Maths - IA
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SHK sirasapalliMATHEMATICS - IA
INDEX
1. TRIGNOMETRY
2. TRIGNOMETRIC EQUATIONS
3. INVERSE TRIGNOMETRY
4. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
5. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES AND
HEIGHTS AND DISTANCE
6. FUNCTIONS
7. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
8. MATRICES AND DETERMINENTS
9. VECTORS
10. SETS AND RELATIONS
11. MATHEMATICAL REASONING
MATHEMATICAL
REASONING
SYNOPSIS True statements : Eg: (i) 2012 is a leap year,
In a mathematical language, there are two kinds (ii)The sum of all interior angles of a triangle is
of reasoning inductive and deductive. We have 1800.
already discussed the inductive reasoning in the False statements :
context of mathematical induction. In this Eg: (i) All prime numbers are odd integers.
chapter, we shall discuss some fundamentals (ii) Two plus two is five.
of deductive reasoning. Not a statement : Eg:(i) Mathematics is
Sentence:We communicate our ideas or difficult.
thoughts with the help of sentences in particular (ii) Tomorrow is Sunday.
languages. Following types of sentences are Simple Statement : Any statement or
normally used. proposition whose truth value does not
(i) Assertive Sentence : A sentence that makes an explicitly depend on another statement is called
assertion is called an ‘assertive sentence or a a simple statement.
declarative sentence’. Eg: Sun rises in the east. Its truth value is T
Eg: New Delhi is the capital of India Compound statement: A statement which is
(ii) Imperative Sentence: A sentence that made up of two or more simple statements using
the connectives “and( )”, “or( )”,
expresses a request or a command is called an
“implies( )”, “if and only if( )” etc... is
imperative sentence.
called a compound statement. In this case each
Eg: please give me a glass of water
statement is called a component statement.
(iii) Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence that
Eg: This book is for mathematics and its target
expresses some strong feeling is called an
is Jee-mains
exclamatory sentence.
Sub-Statement: The simple statements which
Eg:Oh God!what a beautiful scene
form a compound statement are known as its
(iv) Interrogative sentence : A sentence that asks
sub-statements or components or constituents.
some question is called an interrogative
If p, q, r ...... are sub-statements of a compound
sentence.
statement S then the compound statement can
Eg: To which state do you belong? be written as S p, q, r.... .
(v) Optative sentence: A sentence that expresses Compound statement is that its truth value is
a wish is called an optative sentence. completely determined by the truth values of
Eg:God bless you. the sub-statements together with the way in
Statement (or) Proposition : A sentence is which they are connected to form the compound
called a mathematically acceptable statement statement.
if it is either true(T) or false(F) but not both. Open Statement: A sentence which contains
Eg: Natural numbers are always positive one or more variables such that when certain
Statements are usually dentoted by the letters values are given to the variable it becomes a
p,q,r,......etc. statement, is called an open statement.
The truthness or falsity of a statement is called Eg: “He is a great man” is an open sentence
its truth value. Truthness of a statement is because in the sentence “He” can be replaced
denoted by T. while its falsity is denoted by F. by any person.
1
Eg:Which of the following statement is/are open Eg. 1
statement(s)? (1) Ram eats a mango. If there are 6 simple statements, then for
(2) Krishna goes to school (3) He lives in India making a table, find number of rows
Sol: We know that, if compound statements has n
(4) Anil and Anuj are good friends. substatements, then there are 2n rows in a table.
Sol: In a given options, only option (3) is an open Here, n=6 Total number of rows = 26=64
statement, because in this sentence ‘he’ can be Basic logical connectives or logical operators
specifed to any person. : Two or more statements are combined to form
Truth Table : A table that shows the a compound statement by using symbols. These
relationship between the truth value of symbols are called logical connectives. Logical
compound statement, S(p,q,r,...) and the truth connectives are given below.
values of its substatements p,q,r,...etc.., is called Nature of the
the truth tables of statement S. compound
Connective Symbol statement formed
(i) For a single statement p, number of rows=21=2 by using the
connective
P and Conjunction
T
or Disjunction
F
If ....... then or Implication or
conditional
(ii) For two statements p and q, number of Equivalence or
rows=22=4 If and only
or Bi-conditional or
if (iff)
Bi-implication
p q not Negation
T T
Negation( ~) : The process of forming the
T F contradictory of a given statement is called
F T negation.
If p is a statement, then the negation of p is also
F F
a statement denoted by ~p.
Eg :- p: New Delhi is a city, then ~p: It is false
(iii) For the three statements p,q,r, that New Delhi is a city. (or) New Delhi is not a
Number of Rows =23=8 city
Negation Truth table :
p q r
T F F p ~p
T F T
T T F T F
T T T
F F F F T
F F T
F T F Conjunction( ): Any two simple statements
F T T can be connected by the word ‘and’ to form a
compound statement called the conjunction of
Note: If a compound statement has simply n the original statements.
substatements, then there are 2 n rows Let p and q be two statements. The conjunction
representing logical possibilities. of p and q is denoted by p q , read as p and q
2
Truth table for Conjunction : Truth table for Conditional :
p q pq
p q pq
T T T
T T T
T F F
T F F F T T
F T F F F T
F F F Eg:- p: An integer is a multiple of 9.
q: An integer is a multiple of 3.
Eg:- p: Two is an even number. p q :If an integer is a multiple of 9 then it is
q: Two is a prime number. a multiple of 3.
p q : Two is an even number and a prime
number. Bi-implication or : A statement is a
Disjunction ( Alternation )( ) : Any two biconditional statement if it is the conjunction
statements can be connected by the word ‘or’ of two conditional statements one converse to
to form a compound statement called the the other. If p, q are two statements, then the
‘disjunction’ of the original statements. compound statement p q and q p is
Let p and q be two statements the disjunction called a biconditional statement or an
of p and q is denoted by p q , read as p or q. equivalence and is denoted by p q ,
Truth table for disjunction : p q q p .
p q is the statement that is the true when p
p q pq
and q have the same truth value and otherwise
T T T false.
