 𝑧 = 0; 𝑧 = −2, 𝑧 = − 2 are poles of order one.

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Given 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
Consider 𝑧 = 0
⇒ |𝑧 | = |0 | = 0 < 1
∴ 𝑧 = 0 lies inside 𝐶
Consider 𝑧 = −2
⇒ |𝑧| = |−2| = 2 > 1
∴ 𝑧 = −2 lies outside 𝐶
1
Consider 𝑧 = − 2
1 1
⇒ |𝑧| = |− 2| = 2 < 1
1
∴ 𝑧 = − lies inside 𝐶
2

Find the residue for the inside pole

(i) When 𝑧 = 0
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=0 = Lt (𝑧 − 0)𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑂
(𝑧 2+𝑧+1) 1
Lt 𝑧 =2
𝑧→𝑂 𝑍(2𝑍 2+5𝑧+2)
1
(ii) When 𝑧 = − 2
1
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑧=−1 = lim1 (𝑧 + 2) 𝑓(𝑧)
2 𝑧→−
2

1 𝑧 2 +𝑧+1
= lim1 (𝑧 + 2) 𝑍(2𝑧+1)(𝑧+2)
𝑧→−
2

1 𝑧 2 +𝑧+1
= lim1 (𝑧 + 2) 1
𝑧→− 𝑍 2(𝑧+ )(𝑧+2)
2 2

1 1
− +1
4 2
= 1 1
2(− )(− +2)
2 2
3
4 1
= 3 = −2
−
2

∴ By Cauchy's Residue Theorem

∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

1 1
= 2𝜋𝑖 [2 − 2] = 0
1 2𝜋 1+2 cos 𝜃 1
(1) ⇒ ∫𝑂 𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑖 [0] = 0
2 5+4 cos 𝜃
𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝜽
Example: 4.64 Evaluate ∫𝑶 using Contour Integration.
𝟐+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Solution:
Replacement Let 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2+1
⇒ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝜃 =
𝑖𝑧 2𝑧

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2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 2𝜋 𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
∴ ∫𝑂 = ∫𝐶 𝑧2 +1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
2+cos 𝜃 2+( )
2𝑧

𝑑𝑧/𝑖𝑧
= ∫𝐶 𝑧2 +4𝑧+1
2𝑧

2 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑖 ∫𝐶 𝑧 2+4𝑧+1
2
= 𝑖 ∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1
Where, 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2+4𝑧+1

To evaluate ∫𝑪 𝒇(𝒛)𝒅𝒛
To find poles of 𝑓 (𝑧), 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 1 = 0
−4±√16±4 −4±2√3
𝑧= =
2 2

∴ 𝑧 = −2 + √3, −2 − √3 are the poles of order one.

Given 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 |𝑧| = 1
Consider 𝑧 = −2 + √3
⇒ |𝑧| = |−2 + √3| < 1
∴ 𝑧 = −2 + √3 lies inside 𝐶
Consider 𝑧 = −2 − √3
⇒ |𝑧| = |−2 − √3| < 1
∴ 𝑧 = −2 − √3 lies outside 𝐶
Find the residue for the inside pole 𝑧 = −2 + √3
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=−2+√3 = Lim (𝑧 − (−2 + √3)𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→−2+√3
1
Lim [𝑧 − (−2 + √3)] [𝑍−(−2+
𝑧→−2+√3 √3)][𝑍—2−√3)

1 1
= −2+ =2
√3+2+√3 √3

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem

∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

1 𝜋𝑖
= 2𝜋𝑖 [ ]=
2√3 √3
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 2 𝜋𝑖 2𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫𝑂 = 𝑖 [ 3] =
2+cos 𝜃 √ √3

Exercise: 4.4
Evaluate the following Integrals

2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 2𝜋
1) ∫𝑂 Ans:
1+2 cos 𝜃 √3
2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝜋
2) ∫𝑂 𝑑𝜃 Ans: 6
5+4 cos 𝜃
2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 𝜋
3) ∫𝑂 𝑑𝜃 Ans:
5+4 cos 𝜃 4

