I8086 Instruction Set-With Examples
I8086 Instruction Set-With Examples
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AAA AAD AAM AAS ADC ADD AND CALL CBW CLC CLD CLI CMC CMP
JNBE JNC JNE JNG JNGE JNL JNLE JNO JNP JNS JNZ JO JP JPE
JPO JS JZ LAHF LDS LEA LES LODSB LODSW LOOP LOOPE LOOPNE LOOPNZ LOOPZ
RCR REP REPE REPNE REPNZ REPZ RET RETF ROL ROR SAHF SAL SAR SBB
SCASB SCASW SHL SHR STC STD STI STOSB STOSW SUB TEST XCHG XLATB XOR
Operand types: REG: AX, BX, CX, DX, AH, AL, BL, BH, CH, CL, DH, DL, DI, SI, BP, SP. SREG: DS, ES, SS, and only as second operand: CS. memory: [BX], [BX+SI+7], variable, etc...(see Memory Access). immediate: 5, -24, 3Fh, 10001101b, etc...
Notes: When two operands are required for an instruction they are separated by comma. For example: REG, memory When there are two operands, both operands must have the same size (except shift and rotate instructions). For example: AL, DL DX, AX m1 DB ? AL, m1 m2 DW ? AX, m2 Some instructions allow several operand combinations. For example: memory, immediate
8086 instructions
REG, immediate memory, REG REG, SREG
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Some examples contain macros, so it is advisable to use Shift + F8 hot key to Step Over (to make macro code execute at maximum speed set step delay to zero), otherwise emulator will step through each instruction of a macro. Here is an example that uses PRINTN macro:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 1 MOV BL, 2 PRINTN 'Hello World!' MOV CL, 3 PRINTN 'Welcome!' RET
; macro. ; macro.
These marks are used to show the state of the flags: 1 - instruction sets this flag to 1. 0 - instruction sets this flag to 0. r - flag value depends on result of the instruction. ? - flag value is undefined (maybe 1 or 0).
Some instructions generate exactly the same machine code, so disassembler may have a problem decoding to your original code. This is especially important for Conditional Jump instructions (see "Program Flow Control" in Tutorials for more information).
ASCII Adjust after Addition. Corrects result in AH and AL after addition when working with BCD values. It works according to the following Algorithm: if low nibble of AL > 9 or AF = 1 then:
8086 instructions
AL AH AF CF else AF = 0 CF = 0 AAA No operands in both cases: clear the high nibble of AL. Example:
MOV AX, 15 AAA RET ; AH = 00, AL = 0Fh ; AH = 01, AL = 05
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= = = = AL + 6 AH + 1 1 1
CZSOPA r????r
ASCII Adjust before Division. Prepares two BCD values for division. Algorithm: AL = (AH * 10) + AL AH = 0 No operands
AAD
Example:
MOV AX, 0105h AAD RET ; AH = 01, AL = 05 ; AH = 00, AL = 0Fh (15)
CZSOPA ?rr?r?
ASCII Adjust after Multiplication. Corrects the result of multiplication of two BCD values. Algorithm: AH = AL / 10 AL = remainder
8086 instructions
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Example:
MOV AL, 15 AAM RET ; AL = 0Fh ; AH = 01, AL = 05
AAM
No operands
CZSOPA ?rr?r?
ASCII Adjust after Subtraction. Corrects result in AH and AL after subtraction when working with BCD values. Algorithm: if low nibble of AL > 9 or AF = 1 then: AL AH AF CF else AAS No operands AF = 0 CF = 0 in both cases: clear the high nibble of AL. Example:
MOV AX, 02FFh AAS RET ; AH = 02, AL = 0FFh ; AH = 01, AL = 09
= = = =
AL - 6 AH - 1 1 1
CZSOPA r????r
Add with Carry. ADC REG, memory memory, REG REG, REG Algorithm: operand1 = operand1 + operand2 + CF Example:
8086 instructions
memory, immediate REG, immediate
STC MOV AL, 5 ADC AL, 1 RET ; set CF = 1 ; AL = 5 ; AL = 7
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CZSOPA rrrrrr
Add. Algorithm: operand1 = operand1 + operand2 REG, memory memory, REG REG, REG memory, immediate REG, immediate Example:
MOV AL, 5 ADD AL, -3 RET ; AL = 5 ; AL = 2
ADD
CZSOPA rrrrrr
Logical AND between all bits of two operands. Result is stored in operand1. These rules apply: 1 1 0 0 AND AND AND AND 1 0 1 0 = = = = 1 0 0 0
AND
REG, memory memory, REG REG, REG memory, immediate REG, immediate
Example:
MOV AL, 'a' AND AL, 11011111b RET ; AL = 01100001b ; AL = 01000001b ('A')
CZSOP 0rr0r
Transfers control to procedure, return address is (IP) is pushed to stack. 4-byte address may be entered in this form: 1234h:5678h, first value is a
8086 instructions
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segment second value is an offset (this is a far call, so CS is also pushed to stack). Example:
ORG 100h CALL p1 ; for COM file.
