Fundamentals of Gender

Mainstreaming -
Review of GAD and Gender
Mainstreaming Concepts

April 21, 2022

Dr. Nelia C. Cresino

Member, National GAD Resource Pool,
Phil Commission on Women
 Outline of Presentation

• Understanding the Concepts of GAD

• Overview of Gender Mainstreaming

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Topic 1:

Gender and Development

Concepts

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Exercise

Any single word associated

to development

Type in your web browser menti.com

and enter the code 65069186

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Development Process Seen from
a Gender Perspective

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
What is development?

… is about attaining a full and

satisfying life for all. Through sharing
of responsibilities:

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 ✓ everyone regardless of age, sex, religion,
ethnicity or class;

✓ the government as duly mandated

authority; and

✓ all individuals and entities who benefit

from development or are affected by the
lack of development.

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
National GAD Resource Program
Philippine Commission on Women
 Development Process Seen from
a Gender Perspective
Development include both the:

✓ improved material well-being (welfare)

of people and the

✓ the process by which this improved well-

being is achieved.

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Elements of Development:

✓ Equality – a condition where men and

women have the same right, chance
and opportunities to realize their full
human potential to contribute to and
benefit from the results of development.

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
✓ Empowerment - the process by which
women take control and action in order to
overcome obstacles.

… freedom of women and girls to make

their own decisions and strategic
choices over their lives

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Empowerment involves:

▪ awareness raising;
▪ building self confidence;
▪ expansion of choices;
and
▪ access to and control
over resources and
opportunities.

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Equality of Opportunity

…. everybody has an equal

chance, especially, for equal
access, and there is no
structural discrimination
standing in the way of any
individual or social group.
Equality of opportunity for women would
mean ending all gender discrimination.

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 In most measures of relative status of
the person (earnings, education,
nutrition, decision-making power),
women are substantially disadvantaged
compared to men, and the gaps are
widening.

Human justice requires that the

processes which perpetuate the
disadvantage …. be changed!
National GAD Resource Program
Philippine Commission on Women
 Also, problems when sex and gender find
its way into decisions affecting:

▪ resource allocation

▪ assignment of roles and responsibilities

▪ transactional processes

▪ problem analysis

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Gender, Gender Roles and
Gender Issues

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Poll Question No. 1

Gender refers to the expectation held about

the characteristics, aptitudes, and likely
behaviors of both women and men.

True or False

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 What is gender?

.... differentiated roles, attitudes and

values assigned by culture and
society to women and men.

.... expectation held about the

characteristics,aptitudes, and likely
behaviors of both women and men.

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Gender is….

✓ a cultural, contrived, and

distinguishing variable
✓ learned or acquired
✓ sociologically constructed
✓ changing, time and place bound
✓ present in both women and men

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Gender Roles

▪ are learned behaviors in given society

or community of social groups and

▪ influenced by perceptions and

expectations arising from cultural,
economic, environmental, social and
religious factors.

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Gender Roles

Gender roles, expectations, and perceptions

box women and men into situations that
constraint their

✓ capacity to do and
✓ capacity to be,

thus, hindering, their potentials to attain a full

and satisfying life.
National GAD Resource Program
Philippine Commission on Women
 Poll Question No. 2
Economic Marginalization is the biased
perception of women as the weaker sex and
their roles, functions, and abilities are
primarily tied to the home.
True or False

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Gender roles result in gender
biases or Gender issues which are
deterrents to development.

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Gender Issues
Obstacles to
Personhood
Development
Violence
Against Economic
Women Marginalization

Women

Subordination
Multiple of Women
Burden
Gender
Stereotyping
National GAD Resource Program
Philippine Commission on Women
▪ These gender issues should be addressed
in development planning process.
▪ Also, development practitioners should:

- determine the practical and strategic needs

borne out of a gender analysis

- so that appropriate interventions will impact

and benefit women and men.

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Poll Question No. 3

Strategic gender needs arise out of

gender divisions of labor and women‘s
subordinate position in the society.

True or False

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Practical Gender Needs

▪ Arise out of gender divisions of labor

and women‘s subordinate position in
the society.

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Practical Gender Needs

▪ Practical in nature and often concern

inadequacies in living conditions such as:
✓ water provision,
✓ employment,
✓ health care and child care facilities,
✓ fuel for cooking, and
✓ transportation facilities
National GAD Resource Program
Philippine Commission on Women
 Strategic Gender Needs

▪ The needs of women resulting to their

subordinate position in the society.
▪ SGNs should be addressed for women to:
✓ achieve greater equality and change
existing roles,
✓ thereby challenging women‘s
subordinate position.