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2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 2𝜋
4) ∫𝑂 Ans:
5−4 cos 𝜃 3
2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 2𝜋𝑎 3
5) ∫𝑂 ; |𝑎 | < 1 Ans: 1−𝑎2
1−2𝑎 cos 𝜃+𝑎 2
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 2𝜋
6) ∫𝑂 ; [ 𝑥 < 𝑛 < 1] Ans:
1−2𝑥 sin 𝜃+𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 2𝜋
7) ∫𝑂 Ans: 15
17−8 cos 𝜃
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 2𝜋
8) ∫𝑂 Ans:
13+12 cos 𝜃 5
2𝜋 𝑑𝜃 2𝜋
9) ∫𝑂 Ans: [𝑎 − √𝑎2 √−𝑏2 ]
13+12 cos 𝜃 𝑏2
2𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 23𝜃 3𝜋
10) ∫𝑂 𝑑𝜃 Ans:
5−4 cos 𝜃 8

Type II: Integration around semi – circular contour

∞ 𝑓(𝑥)
Integrals of the form ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑥,
𝑔(𝑥)

where 𝑓 (𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are polynomials in 𝑥, such that the degree of 𝑓(𝑥 ) is less than that of 𝑔(𝑥) atleast by
two and 𝑔(𝑥) does not vanish for any value of 𝑥.
Let C be a closed contour of real axis from −𝑅 to 𝑅 and semicircle ′𝑆′ of radius 𝑅 above real axis.
Thus,
𝑓(𝑧) 𝑅 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑧)
∫𝐶 = ∫−𝑅 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑆 𝑑𝑧
𝑔(𝑧) 𝑔(𝑧)

𝑓(𝑧)
As 𝑅 → ∞, ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 → 0 by Cauchy’s lemma
𝑔(𝑧)

𝑓(𝑧) ∞ 𝑓(𝑥)
= ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 = ∫−∞ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑔(𝑧)

Now applying Cauchy’s Residue theorem, we can evaluate the integral on the left side.
Note: Cauchy’s lemma: If 𝑓(𝑧) is continuous function such that |𝑧𝑓(𝑧) → 0| uniformly as |𝑧| → ∞ on S,

then ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 → 0 as 𝑅 → ∞, where ‘S’ is semicircle of radius ′𝑅′ above the real axis.

Problems based on Contour Integration

∞ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Example: 4.66 Evaluate ∫−∞ (𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )(𝑥 2+𝑏2 ) where 𝑎 > 𝑏 > 𝑂

Solution:
Replacement 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
∞ 𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 𝑧 2𝑑𝑧)
∴ ∫−∞ (𝑥 2+𝑎2 )(𝑥 2+𝑏2 ) = ∫𝐶 (𝑧 2+𝑎 2)(𝑧 2+𝑏2 )
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

Where C is the upper semi circle

= ∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
𝑧2
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧 2+𝑎2 )(𝑧2+𝑏2 )

To find the poles, put (𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 )(𝑧 2 + 𝑏2 ) = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑎𝑖, 𝑧 = ±𝑏𝑖, are poles of order one.

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Here 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖, 𝑏𝑖 lies in upper, half of the 𝑧 −plane.

Find the residue for the inside pole
(i) When 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖
𝑧2
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧→𝑎𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 )
(𝑧+𝑎𝑖)(𝑧−𝑎𝑖)(𝑧 2 +𝑏 2 )
𝑧→𝑎𝑖
−𝑎 2
= 2𝑎𝑖 (𝑏2−𝑎2 )
𝑎
= 2𝑖 (𝑎2−𝑏2 )

(ii) When 𝑧 = 𝑏𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑏𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑏𝑖 )𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑏𝑖
𝑧2
= lim (𝑧 − 𝑏𝑖 ) (𝑧 2+𝑎2 )(𝑧+𝑏𝑖)(𝑧−𝑏𝑖)
𝑧→𝑏𝑖
𝑏2
= − (𝑎2−𝑏2 )2𝑏𝑖
𝑏
= − 2𝑖 (𝑎2−𝑏2 )

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

𝑎 𝑏
= 2𝜋𝑖 [2𝑖(𝑎2−𝑏2 ) − 2𝑖 (𝑎2 −𝑏2 )]
2𝜋𝑖 𝑎−𝑏
= [(𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎+𝑏)]
2𝑖
𝜋
=
𝑎+𝑏
∞ 𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 𝜋
(1) ⇒ ∫−∞ 2 2 2 2 =
(𝑥 +𝑎 )(𝑥 +𝑏 ) 𝑎+𝑏
∞ 𝒅𝒙
Example: 4.67 Evaluate ∫𝑶 , 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒃 > 𝟎
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )(𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 )