CALL
p1 PROC ; procedure declaration. MOV AX, 1234h RET ; return to caller. p1 ENDP
CZSOPA unchanged
Convert byte into word. Algorithm: if high bit of AL = 1 then: AH = 255 (0FFh)
else No operands AH = 0
CBW
Example:
MOV AX, 0 MOV AL, -5 CBW RET ; AH = 0, AL = 0 ; AX = 000FBh (251) ; AX = 0FFFBh (-5)
CZSOPA unchanged
8086 instructions
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C CLC No operands 0
Clear Direction flag. SI and DI will be incremented by chain instructions: CMPSB, CMPSW, LODSB, LODSW, MOVSB, MOVSW, STOSB, STOSW. Algorithm: CLD No operands DF = 0 D 0
Clear Interrupt enable flag. This disables hardware interrupts. Algorithm: CLI No operands IF = 0 I 0
CMC
No operands
C r
8086 instructions
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result is not stored anywhere, flags are set (OF, SF, ZF, AF, PF, CF) according to result. Example: REG, memory memory, REG REG, REG memory, immediate REG, immediate
MOV AL, 5 MOV BL, 5 CMP AL, BL RET
CMP
; AL = 5, ZF = 1 (so equal!)
CZSOPA rrrrrr
Compare bytes: ES:[DI] from DS:[SI]. Algorithm: DS:[SI] - ES:[DI] set flags according to result: OF, SF, ZF, AF, PF, CF if DF = 0 then SI = SI + 1 DI = DI + 1 else SI = SI - 1 DI = DI - 1 Example: open cmpsb.asm from c:\emu8086\examples CZSOPA rrrrrr
CMPSB
No operands
Compare words: ES:[DI] from DS:[SI]. Algorithm: DS:[SI] - ES:[DI] set flags according to result: OF, SF, ZF, AF, PF, CF if DF = 0 then SI = SI + 2 DI = DI + 2 else SI = SI - 2 DI = DI - 2
CMPSW
No operands
8086 instructions
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example: open cmpsw.asm from c:\emu8086\examples CZSOPA rrrrrr
Convert Word to Double word. Algorithm: if high bit of AX = 1 then: DX = 65535 (0FFFFh)
CZSOPA unchanged
Decimal adjust After Addition. Corrects the result of addition of two packed BCD values. Algorithm: if low nibble of AL > 9 or AF = 1 then: DAA No operands AL = AL + 6 AF = 1 if AL > 9Fh or CF = 1 then: AL = AL + 60h CF = 1
Example:
8086 instructions
MOV AL, 0Fh DAA RET ; AL = 0Fh (15) ; AL = 15h
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CZSOPA rrrrrr
Decimal adjust After Subtraction. Corrects the result of subtraction of two packed BCD values. Algorithm: if low nibble of AL > 9 or AF = 1 then: AL = AL - 6 AF = 1 if AL > 9Fh or CF = 1 then: DAS No operands AL = AL - 60h CF = 1
Example:
MOV AL, 0FFh DAS RET ; AL = 0FFh (-1) ; AL = 99h, CF = 1
CZSOPA rrrrrr
DEC
REG memory
8086 instructions
Unsigned divide. Algorithm: when operand is a byte: AL = AX / operand AH = remainder (modulus) when operand is a word: AX = (DX AX) / operand DX = remainder (modulus) Example:
MOV AX, 203 MOV BL, 4 DIV BL RET ; AX = 00CBh ; AL = 50 (32h), AH = 3
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DIV
REG memory
CZSOPA ??????
HLT
CZSOPA unchanged
Signed divide. Algorithm: when operand is a byte: AL = AX / operand AH = remainder (modulus) IDIV REG memory when operand is a word: AX = (DX AX) / operand DX = remainder (modulus) Example:
MOV AX, -203 ; AX = 0FF35h MOV BL, 4 IDIV BL ; AL = -50 (0CEh), AH = -3 (0FDh) RET
8086 instructions
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CZSOPA ??????
