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Air quality modelling for prediction of dust concentrations in iron ore mines
of Saranda region, Jharkhand, India

Article  in  Atmospheric Pollution Research · November 2018

DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2018.11.005

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 Atmospheric Pollution Research 10 (2019) 675–688

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Atmospheric Pollution Research

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Air quality modelling for prediction of dust concentrations in iron ore mines T
of Saranda region, Jharkhand, India
S.K. Chaulya, R. Trivedi, A. Kumar, R.K. Tiwary, R.S. Singh∗, P.K. Pandey, R. Kumar
CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Barwa Road, Dhanbad, 826 015, Jharkhand, India

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Air quality monitoring was conducted in 12 working, 29 closed and 18 proposed ion ore mines to assess the
Iron ore mines existing baseline air quality status in Saranda region of West Singhbhum district in the Jharkhand state of India.
Air pollution Air quality modelling was carried out to predict the dust concentrations that likely to arise as a result of the
Dispersion modelling several mine operations. This modelling analysis enabled the effective mitigating measures to control mining
Impact assessment
related air pollution. It was observed that the main cause of particulate matter generation in the region is due to
Control measures
the road transportation of ore. Transportation of iron ore by conveyor belts from the pit head to the bunkers at
the nearest railway siding, and thereafter from the bunkers to the user site by covered railway wagons de-
monstrated the best possible alternative mechanism for reducing particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) con-
centrations in the region. It was predicted that concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 would be below or slightly
higher than the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in most of the surroundings and higher within
mine leasehold areas. Air pollution levels can be minimized by implementing effective control measures.
Consequently, it was suggested that all the existing working mines as well as proposed operative mines in the
region should use the transportation from mine to the nearest railway siding by covered conveyor belts and
bunker loading systems with the use of scientific dust suppression systems at transfer points.

1. Introduction State Government. Besides these, 18 mining leases have been proposed
for the exploitation of minerals. The remaining two are non-mining
Jharkhand is one of the leading mineral producing state in India and leases are used for ancillary activities (CSIR-CIMFR, 2017).
the minerals account for about 36% of the rock phosphate, 28% of the Iron ore mining plays an important role in the economic develop-
coal, 26% of the iron ore (hematite), 30% of the apatite, 22% of the ment of the region, state and the country along with contribution to the
andalusite, 18% of the copper ore and 5% of the silver ore in the fugitive dust emission adding to the problem of air pollution either
country. Saranda region of West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand is directly or indirectly, at all stages from exploration to exploitation,
well known for its large reserves of high grade hematite iron ore. The including mineral processing (Dutta et al., 2004; Patra et al., 2008;
estimated iron ore reserves in Jharkhand is approximately 4036 Mt Jain, 2013; Das, 2014; Chaturvedi and Patra, 2016). The major sources
(26%) of total known reserves of India. Iron ore mining in the region is of air pollution in the mining areas consist of drilling, blasting, loading
carried out using the opencast method, by either mechanized or manual and unloading of minerals and exposed overburden, the transportation
mining process. Iron ore deposits in the region contain less overburden and also dust generation by wind at stock yards, mineral handling
material and contains lateritic and low grade ferruginous shale. plants, exposed pit faces and workshops (Ferreira et al., 2000; Chaulya,
Excavation is carried out by developing benches down from the surface 2006; ELAW, 2010; Singh et al., 2010; Trivedi et al., 2010; Tripathi
until the deposits are exhausted. The environmental impacts of active et al., 2014). Air pollutants emitted from these mining activities dete-
and closed mines should be mitigated properly. riorate the local the environment and ecology, which ultimately affects
Out of the 61 leases in Saranda region, 12 are operational and 29 the flora and fauna that live in and around the mining leases
have been closed due to three reasons; (i) statutory constraints like the (Chaudhari and Gajghate, 2000; Nanda and Tiwary, 2001; Chaulya,
absence of Environmental Clearance (EC) and Forest Clearance (FC), 2003, 2003a; 2005; Trivedi et al., 2009; Tripathi et al., 2012,
(ii) orders of the judiciary and (iii) cancellation of mining leases by the 2016a,2016b; Ahmad et al., 2014; Singh et al., 2017).

Peer review under responsibility of Turkish National Committee for Air Pollution Research and Control.
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (R.S. Singh).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2018.11.005
Received 2 August 2018; Received in revised form 9 November 2018; Accepted 10 November 2018
Available online 21 November 2018
1309-1042/ © 2019 Turkish National Committee for Air Pollution Research and Control. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
S.K. Chaulya et al. Atmospheric Pollution Research 10 (2019) 675–688