Solution:
∞ 𝑑𝑥 1 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
∫𝑂 (𝑥 2+𝑎 2 )(𝑥 2+𝑏2 )
= 2 ∫−∞ (𝑧 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2 )

Replacement put 𝑥 = 𝑧
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
1 ∞ 𝑑𝑥 1 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
∴ 2 ∫−∞ (𝑥 2+𝑎2 )(𝑥 2+𝑏2 ) = 2 ∫−∞ (𝑥 2+𝑎2 )(𝑥 2+𝑏2 )

Where C is the upper semi circle

1
= 2 ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧 2+𝑎2 )(𝑧2+𝑏2 )

To find the poles, put (𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 )(𝑧 2 + 𝑏2 ) = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑎𝑖, ±𝑏𝑖 are poles of order one.
Here 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖, 𝑏𝑖 lies in the upper half of the z- plane.

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Find the residue for the inside pole

(i) When 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 )𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖
1
= lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 ) (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)(𝑧−𝑎𝑖)(𝑧 2+𝑏2 )
𝑧→𝑎𝑖
1 1
= 2𝑎𝑖(𝑏2 −𝑎2 ) = − 2𝑎𝑖 (𝑎2 −𝑏2 )

(ii) When 𝑧 = 𝑏𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑏𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑏𝑖 )𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖
1
= lim (𝑧 − 𝑏𝑖 ) = (𝑧 2 +𝑎2 )(𝑧+𝑏𝑖)(𝑧−𝑏𝑖)
𝑧→𝑏𝑖
1
= (𝑎2−𝑏2 )2𝑏𝑖

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem

1 1
∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [− 2𝑎𝑖 (𝑎2−𝑏2 ) + 2𝑏𝑖 (𝑎2−𝑏2 )]
2𝜋𝑖 1 1
= 2𝑖(𝑎2−𝑏2 ) [− 𝑎 + 𝑏]
𝜋 𝑎−𝑏
= (𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎−𝑏) ( )
𝑎𝑏
𝜋
= 𝑎𝑏 (𝑎+𝑏)
1 ∞ 𝑑𝑥 1 𝜋
(1) ⟹ 2 ∫−∞ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)(𝑥 2+𝑏2 ) = 2 𝑎𝑏 (𝑎+𝑏)
𝜋
=
2𝑎𝑏 (𝑎+𝑏)
∞ 𝒅𝒙
Example: 4.68 Evaluate ∫−∞ 𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝟐

Solution:
Replacement 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑧
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
∴ ∫−∞ 𝑥 2+𝑎2 = ∫𝐶 where C is the upper semi circle
𝑧 2 +𝑎 2

= ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 2 +𝑎2

To find the poles put 𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 ± 𝑎𝑖 are poles of order one.
Here 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖 lies in the upper half of z plane.
Find the residue for the inside pole.
(i) When 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 )𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖
1
= lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 ) (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)(𝑧−𝑎𝑖)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖

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1
= 2𝑎𝑖

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue Theorem

∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

1 𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖 [2𝑎𝑖 ] = 𝑎
∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫−∞ 2 2 =
𝑥 +𝑎 𝑎
∞ 𝒅𝒙
Example: 4.69 Evaluate ∫−∞ (𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )𝟐

Solution:
Replacement 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
∞ 𝑑𝑥 1 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
Now, ∫𝑜 = 2 ∫−∞ (𝑥 2+𝑎2)
(𝑥 2+𝑎 2 )2

1 𝑑𝑧
= 2 ∫𝑐 where C is the upper semi circle
(𝑧 2+𝑎 2 )2

1
= 2 ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧 2+𝑎2 )2

To find the poles, put (𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 )2 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑎𝑖 are poles of order 2 here 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖 lies in the upper half of z – plane. Find the residue of the inside
pole.
(i) When 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖
𝑑
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎𝑖 = Lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 )2 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑑𝑧 𝑧→𝑎𝑖
𝑑 1
= lim [(𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 )2 (𝑧−𝑎𝑖)2 ]
𝑧→𝑎𝑖 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)2

