Cambridge IGCSE™

* 1 4 9 0 5 6 5 9 7 4 *

GEOGRAPHY 0460/12
Paper 1 Geographical Themes May/June 2022

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

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INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total, one from each section.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● If additional space is needed, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet; the question
number or numbers must be clearly shown.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 75.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

Definitions
MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries

This document has 24 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (PQ/FC) 304124/4
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Section A

Answer one question from this section.

1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, which shows information about population growth in Australia (an MEDC).

500

450

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population
growth 250
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0
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
years
Key
natural increase
net international migration
total population growth

Fig. 1.1

(i) In which year was total population growth the highest in Australia?

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(ii) Identify from Fig. 1.1 a year when:

– net international migration and natural increase were the same amount

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– total population growth decreased.

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(iii) Explain how the following are calculated:

natural increase

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net international migration

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total population growth.

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(iv) Using Fig. 1.1, compare natural increase and net international migration between 1993
and 2018. You should refer to years and use statistics in your answer.

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(b) Study Fig. 1.2, which shows information about population growth in The Gambia (an LEDC in
Africa).

The Gambia has had a consistently high population growth rate of 4.2% for
the last thirty years. 'The main reasons include polygamy, the fact that
the use of contraceptives is not common and a general reduction in infant
mortality rates.'

Since 1993 a family planning programme has attempted to increase the use
of modern contraceptives and reproductive health services in The Gambia. An
increase in the use of contraceptives has been achieved through community
health nurses and information campaigns.

Fig. 1.2

(i) Suggest three reasons why the use of contraceptives is not common in The Gambia.

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(ii) Explain why it is difficult to reduce natural population growth rates in LEDCs, such as
The Gambia, even though the use of contraception has recently increased.

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(c) For a named country you have studied, describe the problems caused by a high rate of
population growth.

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2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1, which shows the results of a survey showing the world’s ten best and ten
worst cities in which to live.

The ten best cities to live in

overall rating
country city security healthcare environment education infrastructure
(100 = ideal)

Austria Vienna 99.1 100 100 96.3 100 100

Australia Melbourne 98.4 95 100 98.6 100 100

Australia Sydney 98.1 95 100 97.2 100 100

Japan Osaka 97.7 100 100 93.5 100 96.4

Canada Calgary 97.5 100 100 90 100 100

Canada Vancouver 97.3 95 100 100 100 92.9

Canada Toronto 97.2 100 100 97.2 100 89.3

Japan Tokyo 97.2 100 100 94.4 100 92.9

Denmark Copenhagen 96.8 95 95.8 95.4 100 100

Australia Adelaide 96.6 95 100 94.2 100 96.4

The ten worst cities to live in

overall rating
country city security healthcare environment education infrastructure
(100 = ideal)

Venezuela Caracas 46.9 35 33.3 56.3 66.7 53.6

Algeria Algiers 44.1 50 45.8 45.4 50 30.4

Cameroon Douala 44 60 25 48.4 33.3 42.9

Zimbabwe Harare 42.6 40 20.8 58.6 66.7 35.7

Papua New
Port Moresby 41 30 37.5 47 50 46.4
Guinea

Pakistan Karachi 40.9 20 45.8 38.7 66.7 51.8

Libya Tripoli 40.4 35 41.7 40.3 50 41.1

Bangladesh Dhaka 39.2 55 29.2 40.5 41.7 26.8

Nigeria Lagos 38.5 20 37.5 53.5 33.3 46.4

Syria Damascus 30.7 20 29.2 40.5 33.3 32.1

Fig. 2.1

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(i) Name a country which has three of the ten best cities in which to live.

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(ii) State two different types of infrastructure in a city.

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(iii) Suggest three different ways that the environment may cause problems for people living
in the ten worst cities.

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(iv) Using Fig. 2.1 only, explain why Vienna is a better city in which to live than Damascus.
You should not use statistics.

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(b) Study Fig. 2.2, which shows information about the functions of cities.

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

Fig. 2.2

(i) What is meant by the following functions?

commercial ........................................................................................................................