The impact of mining and mining related activities on the en- by Howrah-Tata Nagar-Rourkela rail route. The rail route of Tatanagar-
vironment in the form of air pollution also depends on numerous me- Barbil provides connectivity to the mines lying in Noamundi range of
teorological conditions, such as wind speed, wind direction, tempera- Chaibasa forest division as well as Gua range and Karampada range of
ture, amount of rainfall, atmospheric stability, etc. (Karaca et al., 1995; Saranda forest division. The mining leases of Saranda region are well
Kartal and Ozer, 1998; Triantafyllou, 2001; Triantafyllou and connected by a network of all-weather metalled roads from Ranchi,
Kassomenos, 2002; Gowda, 2016). Particulate matters are the promi- Tata Nagar, Rourkela, Barbil and Chaibasa.
nent form of air pollution in the region, in contrast to vehicular emis- The iron and manganese mining in Saranda region is concentrated
sions, where lead and gaseous pollutants are the major concern in Saranda forest division and Chaibasa forest division of the West
(Almbauer et al., 2001). This study has been carried out for assessing Singhbhum district, Jharkhand. Mining activities are concentrated in
the impact on dust concentration in a mining area due to operation of a Sasangda (Karampada), Gua and Koina ranges of Saranda forest divi-
few closed and proposed opencast mines as well as evaluating the re- sion and Noamundi range of Chaibasa forest division. Thus, iron and
duction in dust concentration by replacing road transport to belt con- manganese mines in Saranda region are distributed in four ranges,
veyor and rail transport for mineral movement in the study area. This namely Karampada range, Gua range, Koina range and the Noamundi
study is different from work carried out by previous researchers related range.
to validation of the developed mining air pollution model (Asifa et al.,
2018), emission estimation for CO concentration from traffic activities 2.2. Methods
(Pan et al., 2016), assessment of mine planning using air quality
modelling (Lilic et al., 2018), air pollutants modelling for industrial Prediction of airborne dust levels surrounding Saranda region has
plants and traffic (Tuygun et al., 2017) and evaluation of model per- been carried out with the help of the Fugitive Dispersion Model (FDM),
formance for urban street (Elbir et al., 2011). following the guidelines of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and
Exposure to airborne particulate pollution is associated with pre- Climate Change (CPCB, 2007). Various relevant data sets were required
mature mortality and range of inflammatory illnesses, linked to toxic for air quality modelling covering baseline air quality, meteorological
components with the particulate matter (PM) assemblage. parameters and activity-wise emission inventories. These were all col-
Concentrations of SO2 and NO2 due to mining activities generally re- lected and summarized as per the model requirements.
main within the standard limit (CSIR-CIMFR, 2017). Thus, the control
of dust emission is a matter of utmost importance for any mining region 2.2.1. Baseline air quality status
as it contains free silica and respirable particulate matter which causes Baseline air quality was monitored at 25 locations (Annexure 2 and
lung diseases (Shannigrahi and Agarwal, 1996; Sharma and Roy, 1997; Fig. 2) within the region on 24-h duration basis, the average samples of
Sinha and Banerjee, 1997; Shannigrahi and Sharma, 2000; particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5) and gaseous pollutants (SO2 and
Triantafyllou et al., 2002; Kumar and Kumar, 2015). NO2) are presented in Table 1 following the latest National Ambient Air
There are several instances of iron mines closure in Saranda region Quality Standard (NAAQS), 2009 (Annexure 3) formulated by the
as a result of exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standard Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi, India (CPCB, 2009). Air
(NAAQS) with respect of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations (CSIR-CIMFR, sampling has been carried out 8 times at each site during 7th to 22nd
2017). On this background a detailed study on air monitoring has been December 2015 and 30th January to 16th February 2016 representing
conducted to assess the existing baseline air quality in the region and winter season.
prediction of dust concentrations has been carried out by air quality
modelling that will arise as a result of the operation of different mines 2.2.2. Emission rate
in Saranda region of Jharkhand. This modelling has been used to sug- There were 12 working mines (101–112), 29 closed mines
gest a number of attenuation measures to mitigate the emissions from (201–229) and 18 proposed mines (301–318) in Saranda region are
mining activities. shown in Fig. 2. The emission rate for each mining lease area and
transport road was calculated based on the formulae and software
2. Material and methods (EmissCal) developed by CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel
Research, Dhanbad, India (CSIR-CIMFR, 1998; Chaulya, 2006):
2.1. Study site
Eo = ua0.4 [0.24 + 0.06c + {b/(0.58 + 0.86b}] (1)
Saranda region is located in West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, where,
India. It is also known as “The Land of Seven Hundred Hills”. The
landscape represents a beautiful panorama of hills with thick forested Eo = Emission rate for overall mine, g s−1
valleys and meandering streams. The bulk of the region is situated u = Average wind speed, m s−1
between 305 and 610 m above mean sea level. The highest point in the c = Approved production rate, Mt yr−1
hill range is 927 m. The ridge extending approximately 24 km is a bed b = Waste handling, Mm3 yr−1
of huge iron ore reserve with at least 13 peaks and 600 m elevation. The a = Leasehold area, km2
minimum elevation is located in the Samta valley near Jeraikela
Et = [{/ m}(100 − m)0.35 {us /}(100 − s )0.7 {0.5 + 0.1f + 0.42v )}10−3] (2)
railway station.
Iron ore mines located in the region are either operational, closed or where,
proposed for opening. Fig. 1 depicts the location map of mineral de-
posits in Saranda region of Jharkhand state in India. Mining activities Et = Emission rate for transport road, g s−1 m−1
are concentrated in Saranda forest division and Chaibasa forest divi- m = Moisture content of road dust, %
sion. Iron ore mine leases have also been proposed in both the forest s = Silt content of transport road dust, %
divisions. u = Wind speed, m s−1
In Saranda region, 59 mining leases and two non-mining leases v Average vehicle speed, m s−1
(used for activities supporting to the mines) exist (Annexure 1 and f = Frequency of vehicle movement, no. h−1
Fig. 2). There are 39 mining and two non-mining leases in Saranda
forest division and 20 mining leases in Chaibasa forest division. The The calculated dust emission rate for 12 working, 29 closed and 18
mines of Saranda region can be accessed by railway and roads. The proposed mines in Saranda region are carried out which are sum-
mines of Koyna range can be reached from Manoharpur railway station marised in Tables 2–4, respectively. The present status of air quality

676
S.K. Chaulya et al. Atmospheric Pollution Research 10 (2019) 675–688

Fig. 1. Location map of the study area, (A) Location of Jharkhand state in India map, (B) Location of the study area in Jharkhand state, (C) Mining leases in the study
area, and (D) Location of the study area on Google map covering Saranda and Chaibasa Forests Divisions as well as mining leases.