Signed multiply. Algorithm: when operand is a byte: AX = AL * operand. when operand is a word: (DX AX) = AX * operand. IMUL REG memory Example:
MOV AL, -2 MOV BL, -4 IMUL BL RET
; AX = 8
IN
im.byte DX im.byte DX
Input from port into AL or AX. Second operand is a port number. If required to access port number over 255 - DX register should be used. Example:
IN AX, 4 IN AL, 7 ; get status of traffic lights. ; get status of stepper-motor.
CZSOPA unchanged
8086 instructions
RET
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Interrupt numbered by immediate byte (0..255). Algorithm: Push to stack: flags register CS IP IF = 0 Transfer control to interrupt procedure INT immediate byte Example:
MOV AH, 0Eh MOV AL, 'A' INT 10h RET ; teletype. ; BIOS interrupt.
CZSOPAI unchanged 0
Interrupt Return.
8086 instructions
Algorithm: Pop from stack: IP CS flags register CZSOPA popped
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IRET
No operands
Short Jump if first operand is Above second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Unsigned. Algorithm: if (CF = 0) and (ZF = 0) then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 250 CMP AL, 5 JA label1 PRINT 'AL is not above 5' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'AL is above 5' exit: RET
JA
label
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Above or Equal to second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Unsigned. Algorithm: if CF = 0 then jump JAE label Example:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 5 CMP AL, 5 JAE label1 PRINT 'AL is not above or equal to 5' JMP exit label1:
8086 instructions
PRINT 'AL is above or equal to 5' exit: RET
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CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Below second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Unsigned. Algorithm: if CF = 1 then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 1 CMP AL, 5 JB label1 PRINT 'AL is not below 5' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'AL is below 5' exit: RET
JB
label
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Below or Equal to second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Unsigned. Algorithm: if CF = 1 or ZF = 1 then jump Example: JBE label
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 5 CMP AL, 5 JBE label1 PRINT 'AL is not below or equal to 5' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'AL is below or equal to 5' exit: RET
8086 instructions
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CZSOPA unchanged
JC
label
CZSOPA unchanged
JCXZ
label
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Equal to second operand (as set by CMP instruction).
8086 instructions
Signed/Unsigned. Algorithm: if ZF = 1 then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 5 CMP AL, 5 JE label1 PRINT 'AL is not equal to 5.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'AL is equal to 5.' exit: RET
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JE
label
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Greater then second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Signed. Algorithm: if (ZF = 0) and (SF = OF) then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 5 CMP AL, -5 JG label1 PRINT 'AL is not greater -5.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'AL is greater -5.' exit: RET
JG
label
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Greater or Equal to second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Signed. Algorithm:
8086 instructions
if SF = OF then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 2 CMP AL, -5 JGE label1 PRINT 'AL < -5' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'AL >= -5' exit: RET
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JGE
label
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Less then second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Signed. Algorithm: if SF <> OF then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, -2 CMP AL, 5 JL label1 PRINT 'AL >= 5.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'AL < 5.' exit: RET
JL
label
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Less or Equal to second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Signed. Algorithm: if SF <> OF or ZF = 1 then jump Example:
8086 instructions
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, -2 CMP AL, 5 JLE label1 PRINT 'AL > 5.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'AL <= 5.' exit: RET
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JLE
label
CZSOPA unchanged
Unconditional Jump. Transfers control to another part of the program. 4-byte address may be entered in this form: 1234h:5678h, first value is a segment second value is an offset. Algorithm: always jump Example: JMP label 4-byte address
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 5 JMP label1 ; jump over 2 lines! PRINT 'Not Jumped!' MOV AL, 0 label1: PRINT 'Got Here!' RET
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Not Above second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Unsigned. Algorithm: JNA label if CF = 1 or ZF = 1 then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 2
8086 instructions
CMP AL, 5 JNA label1 PRINT 'AL is above 5.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'AL is not above 5.' exit: RET
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CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Not Above and Not Equal to second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Unsigned. Algorithm: if CF = 1 then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc'
JNAE
label
ORG 100h MOV AL, 2 CMP AL, 5 JNAE label1 PRINT 'AL >= 5.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'AL < 5.' exit: RET
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Not Below second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Unsigned. Algorithm: if CF = 0 then jump JNB label Example:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 7 CMP AL, 5 JNB label1 PRINT 'AL < 5.'