T F T Truth table for Bi-implication :
F T T
p q pq
F F F
T T T
Eg:p: Two is an even number.
T F F
q: Two is a prime number.
p q : Two is an even number or a prime F T F
number. F F T
Conditional (or) Implication: Two statements
Eg:- p: A number is divisible by 3.
connected by the connective phrase ‘if .... then’
q: Sum of the digits of a number is divisible by
give rise to a compound statement which is
3. p q :A number is divisible by 3 if and only
known as an implication or a conditional
if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
statement.
Converse: Let p,q be two statements. “If q then
If p and q are two statements forming the
p” is called the converse of “ if p then q”.
implication of ‘if p then q’ then the implication
Thus the converse of p q is q p .
denoted by ' p q or ' p q . p is called the
Inverse : Let p,q be two statements. “ if ~p
‘antecedent’ and q is called ‘consequent’.
then ~q” is called the inverse of “ if p then
p q read as p implies q, q if p, p is sufficient
q”. Thus the inverse of p q is ~ p ~ q .
for q, q is necessary for p.
p q is the statement that is false when p is Contrapositive :The statement q p is
true and q is false and true otherwise. called the contrapositive of p q .
3
Eg:- p: x is an even integer. q: x 2 is divisible by 4. equivalent.
(ii) p q and ~ p q are logically equivalent.
(i) p q : If x is even integer then x 2 is divisible by
4. (iii) p q q p
(ii) q p : x 2 is divisible by 4 then x is even. (iv) p q p q
(iii) p q : If x is not even integer then x 2 is not
divisible by 4. p q pq ~ (pq) ~p ~q ~ p~q
(iv) q p : if x 2 is not divisible by 4 then x is T T T F F F F
not an even integer. T F T F F T F
Converse, inverse and contra positive of a F T T F T F F
conditional : Suppose p, q are two statements F F F T T T T
such that p q then
i) Converse is q p p q ~p (~ p) q pq
ii) Inverse is p q
T T F T T
iii) Contra positive is q p
T F F F F
Truth Table : F T T T T
F F T T T
Contra
Conditional Converse Inverse
p q positive The phrases, ‘for all’, ‘for some’, ‘for no’, ‘for
pq q p ~p~q
~q~p every’ and ‘there exists atleast one’ convey the
T T T T T T idea of quantity and refer to some specific
T F F T T F collection of numbers or objects. these phrases
F T T F F T quantify the variable in open sentences. they
F F T T T T are called quantifiers.
The quantifier ‘for all’ or ‘for every’ is called
Tautology, Contradiction : (i) A compound the universal quantifier and is denoted by .
statement that is always true is called a The quantifier ‘some’ or ‘there exists atleast
tautology. one’ is called existantial quantifier and is
(ii) A compound statement that is always false is denoted by the symbol .
called a contradiction or fallassy. Algebra of statements :
Eg:- Let p be a statement 1. Idempotent laws : For any statement p,
Truth table : (i) p p p (ii) p p p
2. Commutative laws: For any statements p and
P ~P p ~P p ~P q
(i) p q q p (ii) p q q p
T F T F
3. Associative laws: For any three statements
F T T F p,q,r
(i) p ~ p is a tautology (i) p q r p q r (ii) p q r p q r
(ii) p ~ p is a contradiction 4. Distributive Laws: For any three statements
p,q,r,
Logical Equivalence: The statements p and q
are called logically equivalent if they have the (i) p q r p q p r
same entries in the last column of the truth (ii) p q r p q p r
tables.
5. DeMorgan’s laws: If p and q are two statements,
Eg:- (i) ~ p q and (~ p) (~ q) are logically then
4
(i) ~ p q (~p) (~q) he will win”, is
1)pq 2) p ^ q
(ii) ~ p q (~p) (~q)
3) p q 4) q p
6. Identity laws: If t and c denote a tautology and a
contradiction respectively, then for any statement
NEGATION, INVERSE, CONVERSE,
p, CONTRAPOSITIVE,
(i) p t p (ii) p c p TAUTOLOGY,
(iii) p t t (iv) p c c CONTRADICTION
7. Complement laws: For any statement p, 6. “Earth is a planet”, the negation of this
(i) p ( p) t (ii) p ( p) c statement is
8. Law of contrapositive : For any two statements 1) The earth is round
p and q, 2) The earth is not round
(i) p q q p 3) The earth revolves round the sun
9. Involution Laws: For any statement p, 4) The earth is not a planet
we have ( p) p . 7. The truth table of ~ p ^ q is
EXERCISE - I
p q (~p) q
CONJUNCTION - DISJUNCTION
1. The disjunction of the statement, “ It is T T F
raining”; The sun is shining”, is
T F F
1) It is raining and the sun is shining 1)
2) It is raining or the sun is shining F T T
3) It is raining and the sun is not shining F F F
4) It is not raining or the sun is not shining
2. "5 7 10 and 4 3 7" . Write the
statement using the appropriate connective p q (~p) q
1) 5 7 10 4 3 7
T T F
2) 5 7 10 4 3 7
T F T
3) 5 7 10 4 3 7 2)
F T F
4) 5 7 10 4 3 7
3. “7 is odd or 7 is prime”. Write the statement F F F
using the appropriate connective
1) 7 is odd 7 is prime
2) 7 is odd is prime p q (~p) q
3) 7 is odd 7 is prime
T T F
4) 7 is odd 7 is prime
IMPLICATION & BI-IMPLICATION T F F
3)
4. The truth value of “if 3 + 2 = 5 then 1x 0=0” F T F
is
F F F
1) T 2) F 3) T or F 4) T and F
5. p: he is hard working q: he will win. The
symbolic form of “if he is hard working then
5
9. Negation of the compound proposition: If the
p q (~p) q examination is difficult, then I shall pass if I
study hard
T T T 1) The examination is difficult and I study hard
and I shall pass
T F F
4) 2) The examination is difficult and I study hard
F T F but I shall not pass
3) The examination is not difficult and I study
F F F
hard and I shall pass
4) All of these
8. The truth table of ~ p q is 10. Which of the following is not logically
equivalent to the proposition : “ A real
p q (~p) q number is either rational or irrational”
1) If a number is neither rational nor irrational
T T F then it is not real
2) If a number is not a rational or not an
T F T
1) irrational, then it is not real
F T T 3) If a number is not real, then it is neither
rational nor irrational
F F T
4) If a number is real, then it is rational or
irrational
p q (~p) q 11. If p q r is false, then the truth values
of p, q, r are respectively
T T T 1) T, F, F 2) F, F, F 3) F, T, T 4) T, T, F
T F T 12. The proposition p p p p is
2) 1) a tautology 2) a contradiction
F T T
3) neither a tautology nor a contradiction
F F F 4) a tautology and a contradiction
13. Let p be the proposition: Mathematics is
interesting and let q be the proposition that
p q (~p) q
Mathematics is difficult, then the symbol
T T F p q means
1) Mathematics is interesting implies that
T F T Mathematics is difficult
3) 2) Mathematics is interesting implies and is
F T F
implied by Mathematics is difficult
F F T 3) Mathematics is interesting and Mathematics
is difficult
p q (~p) q 4) Mathematics is interesting or Mathematics
is difficult
T T T 14. The negation of the compound proposition
T F F p q is logically equivalent to
4)
F T T 1) p q 2) p q q p
F F T 3) q p p q
4) p q q p
6
KEY
1) 2 2) 2 3) 1 4) 1 5) 3 6) 4 EXERCISE - II
7) 1 8) 2 9) 2 10) 2 11) 1 12)2 CONJUNCTION &DISJUNCTION
13) 3 14) 1 1. Let there be two propositions
SOLUTIONS p: I take only bread and butter in breakfast.