677
S.K. Chaulya et al. Atmospheric Pollution Research 10 (2019) 675–688

Fig. 2. Location of mining leases and air monitoring stations in Saranda region.

due to the operations of the existing 12 working mines, as well as other established in the region by clusters of mines to minimise travel dis-
activities in the region, were assessed by monitoring ambient air quality tance by road.
at 25 monitoring stations in the region. It was found that the present The dust emission rate due to ore transportation by roads was es-
concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 are already higher than the NAAQS timated assuming that the ore transportation carried out through rail
in most of the monitoring locations. Further, it has been observed that networks to the maximum and only the minimum number of vehicles
the transportation of ore on roads was the major source for generating be used for the transportation of ore and other mining related activites
suspended particulate matters in the region. Hence, to control PM10 and as given in Table 5. Emission rates was calculated based on the pre-
PM2.5 concentrations the road transportation of ore has to be minimized vailing vehicular density on the respective roads in order to assess its
as much as possible. The transportation of ore by conveyor belts and contribution of dust emission on roads. The estimated reduction in
rail is a possible alternative to reduce PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in emission rates was the result of the utilization of the proposed conveyor
the region. Hence, it is suggested that all the existing working mines in belt and rail networks (Table 5).
the region, as well as proposed mines, should avoid the transportation Considering the above facts, air quality modelling has been carried
of ore by road. Ore from each mine should be dispatched to the nearest out for predicting 24-h average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the
railway siding by covered conveyor belt and bunker loading systems, region with the following three possible scenarios:
and effective dust suppression arrangements should be implemented at
transfer points. New railway sidings as well as conveyor belts should be (i) Operation of existing 12 working mines with the transportation of

678
 S.K. Chaulya et al.

Table 1
Baseline air quality of the study area.
Code Location Source of air pollutants 24-h average concentration based on 8 times measurement in each site during winter season (2015–2016) (μg m−3)

PM10 PM2.5 NO2 SO2

Avg. Std. Dev. Avg. Std. Dev. Avg. Std. Dev. Avg. Std. Dev.

A1 Meghahataburu Guest House Vehicular and domestic sources 83.37 18.20 50.5 10.42 56.4 17.95 30.10 9.65
A2 Meghahataburu Mine Gate Public transport 76.5 35.77 44.6 7.73 51.2 2.30 25.20 3.77
A3 Kiriburu Railway Siding Public transport 127.2 21.53 72.9 11.55 96.7 28.53 64.60 26.20
A4 Kiriburu Mine Gate Loading point and transport 121.8 39.16 82.4 16.03 58.2 3.95 34.95 6.02
A5 Karampada Village Public transport 117.3 0.00 82.7 0.00 57.1 8.96 29.12 1.48
A6 Baraiburu Village Iron ore transport & railway siding 60.1 9.45 34.0 11.60 21.3 2.41 29.87 2.78
A7 Tatiba Village Vehicular movement 82.5 14.69 53.8 15.34 38.7 2.58 32.45 0.94
A8 Hathi Chawk Movement of office vehicles 129.3 55.15 73.5 15.32 40.4 14.34 29.28 7.73
A9 Chhota Nagra Movement of trucks & vehicles 80.2 14.84 54.71 7.05 30.7 12.48 33.30 10.03

679
A10 Usha Martin Mine Office Public transport 258.6 33.01 67.96 21.51 36.8 7.06 40.0 15.11
A11 Rungta Mine Office (Ghatkuri) Movement of trucks & vehicles 134.6 28.22 65.7 15.09 34.0 5.71 33.1 4.95
A12 Aadhunik Mine Gate Movement of trucks & vehicles 133.2 22.10 45.8 7.08 80.5 10.30 71.6 20.05
A13 Gua Colony Movement of trucks & vehicles 112.2 8.04 62.7 8.28 34.3 0.06 30.5 0.52
A14 Gua Railway Siding Movement of trucks & vehicles 151.0 16.56 67.3 2.96 35.9 6.41 33.6 0.59
A15 Gua Near Security Gate Loading points 249.9 13.86 112.53 2.30 42.3 5.05 29.0 2.02
A16 Bara Jamda Town Office vehicles 307.45 93.01 156.02 49.80 37.2 0.60 32.7 0.30
A17 Bokana Village near Usha Martin Plot Movement of trucks & vehicles 326.89 40.75 107.87 29.29 63.4 1.35 30.8 0.35
A18 Chiriya Mine Gate Movement of trucks & vehicles 253.4 22.40 148.2 8.86 68.3 4.10 54.2 5.85
A19 Chiriya Colony Movement of trucks & vehicles 168.37 28.22 74.38 12.15 58.5 5.73 44.6 11.01
A20 Manoharpur Railway Siding Vehicular and domestic 147.92 38.50 71.65 20.35 73.5 2.19 44.6 11.01
A21 Tata Steel Colony, Noamundi Movement of loaded trucks 85.77 17.60 57.27 18.27 52.4 14.95 30.1 7.50
A22 Tata Steel Lease Gate, Noamundi Vehicular and domestic sources 91.1 29.55 59.70 18.83 55.1 15.49 31.0 9.07
A23 Tata Steel Railway Siding, Noamundi Vehicular and domestic sources 86.95 8.06 50.36 16.81 80.1 16.23 60.2 21.20
A24 Meralgoara Rungta Mine Gate Loading point 105.05 49.93 69.81 35.53 59.1 4.09 37.2 13.76
A25 Anil Kerwal Mine Office Movement of trucks & vehicles 114.95 20.16 63.58 7.62 77.7 16.33 59.6 14.81
Atmospheric Pollution Research 10 (2019) 675–688
S.K. Chaulya et al. Atmospheric Pollution Research 10 (2019) 675–688

Table 2
Estimation of emission factor for existing operational mines.
Mine code Name of the mine Average wind Approved production Waste handling Leasehold area Emission, Ea (g Emission rate, ERb (g
speed (m s−1) [u] (Mt yr−1) [c] (Mm3 yr−1) [b] (km2) [a] s−1) s−1 m−2)