8086 instructions
JMP exit label1: PRINT 'AL >= 5.' exit: RET
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CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Not Below and Not Equal to second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Unsigned. Algorithm: if (CF = 0) and (ZF = 0) then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc'
JNBE
label
ORG 100h MOV AL, 7 CMP AL, 5 JNBE label1 PRINT 'AL <= 5.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'AL > 5.' exit: RET
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if Carry flag is set to 0. Algorithm: if CF = 0 then jump Example: JNC label
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 2 ADD AL, 3 JNC label1 PRINT 'has carry.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'no carry.' exit:
8086 instructions
RET
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CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Not Equal to second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Signed/Unsigned. Algorithm: if ZF = 0 then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc'
JNE
label
ORG 100h MOV AL, 2 CMP AL, 3 JNE label1 PRINT 'AL = 3.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'Al <> 3.' exit: RET
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Not Greater then second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Signed. Algorithm: if (ZF = 1) and (SF <> OF) then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 2 CMP AL, 3 JNG label1 PRINT 'AL > 3.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'Al <= 3.' exit: RET
JNG
label
8086 instructions
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CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Not Greater and Not Equal to second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Signed. Algorithm: if SF <> OF then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc'
JNGE
label
ORG 100h MOV AL, 2 CMP AL, 3 JNGE label1 PRINT 'AL >= 3.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'Al < 3.' exit: RET
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Not Less then second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Signed. Algorithm: if SF = OF then jump Example: JNL label
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 2 CMP AL, -3 JNL label1 PRINT 'AL < -3.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'Al >= -3.' exit: RET
CZSOPA
8086 instructions
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unchanged
Short Jump if first operand is Not Less and Not Equal to second operand (as set by CMP instruction). Signed. Algorithm: if (SF = OF) and (ZF = 0) then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc'
JNLE
label
ORG 100h MOV AL, 2 CMP AL, -3 JNLE label1 PRINT 'AL <= -3.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'Al > -3.' exit: RET
CZSOPA unchanged
JNO
label
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, -5 SUB AL, 2 ; AL = 0F9h (-7) JNO label1 PRINT 'overflow!' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'no overflow.' exit: RET
CZSOPA
8086 instructions
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unchanged
Short Jump if No Parity (odd). Only 8 low bits of result are checked. Set by CMP, SUB, ADD, TEST, AND, OR, XOR instructions. Algorithm: if PF = 0 then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc'
JNP
label
ORG 100h MOV AL, 00000111b ; AL = 7 OR AL, 0 ; just set flags. JNP label1 PRINT 'parity even.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'parity odd.' exit: RET
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if Not Signed (if positive). Set by CMP, SUB, ADD, TEST, AND, OR, XOR instructions. Algorithm: if SF = 0 then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc'
JNS
label
ORG 100h MOV AL, 00000111b ; AL = 7 OR AL, 0 ; just set flags. JNS label1 PRINT 'signed.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'not signed.' exit: RET
CZSOPA unchanged
8086 instructions
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Short Jump if Not Zero (not equal). Set by CMP, SUB, ADD, TEST, AND, OR, XOR instructions. Algorithm: if ZF = 0 then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 00000111b OR AL, 0 JNZ label1 PRINT 'zero.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'not zero.' exit: RET
JNZ
label
CZSOPA unchanged
JO
label
org 100h MOV AL, -5 SUB AL, 127 ; AL = 7Ch (124) JO label1 PRINT 'no overflow.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'overflow!' exit: RET
CZSOPA unchanged
8086 instructions
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Short Jump if Parity (even). Only 8 low bits of result are checked. Set by CMP, SUB, ADD, TEST, AND, OR, XOR instructions. Algorithm: if PF = 1 then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc'
JP
label
ORG 100h MOV AL, 00000101b ; AL = 5 OR AL, 0 ; just set flags. JP label1 PRINT 'parity odd.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'parity even.' exit: RET
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if Parity Even. Only 8 low bits of result are checked. Set by CMP, SUB, ADD, TEST, AND, OR, XOR instructions. Algorithm: if PF = 1 then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc'
JPE
label
ORG 100h MOV AL, 00000101b ; AL = 5 OR AL, 0 ; just set flags. JPE label1 PRINT 'parity odd.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'parity even.' exit: RET
CZSOPA unchanged
8086 instructions
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are checked. Set by CMP, SUB, ADD, TEST, AND, OR, XOR instructions. Algorithm: if PF = 0 then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 00000111b ; AL = 7 OR AL, 0 ; just set flags. JPO label1 PRINT 'parity even.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'parity odd.' exit: RET
JPO
label
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if Signed (if negative). Set by CMP, SUB, ADD, TEST, AND, OR, XOR instructions. Algorithm: if SF = 1 then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 10000000b ; AL = -128 OR AL, 0 ; just set flags. JS label1 PRINT 'not signed.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'signed.' exit: RET
JS
label
CZSOPA unchanged
Short Jump if Zero (equal). Set by CMP, SUB, ADD, TEST, AND, OR, XOR instructions.
