Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Differential Calculus 4

Time Rates
If a quantity x is a function of time t, the time rate of change of x is given by 5. A particle moves according to the equation S = t4 + 6t3 – 12t2 + C, where t
dx/dt. is in seconds and S in meters.
a. What is the time t when the particle is at rest?
When two or more quantities, all functions of t, are related by an equation, b. What is the time range when the particle’s speed is increasing?
the relation between their rates of change may be obtained by differentiating c. What is the time range when the particle’s speed is decreasing?
both sides of the equation with respect to t.
6. A girl on a wharf is pulling a rope tied to a raft at the rate of 0.9 m/s. If
Basic Time Rates the hands of the girl pulling the rope are 3.8 m above the level of water,
how fast is the raft approaching the wharf when there is 6 m of rope out?
1. Velocity, v = ds , where s is the distance
dt
7. A wheel 1 m in diameter is rolled away from a light placed on the
d2s ground toward a vertical wall 5 m from the light. The linear speed of the
2. Acceleration, a = dv = 2 , where v is velocity and s is the distance.
dt dt wheel is 1 m/sec. Find the rate at which the length of the shadow on the
wall is changing at an instant when the wheel is midway between the
light and the wall.
3. Discharge or Flow, Q = dV , where V is the volume at any time.
dt
8. Gas is escaping from a spherical balloon at the rate of 2 cm3/min. Find
4. Angular Speed,  = d , where  is the angle of rotation at any time. the rate at which the surface area is decreasing, in cm2/min, when the
dt radius is 8 cm.

d d2 
5. Angular acceleration,  = = 2 , where  is the angular speed and  PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE:
dt dt
is the angle. 1. A lighthouse is 2 km off a straight shore. A search light at the lighthouse
focuses to a car moving along the shore. When the car is 1 km from the
PROBLEMS: point nearest to the lighthouse, the searchlight rotates 0.25 rev/hour.
1. A car starting at 12:00 noon travels west at a speed of 30 kph. Another Find the speed of the car in kph. (3.93 kph)
car starting from the same point at 2:00 P.M. travels north at 45 kph. Find
how fast the two are separating at 4:00 P.M. 2. A car drives east from point A at 30 kph. Another car starting from B at
the same time drives S 30° W toward A at 60 kph. B is 30 km away from
2. A street light is mounted 15-ft above the even ground. A man 5 ft tall A.
walks away from the light with a speed of 6 ft/s along a straight path. a. How far apart are the two cars after 45 minutes? (32.7 km)
a. Find the length of his shadow when he is 30 ft horizontally away b. How fast in kph is the distance between the two cars changing after
from the light. 45 minutes? (75.7 kph)
b. How fast is his shadow lengthening? c. After how many minutes will the two cars nearest to each other?
c. How fast is the tip of his shadow moving? (21.4 minutes)

3. Water flows at the rate of 10 ft3/min into a vertical cylindrical tank. The 3. At 3:00 pm, boat A left the port in the direction N 45 E at 26 knots. At
water surface in the tank is rising at the rate 4 in/min. Find the radius of 3:30 pm, boat B left the same port in the direction S 30 E at 32 knots.
the tank. a. How far apart are the boats at 4 pm? (62.8 km)
b. How fast are the two boats separating at 4:30 pm? (45.6 knots)
4. An inverted conical tank has a base radius of 10 m and height of 20 m. c. How fast are the two boats separating after a very long time? (46.16
Water flows out from the tank at 150 liters per second. How fast is the knots)
water surface falling when the depth of water in the tank is 8 m?

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Civil Engineering November 2020 Review Innovations Differential Calculus 4

4. One leg of a right triangle is always 6 feet long, and the other leg is 14. In a circular arena, there is a light L. A boy starting from B runs at the
increasing at a rate of 2 feet per sec. Find the rate of change of the rate of 10 ft/s toward the center at O. At what rate will his shadow be
hypotenuse when it is 10 feet long. (1.6 ft/s) approaching along the side when he is halfway from B to O? (-16 ft/s)

5. The base of an isosceles triangle is 8 ft long. If the altitude is 6 ft long and 15. The radius of a sphere initially zero increases at the rate of 4 mm/s. Find
is increasing 3 inches per minute, at what rate are the base angles how fast is the volume increasing at t = 2 sec. (1024 mm3/s)
changing in rad/min.? (1/52 rad/min)
16. The dimensions of a box are x, x + 1, x + 4. Find how fast
6. A conical tank is 10 feet across the top and 12 feet deep. If oil is poured a. the total surface area A increases as x increases (dA/dx = 12x+20)
into the tank at the rate of 1 cu.ft. per second, how fast is the surface
b. the volume increases as x increases. (dV/dx = 3x2 + 10x + 4)
rising when the oil is 8 feet deep? (20.63 in/min)

7. A light is placed on the ground 32 ft from a building. A man 6 ft tall 17. A hemispherical dome has a diameter of 100 m. A searchlight was
walks from the light toward the building at a rate of 6 feet per second. placed at a point A located at the circumference at the base. At the
Find the rate at which his shadow on the building is decreasing when he middle of the dome at B, a balloon was released vertically at a velocity of
is 16 feet from the building. (-4.5 ft/s) 4 m/s. How fast is the shadow of the balloon move along the roof when
the balloon is 25 m high? (6.4 m/s)
8. As a bicyclist moving at 6 m/s passes a point, a balloon 8 m directly
above him rises at the rate of 2 m/s. How fast is the distance between the 18. A Ferris wheel with radius of 10 m has its center 12 m above the ground.
balloon and the bicyclist changing after 3 sec? (5.964 m/s) The seats of the wheel have vertical speeds of 1.81 m/s when it is 17 m
above the ground. How fast is the wheel rotating in revolutions per
9. An airplane, flying at a constant speed of 360 mph and climbing at an minute? (2 rpm)
angle of 45o, passes over a point P on the ground at an altitude of 10560
ft. Find the rate at which its distance from P is changing 1 minute later.
(353.6 mi/hr)

10. A tank contains 80 gallons of pure water. A brine solution with 2 lb/gal
of salt enters at 2 gal/min, and the well-stirred mixture leaves at the
same rate. Determine the limiting value for the amount of salt in the
tank after a very long time. (160 lb)

11. A 3-m long steel pipe has its upper end leaning against a vertical wall
and lower end on a level ground. The lower end moves away at a
constant rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is the upper end moving down, in
cm/s when the lower end is 2 m from the wall? (1.79 cm/s)
12. The surface area of the sphere (initially zero) increases uniformly at the
rate of 26 sq. cm. per second. Find the rate at which the radius is
increasing after 2 seconds. (0.509 cm/s)

13. A body moves along a trajectory described by the parametric equations x

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