101 Kiriburu Lease-I, Kiriburu and 1.80 10 1 19.36 9.036200 4.667458E-06

Meghahatuburu mines (SAIL)
102 Karampada mines (Shah Brothers) 1.70 0.8 0.08 2.34 0.982424 4.198391E-06
103 Durgaiburu, Gua (SAIL) 1.65 10 1 14.44 7.366514 5.101464E-06
104 Ghatkuri (OMM) 1.70 2 0.2 2.76 1.597193 5.786931E-06
105 Vijaya-II, Ghatkuri (Usha Martin) 1.70 2.5 0.25 1.55 1.427057 9.206818E-06
106 Ghatkuri (Rungta Mines) 1.68 1.8 0.18 1.39 1.136433 8.175780E-06
107 Dhobhil (SAIL) 1.80 0.75 0.075 5.13 1.389516 2.708608E-06
108 Noamundi (TATA Steel) 1.60 10 1 11.60 6.544167 5.641523E-06
109 Mahavir Manganese (V.K. Ojha) 1.65 0.0085 0.0297 0.21 0.255921 1.218671E-05
110 Balaji (Anil Kherwal) 1.68 0.07 0.0035 0.19 0.216324 1.138545E-05
111 Meralgora (Rungta Mines) 1.60 0.36 0.036 1.22 0.555295 4.551601E-06
112 Parambaljori (Anindita Trades) 1.67 0.1 0.01 0.47 0.324709 6.908696E-06

Note:
a
E = ua0.4[0.24 + 0.06c + {b/(0.58 + 0.86b}].
b
ER = [(E/Lease area in m2) × 10].

ore from mines by conveyor belts and rail. of the 12 working and 29 closed mines, with the transportation of
(ii) Re-opening of existing 29 closed mines in addition to operation of ore through conveyor belts and rail.
12 working mines, with transportation of ore through conveyor
belts and rail. 2.2.3. Meteorological data
(iii) Commencement of proposed 18 mines in addition to the operation The climate of the area is dry tropical and the year can be divided

Table 3
Estimation of emission factor for non-operational mining leases.
Mine code Name of the mine Average wind Approved production Waste handling Leasehold area Emission, Eb (g Emission rate, ERc (g
speed (m s−1) [u] (Mt yr−1) [c] (Mm3 yr−1) [b] (km2) [a] s−1) s−1 m−2)

201 Karampada (S.M. Co.) 1.75 1 0.1 1.42 0.906381 6.382965E-06

202 Karampada (G.P. Co.) 1.60 1 0.1 1.64 0.877839 5.352677E-06
203 Karampada (G.P. Co.) 1.58 0.5a 0.1a 0.71 0.578849 8.152796E-06
204 Karampada (R. McDill & Co) 1.55 0.5a 0.1a 1.1 0.676540 6.150361E-06
205 Ghatkuri (M.L. Jain) 1.60 1 0.1 2.02 0.954153 4.723529E-06
206 Ajitaburu, Ghatkuri (D. B. 1.58 1.05 0.275 0.47 0.747382 1.590175E-05
Velji)
207 Ghatkuri (N. K. P. K.) 1.61 1 0.1 1.5 0.852354 5.682357E-06
208 Raja Bera (P.K. Jain) 1.60 1a 0.1a 0.42 0.509070 1.212070E-05
209 Baraiburu Tatiba (RJM) 1.65 1.05 0.275 2.59 1.544722 5.964179E-06
210 Topailor, Gua (SAIL) 1.67 0.6 0.06 0.14 0.282188 2.015626E-05
211 Jhilingburu-1, Gua (SAIL) 1.63 0.062 0.217 2.1 1.155328 5.501560E-06
212 Jhilingburu-2, Gua (SAIL) 1.61 0.02 0.07 0.3 0.348669 1.162229E-05
213 Ghatkuri/Baraiburi (K.S. 1.65 1a 0.1a 1.29 0.822389 6.375108E-06
Ahluwalliah)
214 Ghatkuri/Baraiburi (K.S. 1.60 1a 0.1a 2.51 1.040751 4.146419E-06
Ahluwalliah)
215 Ghatkuri (T. P. Saw) 1.68 1a 0.1a 2.02 1.001860 4.959705E-06
216 McLellan, Manoharpur 1.70 4.2 0.42 8.24 3.707944 4.499933E-06
(SAIL)
217 Ajita Buru, Manoharpur 1.69 2.8 0.28 3.24 2.026106 6.253415E-06
(SAIL)
218 Sukri, Manoharpur (SAIL) 1.72 0.75 0.75 6.1 3.181056 5.214847E-06
219 Tati Buru, Manoharpur 1.74 0.7a 0.1a 0.39 0.515953 1.322955E-05
(SAIL)
220 Ankua, Manoharpur (SAIL) 1.72 0.7a 0.1a 0.67 0.633276 9.451881E-06
221 Kumirta (K.L. Thakkar) 1.66 0.7a 0.1a 0.3 0.443191 1.477304E-05
222 Khasjamda (S. R. M. Co.) 1.57 1 0.01 2.66 0.736033 2.767040E-06
223 Bihar-Noamundi (N.K.P.K.) 1.59 0.7a 0.1a 0.67 0.585412 8.737494E-06
224 Thakurani (P.K. Jain) 1.60 1 0.1 0.85 0.674909 7.940101E-06
225 Noamundi (Ghosh & Ghosh) 1.65 0.5a 0.1a 0.2 0.364167 1.820834E-05
226 Itarlbaljori (C.P. Sharda) 1.68 0.5a 0.1a 0.57 0.563720 9.889831E-06
227 Sosopi (K.A. Rathore) 1.66 1 0.1 0.32 0.473724 1.480388E-05
228 Miralgora (Ananda Bardhan 1.65 0.5a 0.1a 0.62 0.572592 9.235352E-06
& Revati Raman)
229 Noamundi (Ananda Bardhan 1.63 0.5a 0.1a 0.38 0.465056 1.223832E-05
& Revati Raman)

Note:
a
Assumed ore production and waste handling based on ore reserve and leasehold area of the mine.
b
E = ua0.4[0.24 + 0.06c + {b/(0.58 + 0.86b}].
c
ER = [(E/Lease area in m2)×10].