8086 instructions
Algorithm: if ZF = 1 then jump Example:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AL, 5 CMP AL, 5 JZ label1 PRINT 'AL is not equal to 5.' JMP exit label1: PRINT 'AL is equal to 5.' exit: RET
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JZ
label
CZSOPA unchanged
LAHF
No operands
Load memory double word into word register and DS. Algorithm: REG = first word DS = second word
Example:
ORG 100h
8086 instructions
LDS AX, m RET m DW DW 1234h 5678h
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END
LDS
Example:
MOV BX, 35h MOV DI, 12h LEA SI, [BX+DI] LEA REG, memory
Note: The integrated 8086 assembler automatically replaces LEA with a more efficient MOV where possible. For example:
; AX = offset of m
CZSOPA unchanged
Load memory double word into word register and ES. Algorithm:
8086 instructions
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Example:
LES
REG, memory
END
Load byte at DS:[SI] into AL. Update SI. Algorithm: AL = DS:[SI] if DF = 0 then SI = SI + 1 else SI = SI - 1 Example:
ORG 100h LEA SI, a1 MOV CX, 5 MOV AH, 0Eh m: LODSB INT 10h LOOP m RET a1 DB 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'
LODSB
No operands
CZSOPA unchanged
8086 instructions
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Load word at DS:[SI] into AX. Update SI. Algorithm: AX = DS:[SI] if DF = 0 then SI = SI + 2 else SI = SI - 2 Example: LODSW No operands
ORG 100h LEA SI, a1 MOV CX, 5 REP LODSW RET a1 dw 111h, 222h, 333h, 444h, 555h ; finally there will be 555h in AX.
CZSOPA unchanged
Decrease CX, jump to label if CX not zero. Algorithm: CX = CX - 1 if CX <> 0 then jump else no jump, continue Example:
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV CX, 5 label1: PRINTN 'loop!' LOOP label1 RET
LOOP
label
CZSOPA unchanged
8086 instructions
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Decrease CX, jump to label if CX not zero and Equal (ZF = 1). Algorithm: CX = CX - 1 if (CX <> 0) and (ZF = 1) then jump else no jump, continue Example:
; ; ; ; Loop until result fits into AL alone, or 5 times. The result will be over 255 on third loop (100+100+100), so loop will exit. include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV AX, 0 MOV CX, 5 label1: PUTC '*' ADD AX, 100 CMP AH, 0 LOOPE label1 RET
LOOPE
label
CZSOPA unchanged
Decrease CX, jump to label if CX not zero and Not Equal (ZF = 0). Algorithm: CX = CX - 1 if (CX <> 0) and (ZF = 0) then jump else no jump, continue Example:
; Loop until '7' is found, ; or 5 times. include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h
LOOPNE
label
8086 instructions
MOV SI, 0 MOV CX, 5 label1: PUTC '*' MOV AL, v1[SI] INC SI ; next byte (SI=SI+1). CMP AL, 7 LOOPNE label1 RET v1 db 9, 8, 7, 6, 5
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CZSOPA unchanged
Decrease CX, jump to label if CX not zero and ZF = 0. Algorithm: CX = CX - 1 if (CX <> 0) and (ZF = 0) then jump else no jump, continue Example:
; Loop until '7' is found, ; or 5 times.
LOOPNZ
label
include 'emu8086.inc' ORG 100h MOV SI, 0 MOV CX, 5 label1: PUTC '*' MOV AL, v1[SI] INC SI ; next byte (SI=SI+1). CMP AL, 7 LOOPNZ label1 RET v1 db 9, 8, 7, 6, 5
CZSOPA unchanged
8086 instructions
if (CX <> 0) and (ZF = 1) then jump else no jump, continue Example:
; ; ; ; Loop until result fits into AL alone, or 5 times. The result will be over 255 on third loop (100+100+100), so loop will exit. include 'emu8086.inc'
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LOOPZ
label
ORG 100h MOV AX, 0 MOV CX, 5 label1: PUTC '*' ADD AX, 100 CMP AH, 0 LOOPZ label1 RET
CZSOPA unchanged
Copy operand2 to operand1. The MOV instruction cannot: set the value of the CS and IP registers. copy value of one segment register to another segment register (should copy to general register first). copy immediate value to segment register (should copy to general register first). Algorithm: operand1 = operand2 Example:
ORG MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV MOV RET 100h AX, 0B800h DS, AX CL, 'A' CH, 01011111b BX, 15Eh [BX], CX
MOV
REG, memory memory, REG REG, REG memory, immediate REG, immediate SREG, memory memory, SREG REG, SREG SREG, REG
; ; ; ; ; ; ;
set AX = B800h (VGA memory). copy value of AX to DS. CL = 41h (ASCII code). CL = color attribute. BX = position on screen. w.[0B800h:015Eh] = CX. returns to operating system.