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Strategic Gender Needs
▪ More long term and less visible than practical
gender needs,

▪ These are land rights, reproductive rights,

ownership of assets, equality in wages,
political equality, entry of women in non-
traditional occupational sectors, sharing of
domestic labor and child care by men

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Gender and Development
(GAD)

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Poll Question No. 4
Which of the following is a development
perspective that recognizes the different
roles, interests and needs of women and
men?
a. Women in Development
b. Women and Development
c. Gender and Development
d. all of the above

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
What is Gender and Development
(GAD)?
GAD is a development perspective that
recognizes the unequal status and situations
of women and men in the society.

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 The GAD approach seeks for the potential
in development initiatives to
transform unequal gender relations and
empower women.

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 What is Gender and Development?
GAD is about recognizing that gender biases
impede development.

It reflects a change in focus from

women and their exclusion from
development initiative to the
relations of inequality between
women and men.

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 and this should be addressed in the
process of:

✓ developing,
✓ budgeting,
✓ implementing,
✓ monitoring and evaluating

programs, projects and services,

particularly in government agencies.

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Premises of GAD

GAD is not a war of

the sexes

GAD is not anti-male

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 What GAD is telling us…

✓ Both men and women are victims of

gender inequality, although victims are
more often women than men

✓ Both women and men have a

share in the struggle for gender
equality

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 What GAD is telling us…

Not role reversal but

Understanding relationship

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 What GAD is telling us…

Gender issues affect women

and men differently

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Why GAD?

• Sharpens the focus of development on

people

• Enhances the capacities of women and men

to contribute to the attainment of development
goals

• Reduces social inequities that stem from

unequal gender relations

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Gender Equality Now

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Gender Equality Now

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
The GAD paradigm is translated from
theory to practice through

GENDER MAINSTREAMING
 Poll Question No. 5

The mainstream is always positive.

True or False
 Topic 2:
Gender Mainstreaming
 The Mainstream
mechanisms

decisions

resources

resources
decisions mechanisms
47
The ideas and practices in the
mainstream determine:

- who gets what and provide the

rationale for the allocation of societal
resources and opportunities.

48
The mainstream is not always positive. It
may have:

✓ patriarchal,
✓ undemocratic and
✓ discriminatory elements.

49
 Poll Question No. 6

The goal of GAD mainstreaming is to

make gender equality as a fundamental
value in development choices and
institutional practice
True or False

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Poll Question No. 7
Which of the following include gender
perspective in the design and
implementation of plans and programs to
carry out organizational mandates?

a. Gender analysis
b. Gender mainstreaming
c. Mainstreaming
Processes and strategies to
ensure the recognition of gender
issues on a sustained basis.

A strategy to ensure that the

concerns for gender equality is
considered in the mainstream.

53
 allocation of adequate logistics for the
conduct of gender-responsive activities
in the regular programs of the
organization.

inclusion of a gender
perspective in the design and
implementation of plans and
programs to carry out
organizational mandates
 Gender Perspective
Recognizes that there is an imbalance
in the status of women and men.

Challenges gender roles that treat

women as passive recipients of
development assistance

Stresses the need for women to organize

themselves and participate in political
processes to strengthen their right
 Involves
changing to actively
policies of achieve
the gender
institution equality.
GENDER EQUALITY

make gender
equality as a
fundamental
value in
development
choices and
GAD MAINSTREAMING institutional
practice
57
GAD MAINSTREAMING

mechanisms
decisions
r e s o u r c e s 41
 Gender analysis: the starting point

The Beijing conference established clearly that

gender analysis was the basis for
implementation of mainstreaming.

For all areas of societal development, before

decisions are taken, an analysis is made on the
effects for women and men.
 GENDER ANALYSIS as basis for
Gender Mainstreaming

Gender analysis
must focus on:

Analyzing the current situation and position of women and men

respectively in a given context;
The potential impact of planned interventions or activities on the
situation and position of women and men; and

The potential impact of the situation and position of women and men
on the planned intervention.

Image Source: https://eige.europa.eu/gender-mainstreaming/toolkits/gender-impact-assessment/what-gender-impact-assessment

 Essentials of Gender Mainstreaming in Programmes

1. Sex disaggregated data must be gathered.

2. A gender analysis should inform all processes

of programming.

3. Understand the political context and individual

situations where we work.

4. Both women and men must be consulted with

and their views should be heard during
programmes planning, designing, and M&E

Source: https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/Gender%20Mainstreaming.pdf
 Essentials of Gender Mainstreaming in Programmes

5. Programme and project level objectives and

indicators should reflect the anticipated changes
and benefits for both women and men.

6. The capacity of rights-holders and duty-

bearers to mainstream gender needs to be
considered during the analysis.

Source: https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/Gender%20Mainstreaming.pdf
 Institutionalization of gender concerns
within the organization itself - relating to
taking account of gender equality in
administrative, financial, staffing, and other
organizational procedures, thus contributing
to a long-term transformative process for the
organization in terms of attitudes, ‘culture’,
goals, and procedures

Source: Caroline Moser & Annalise Moser (2005) Gender mainstreaming since Beijing: A review of success and limitations in international
institutions, Gender & Development, 13:2, 11-22, DOI: 10.1080/13552070512331332283
 Gender empowerment - promoting women’s
participation in decision making processes, as well
as having their voices heard and the power to put
issues on the agenda.