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S.K. Chaulya et al. Atmospheric Pollution Research 10 (2019) 675–688

Table 4
Estimation of emission factor for proposed mining leases.
Mine code Name of the mine Average wind speed Approved production Waste handling Leasehold area Emission, Eb (g Emission rate, ERa (g
(m s−1) [u] (Mt yr−1) [c] (Mm3 yr−1) [b] (km2) [a] s−1) s−1 m−2)

301 Karampada, RF (Arcelor 1.73 5 0.5 2.02 2.372181 1.174347E-05

Mittal)
302 Sat Suiya, Ghatkuri 1.62 1 0.1 2.15 0.990485 4.606906E-06
(Horizon Loha Udhog)
303 Chatuburu (Bhushan Steel) 1.60 1.65 0.165 4.23 1.616853 3.822348E-06
304 Jhereldaburu (Jindal Steel) 1.63 6 0.6 5.37 3.663610 6.822366E-06
305 Jhereldaburu (Bihar 1.65 5a 0.5a 5.43 3.360199 6.188212E-06
Sponge)
306 Kodalibad (Electro Steel) 1.68 1 0.1 1.93 0.983761 5.097207E-06
307 Kodalibad (Rungta Mines) 1.69 1.2 0.12 3.51 1.361797 3.879764E-06
308 Kodalibad (Sunflag) 1.71 1 0.1 1.2 0.827992 6.899931E-06
309 Ankua (Sesa Goa) 1.68 1a 0.5a 7 2.908993 4.155704E-06
310 Ankua (JSW Steel) 1.70 10 0.1a 10 4.228146 4.228146E-06
311 Ankua (Essar Steel) 1.67 5a 0.1a 5.69 2.310495 4.060623E-06
312 Ankua (Tata Steel) 1.68 7a 0.1a 18.08 4.332656 2.396380E-06
313 Bokna (Rungta Sons) 1.56 0.87 0.189 1.39 0.972982 6.999871E-06
314 Lapunga & Thakura 1.59 0.5a 0.1a 0.37 0.448830 1.213055E-05
(Balmukund)
315 (KYS) 1.58 0.5a 0.1a 1.4 0.759474 5.424813E-06
316 (Balajee Sponge Iron Ltd.) 1.55 1a 0.1a 4.21 1.239944 2.945234E-06
317 (AML Steel Ltd.) 1.60 1a 0.1a 3.84 1.233701 3.212763E-06
318 (Ispat Industries Ltd.) 1.59 1a 0.1a 5.2 1.384063 2.661660E-06

Note:
#
ER = [(E/Lease area in m2)×10].
a
Assumed ore production and waste handling based on ore reserve and leasehold area of the mine.
b
E = ua0.4[0.24 + 0.06c + {b/(0.58 + 0.86b}].

into cold winter (December to February), a very hot summer (April to may use point, linear or area sources. The model can process up to 1200
June) and a rainy season (July to September). Mean minimum daily receptors and 121 sources. The linear and area sources are based on
temperatures within the annual cycle range from 8.9 to 27.4 °C, and algorithms in the CALINE3 model (California Department of
mean daily maximum temperatures vary from 28.0 to 44.4 °C. Transportation, 1979). FDM utilizes an advanced algorithm with gra-
Monsoons (June to September) have intermittent rainfall and the at- dient transfer of particle deposition (Horst, 1977; Hanna et al., 1982).
mosphere is generally humid. The average rainfall of the area has been The Pasquill and Gifford modified formula for ground level particle
found to be about 1190 mm. emission pertinent to opencast mines is described (Peavy et al., 1985)
Micro-meteorological parameters were monitored during the study below:
period from December 2015 to February 2016 by installing an auto-
mated weather monitoring station in the region at about 5 m height. Q
Cx , o =
Data of wind velocity, wind direction, ambient temperature, relative πuσy σz (3)
humidity and pressure were recorded at hourly intervals along with
rainfall for 24 h throughout the monitoring period. Temperature in the where,
area during the study period ranged from 6.1 to 26.5 °C while the re-
lative humidity varied between 50 and 90.4%. The wind speed during Cx,0 = difference in pollutant concentration (downwind value-up-
the study period ranged from 0 to 2.8 m s−1. Wind rose diagram during wind value), g m−3
the study period has been depicted in Fig. 3. The predominant wind Q = pollutant emission rate, g s−1
direction was from NE and calm condition prevailed for 27.9% of the π 3.14159
time. Mixing height varied from 260 to 1200 m. Atmospheric stability u = mean wind speed, m s−1
classes following Pasquill-Gifford are computed through Turner classi- σy = standard deviation of horizontal plume concentration, eval-
fication (Hanna el al., 1982). Atmospheric stability classes varied from uated in terms of downwind distance x, m
1 to 6 during a typical 24 h period. Barometric pressure ranged from σz = standard deviation of vertical plume concentration, evaluated
706.3 to 757.1 mmHg. Clear sky prevailed most of the times and there in terms of downwind distance x, m
was 216 mm of the rain fall occurred during the monitoring period. The
average wind speed was measured by anemometer during winter The performance of FDM model was evaluated by Chaulya et al.
season (2015–2016) at different mines located in the region for calcu- (2003) through comparing the measured and predicted values at dif-
lation of emission rate for each mine site. The average wind speed at ferent opencast mines in India using a set of statistical parameters. The
different mine sites varied from 1.55 to 1.80 m s−1. various statistical parameters calculated were correlation coefficients,
regression coefficients and index of agreement following Snedecor and
Cochran (1967). The value of correlation coefficient for FDM model was
2.2.4. Fugitive Dust Model calculated to be 0.966–0.997, which showed a fairly good agreement
The validated Fugitive Dust Model (FDM) was used to predict between measured and predicted values. Linear regression coefficients
ground level PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Saranda region a and b were calculated to be −6.135 to 35.968 and 1.225 to 1.712 for
(Chaulya et al., 2001, 2003). FDM is a computerized Gaussian plume FDM model, which represented a good best-fit line between measured
dispersion model, specifically developed by the United States En- and predicted values. The values of index of agreement value for FDM
vironmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for the evaluation of particu- was calculated to be 0.752, which indicated that the prediction by FDM
late matter concentrations (USEPA, 1995). The model illustrates a de- model was accurate by 75.2%. The variation between measured and
tailed deposition based on the equations of Ermak (1977). The model predicted values was due to non-accountability of emission from