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residential ..........................................................................................................................

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industrial ............................................................................................................................

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(ii) Explain why many large cities have an administrative function.

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(c) For a named urban area you have studied, describe the problems caused by urban sprawl for
the surrounding natural environment.

Name of urban area ..................................................................

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Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, which is a map showing hot deserts.

Content removed due to copyright restrictions.

Fig. 3.1

(i) On Fig. 3.1, draw a labelled arrow to name a hot desert. [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of hot deserts.

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(iii) Describe the typical climate of an area of hot desert.

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(iv) Explain how the following factors influence the climate of an area of hot desert.

direction of prevailing wind ................................................................................................

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atmospheric pressure ........................................................................................................

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(b) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), which is a photograph of hot desert vegetation.

(i) Using Fig. 3.2 only, describe three features of the vegetation shown.

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(ii) Explain how vegetation, such as that shown in Fig. 3.2, can survive in a hot desert.

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(c) For an area you have studied with an equatorial climate, describe and explain the climatic
characteristics.

Name of area ..................................................................

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4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1 (Insert), which is a photograph of an area of sand dunes.

(i) Which one of the following statements best describes the location of the sand dunes
shown in Fig. 4.1?
Tick (3) the correct statement in the table below.

tick (3)
close to the sea at low tide level
on a headland next to the cliff edge
on the beach between high and low tide levels
near the top of the beach above high tide level
[1]

(ii) Describe two characteristics of the sand dunes shown in Fig. 4.1.

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(iii) Suggest how the sand dunes shown in Fig. 4.1 were formed.

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(iv) Many areas of sand dunes are located on spits.

Explain how a spit is formed.

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(b) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), which is a photograph of an area of coastline.

(i) Describe the characteristics of the bay shown in Fig. 4.2.

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(ii) Suggest how the bay shown in Fig. 4.2 has been formed.

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(c) For a named area you have studied, explain the hazards faced by coastal communities as a
result of natural processes.

Name of coastal area ..................................................................

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Section C

Answer one question from this section.

5 (a) Study Figs. 5.1 and 5.2 (Insert), which are photographs of two different farms.
Fig. 5.1 shows extensive farming.
Fig. 5.2 shows intensive farming.

(i) What is meant by extensive farming?

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(ii) Describe the agricultural land use in the areas shown in each of Fig. 5.1 and Fig. 5.2.

Fig. 5.1 ...............................................................................................................................

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(iii) State three ways in which a farmer is able to increase the yield per hectare by intensive
farming.

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(iv) Explain why a location close to a market is important for many farmers.

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(b) Study Fig. 5.3 (Insert), which is a map showing areas where grapes are grown in part of the
Rhône Valley, Switzerland.

(i) Using Fig. 5.3 only, describe the distribution of the areas where grapes are grown.

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(ii) Suggest reasons for the distribution of the areas where grapes are grown in the part of
the Rhône Valley shown in Fig. 5.3.

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(c) For a named country or region you have studied, describe the impacts of food shortages.

Name of country or region ..................................................................

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6 (a) Study Fig. 6.1 (Insert), which shows information about sources of energy which were used for
electricity production in four countries in Europe in 2019.

(i) What percentage of Germany’s electricity was generated from coal?

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(ii) Identify two differences between the use of fossil fuels for generating electricity in Austria
and Germany.

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(iii) Using Fig. 6.1 only, compare the importance of nuclear power in the countries shown.

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(iv) Explain why some governments do not choose to use nuclear power as a source of
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(b) Study Fig. 6.2 (Insert), which is a photograph showing an area where electricity is generated
using wind turbines in the Netherlands (an MEDC in Europe).

(i) Suggest why this method of electricity generation is possible at this location.

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(ii) Describe the benefits and disadvantages of using wind power as a form of energy.

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(c) For a named country you have studied, explain how water supply is being managed to meet
present and future demand.

Name of country ..................................................................

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Additional pages

If you use the following pages to complete the answer to any question, the question number must be
clearly shown.

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