Source: Caroline Moser & Annalise Moser (2005) Gender mainstreaming since Beijing: A review of success and limitations in international
institutions, Gender & Development, 13:2, 11-22, DOI: 10.1080/13552070512331332283
 COMPONENTS OF A GENDER
MAINSTREAMING STRATEGY

Source: Moser (2005, 10)

Philippine GM Strategy and
GMEF Tool
 The Philippine Gender
Mainstreaming Strategy

Two-pronged approaches:
▪ influencing the development planning
cycle
▪ transforming institutions to become
gender-responsive organizations

67
Twin Focus of PH GM Strategy

Capability
Building of
Institutions
 Gender Mainstreaming Entry Points
Official statements in support for GM, e.g., E.O.s,
memoranda, specific guidelines

Policy
Programs,
Projects &
Activities
(PPAs)
Flagship programs

Enabling
People Mechanisms
Sponsor - with power to legitimize
change; Systems and mechanisms
Change agent- actually making the
change, e.g. Focal points; installed, including the funds
Target-people in the bureaucracy,
field workers, clients;
allocated for GAD
Advocate- wants to achieve change but
lacks power to sanction it

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 Planning

People

Monitoring Programs/ Programming

and Policies Projects & Budgeting
Evaluation

Enabling
Mechanisms

Implementation
70
 Poll Question No. 8

The agency which recognizes the

outstanding performance of government
agencies on gender mainstreaming and
their invaluable contribution in achieving
GEWE as part of the incentives and
awards system.

a. DOLE
b. PCW
c. CHED
 Poll Question No. 9
Which of the following is the official
statement of support for gender
mainstreaming?

a. People
b. Policy
c. Enabling mechanism
 Poll Question No. 10
Which of the following provides a holistic
view of the gender mainstreaming process
by tracking and assessing GM efforts of
organizations?

a. HGDG
b. GAP analysis
c. GMEF
 ENHANCED GMEF TOOL

Launched on March 16,

2016
Used as a planning,
monitoring and
assessment tool
Provides a holistic view of
the gender mainstreaming
process by tracking and
assessing GM efforts of
organizations

National GAD Resource Program

Philippine Commission on Women
 What are the benefits of gender
mainstreaming?

▪ Legitimacy of gender equality as a

fundamental value;

▪ Equitable access and control of society’s

resources including socially valued goods,
services, rewards and opportunities; and

▪ Equal participation of men and women.

What are the advantages and benefits of
gender mainstreaming in an
organization?

▪ Makes gender difficult to ignore;

▪ Diffuses responsibility of GAD through out the

organization;

▪ Makes GAD an integral part of everything we do

and everything we are.
 Major Challenges in Gender
Mainstreaming in the Philippines

Policy
▪ Absence of a GAD agenda to serve as a
guide for the agency’s GAD program

People
▪ Need to sustain capacities of GFPS
members and program implementers on
gender analysis
Enabling Mechanisms
▪ Low GAD budget utilization;
▪ GAD is not integrated in the M&E
system; and
▪ Monitoring GAD mainstreaming results
at the local levels.

PAPs
▪ Need to conduct gender impact
assessment of major anti-poverty and
economic development programs.
 How do we make gender
mainstreaming work?

▪ Analyze and transform the

mainstream;

▪ Challenge issues of
redistribution of power both
institutional and national
level, and in the global
political economy;
 How do we make gender
mainstreaming work?
▪ Be creative and innovative in identifying
problems, devising solutions, testing
interventions and monitoring and assessing
development; and

▪ Develop technical gender expertise in multiple

sectors, especially…..economic development
and poverty reduction, research and analysis,
and PIMME.
 Why Us?
Because of GEWE

Gender issues affect all of us. But instead of solving

them, we all contribute to their perpetuation.

Everyone who believes in the vision of attaining a full

and satisfying life for all has an obligation to pursue GAD
 Why Us?
Because of GEWE
We are mandated by international
treaties/ commitments, laws and
policies.

We are custodians of peoples’ trust

and resources. We have the capacity,
knowledge, skills, and resources to
make development work for
everybody.
 What can we do?

Start by respecting every person/individual,

regardless of age, ability (physical or mental),
belief/religion, educational attainment, race,
ethinic group, status in society, marital status,
region of origin, color, SOGIE.

Recognize that there is inequality in the

home, in the community and institutions
that should be changed.
 What can we do?

Apply ‘Gender lens’ in fulfilling your

respective tasks in your agency which
will enable you to examine and assess
differential needs of both men and
women.
 When you see life as it is, you know and
understand that for the best interests of
everyone women must be recognized,
respected, and empowered to
participate fully in the dialogue and decision
making of the organization and the
management of the resources of the family
and the nation.
GOOD DAY!