681
S.K. Chaulya et al. Atmospheric Pollution Research 10 (2019) 675–688

Estimated vehicular density and emission rate while transporting ore from existing mines through rail

Emission rate (g s−1 m−2)

0.008388

0.006457

0.011717

0.008388
0.009120
0.010385
0.009719
0.005991
0.010385
0.006923
Vehicular density (No. h−1)
and belt conveyors

Fig. 3. Wind rose diagram of the study site.

various sources like non-mining area and activities, blasting, domestic

1

3
2
3
3
1
3
1

use of fuels, etc. Therefore, it may be safely concluded that FDM model
Reduction in vehicular density (No.

is suited for Indian mining conditions for prediction of fugitive dust

concentration in the ambient air. Considering the above facts, FDM
model has been used for the present air quality modelling study to
predict particulate matters concentration due to operation of existing
12 working mines, re-opening of existing 29 closed mines and com-
mencement of proposed 18 mines in Saranda Region of India.
Ground level 24-h average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 that
arise solely as a result of mining and transportation activities at 200
receptor locations were predicted using the FDM model. Then, 24-h
h−1)

37

87

37
48
67
57

67
15

average background concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 was added to the

8

predicted values to estimate the total 24-h average PM10 and PM2.5
Existing density of truck movement (No.

concentrations in the area.

2.2.5. Preparation of isopleth maps

Isopleth maps of incremental ground level concentrations (GLC) of
24-h average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations have been prepared fol-
lowing the Kriging method (Delfiner and Delhomme, 1975; Journel and
Emission factor due to non-utilization of truck transport for ores.

Huijbregts, 1978; Cressie, 1991; Sehaug et al., 1993; Christakos, 2000).

Around 200 receptor locations were selected covering 25 air quality
monitoring sites, residential areas around the mines, etc. in the entire
h−1)

buffer zone of the study area, so that isopleths map of particulate matter
38

10

90

40
50
70
60

70
16
2

concentration could be prepared for visual representation without

Ghatkuri Rungta Mine Gate to Gua Railway
OMM Mine Gate to Ghatkuri (Rungta Mine
Shah Brothers Mine to Karampada Railway

considering sink potentials in the buffer zone.

Dhobil Mine Gate to Manoharpur Railway
Vijaya (2) Usha Martin to Hathi Chawk
Gua Railway Siding to Hathi Chawk

2.2.6. Limitations and assumptions

Meralgara (Rungta) to Noamundi

Emission inventory study was carried out only during winter season
Hathi Chawk to Bada Jamada

Noamundi to Chaibasa Town

Bada Jamada to Noamundi

(2015–2016) to know the worst possible particulate matter concentra-

tion in the region due to mining activities (CSIR-CIMFR, 2017). This
study will be useful to predict the maximum concentration of particu-
late matter by modelling and the data will be used for greenbelt design
Road segment

and air pollution management. Input data on emission rates from var-
ious activities were calculated based on the assumption that one ac-
Siding

Siding

Siding
Gate)

tivity in a mine does not influence other activities. The sink potentials
of the pollutants at the field, like forests, green cover etc. and ob-
structions by buildings, dumps, etc. could not be taken into account
Table 5

Sl. No.

during air quality modelling. FDM model has been used for prediction
10
1

4
5
6
7
8
9

of particulate matters in the region as the model has been validated for

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 S.K. Chaulya et al.

Table 6
Predicted 24-h average GLC of PM10 due to operation of 12 working, 29 closed and 18 proposed mines with transportation of ore through belt conveyors and rail.
Location code Monitoring location 24-h average ground level concentration of PM10 (μg m−3) with transportation of ore through belt conveyors and rail

Predicted GLC of PM10 due to operation of existing Incremental GLC of PM10 due to operation of 29 closed and Expected total PM10 concentration due to operation of 12 working, 29
12 mines with rail and belt conveyors transport 18 proposed mines with rail and belt conveyors transport closed and 18 proposed mines with rail and belt conveyors transport

1 2 3 4 5 [3 + 4]
A1 Meghahataburu Guest House 76.60 15.51 92.11
A2 Meghahataburu Mine Gate 69.76 15.89 85.65
A3 Kiriburu Railway Siding 101.06 6.60 107.66
A4 Kiriburu Mine Gate 96.08 8.03 104.11
A5 Karampada Village 49.56 3.24 52.80
A6 Baraiburu Village 37.90 13.63 51.53
A7 Tatiba Village 65.88 40.13 106.01
A8 Hathi Chawk 57.74 115.16 172.90
A9 Chhota Nagra 73.73 108.48 182.21
A10 Usha Martin Mine Office 114.89 32.53 147.42