1. It is raning or the sun is shining q: I do not take any thing in breakfast.
2. 5+7 = 10 " " 4+3 = 7 Then the compound proposition “I take only
bread and butter in breakfast or I do not take
3. 7 is odd " " 7 is prime any thing” is represented by
4. p is true , q is true , p q is true 1) p q 2) p q 3) p q 4) p q
5. p q NEGATION, INVERSE, CONVERSE,
6. The earth is "not" a planet CONTRAPOSITIVE,
7. p is true , q is true p q is true TAUTOLOGY, CONTRADICTION
8. p is true , q is false p q is false 2. The negation of the proposition: “ If a
number is divisible by 15, then it is divisible
9. The examination is difficult and I study by 5 or 3:.
hard and I shall pass 1) If a number is divisible by 15, then it is not
divisible by 5 and 3.
10. If a number is not a rational or not a irrational , 2) A number is divisible by 15, and it is not divisible
then it is not a real number by 5 and 3.
11. Take p is true , q is false and r is false 3) A number is divisible by 15, then it is not
divisible by 5 or 3.
q r is false 4) A number is not divisible by 15 or it is not
divisible by 5 and 3.
12. p p p p is always false so it is
contradiction 3. Negation of the statement ~ p q r
13. Mathematics is interesting and Mathematics is 1) ~ p q r 2) p q r
difficult 3) ~ p ~ q ~ r 4) p q r
4. The converse of “if in a triangle ABC, AB
14. =AC then B C ” is
p q p q ( p q) pq 1) If in a triangle ABC, B C then
T T T T T AB AC
2) If in a triangle ABC,
T F F F F AB AC , then B C
F T F F F 3) If in a triangle ABC, B C then
F F T T T AB AC
4) If in a triangle ABC, B C , then
thefore, ( p q ) = p q AB AC
5. The inverse of the proposition p ~ q r
is
1) ~ r ~ p q 2) ~ p q ~ r
3) r p ~ q 4) ~ p p r
6. The contrapositive of “ if two triangles are
congruent then they are similar” is
7
1) If two triangles are similar then they are
2) p is the inverse of q
congruent
3) p is the converse of q
2) If two triangles are not congruent then they
4) p is the contrapositive of q
are not similar
11. Consider the following proposition
3) If two triangles are not similar then they are p: I take medicine, q: I can sleep. Then, the
not congruent
compound statement ~ p ~ q means
4) If two triangles are similar then they are not
1) If I do not take medicine, then I cannot sleep
congruent
2) If do not take medicine, then I can sleep
7. “The diagonals of a rhombus are
3) I take medicine iff I can sleep
perpendicular”. The contrapositive of the
4) If take medicine if I can sleep.
above statement is
12. The statement p q is equivalent to
1) If the figure is not a rhombus, then its
1) p q 2) p q
diagonals are not perpendicular.
3) p q 4) p q
2) If the diagonals are perpendicular, then the
13. If p: 4 is an even prime number
figure is a rhombus.
q: 6 is a divisor of 12 and
3) If the diagonals are not perpendicular, then
r: the HCF of 4 and 6 is 2, then which one of
the figure is a rhombus
the following is true ?
4) If the diagonals are not perpendicular, then the
figure is not a rhombus 1) p q 2) p q r
3) q r p 4) p q r
8. The contrapositive of ~ p q q ~ r
is KEY
1) p ~ q ~ q p 1) 2 2) 2 3) 3 4) 1 5)2 6) 3
7) 4 8) 3 9) 1 10)1 11) 1 12) 1
2) ~ q r ~ p q 13)4
3) ~ q r p ~ q SOLUTIONS
1. “I take only bread and butter in breakfast or I
4) ~ p r ~ p ~ r
do not take any thing” is also represented as
9. Consider the following propositions p" ' q
p: I have the raincoat
q: I can walk in the rain. 2. (p q) p q
The proposition “ If I have the raincoat, then A number is divisible by 15 , and it is not divis-
I can walk in the rain” is represented by ible by 5 and 3
1) p q 2) q p 3. apply the formula (p q) p q
as ( p q r )
3) p ~ q 4) p q
10. Given that water freezes below zero degree p ( q r)
celsius.