8086 instructions
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CZSOPA unchanged
Copy byte at DS:[SI] to ES:[DI]. Update SI and DI. Algorithm: ES:[DI] = DS:[SI] if DF = 0 then SI = SI + 1 DI = DI + 1 else SI = SI - 1 DI = DI - 1 Example: MOVSB No operands
ORG 100h CLD LEA LEA MOV REP RET a1 DB 1,2,3,4,5 a2 DB 5 DUP(0)
CZSOPA unchanged
Copy word at DS:[SI] to ES:[DI]. Update SI and DI. Algorithm: ES:[DI] = DS:[SI] if DF = 0 then SI = SI + 2 DI = DI + 2 else SI = SI - 2 DI = DI - 2 Example:
8086 instructions
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MOVSW
No operands
CZSOPA unchanged
Unsigned multiply. Algorithm: when operand is a byte: AX = AL * operand. when operand is a word: (DX AX) = AX * operand. MUL REG memory Example:
MOV AL, 200 MOV BL, 4 MUL BL RET ; AL = 0C8h ; AX = 0320h (800)
Negate. Makes operand negative (two's complement). Algorithm: NEG REG memory Invert all bits of the operand Add 1 to inverted operand Example:
MOV AL, 5 NEG AL NEG AL ; AL = 05h ; AL = 0FBh (-5) ; AL = 05h (5)
8086 instructions
RET
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CZSOPA rrrrrr
CZSOPA unchanged
Invert each bit of the operand. Algorithm: if bit is 1 turn it to 0. if bit is 0 turn it to 1. REG memory Example:
MOV AL, 00011011b NOT AL ; AL = 11100100b RET
NOT
CZSOPA unchanged
Logical OR between all bits of two operands. Result is stored in first operand. These rules apply: 1 1 0 0 OR OR OR OR 1 0 1 0 = = = = 1 1 1 0
REG, memory
8086 instructions
memory, REG REG, REG memory, immediate REG, immediate OR
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Example:
MOV AL, 'A' OR AL, 00100000b RET ; AL = 01000001b ; AL = 01100001b ('a')
CZSOPA 0rr0r?
Output from AL or AX to port. First operand is a port number. If required to access port number over 255 - DX register should be used. Example: OUT im.byte, AL im.byte, AX DX, AL DX, AX
MOV AX, 0FFFh ; Turn on all OUT 4, AX ; traffic lights. MOV AL, 100b OUT 7, AL ; Turn on the third ; magnet of the stepper-motor.
CZSOPA unchanged
Get 16 bit value from the stack. Algorithm: operand = SS:[SP] (top of the stack) SP = SP + 2
POP
Example:
MOV AX, 1234h PUSH AX POP DX ; DX = 1234h RET
CZSOPA unchanged
Pop all general purpose registers DI, SI, BP, SP, BX, DX, CX, AX from the stack.
8086 instructions
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SP value is ignored, it is Popped but not set to SP register). Note: this instruction works only on 80186 CPU and later! Algorithm: POP POP POP POP POP POP POP POP DI SI BP xx (SP value ignored) BX DX CX AX
POPA
No operands
CZSOPA unchanged
Get flags register from the stack. Algorithm: flags = SS:[SP] (top of the stack) SP = SP + 2 CZSOPA popped
POPF
No operands
Store 16 bit value in the stack. Note: PUSH immediate works only on 80186 CPU and later! Algorithm: REG SREG memory immediate SP = SP - 2 SS:[SP] (top of the stack) = operand
PUSH
Example:
MOV AX, 1234h PUSH AX POP DX ; DX = 1234h RET
8086 instructions
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CZSOPA unchanged
Push all general purpose registers AX, CX, DX, BX, SP, BP, SI, DI in the stack. Original value of SP register (before PUSHA) is used. Note: this instruction works only on 80186 CPU and later! Algorithm: PUSH PUSH PUSH PUSH PUSH PUSH PUSH PUSH AX CX DX BX SP BP SI DI
PUSHA
No operands
CZSOPA unchanged
Store flags register in the stack. Algorithm: SP = SP - 2 SS:[SP] (top of the stack) = flags CZSOPA unchanged
PUSHF
No operands
Rotate operand1 left through Carry Flag. The number of rotates is set by operand2. When immediate is greater then 1, assembler generates several RCL xx, 1 instructions because 8086 has machine code only for this instruction (the same principle works for all other shift/rotate instructions). Algorithm:
8086 instructions
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shift all bits left, the bit that goes off is set to CF and previous value of CF is inserted to the right-most position.
