INTRODUCTION

In a statistical investigation the interest lines in some

characteristics relating to a group of individuals and such a group under study is
referred to as the population or universe. The members of a population may be
the employees of an industry.
The selected part which is used to
define the characteristic of a population is called sample i.e. a part of the
population which is meant to represent the whole population is called a sample
and its selection is termed as sampling.
Thus sampling is required in making inference about
a population. For instance, to assess the quality of grapes in a basket we taste a
few grapes form the lot. Now we distinguished both of them,

Population Sample
 A statistical population is finite or  A sample always to be a finite in
infinite according to its size. size.
 A population may be existent or
hypothetical.  A sample always to be existent .
 The measurable quality is called
 The measurable quality is called
parameter.
statistic.
 It is a complete set.
 It is a sub set of the population.

There are two main principles of sample survey i.e. VALIDITY and
OPTIMISATION. By validity we mean that the sample should be so selected that
the result obtain form it can be interpreted objectively in terms of probability.The
principal of optimization takes into consideration the factor of efficiency and
cost .

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DIFFERENT STEPS IN SAMPLE SURVEY

Conducting a sample survey involves three main stage, namely
A) planning stage B) execution stage C) analysis and reporting stage

There are 8 stage in planning stage, i.e.,

1) Defining the Purpose : The purpose of the survey must be

unambiguously stated in terms of money and manpower.
2) Defining the population : The population must be clearly specified that
remains no scope of confusion about the geographical or other
boundaries of the population.
3) Deciding on the nature of data : Depending on the purpose of the
survey the type of the data to be gathered is determined and
subsequently a questionnaire formed.
4) Selection of the method of data collection : Select a suitable method
mainly between interview and mail-questionnaire method is to be
taken.
5) Selection of sampling unit : The ultimate unit for the propose the survey
is clled sampling unit. It is to be decided whether a person of the family
or the family as a whole will be the sampling unit.
 6) Determination of sampling frame : On defining the sampling unit, one
must verify the availability of the sampling frame, a frame of all
members in population.
7) Designing the survey
8) Training of personnel

In the execution stage the sampled members in the field identified and the
questionnaires are properly filled in.

And in the reporting stage involves the following steps

a) Scrutiny of data b) tabulation of data c) Analysis of data d) Reporting
e) Storage of information .

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BIASES IN SURVEY
Bias is an effect that that deprives a statistical result of
representativeness by systematically distorting it . It is mainly two types ,i.e.,
A) PROCEDURAL BIAS and B) SAMPLING BIAS

 PROCEDURAL BIAS
These arise in a complete census as well as sample survey. There are
various kind of procedural bias, some of them given billow.
1) Response biases : This types of bias arise form wrong responses of the
informants.
2) Interviewer biases : Some time some answer depends on interviewer’s
own beliefs, in that case this type of biases come..
3) Non-response biases : When the interviewer can not able or refuses for
answer then this type of biases arise.
4) Observational bias : Observer bias is another form of information bias
caused by an investigator incorrectly ascertaining or recording data from a
participant in a study.
  SAMPLING BIAS
These occur only in sampling. Here the following types may be
recognized ,

1) Defective sampling method : The investigator use its own judgement or

discretion in selecting the units, and thereby introduced the bias.
2) Due to substitution : This type of bias came due to the difference in the
characteristics of the substituted and the original members.
3) Due to faulty demarcation of sampling unit : There will be some bias due to
defective demarcation of sampling units. It will be happen in most area surveys
dealing with border lines.
4) Wrong selection of statistic : A constant error due to improper selection of
statistic for estimating population parameters. For example, we know that
sampling variance s2 is biased for estimating population variance σ2 where as
ns2 /(n-1) is unbiased.

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAMPLING

 RANDOM SAMPLING
If a sample is drown form a given population in such a manner that each member
of the population has a definite preassigned probability of being included in the
sample, this type of sampling called random sampling.
 Let there are N numbers of element in the population. When n members of
the sample are drown form the population one by one, and after itch drawing the
selected member return to the population then its called simple random
sampling with replacement (SRSWR). In that case total number of possible are Nn
with the 1/ Nn probability of being selected.

And when n members of the sample are drown form the population one by
one but after itch drawing the selected members are not return to the population
then its called simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR). In that
case the total number of possible samples is NCn .

Clearly if we take n members aii a time form population of N members,

giving equal probability to each of the NCn selections, we will still have SRSWOR. It
may be seen that the probability that a specified member is in chosen sample is

1 n
1-(1- N )n in SRSWR and N for SRSWOR.
 PRPPOSTIVE SAMPLING
Purposive sampling also known as judgment, selective or subjective sampling is a
sampling technique in which researcher relies on his or her own judgment when
choosing members of population to participate in the study.

Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling method and it

occurs when elements selected for the sample are chosen by the judgment of the
researcher. Researchers often believe that they can obtain a representative
sample by using a sound judgment, which will result in saving time and money.
  STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Stratified random sampling is a type of probability sampling using which a
research organization can branch off the entire population into multiple non-
overlapping, homogeneous groups (strata) and randomly choose final members
from the various strata for research which reduces cost and improves efficiency.
Members in each of these groups should be distinct so that every member of all
groups get equal opportunity to be selected using simple probability. This
sampling method is also called “random quota.

Age, socioeconomic divisions, nationality, religion, educational achievements

and other such classifications fall under stratified random sampling.

Let’s consider a situation where a research team is seeking opinions

about religion amongst various age groups. Instead of collecting feedback from
citizens, random samples of around 10000 can be selected for research. These
10000 citizens can be divided into strata according to age, i.e., groups of 18-29,
30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and 60 and above. Each stratum will have distinct members
and number of members.

 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Systematic sampling is an easier procedure than random sampling when you have
a large population and the names of the targeted population are available.
Systematic sampling involves selection of every nth (i.e., 5th) subject in the
population to be in the sample.

Suppose you had a list of 10,000 voters in your school district and you wished to
sample 400 voters to see if they supported special funding for a new school
program. We divide the number in the population (10,000) by the size of the
sample we wish to use (400) and we get the interval we need to use when
selecting subjects (25). In order to select 400 subjects, we need to select every 25
person on the list.

Before we start selecting subjects, we need to select a random starting point

on the list. That starting point must be with one of the first 25 names on the list.
We would use a random number table to determine the starting point. Once we
have the starting point, we select that subject and every 25th subject after that
on the list.

 MULTI – STAGE SAMPLING

Multistage sampling is defined as a method of sampling that distributes
the population into clusters or groups so as to conduct research. This is a complex
form of group sampling, during which the significant groups from the selected
population are divided into subgroups at different stages. It is primarily to ensure
that it is easier to collect the primary data. Hence, this sampling method is used in
a national survey to gather data from a large population of people geographically
spread across. Multistage sampling is also known as multistage cluster sampling.

There are main 2 types of multi-stage sampling 1. Multistage cluster sampling

2. Multistage random sampling

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ADVANTAGES OF SAMPLING

• Reduction of cost

• Greater speed in data collect

• Greater scope of coverage

• Greater accuracy

• Greater applicability

References
 Introduction to statistics (9th edition): Prasanta kumar Giri and Jiban Banerjee

 Statistical methods (combined edition): NG Das

 Wikipedia
  Elements of sampling theory and methods : Z. Govindrajalu, Prentice Hall

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher

Dr Santanu Chakraborty, Dr Probir Karar and Sir Manabesh Mzumdar who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this project on the topic
SAMPLING THEORY. It helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came
to know about a lot of things related to this topic.
Finally, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me
a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

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