4. The converse of p q is q p
Consider the following statements :
p: Water freeze this morning, [Link] inverse of [(p q) r] ( p q)
q: This morning temperature was below r ( p v q) r
00 C . 6. The contra positive of p q is q p
Which of the following is correct?
1) p and q are logically equivalent
8
7. contra positive of p q is the diagnols are not JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
perpendicular , then the figure is not a rhombus
1.
8. The contra positive of p q is q p
~ q r p ~ q (1) p (2) q (3) ~q (4) ~p
9. p q
2.
10. p and q are logically equivalent
11. If I do not take medicine, then I cannot sleep [ 2018]
12. (1) T, F (2) F, F (3) F, T (4) T, T
p q p pq pq 3.
T T F T T
T F F F F [2018]
F T T T T (1) F, T, F (2) T, F, T (3) F, F, F (4) T, T, T
F F T T T 4.
pq p q
13. 4 is not a even prime number or 6 is a divisor of
12 and the H.C.F of 4 and 6 is 2 i.e [2019]
p (q r ) (1) T, T, F (2) T, F, F (3) T, F, T (4) F, T, T
5.
[2019]
(1) F, T, T (2) T, F, F (3) T, T, F (4) F, F, F
[Link] one of the following Boolean expressions is a
tautology ? [2019]
1 p q p ~ q 2 p q p ~ q
3 p q p ~ q 4 p q ~ p ~ q
7.
[2019]
9
(3) If the squares of two numbers are equal, then the
1 p q 2 p q numbers are equal.
(4) If the squares of two numbers are not equal, then
3 p q 4 p q the numbers are not equal.
8.
12.
[2019]
1 p q 2 p q [2020]
3 p q 4 p q 1 p q 2 p q
9. 3 p q 4 p q
13.
[2019]
1 , 2 ,
[2020]
3 , 4 , (1) both (S1) and (S2) are correct
(2) only (S1) is correct
(3) only (S2) is correct
[Link] contrapositive of the statement "If you are (4) both (S1) and (S2) are not correct
born inIndia, then you are a citi”en of India", is [2019]
(1) If you are not a citi”en of India, then you are not 14.
[2020]
born
in India. 1 q 2 ~ p q
(2) If you are a citi”en of India, then you are born in
India. 3 ~ p q 4 ~ p ~ q
(3) If you are born in India, then you are not a citi”en
of 15.
India.
(4) If you are not born in India, then you are not a
citizen of India.
[2020]
(1) T, F, T (2) T, T, T (3) F, T, F (4) T, T, F
[Link] of the statement “If two numbers
16.
are not equal, then their squares are not equal”. is :
[2019]
[2020]
(1) If the squares of two numbers are not equal, then
the numbers are equal. (1) F, F (2) T, F (3) T, T (4) F, T
(2) If the squares of two numbers are equal, then the
numbers are not equal.
10
KEY 3. As the truth table for the
1) 4 2) 4 3) 2 4) 1 5) 2 6) 1
7) 3 8) 1 9) 3 10) 1 11) 3 12) 2
then only possible values of (p, q, r) is (T, F, T)
13) 4 14) 2 15) 4 16) 3
4.
SOLUTIONS
1.
5.
6.
2.
11
11.
7.
12.
8.
9.
13.
10.
12
14. 16.
*******
15.
13
SET THEORY
SYNOPSIS Representation of a Set : Usually, sets are
represented in the following two ways.
Object : In our mathematical language, every thing
1. Roster form or Tabular form.
in this universe ,whether living or non living is called
an object. 2. Set Builder form or Rule Method.
Set : A set is a well defined collection of objects. Roster form : In this form, all elements of a
The objects in a set are called its members or set are listed ,the elements are being separated
elements. by commas and are enclosed within brackets
{}(curly brackets). For example, the set A of
Well defined: Well defined is for a given
all odd natural numbers less than 10 in the roster
object, it is possible to determine, whether that
form is written as A = {1,3,5,7,9}
object belongs to the given collection or not.
The following collections constitute a set: 1) In roster form, every element of the set is listed
only once.
1) The vowels in english alphabets : a,e,i,o,u
2) The order in which the elements are listed is
2) All prime numbers
immaterial.
3) All rivers flowing in india.
Eg 1: Each of the following sets denotes the same
4) The collection of all prime numbers less than20.
set {1, 2, 3}, {3, 2, 1}, {1, 3, 2}.
Not well defined: The collection of all beautiful
Eg 2: Roster form or tabular form of set of all
girls of india is not a set,since the term 'beautiful'
letters in the word 'MATHEMATICS' is given
is vague and it is not well [Link] 'rich
by { M,A,T,H,I,E,C,S}
persons', 'honest persons' ,'good players', 'young
men' , ‘yesterday’, etc., do not form sets. Note : (i) All infinite sets cannot be described
in the roster form
Notations: The sets are usually denoted by
capital letters A, B, C, etc. The members or (ii)The set of real numbers cannot be described
elements of the set are denoted by lower-case in this form , because these elements of the set
letters a, b, c, [Link] x is a member of the set A, do not follow any particular pattern.
we write x A (read as x belongs to A) and if Set - Builder form : In this form, All the
x is not a member of the set A, we write x A elements of a set possess a single common
property or characterstic property which is not
(read as x does not belong to A). If x and y both
possessed by any element outside the set.
belong to A, we write x, y A. some examples
write a variable (say x) representing any
of sets used particularly in mathematics
member of the set followed by colon( : ) or slash
N: The set of all natural numbers ( / ) which is follwed by a property satisfied
I or Z : The set of all integers by each member of the set. i.e., A set is denoted
Q :The set of all rational numbers as { x : x satisfies p(x) where p(x) is the
R :The set of all real numbers common property}.
z : The set of all positive integers For example, the set A of all prime numbers
less than 10 in the set-builder form is written
Q : The set of all positive rational numbers as
R : The set of all positive real numbers A = {x / x is a prime number less than 10}
1
The symbol '/' stands for the words 'such that'. Eg 1 : A = {1,2,3 }, B = { 3,1,2 } Then A=B
Sometimes, we use the symbol ':' in place of Eg 2 : A set does not change if one or more elements of
the symbol '/'. the set is repeated.