𝑑 1
= lim [ ]
𝑧→𝑎𝑖 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)2
−2
= lim [(𝑧+𝑎𝑖)3]
𝑧→𝑎𝑖
2 2 1
= − (2𝑎𝑖)3 = − −8𝑎3 𝑖 = 4𝑖𝑎3

∴By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

1
= 2𝜋𝑖 (4𝑖𝑎3 )
𝜋
= 2𝑎3
∞ 𝑥 2−𝑥+2
Example: 4.70 Evaluate ∫−∞ (𝑥 4 +10𝑥 2 +9) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Replacement Put 𝑥 = 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧

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∞ 𝑥 2−𝑥+2 𝑧 2 −𝑧+2
∴ ∫−∞ (𝑥 4+10𝑥 2 +9) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 , where C is the upper semi circle.
(𝑧 4 +10𝑧 2 +9)

= ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
𝑧 2−𝑧+2
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧 4+10𝑧 2 +9)

To find the poles, put 𝑧 4 + 10𝑧 2 + 9 = 0

⇒ (𝑧 2 + 1) (𝑧 2 + 9) = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑖, ± 3𝑖 are poles of order one.
Here 𝑧 = 𝑖, 3𝑖 lies in the inside pole
Find the residue of the inside pole.
(i) When 𝑧 = 𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=𝑖 = lim(𝑧 − 𝑖 ) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑖
(𝑧 2−𝑧+2)
= lim [(𝑧 − 𝑖 ) (𝑧+𝑖)(𝑧−𝑖)(𝑧 2 +9)]
𝑧→𝑖

(𝑧 2−𝑧+2)
= lim [(𝑧+𝑖)(𝑧 2+9)]
𝑧→𝑖
−1−𝑖+2 1−𝑖
= (2𝑖)(8)
=
16𝑖

(ii) When 𝑧 = 3𝑖
𝑑
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=3𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 3𝑖) 𝑓 (𝑧)
𝑧→3𝑖 𝑑𝑧
(𝑧 2−𝑧+2)
= lim [(𝑧 − 3𝑖) ]
𝑧→3𝑖 (𝑧 2+1)(𝑧+3𝑖)(𝑧−3𝑖)

(𝑧 2−𝑧+2)
= lim
𝑧→3𝑖 (𝑧 2+1)(𝑧+3𝑖)
−9−3𝑖+2 −7−3𝑖
= =
(−8)(6𝑖) −48𝑖
7+3𝑖
= 48𝑖

∴By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

1−𝑖 7+3𝑖
= 2𝜋𝑖 ( + )
16𝑖 48𝑖
3−3𝑖+7+3𝑖
= 2𝜋𝑖 ( )
48𝑖
10 5𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖 (48𝑖 ) = 12
∞ 𝑥 2−𝑥+2 5𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑥 =
(𝑥 4 +10𝑥 2 +9) 12
∞ 𝒅𝒙
Example: 4.71 Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒙𝟒 +𝒂𝟒

Solution:
∞ 𝑑𝑥 1 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
∫0 = 2 ∫−∞ 𝑥 4 +𝑎4
𝑥 4 +𝑎 4

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Replacement Put 𝑥 = 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
1 ∞ 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑧
∴ 2 ∫−∞ 𝑥 4+𝑎4 = 2 ∫𝐶 where C is the upper semi circle.
𝑧 4 +𝑎 4
1
= 2 ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 4+𝑎4

To find the poles, put 𝑧 4 + 𝑎4 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 4 = −𝑎4
1
⇒ 𝑧 = (−𝑎4 )4
⇒ 𝑧 = (−1)1/4 𝑎
1
= (cos 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 𝜋) 4 𝑎
1
= [cos(𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋) + 𝑖 sin(𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋)]4 𝑎
𝜋+2𝑘𝜋 𝜋+2𝑘𝜋
= [cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( )] 𝑎
4 4
𝜋+2𝑘𝜋
= 𝑎𝑒 +𝑖 ( ) ; 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, 3 … ….
4
𝑖𝜋
When 𝑘 = 0, 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4
3𝑖𝜋
When 𝑘 = 1, 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4