Example:
STC MOV AL, 1Ch RCL AL, 1 RET ; set carry (CF=1). ; AL = 00011100b ; AL = 00111001b, CF=0.
Rotate operand1 right through Carry Flag. The number of rotates is set by operand2. Algorithm: shift all bits right, the bit that goes off is set to CF and previous value of CF is inserted to the leftmost position. memory, immediate REG, immediate RCR memory, CL REG, CL Example:
STC MOV AL, 1Ch RCR AL, 1 RET ; set carry (CF=1). ; AL = 00011100b ; AL = 10001110b, CF=0.
Repeat following MOVSB, MOVSW, LODSB, LODSW, STOSB, STOSW instructions CX times. Algorithm: check_cx: if CX <> 0 then do following chain instruction
8086 instructions
CX = CX - 1 go back to check_cx else REP chain instruction Z r exit from REP cycle
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Repeat following CMPSB, CMPSW, SCASB, SCASW instructions while ZF = 1 (result is Equal), maximum CX times. Algorithm: check_cx: if CX <> 0 then do following chain instruction CX = CX - 1 if ZF = 1 then: go back to check_cx else exit from REPE cycle else exit from REPE cycle example: open cmpsb.asm from c:\emu8086\examples Z r
REPE
chain instruction
Repeat following CMPSB, CMPSW, SCASB, SCASW instructions while ZF = 0 (result is Not Equal), maximum CX times. Algorithm: check_cx: if CX <> 0 then do following chain instruction
8086 instructions
CX = CX - 1 if ZF = 0 then: go back to check_cx else exit from REPNE cycle else REPNE chain instruction exit from REPNE cycle Z r
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Repeat following CMPSB, CMPSW, SCASB, SCASW instructions while ZF = 0 (result is Not Zero), maximum CX times. Algorithm: check_cx: if CX <> 0 then do following chain instruction CX = CX - 1 if ZF = 0 then: go back to check_cx else exit from REPNZ cycle else exit from REPNZ cycle Z r
REPNZ
chain instruction
Repeat following CMPSB, CMPSW, SCASB, SCASW instructions while ZF = 1 (result is Zero), maximum CX times. Algorithm: check_cx: if CX <> 0 then
8086 instructions
do following chain instruction CX = CX - 1 if ZF = 1 then: go back to check_cx else exit from REPZ cycle REPZ chain instruction else exit from REPZ cycle Z r
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Return from near procedure. Algorithm: Pop from stack: IP if immediate operand is present: SP = SP + operand Example:
ORG 100h CALL p1 ADD AX, 1 RET ; return to OS. ; for COM file.
RET
p1 PROC ; procedure declaration. MOV AX, 1234h RET ; return to caller. p1 ENDP
CZSOPA unchanged
Return from Far procedure. Algorithm: RETF No operands or even immediate Pop from stack: IP CS if immediate operand is present:
8086 instructions
SP = SP + operand CZSOPA unchanged
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Rotate operand1 left. The number of rotates is set by operand2. Algorithm: shift all bits left, the bit that goes off is set to CF and the same bit is inserted to the right-most position. Example:
MOV AL, 1Ch ROL AL, 1 RET ; AL = 00011100b ; AL = 00111000b, CF=0.
Rotate operand1 right. The number of rotates is set by operand2. Algorithm: shift all bits right, the bit that goes off is set to CF and the same bit is inserted to the left-most position. Example:
MOV AL, 1Ch ROR AL, 1 RET ; AL = 00011100b ; AL = 00001110b, CF=0.
8086 instructions
flags register = AH
AH bit:
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SAHF
No operands
Shift Arithmetic operand1 Left. The number of shifts is set by operand2. Algorithm: Shift all bits left, the bit that goes off is set to CF. Zero bit is inserted to the right-most position. Example: memory, CL REG, CL
MOV AL, 0E0h SAL AL, 1 RET ; AL = 11100000b ; AL = 11000000b, CF=1.