Eg : Set builder form of {a,e,i,o,u} is A= { 1,2,3} B = { 2,2,1,3,3} are equal [Link]
V= { x : x is a vowel in english alphabet } is why we generally do not repeat any element
Classification (or) Types of Sets : in describing a set.
Empty Set or Null Set or void set : Note : A = { 1,2,3} B = { 1,3,4} Then A B
A set which has no elements is called the null Equivalent Sets: Two finite sets A and B are
set or empty set or void set. It is denoted by the said to be equivalent, if n(A) = n(B).
symbol or { }. For example, each of the Clearly, equal sets are equivalent but equivalent
following is a null set. sets need not be equal.
Eg 1 : Let A = { x : 1< x <2, x is a natural number} For example, the sets A={4, 5, 3, 2} and
then A is the empty set because there is no B={1, 6, 8, 9} are equivalent but are not equal.
natural number between 1and 2.
Subset and Superset: Let A and B be any two
Eg 2:The set of all real numbers whose square is -1.
sets. If every element of A is an element of B,
Eg 3: The set of all rational numbers whose square
then A is called a subset of B and we write
is 2.
Note : A set consisting of atleast one element A B.
is called a non-empty set. If A B , then ,B is called superset of A and
Singleton Set : A set having only one element we write B A .
is called a singleton set.
Eg 1 : {0},{ } are singleton sets, which Proper Subset: If A B and A B then A is
contains only one element. called a proper subset of B and we write A B
Eg 2 : Let A {x : x N and x 2 9 0} then (read as A is a proper subset of B or B is a proper
superset of A)
A 3 , which is a singleton set. Eg : The set Q of rational numbers is proper subset
But { x : x Z and x 2 9 0 } = {-3 ,3 }is of real number set R.
not a singleton set. In two sets one is a subset of the other ,then the
Finite and Infinite Sets : A set which is empty sets are called comparable sets.
or consists of finite number of elements is Properties of subset :
called a finite set. Otherwise, it is called an 1) Every set is a subset and a superset of itself.
infinite set. For example, the set of all days in a 2) The empty set is the subset of every set.
week is a finite set. Where as, the set of all 3) If A is a set with n(A)=m, then the number of
integers, denoted by Z={..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...}
subsets of A is 2m and the number of proper
or {x / x is an integer}, is an infinite set.
Cardinal Number (or) Order of a set : subsets of A is 2m 1 .
The number of distinct elements in a finite set Note : If A,B,C are any three sets,then
A is called the cardinal number of the set A and i) A B,B C A C
is denoted by n(A) or O(A) or A . ii) A B,B C A C
Eg : If A = { 2,4,6,8,10,12} then, n(A) = 6. iii) A B,B C A C
Equal Sets : If A and B are two sets such that iv) A B,B C A C
every member of A is a member of B and every
Power Set : The set of all subsets of a given set
member of B is a member of A, then we say
A is called power set of A and is denoted by
that A and B are equal, we write as A = B.
P(A). Clearly, if A has n elements, then its power
Otherwise the sets are said to be unequal and
we write as A B . set P(A) contains exactly 2n elements.
2
For example, if A={1, 2, 3}, then P ( A ) = { , A B x : x A and x B
{1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1,3},{2, 3},
Clearly (i) x A B x A and x B
{1, 2, 3}}.
Universal Set : If there are some sets under (ii) x A B x A or x B .
consideration , then there happens to be a set For example, if A={a, b, c, d} and
which is a superset of each one of the given B = {c,d,e,f} then A B ={c, d}.
sets. Such a set is known as the universal set Difference of Two Sets : If A and B are two
for those sets,We shall denote by U or . sets, then their difference A – B or A \ B (or)
Eg 1 : A = {1,2,3} B = { 2,3,4,5} C ={6,7} Then A
we consider U={ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7} as its one of is defined as :
B
the universal sets.
Eg 2 : In the study of two dimensional geometry, A B x : x A and x B
the set of all points in the XY- plane is called Similarly, B A x : x B and x A
universal set.
Disjoint sets : If two sets A and B are such that For example, if A={1,2,3,4} and
they do not have any elements in common B={1,3,5,7,9}, then A–B={2,4} and
B – A = {5,7,9}.
i.e., A B ,then A,B are said to be disjoint
Important Results : In general
sets. 1. A B B A
Eg:A= { X : X is odd number},
2. The sets A-B, B-A and A B are disjoint
B = {X : X is even number } then A,B have no
sets.
common elements.
3. A B A and B A B
Venn Diagram : In order to express the
relationship among sets in perspective,we 4. A A and A A
represent them pictorially by means of diagrams Symmetric Difference of Two sets :
is called Venn Diagram. In these diagrams ,the The symmetric difference of two sets A and B,
universal set is represented by a rectangular denoted by AB , is defined as
region and the subsets by circles inside the
[Link] represent disjoint sets by disjoint AB A B B A A B A B
circles and intersecting sets by intersecting Eg : If A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B={1, 3, 5, 7, 9} then
circles. AB A B B A
Operations on Sets :
Union of Two Sets : The union of two sets A 2, 4 7,9 2, 4, 7,9
and B, written as A B (read as A union B), is Complement of a Set : If U is a universal set
the set consisting of all the elements which are and A is a subset of U, then the complement of
either in A or in B or in both. Thus, A is the set which contains those elements of
U, which are not contained in A and is denoted
A B x : x A or x B
by A' or Ac . Thus, A ' x : x U and x A
Clearly (i) x A B x A or x B
Eg : If U={1, 2, 3, 4, .........} and A = {2, 4, 6, 8,
(ii) x A B x A and x B .
.....}, then, A'={1, 3, 5, 7, ......}.
