(a) Microwave Measurements : Description of microwave bench ~ Different blocks, Microwave power measurement - Bolometer method, Measurement of attenuation by reflection method, VSWR, Impedance measurement. (b) Optical Measurements : OTDR, Attenuation, Detector charac- teristics. t 5.1 MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS 5.2.1 Description of Microwave Bench - Different Blocks Q1. Draw the block schematic of a typical microwave bench and explain the functionality of ec ch component. MaylJune-14 , Set-4, Q8(a) {or) Describe a microwave bench. (or) Draw the general set-up of microwave bench and explain the purpose of each block. (Mode! Papersi, O8(a) | April-t8, Set-1, Q7()) (Refer only Microwave Bench Setup) {or) What are the different precautions have to be made while measuring | Parameters at microwave range? (Refer only Precautions Required in Microwave Ans:on es Unit - 5 aaa Q2. Explain the function of slotted section in microwave measurements. April-46, Set-3, O1(f) (or) With a neat diagram, explain the construction of a slotted line. Ans : The main function of slotted section is to detect the standing wave pattern preseat inside the waveguide. Figure shows the typical construction of slotted line. I , i | bse | The slotted line mainly consists of three parts. They are, 1. Slotted section of a transmission line. 2. A travelling probe carriage.VOY YamsSRE Unit -6 Operation : VSWR is defined! as the ratio of maximum voltage to the min mum voltage. The input to the VSWR meter or tunable voltmeter is the signal detected by the microwave detector. Maximum deflection on VSWR scale can } beachieved by tuning by using pad of probe carriage, The full seale deflectior | (FSD) indicates a VSWR of 1, Assuming that PSD corresponda to 10 mV with VSWR ot 1 is tuned to obtain a deflection of 5 mV, ther ! measured as m\ The maximum VSWR that can be measured by using VSWR meter Is 10, For VSWR > 10, slotted line technique is employed Applications of VSWR Meter: VSWR meter is used to measure the standing wave ratio in high frequency communication systems. Some of them include 1 Wireless Communication System: 2 Cellular Communications 3 High frequency aerial communications (HF / VHF/UHF) 4. Wimax Communications. 5.1.2 Microwave Power Measurement ~ Bolometer Method Q4. Write short note on power sensors used for microwave power measurement, Power Meter : The laboratory equipment of a microwave power meter is as shown in figure (1). Figure (1): Microwave Power Meter The power meter includes power sensors which transform the E eae ee A thermal energy. Deflection occurs in the meter when. es Ceci bueocuyler pened Detectors “tik c ‘bolometer and thermocoupler are used as sensors eg.2022/10Fe eee ee es tg i} ~Cik & YDjatewa Microwave and Optical Communications Engineering Figure (1) shows the variations In Fé sistance with temperature in bar. yetter and thermistor | R R \ . Sy Se ‘Temperature Temperature . (a) Barrotter (§ £2/mW) (b) Thermistor (60 (mW) | Figuro(1); Chango in Resistance of Microwave Device with respect to Temperature ‘The bolometer is arranged inside a wave guide as shown in figure (2). Wave guideVACA OrsonRCo ha eae Saat2022/10/25 06;Ans: 0 ES ee eee) Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) : Voltage standing wave ratiois defined as the ratio of maximum to minimum voltage ona line having standing waves Ley VSWR, S = | | Figure (1) shows the standing waves along the length of the line, which are due to the mismatch of load at the termination. Voltage (V) fem) Figure (1): Standing Waves along Length of the Line The expression for VSWR is given by, Veal ale $= lrasl= fait Where, I - Reflection coefficient = a When P=0, S=1 5 When T=1, S=o When [ =a, S=1 Low VSWR Measurenient (S < 10) : Figure directly taken from the VSWR n2027/10/2olawiem mi evnQ11. Explain the procedure for impedance measurement. April-t8, Set-4, Q7(b) (Refer only Procedure for Calculating Impedance using Smith Chart) (or) Explain different methods of measurement of impedance using microwave bench. April-17, Set-2, Q7(b) (Refer excluding Topic: Procedure for Calculating) (or) Explain the method of measurement of impedance at microwave frequencies with suitable block diagram. (Refer excluding Topic: Procedure for Calculating) (Model Paper-1, Q9(b) | April-16, Set-4, Q7(b)) Measurement of Impedance using Slotted Line: Microwave test bench holds good for measurement of microwave parameters is as shown in figure (1). VSWR meter Ans : unidirectional Figure (1): Measurement of Impedance using Slotted Line Carriage Pe An unknown impedance is connected to the load, to measure VSWR, wavelength and position of voltage at first minima (x,). impedance and load at terminated outputare then replaced b position of voltage at first minima (x, isnow measured. The is measured as, = On Smith charta circleovate lew a tat iol ll e|rae 5. The coordinates of Q will give the desired normalized impedance. 6. Finally, the input impedance of a given transmission line is obtained by multiplying normalized impedance with the characteristic impedance. 5.2 OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS : OTDR, ATTENUATIONS, DETECTOR CHARACTERISTICS Q12. Describe the use of optical power meters. Ans : Model Paper-l, Q10(a) The optical power meters in the fiber optic communication are mainly used to measure the total optical power within the particular wavelength range. Now-a-days, the multi-wavelength optical power meters became the most general optical instrument for the calculation of optical signal power leves. These cptical power meters uses several photo detectors. The unit of the output is in dBm where, 0 dBm is equals to 1 milliwatt. The optical power meters can also’ be used for the measurement or calculation of fiber attenuation by using cutback and insertion -loss methods. The power meter can also measure the power of any light signal that varies from 1 nW to 2mW. Gi3- List different types of measuring or testing instruments used in ce optical fiber communication. “a Ans : The various types of measuring instruments used in optical fiber communication are as follows, (i Optical Time Domain Reflectometer [OTDR] (ii) Optical Power Meter [OPM] (iii) Fiber optic spectrum analyzer (iv) Visual cable fault locator (v) Optical bandwidth testers (vi) Fiber optic test sources (vii) Optical loss test kits (viii) Visual cable tracers ix) Fiber identifiers and > ical Continuous Wave 2022/10/25 0