Shift Arithmetic operand1 Right. The number of shifts is set by operand2. Algorithm: Shift all bits right, the bit that goes off is set to CF. The sign bit that is inserted to the left-most position has the same value as before shift. Example:
MOV AL, 0E0h SAR AL, 1 MOV BL, 4Ch SAR BL, 1 RET ; AL = 11100000b ; AL = 11110000b, ; BL = 01001100b ; BL = 00100110b, CF=0.
CF=0.
8086 instructions
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Subtract with Borrow. Algorithm: operand1 = operand1 - operand2 - CF REG, memory memory, REG REG, REG memory, immediate REG, immediate Example:
STC MOV AL, 5 SBB AL, 3 RET
SBB
; AL = 5 - 3 - 1 = 1
CZSOPA rrrrrr
Compare bytes: AL from ES:[DI]. Algorithm: AL - ES:[DI] set flags according to result: OF, SF, ZF, AF, PF, CF if DF = 0 then DI = DI + 1 else DI = DI - 1 CZSOPA rrrrrr
SCASB
No operands
Compare words: AX from ES:[DI]. Algorithm: SCASW No operands AX - ES:[DI] set flags according to result: OF, SF, ZF, AF, PF, CF if DF = 0 then DI = DI + 2
8086 instructions
else DI = DI - 2 CZSOPA rrrrrr
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Shift operand1 Left. The number of shifts is set by operand2. Algorithm: Shift all bits left, the bit that goes off is set to CF. Zero bit is inserted to the right-most position. Example:
MOV AL, 11100000b SHL AL, 1 ; AL = 11000000b, RET CF=1.
Shift operand1 Right. The number of shifts is set by operand2. Algorithm: Shift all bits right, the bit that goes off is set to CF. Zero bit is inserted to the left-most position. Example:
MOV AL, 00000111b SHR AL, 1 ; AL = 00000011b, RET CF=1.
8086 instructions
Set Carry flag. Algorithm: STC No operands CF = 1 C 1
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Set Direction flag. SI and DI will be decremented by chain instructions: CMPSB, CMPSW, LODSB, LODSW, MOVSB, MOVSW, STOSB, STOSW. Algorithm: STD No operands DF = 1 D 1
Set Interrupt enable flag. This enables hardware interrupts. Algorithm: STI No operands IF = 1 I 1
Store byte in AL into ES:[DI]. Update DI. Algorithm: ES:[DI] = AL if DF = 0 then DI = DI + 1 else DI = DI - 1 Example:
ORG 100h LEA DI, a1
STOSB
No operands
8086 instructions
MOV AL, 12h MOV CX, 5 REP STOSB RET a1 DB 5 dup(0)
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CZSOPA unchanged
Store word in AX into ES:[DI]. Update DI. Algorithm: ES:[DI] = AX if DF = 0 then DI = DI + 2 else DI = DI - 2 Example: STOSW No operands
ORG 100h LEA DI, a1 MOV AX, 1234h MOV CX, 5 REP STOSW RET a1 DW 5 dup(0)
CZSOPA unchanged
Subtract. Algorithm: REG, memory memory, REG REG, REG memory, immediate REG, immediate operand1 = operand1 - operand2 Example:
MOV AL, 5 SUB AL, 1 RET ; AL = 4
SUB
8086 instructions
Page 52 of 53
CZSOPA rrrrrr
Logical AND between all bits of two operands for flags only. These flags are effected: ZF, SF, PF. Result is not stored anywhere. These rules apply: 1 1 0 0 AND AND AND AND 1 0 1 0 = = = = 1 0 0 0
TEST
REG, memory memory, REG REG, REG memory, immediate REG, immediate
Example:
MOV AL, 00000101b TEST AL, 1 TEST AL, 10b RET ; ZF = 0. ; ZF = 1.
CZSOP 0rr0r
Exchange values of two operands. Algorithm: operand1 < - > operand2 Example: XCHG REG, memory memory, REG REG, REG
MOV AL, 5 MOV AH, 2 XCHG AL, AH XCHG AL, AH RET
; AL = 2, AH = 5 ; AL = 5, AH = 2
CZSOPA unchanged
Translate byte from table. Copy value of memory byte at DS:[BX + unsigned AL] to AL register. Algorithm:
8086 instructions
Page 53 of 53
XLATB
No operands
CZSOPA unchanged
Logical XOR (Exclusive OR) between all bits of two operands. Result is stored in first operand. These rules apply: 1 1 0 0 XOR XOR XOR XOR 1 0 1 0 = = = = 0 1 1 0
XOR
REG, memory memory, REG REG, REG memory, immediate REG, immediate
Example:
MOV AL, 00000111b XOR AL, 00000010b RET ; AL = 00000101b
CZSOPA 0rr0r?