For example, if A={a, b, c, d} and B = {c,d,e,f},
Properties of complement sets :
then A B ={a, b, c, d, e, f}.
i) U ' ii) ' U
Intersection of Two Sets : The intersection of
two sets A and B, written as A B (read as A iii) A A ' U iv) AA'
intersection B) is the set consisting of all the
common elements of A and B. Thus, v) A ' ' A , law of double complementation.
3
vi) A B' A' B' and viii) A B B A B
A B' A' B' are called demorgan laws ix) A B B
Algebra of sets : x) A B B' A '
i) Idempotent Laws : For any set A, we have xi) A B B' A'
a) A A A b) A A A xii) A B B A A B
ii) Commutative Laws : For any two sets A
xiii) A B A B A B
and B, we have
a) A B B A b) A B B A Properties on symmetric difference :
iii) Identity Laws : For any set A, U is universal A,B,C are any three sets
set, we have i) A A ii) AA
a) A A b) A iii) AB AC B C
c) A U U d) A U A iv) AB BA v) (AB)C A(BC)
iv) Associative Laws : For any three sets A, B and vi) A BC A B A C
C, we have
Some important results on cardinal
a) A B C A B C
numbers : If A, B and C are finite sets and U
b) A B C A B C be the finite universal set, then
v) Distributive Laws: For any three sets A, B and
C, we have
i)
n A' n U n A
a) A B C A B A C ii) n A B n A n B n A B
b) A B C A B A C iii) n A B n A n B ,
For any three sets A, B and C where A and B are disjoint non-empty sets
i) A B C A B A C
iv) n A B n AB n A n AB
'
ii) A B C A B A C n A B n B
For any two sets A and B, we have
v) n B A n A1 B n B n A B
a) P A P B P A B
n A B n A
b) P A P B P A B , where p A is
the power set of A. '
vi) n A B n A B n U n A B
' '
If A and B are any two sets then
i) A B A B B, A B A '
vii) n A B n A B n U n A B
' '
ii) A B A (A B) (A B) B
iii) (A B) (A B) A
viii) n A B n A B n A B n A B
' '
ix) n A B C n A n B n C
iv) (A B) (B A) (A B) A B
n AB n BC n CA n ABC
v) (A B) (B A) (A B) (A B)
vi) A A B , B A B , x) If A1, A 2 , A3 ............. A n are pair-wise disjoint
AB A, AB B sets, then n A1 A 2 A3 .... A n
vii) A B A B' = n A1 n A 2 n A3 .... n A n
4
n AB = number of elements which belong to 4. Which of the following is not empty set
1) A ={x : 1<x<2, x is a natural number between
exactly one of A or B. 1 and 2}
n AB n A B B A
2
2) B = x : x 2 0 and x is rational}
n A n B 2n A B
3) C = x : x is even prime number >2}
n A B n A B
2
4) D = x : x 0 and x is integer}
A and B are two sets and n A p , n B q,
5. If A={x/x is a letter in the word
Then (i) min n A B max p, q "ACCOUNTANCY"}then cardinality of A
is
(ii) max n A B p q, 1) 5 2) 6 3) 7 4) 8
(iii) min n A B 0
6. Let F1 be the set of all parallelograms, F2 be
the set of rectangles, F3 be the set of
(iv) max n A B min p, q
rhombuses, F4 be the set of squares and F5
No. of elements in exactly one of the sets A,B,C
be the set of trapeziums in a plane then F1 =
n A n B n C 2n A B
1) F2 F3 2) F2 F3 F4
2n B C 2n A C 3n A B C
3) F3 F4 F5 4) F3 F1
No. of elements in exactly two of the sets A,B,C 7. If the set of factors of a whole number 'n'
n A B nB C including 'n' itself but not '1' is denoted by
n C A 3n A B C F(n). If F 16 F 40 F x then 'x' is
1) 4 2) 8 3) 6 4) 10
EXERCISE - I 8. If A is the set of the divisors of the number
15, B is the set of prime numbers smaller
1. Which of the following not a well defined than 10 and C is the set of even numbers
collection of objects
smaller than 9, then A C B is the set
1) The set of Natural Numbers
2) Rivers of India 1){1, 3, 5} 2){1, 2, 3} 3){2, 3, 5} 4){2, 5}
3) Various kinds of Triangles 9. Let A={1,2,3,4,5,6}, B={2,4,6,8}then A - B =
4) Five most renowned Mathematicians of the 1) {1,3,5} 2) {8} 3) {2,4,6} 4)
world. 10. Let A 1, 2,3, 4 and B 2,3, 4,5, 6 , then
2. Write the solution set of the equation
AB =
x 2 + x -6 = 0 in roster form
1) 2, 3, 4 2) 1 3) 5, 6 4) 1,5, 6
1) {2, -3} 2) {1, 2} 3) {1, 2} 4) {1, 2}
11. Let U={1,2,3,4,5,6}, A={2,3},B={3,4,5} then
3. Write the set A={1,4,9,16,25......}in set builder
form A1 B1 = __
1) {1,2} 2) {1,6} 3){1,5} 4){1,4}
1) {x : x n 2 where n N} 12. In a class of 35 students,24 like to play cricket
2) {x : x n 2 where n W} and 16 like to play football also each student
likes to play at least one of the two games.
3) {x : x n 2 where n Z} How many students like to play both cricket
and football?
4) {x : x n 2 where n Q}
1) 3 2) 4 3) 5 4) 6
5
13. In a group of 70 people, 37 like coffee, 52 like
tea and each person like atleast one of the A B
10. AB x : x or x
two drinks. The number of persons liking both B A
coffee and tea is
1
1) 16 2) 13 3) 19 4) 20 11. A = U-A={1,4,5,6}, B1 =U-B={1,2,6}
14. If n(X)=28, n(Y)=32, n(X Y)=50 then A1 B1 ={1,6}
n( X Y ) = 12. n(C)=24, n(F)=16, n(C F)=35
1) 6 2) 7 3) 8 4)10 n(C F)=n(c)+n(F)-n(C F)
15. If n(A)=50, n(B)=20 and n A B 10 then = 24 +16 – 35 = 40 – 35 = 5
n AB is 13. n A B n A n B n A B
1) 50 2) 60 3) 70 4) 40 we have, 70 37 52 n A B
KEY 14. n(X Y)=n(x) +n(Y)-n(X U Y)
01) 4 02) 1 03) 1 04) 4 05) 3 06) 2 = 28 + 32 - 50 = 10
07) 2 08) 3 09) 1 10) 4 11) 2 12) 3
13) 3 14) 4 15) 1 15. n AB n A B n A B
SOLUTIONS n(A) n(B) 2n A B = 50
1. For determining a mathematicians most renowned
may vary from person to person
2. x 2 x 6 0 x 2, 3
3. 12 1, 22 4, 32 9.... all are square of natural
numbers.