683
A11 Rungta Mine Office (Ghatkuri) 108.29 27.62 135.91
A12 Aadhunik Mine Gate 108.46 38.92 147.38
A13 Gua Colony 65.11 16.45 81.56
A14 Gua Railway Siding 107.46 48.34 155.80
A15 Gua Near Security Gate 116.62 35.72 152.34
A16 Bara Jamda Town 77.34 18.12 95.46
A17 Bokana Village Near Usha 85.45 38.07 123.52
Martin Plot
A18 Chiriya Mine Gate 110.17 54.24 164.41
A19 Chiriya Colony 85.33 74.79 160.12
A20 Manoharpur Railway Siding 91.00 2.77 93.77
A21 Tata Steel Colony, Noamundi 45.96 22.00 67.96
A22 Tata Steel Lease Gate, 73.36 20.68 94.04
Noamundi
A23 Tata Steel Railway Siding, 68.03 14.22 82.25
Noamundi
A24 Meralgoara Rungta Mine Gate 76.51 22.71 99.22
A25 Anil Kerwal Mine Office 71.45 22.71 94.16
Atmospheric Pollution Research 10 (2019) 675–688
 S.K. Chaulya et al.

Table 7
Predicted 24-h average GLC of PM2.5 due to operation of 12 working, 29 closed and 18 proposed mines with transportation of ore through belt conveyors and rail.
Location code Monitoring location 24-h average ground level concentration of PM2.5 (μg m−3) with transportation of ore through belt conveyors and rail

Predicted GLC of PM2.5 due to operation of existing Incremental GLC of PM2.5 due to operation of 29 closed and Expected total PM2.5 concentration due to operation of 12 working, 29
12 mines with rail and belt conveyors transport 18 proposed mines with rail and belt conveyors transport closed and 18 proposed mines with rail and belt conveyors transport

1 2 3 4 5 [3 + 4]

A1 Meghahataburu Guest House 47.65 6.00 53.65

A2 Meghahataburu Mine Gate 41.77 6.13 47.90
A3 Kiriburu Railway Siding 64.73 2.73 67.46
A4 Kiriburu Mine Gate 74.33 3.58 77.91
A5 Karampada Village 60.87 1.00 61.87
A6 Baraiburu Village 24.31 6.63 30.94
A7 Tatiba Village 46.70 15.66 62.36
A8 Hathi Chawk 50.19 33.23 83.42
A9 Chhota Nagra 52.02 31.90 83.92
A10 Usha Martin Mine Office 22.83 11.68 34.51

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A11 Rungta Mine Office (Ghatkuri) 56.93 11.06 67.99
A12 Aadhunik Mine Gate 37.50 15.00 52.50
A13 Gua Colony 47.64 6.52 54.16
A14 Gua Railway Siding 53.12 15.88 69.00
A15 Gua Near Security Gate 65.42 12.52 77.94
A16 Bara Jamda Town 76.46 8.18 84.64
A17 Bokana Village Near Usha 47.95 14.42 62.37
Martin Plot
A18 Chiriya Mines Gate 96.98 19.43 116.41
A19 Chiriya Colony 46.76 21.12 67.88
A20 Manoharpur Railway Siding 53.00 1.49 54.49
A21 Tata Steel Colony, Noamundi 43.86 8.91 52.77
A22 Tata Steel Lease Gate, 54.25 8.73 62.98
Noamundi
A23 Tata Steel Railway Siding, 43.94 6.02 49.96
Noamundi
A24 Meralgoara Rungta Mine Gate 59.98 8.86 68.84
A25 Anil Kerwal Mine Office 48.65 8.58 57.23
Atmospheric Pollution Research 10 (2019) 675–688
S.K. Chaulya et al. Atmospheric Pollution Research 10 (2019) 675–688

Fig. 4. Isopleths of incremental 24-h average GLC of PM2.5 due to operation of 29 closed and 18 proposed mines with ore transportation by rail.

Indian opencast mine conditions (CSIR-CIMFR, 1998; Chaulya et al., described below.
2003). FDM model cannot include terrain features (USEPA, 1995).
Emission of particulate matters from combustion of diesel fuel and
blasting was not quantified nor modelled. Isopleths map of particulate 3.1. Operation of existing 12 mines with belt conveyor and rail transport
matter concentration from closely spaced 200 receptor locations has
been prepared for representing particulate matter concentration The predicted 24-h average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 after
throughout the buffer zone without considering sink potentials. transportation of ore by rail and conveyor belt at 25 air monitoring sites
resulting reduced vehicular density and overall GLC, are given in
Annexures 4 and 5, respectively. Total 24-h average GLC of PM10 and
3. Results
PM2.5 with the utilization of rail and conveyor belts for ore transpor-
tation were predicted by subtracting the respective reduced con-
The monitoring data of 25 sampling stations is presented in Table 1.
centration value from the measured baseline dust concentration. PM10
The 24-h average value of the baseline PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and SO2
concentration would vary from 37.90 μg m−3 at Baraiburu village (A6)
concentrations varied from 60.1 to 326.89, 34.0–156.02, 21.3–96.7 and
to 116.62 μg m−3 at Usha Martin Mine Office (A10). PM2.5 concentra-
25.2–71.6 μg m−3, respectively. It was observed that the concentrations
tions would range from 24.31 μg m−3 at Baraiburu village (A6) to
of PM10 and PM2.5 in most of the working mining areas of Saranda
96.98 μg m−3 at Chiriya mine gate (A18). The concentrations of PM10
region were more than the NAAQS. These high baseline concentrations
and PM2.5 would be reduced significantly with the utilization of rail and
were a result of the operations of the existing 12 iron ore mines, pri-
conveyor belts for ore transportation from existing working mines to a
marily the transportation of ore on roads road using trucks, as well
levels of the areas surrounding the mines would be within the NAAQS.
other domestic and industrial activities in the region. Air quality
modelling was carried out for predicting 24-h average PM10 and PM2.5
concentrations in the region for the three possible scenarios which are

685
S.K. Chaulya et al. Atmospheric Pollution Research 10 (2019) 675–688

Fig. 5. Isopleths of incremental 24-h average GLC of PM2.5 due to operation of 29 closed and 18 proposed mines with ore transportation by rail.