5𝑖𝜋
When 𝑘 = 2, 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4

7𝑖𝜋
When 𝑘 = 3, 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4 are all poles of order one.
𝑖𝜋 3𝑖𝜋
Here 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4 and , 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4 lies in the upper half of the z plane.
Find the residue for the inside pole
𝑖𝜋
(i)When 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4
𝑖𝜋
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)] 𝑖𝜋 (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑒 4 ) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑎𝑒 4
𝑖𝜋
1
= lim𝑖𝜋 [(𝑧 − 𝑎𝑒 4 ) (𝑧 4 +𝑎4 )]
𝑧→𝑎𝑒 4
0
= [𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿′ 𝐻𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒]
0
1
= lim𝑖𝜋 4𝑧 3
𝑧→𝑎𝑒 4
1
= 3𝑖𝜋
4𝑎 3 𝑒 4
3𝑖𝜋
(ii) When 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑒 4

3𝑖𝜋
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)] 3𝑖𝜋 = lim3𝑖𝜋 (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑒 4 ) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧=𝑎𝑒 4
𝑧→𝑎𝑒 4

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3𝑖𝜋
1
= lim3𝑖𝜋 (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑒 4 ) 𝑧 4+𝑎4
𝑧→𝑎𝑒 4
0
= 0 [𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐿′ 𝐻𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒]
1
= lim3𝑖𝜋 4𝑧 3
𝑧→𝑎𝑒 4
1
= 9𝑖𝜋
4𝑎 3 𝑒 4

∴ By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

1 1
= 2𝜋𝑖 ( 3𝑖𝜋 + 9𝑖𝜋 )
4𝑎 3𝑒 4 4𝑎 3 𝑒 4
−𝑖3 𝜋 −𝑖9𝜋
2𝜋𝑖
= (𝑒 4 +𝑒 4 )
4𝑎 3
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
𝜋𝑖
= 2𝑎3 (𝑒 −𝜋𝑖 𝑒 4 + 𝑒 −𝑖2𝜋 𝑒 − 4 ) [∵ 𝑒 −𝜋𝑖 = −1]
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
𝜋𝑖
= 2𝑎3 ((−1)𝑒 4 + (−1)𝑒 − 4 ) [∵ 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑖 = −1]
𝑖𝜋 𝑖𝜋
−
−𝜋𝑖 𝑒 4 −𝑒 4 𝑒𝑖𝑥 −𝑒−𝑖𝑥
= ( ) [∵ = 𝑖 sin 𝑥]
𝑎3 2 2

−𝜋𝑖 𝜋
= (𝑖 sin 4 )
𝑎3
𝜋 1
= 𝑎 3 ( 2)
√
∞ 𝑑𝑥 1 𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫𝑜 = ( )
(𝑥 4+𝑎 4 ) 2 √2𝑎 3
∞ 𝒅𝒙
Example: 4.72 Evaluate ∫−∞ (𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)𝟑

Solution:
Replacement Put 𝑥 = 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
∴ ∫−∞ (𝑥 4+1)3 = ∫𝐶 where C is the upper semi circle.
(𝑧 4+1)3

= ∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
1
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧 4+1)3

To find the poles, put (𝑧 2 + 1)3 = 0

⇒ 𝑧2 + 1 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑖 are poles of order 3.
Here 𝑧 = 𝑖 lies in the upper half of z – plane.
Find the residue for the inside pole 𝑧 = 𝑖
1 𝑑2
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓(𝑧)]𝑧=𝑖 = Lim 2 (𝑧 − 𝑖)3 𝑓(𝑧)
2 𝑑𝑧 𝑧→𝑖
1 𝑑2 1
= 2! Lim 𝑑𝑧 2 [(𝑧 − 𝑖 )3 (𝑧+𝑖)3 (𝑧−𝑖)3 ]
𝑧→𝑖

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1 𝑑2 1
= 2! Lim 𝑑𝑧 2 [(𝑧+𝑖)3 ]
𝑧→𝑖
1 𝑑 −3
= 2 lim 𝑑𝑧 [(𝑧+𝑖)4 ]
𝑧→𝑖
1 12 6 3
= = =
2 (2𝑖)5 32𝑖 16𝑖

∴By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

3 3𝜋
= 2𝜋𝑖 (16𝑖 ) = 8
∞ 𝑑𝑥 3𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫−∞ 4 3 =
(𝑥 +1) 8