4. 1) A because there are no natural numbers
between 1 and 2.
2) B because x 2 2 x 2 not a
rational number
3) c because there is only one even prime2
5. Different letters of the word ACCOUNTANCY
is A, C, O, U, N, T, Y ; Cardinality of A = 7.
6. Since every rectangle, rhombus and square is a
parallelogram so F1 F2 F3 F4 F1
7. F 16 2, 4,8,16 , F 40 2, 4,8, 20, 40
F 16 F 40 2, 4,8 F 8
F x F 8 x 8
8. A 1,3, 5,15 , B 2,3,5, 7 , C 2, 4, 6,8
A C 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,15
A C B 2, 3,5
9. A-B= {1,2,3,4,5,6}-{2,4,6,8,}={1,3,5}
6
EXERCISE - II 1) 400 2) 240 3) 300 4) 500
1. Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. If n represent any 10. If n U 48, n(A) 28, n(B) 33 and
member of X, then roster form of n X but
n B A 12 , then n A BC is
2n X
1) 27 2) 28 3) 29 4) 30
1) {2, 3, 5, 6} 2) {5, 6}
3) {4, 5, 6} 4) {3} C
C
11. If n A B 5, n B A 6 ,
2. Two finite sets have m and n elements. If total
number of subsets of the first set is 56 more n A B 4 then the value of n A B is
than that of the total number of subsets of 1) 18 2) 15 3) 16 4) 17
the second. The values of m and n 12. Let n(A-B)=25+X, n(B-A)=2X and
respectively are
n A B 2X . If n(A)=2(n(B)) then 'X' is
1) 7,6 2) 6,3 3)5,1 4) 8, 7
1) 4 2) 5 3) 6 4) 7
3. If A 8n 7 n 1: n N and 13. Of the members of three athletic teams in a
school 21 are in the cricket team, 26 are in
B 49 n 1 : n N then the hockey team and 29 are in the football
1) A B 2) B A 3) A = B 4) A B team. Among them, 14 play hockey and
cricket, 15 play hockey and foot ball, and 12
4. If A , then the power set of A is play foot ball and cricket. Eight play all the
three games. The total number of members
1) A 2) , , A 3) , , , A 4) in the three athletic teams is
5. The smallest set A such that 1) 43 2) 76 3) 49 4) 53
14. If sets A and B have 3 and 6 elements each,
A 1, 2 1, 2,3,5,9 is then the minimum number of elements in
1) 2,3,5 2) 3,5,9 3) 1, 2,5,9 4) 1, 2 A B is
1) 3 2) 6 3) 9 4) 18
6. If sets A and B are defined as
15. If n(U) 60, n(A) 21, n(B) 43 then
A x, y : y ex , x R greatest value of n A B and least value
B x, y : y x, x R , then of n A B aree
1) B A 2) A B 1) 60, 43 2) 50, 36 3) 70, 44 4) 60, 38
3) A B 4) A B A KEY
7. If aN ax : x N then 3N 7 N 01) 3 02) 2 03) 1 04) 3 05) 2 06) 3
07) 1 08) 3 09) 3 10) 1 11) 2 12) 2
1) 21N 2) 10N 3) 4N 4) 5N 13) 1 14) 2 15) 1
A SOLUTIONS
8. If A 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6 , B 1, 2 , then A 1. A n / n X but 2n X n 4,5, 6
B
1) A 2) 3) A B 4) A B 2. 2m 2n 56
3. 8n 7 1
n
9. If n U 700 , n A 200 , n B 300 ,
n A B 100 , then n A B is equal to
' ' n c0 7 n n c1 7 n 1 ........ n cn 2 7 2 n cn 1 7 n cn
n c0 7 n n c1 7 n 1 ........ n cn 2 49 7 n 1
7
8n 7 n 1 49 n c0 7 n 2 n c1 7 n 3 .... n cn 2
n B n A B n B AC 6 4 10
8 7 n 1 is a multiple of 49 for all n N
n
A contains elements which are multiple of n A B n A n B n A B
49 and clearly B contains all multiples of 49.
12. n A B 25 x, n B A 2x ,
A B
4. no of subsets 2n n A B 2x , n A n A B n A B
5. Since A 1, 2 1, 2,3, 5,9 {given} 25 x 2x 25 3x
A 3, 5, 9 atleast n B n B A n A B 2x 2x 4x
6. The graph of y e x and y x do not intersect n A 2n B 25 3x 2 4x
7. 3N 3x : x N , 7 N 7 x : x N 5x 25 x 5
3N 7 N 21N 13. n C 21 , n H 26 , n F 29 ,
A
A B 3, 4,5, 6 , A 1, 2 n H C 14 , n H F 15
A
8.