Fig. 6. Predicted 24-h average PM10 concentration during operation of existing,

closed and proposed mines. Fig. 7. Predicted 24-h average PM2.5 concentration during operation of ex-
isting, closed and proposed mines.

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S.K. Chaulya et al. Atmospheric Pollution Research 10 (2019) 675–688

3.2. Re-opening of existing and closed mines with rail and belt conveyor spraying water mixed with binding adhesive on the haul road
transport surfaces.
(iv) Conversion of as unpaved roads to paved roads.
The predicted 24-h average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 of the (v) Regular cleaning of roads with truck mounted dust collecting
12 working and 29 closed mines dust emission after the operation systems and water spraying.
through transportation of ore by conveyor belt and rail studied at 25 air (vi) Dust at loading and unloading points should be suppressed using
monitoring sites are given in Annexures 6 and 7, respectively. 24-h mist cannon systems.
average total GLC of PM10 and PM2.5 due to the operation of 12 working (vii) Use of wet drilling or dust extraction systems during drilling
and 29 closed mines varied from 46.19 to 143.93 μg m−3and operations.
28.05–106.56 μg m−3, respectively. The values would be within the (viii) Proper maintenance of heavy earth moving machinery.
NAAQS in the residential areas around the iron ore mines of Saranda (ix) Installation of effective dry fog dust suppression systems at
region during the operation and re-operation of the 12 working and 29 crushing and screening plants.
closed mines assuming the utilization of transportation of ore by rail (x) Biological reclamation should be carried out on overburden
and conveyor belt. However, concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 would dumps, mined out areas and mine waste lands.
be higher than the NAAQS in the mine leasehold areas. (xi) Development of green belts along lease boundaries, transport
roads and other dust emitting sources. The suggested plant spe-
3.3. Commencement of existing, closed and proposed mines with rail and cies for green belt development are Azadirachata indica (Neem),
belt conveyor transport Acacia nilotica (Babul), Delbergia sisoo (Shishum), Tectona grandis
(Teak), Mangifera indica (Aam), Aegale marmelos (Bel) etc.
The predicted 24-h average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 based
on the interpolation of the predicted values due to operation of 12 5. Conclusions
working, 29 closed and 18 proposed mines with the transportation of
ore by conveyor belt and rail at 25 air monitoring sites are given in In the existing scenario, concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 are
Tables 6 and 7, respectively. Increment values of 24-h average GLC of higher than the NAAQS in most of the monitoring locations in the re-
PM10 (2.77–115.16 μg m−3) and PM2.5 (1.00–33.23 μg m−3) due to the gion. Transportation of iron ore by trucks on roads is found to be the
operations of the 29 closed and 18 proposed mines. Isopleth maps of major source of airborne particulate matters emission in the region. In
incremental value of PM2.5 due to the operations of the 29 closed and order to control and minimise the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the
18 proposed mines based on the interpolation of the predicted values at region, transportation of ore by conveyor belts and rail has to be de-
200 receptor locations using the Kriging method are depicted in Figs. 4 ployed to reduce PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the region for better
and 5. 24-h average total GLC of PM10 and PM2.5 due to the operations health of local dwelles and obey the norm of Central Pollution Control
of 12 operating, 29 closed and 18 proposed mines would varied from Board, Government of India. Therefore, it is suggested that all the ex-
51.53 to 182.21 μg m−3 for PM10 and 30.94–116.41 μg m−3 for PM2.5. isting mines as well as proposed mines in the region should avoid
It would be below or slightly higher than the NAAQS in most of the transportation of ore by road. Ore from each mine should be dispatched
areas surrounding the iron ore mines in Saranda region, assuming the to the nearest railway siding by covered conveyor belts and bunker
deployment of transportation of ore by rail and conveyor belt. How- loading systems, along with the implementation of effective dust sup-
ever, concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 would be significantly higher pression techniques at transfer points and development of green belt
than the NAAQS in some of the mine leasehold areas. around the mine lease area. The finding of this study will help mines
manager to think in this issue and implement at earliest.
4. Discussion and recommendations
Acknowledgements
The concentration of ground level pollutants at various receptors in
and around the iron ore mine sites of Saranda region was estimated and Authors are grateful to Dr. Pradeep K Singh, Director, CSIR-Central
its prediction was also put forth. Based on the air quality modelling, it Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CSIR-CIMFR), Dhanbad, India
was predicted that dust concentrations which was the prime pollution for granting permission to publish this article. Sincere thanks are also
impacting the surrounding local dwellers could be reduced. FDM due to the concerned scientists and staff members of CSIR-CIMFR for
modelling analysis indicated that PM10 (Fig. 6) and PM2.5 (Fig. 7) could their help in conducting the field study and air quality monitoring.
be reduced below or slightly higher than the NAAQS in most of the Authors are thankful to Indian Council of Forestry Research and
surrounding areas during the operations of the 12 working, 29 closed Education, Dehradun, India for sponsoring this study. Authors are also
and 18 proposed mines, through the deployment of the transportation deeply indebted to the mine management of the different mines for
ore by rail and conveyor belts. However, concentrations of PM10 and providing the necessary facilitations during the field studies.
PM2.5 would be higher than the NAAQS within mine leasehold areas.
This can be minimized by implementing effective control measures. Appendix A. Supplementary data
During the field monitoring it was observed that the background values
of SO2 and Nox concentrations were very low and the contribution from Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
mining was not significant as predicted by modelling so the figures doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2018.11.005.
were not included in this paper.
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