Type III
Integrals of the form
∞ 𝑓(𝑥) ∞ 𝑓(𝑥)
∫−∞ 𝑔(𝑧) sin(𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (𝑜𝑟) ∫−∞ 𝑔(𝑥) cos(𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

To evaluate this integral, write sin(𝑛𝑥) and cos(𝑛𝑥) in terms of 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑥 thus,

𝑓(𝑧) ∞ 𝑑(𝑧)
∫𝐶 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫−∞ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑔(𝑧)

Where C is the closed curve as in type II and finally equate imaginary part or real part accordingly to get the
required integral.
Problems based on Contour Integration
∞ cos 𝑚𝑥
Example: 4.73 Evaluate ∫𝑜 𝑑𝑥, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑚 > 0
𝑥 2+𝑎 2

Solution:
Replacement put 𝑥 = 𝑧 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧 and cos 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑅. 𝑃 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑛
∞ cos 𝑚𝑥 1 ∞ 𝑅𝑃 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑥
Now, ∫𝑜 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +𝑎 2 𝑥 2 +𝑎 2

1 𝑅𝑃 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧
= 2 ∫𝐶 𝑑𝑧 where C is the upper semi circle.
𝑧 2+𝑎 2
𝑅.𝑃
= 2
∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1)
𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧
Where 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 2 +𝑎2

To find the poles, put 𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑎𝑖 are poles of order one.
Here 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖 lies in the upper half of z – plane.
Find the residue for the inside pole 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖

𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧
= lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 ) (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)(𝑧−𝑎𝑖)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖

𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧
= lim
𝑧→𝑎𝑖 (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)

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𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
= 2𝑎𝑖

∴By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
= 2𝜋𝑖 ( )
2𝑎𝑖
𝜋 𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
= 𝑎
∞ cos 𝑚𝑥 𝑅.𝑃 𝑒 −𝑚𝑎 𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫𝑜 𝑑𝑥 = (𝜋 ) = 2𝑎 𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
𝑥 2 +𝑎 2 2 𝑎
∞ 𝑥 sin 𝑚𝑥
Example: 4.74 Evaluate ∫𝑜 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑎 > 0, 𝑚 > 0
𝑥 2 +𝑎 2

Solution:
Replacement 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑧 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin(𝑚𝑥) = 𝐼𝑃 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑥
∞ 𝑥 sin 𝑚𝑥 1 ∞ 𝑥𝐼𝑃 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑥
Now, ∫𝑂 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2+𝑎 2 𝑥 2 +𝑎 2

𝐼.𝑃 𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧
= ∫𝑐 𝑑𝑧 where C is the upper semi circle.
2 𝑧 2 +𝑎 2
𝐼.𝑃
= 2
∫𝑐 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 … (1 )
𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 2+𝑎2

To find the poles, put 𝑓(𝑧), put 𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑎𝑖 are poles of order one.
Here 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖 lies in the upper half of z – plane.
Find the residue for the inside pole 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖

𝑧𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑧
= lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 ) (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)(𝑧−𝑎𝑖)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖
(𝑎𝑖)𝑒 −𝑚𝑎 𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
= =
2𝑎𝑖 2

∴By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
= 2𝜋𝑖 ( ) = 𝜋 𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
2
∞ 𝑥 sin 𝑚𝑥 𝐼.𝑃 𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫𝑜 𝑑𝑥 = (𝜋𝑖 𝑒 −𝑚𝑎 ) = 𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
𝑥 2+𝑎 2 2 2
∞ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example: 4.75 Evaluate ∫−∞ (𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )(𝑥 2+𝑏2 ) , 𝑎 > 𝑏 > 0

Solution:
Replacement 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = 𝑧 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑧 cos 𝑥 = 𝑅. 𝑃 𝑒 𝑖𝑥
∞ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑅𝑃 𝑒 𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Now, ∫−∞ 𝑥 2 +𝑎2 (𝑥 2+𝑏2 ) = ∫𝑐 (𝑧 2+𝑎 2 )(𝑧 2+𝑏2 )

where C is the upper semi circle.

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𝑅.𝑃
= 2
∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑒 𝑖𝑧
Where, 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑧 2 +𝑎2 )(𝑧 2+𝑏2 )

To find the poles, put 𝑓(𝑧), put (𝑧 2 + 𝑎2 )(𝑧 2 + 𝑏2 ) = 0

⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑎𝑖, ±𝑏𝑖 are poles of order one here 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖, 𝑏𝑖 lies in the upper half of z – plane.
To find the residue for the inside pole
(i) when 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑎𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑎𝑖

𝑒 𝑖𝑧
= lim (𝑧 − 𝑎𝑖 ) (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)(𝑧−𝑎𝑖)(𝑧 2+𝑏2 )
𝑧→𝑎𝑖

𝑒 𝑖𝑧
= lim
𝑧→𝑎𝑖 (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)(𝑧 2+𝑏2 )
𝑒 −𝑎 −𝑒 −𝑎
= (2𝑎𝑖)(𝑏2−𝑎2 ) = (2𝑎𝑖)(𝑎2 −𝑏2 )

(ii) when 𝑧 = 𝑏𝑖
[𝑅𝑒𝑠 𝑓 (𝑧)]𝑧=𝑏𝑖 = lim (𝑧 − 𝑏𝑖) 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑏𝑖

𝑒 𝑖𝑧
= lim (𝑧 − 𝑏𝑖 )
𝑧→𝑏𝑖 (𝑧 2+𝑎 2)(𝑧+𝑏𝑖)(𝑧−𝑏𝑖)

𝑒 𝑖𝑧
= lim
𝑧→𝑏𝑖 (𝑧 2+𝑎 2 )(𝑧+𝑏𝑖)

𝑒 −𝑏
= 2𝑏𝑖(𝑎2 −𝑏2 )

∴By Cauchy’s Residue theorem,

∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 [𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠]

𝑒 −𝑎 𝑒 −𝑏
= 2𝜋𝑖 ((2𝑎𝑖)(𝑎2 −𝑏2 ) + (2𝑏𝑖)(𝑎2−𝑏2 ))

2𝜋𝑖 𝑒 −𝑏 𝑒 −𝑎
= (2𝑖)(𝑎2−𝑏2 ) [ − ]
𝑏 𝑎

𝜋 𝑒 −𝑏 𝑒 −𝑎
= (𝑎2 −𝑏2) [ − ]
𝑏 𝑎

∞ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 𝑎𝑒 −𝑏 −𝑏𝑒 −𝑎 𝜋
(1) ⟹ ∫−∞ 2 2 2 2 𝑅. 𝑃. 2 2 ( ) = 𝑎𝑏 (𝑎2−𝑏2 ) (𝑎𝑒 −𝑏 − 𝑏𝑒 −𝑎 )
(𝑥 +𝑎 )(𝑥 +𝑏 ) 𝑎 −𝑏 𝑎𝑏

Exercise: 4.4
Evaluate the following integrals
∞ 𝑥2 𝜋
1) ∫−∞ (𝑥 2+1)(𝑥 2+4) Ans: 3
∞ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
2) ∫0 Ans: 10
(𝑥 2+9)(𝑥 2+4)
∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
3) ∫0 Ans: 4
(𝑥 2+1)2
∞ cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 1 𝑒
4) ∫0 Ans: 6 [𝑒 3 − 2𝑒 6 ]
(𝑥 2+1)(𝑥 2+4)

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∞ cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 1 𝑒
5) ∫0 Ans: 6 [𝑒 3 − 2𝑒 6 ]
(𝑥 2+1)(𝑥 2+4)

∞ 𝑥2 𝜋
6) ∫0 𝑑𝑥 Ans:
(𝑥 2+1) 4
∞ 𝑑𝑥 3𝜋
7) ∫0 Ans:
(𝑥 2+𝑎 2 )3 16𝑎 5
∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
8) ∫0 Ans: 24
𝑥 4 +10𝑥 2 +9
∞ cos 3𝑥 2𝜋
9) ∫−∞ (𝑥 2+1) 𝑑𝑥 Ans: 𝑒 3
∞ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝜋
10) ∫0 𝑑𝑥 Ans: 2𝑒
𝑥 2+1
∞ sin 𝑥 −𝜋 sin 2
11) ∫−∞ 𝑥 4+4𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥 Ans: 𝑒
∞ 2𝑥 2 −1 𝜋
12) ∫0 𝑑𝑥 Ans: 4
𝑥 4 +5𝑥 2+4

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