B
B n F C 12 , n F C H 8
'
9. n A B n A B = n U n A B
' '
Total [Link] players = n C H F 43
10. n U 48, n A 28, n B 33 , 14. n A B max 3, 6 6
n(B – A) = 12
15. n U 60, n A 21, n B 43
n A B n B n B A 33 12 21
C
Greatest value of n A B n U 60
n A B n U n A B 48 21 27
Least value of n A B n B 43
11. n A B
C
5, n B A 6 ,
C
EXERCISE - III
n A B 4
1. Let A and B be two sets then
n A n A B n A B C
45 9 A B
C
AC B
1) AC 2) B C 3) 4) U
2. A set contains 2n 1 elements. The number
of subsets of this set containing more than n
elements is equal to
1) 2n1 2) 2 n 3) 2n1 4) 22 n
3. From 50 students taking examinations in
Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, each
of the students has passed in at least one of
the subject, 37 passed Mathematics, 24
Physics and 43 Chemistry. At most 19 passed
Mathematics and Physics, at most 29
8
Mathematics and Chemistry and at most 20 determine their preferences for the three
Physics and Chemistry. Then the largest drinks:
possible number that could have passed all milk (M), coffee(C) and tea (T). He reported
three examinations is the following : 10 students had all the three
1) 16 2) 14 3) 18 4) 15 drinks M,C,T; 20 had M and C only: 30 had
4. Which is the simplified representation of C and T;25 had M and T;12 had M only;5
had C only;8 had T only. Then how many
A B 1 1
C B C A C wheree did not take any of the three drinks
A,B,C are subsets of set X 1) 20 2) 3 3) 36 4) 42
11. In a college of 300 students , every students
1) A 2) B 3) C 4) X A B C
reads 5 newspapers and every newspaper is
5. The set A B C A B' C ' ' C ' is read by 60 students. The number of
newspapers is
equal to 1) atleast 30 2) atmost 20
1) B C ' 2) A C 3) B C ' 4) A C' 3) exactly 25 4) atmost10
6. If P x R : f x 0 and 12. In a class of 55 students the numbers of
students studying different subjects are 23
Q x R : g x 0 then P Q is in mathematics, 24 in physics, 19 in
chemistry, 12 in mathematics and physics, 9
1) x R : f x g x 0 in mathematics and chemistry 7 in physics
and chemistry and 4 in all the three subjects.
2) x R : f x .g x 0
the numbers of students who have taken
3) x R; f x g x 0
2 2
exactly one subject is
1) 6 2) 13 3) 16 4) 22
13. Out of 800 boys in a school. 224 played
4) x R; x 1 cricket 240 played hockey and 336 played
7. Suppose A1 , A2 ..., A30 are thirty sets each basketball. of the total, 64 played both
basketball and hockey, 80 played cricket and
with five elements and B1 , B2 ,...Bn are n sets basketball and 40 played cricket and hockey,
each with three elements such that 24 played all the three games. The numbers
30 n of boys who did not play any game is
Ai Bj S . If each element of S belongs 1) 128 2) 216 3) 240 4) 160
i 1 j 1
14. In a certian town 25% families own a phone
to exactly ten of the Ai ' s and exactly 9 of and 15% own a car, 65% families own
neither a phone nor a car. 2000 families own
the B j ' s , then the value of n is both a car and a phone. Consider the
1) 15 2) 135 3) 45 4) 90 following statements in this regard.
i. 10% families own both a car and a phone
8. If aN ax / x N and bN cN dN , ii. 35% families own either a car or a phone
where b, c N are relatively prime, then iii. 40,000 families live in the town.
Which of the above statements are correct?
1) d bc 2) c bd 3) b cd 4) none
1) i and ii 2) i and iii 3) ii and iii 4) i,ii and iii
9. A survey show that in a city that 63% of the
15. In a battle 70% of the combatants lost one
citizens like tea where as 76% like coffee.
eye, 80% an ear, 75% an arm, 85% a leg,
If x% like both tea and coffee, then
x% lost all the four limbs the minimum value
1) x 63 2) x 39
of x is
3) 50 x 63 4) 39 x 63
1) 10 2) 12 3) 15 4) 5
10. An investigator interviewed 100 students to
9
KEY 5. AB C AB' C ' 'C ' AB C
01) 1 02) 4 03) 2 04) 3 05) 1 06) 2
07) 3 08) 1 09) 4 10) 1 11) 3 12) 4 A' B C C '
13) 4 14) 3 15) 1
A A ' B C C ' B C C '
SOLUTIONS
B C ' C C ' B C '
A B AC B
C
1.
6. f x .g x 0 either f x 0 or g x 0 .
AC B C AC B
30 1
7. S Ai n S 5 30 15
A AC C
A C
B B AC C
B C
B i 1 10
n 1 n
AC AC B BC U Again, S B j n S 3 n .
j 1 9 3
n
AC AC U Thus 15 n 45
3
A C A C U AC U A C 8. We have bN bx x N = the set of positive
2. Let the original set contains 2n+1 elements, then
subsets of this set containing more than n integral multiples of b and cN cx x N =
elements means subsets containing (n+1)
the set of positive integral multiples of c.
elements, (n+2) elements .... (2n+1) elements.
Required number of subsets
bN cN the set of positive integral
multiples of bc bcN [ b and c are relatively
2 n 1 cn 1 2 n 1 cn 2 ..... 2 n 1 c2 n 2 n 1 c2 n 1
prime ] Hence, d bc
2 n 1 cn 2 n 1 cn 1 ..... 2 n 1 c1 2 n 1 c0. 9. Let the population of the city be 100
Let A denote the set of citizens who like tea
2 n 1 c0 2 n 1 c1 ..... 2 n 1 cn 1 2 n 1 cn.
and B denote the set of citizens who like coffee.
1 1 2 n 1
= 1 1 2 2 .
2 n 1
n A 63 and n B 76
2n
2 2
3. The given conditions can be expressed as n A B n A n B n A B and
n M P C 50, n M 37, n p 24,
n A B 100 63 76 n A B 100
n C 43, n M P 19, n M C 29
63 76 n A B 100
and n P C 20 .
39 n A B 1
nM P C
Also n A B n A and n A B n B
n M n P n C n M P
n A B 63 and n A B 7 6
n M C n P C n M P C n A B 63 2
nM P C n M P n M C
From (1) and (2) : 39 n A B 63
n P C 54
39 x 63
Therefore, the number of students is at most 10. S 100 .The numbers can be read from the fig,
19+29+20-54=14
number of people who did not take any drink
4. A B
1 1
CB C AC C 100 12 5 8 10 20 15 10
draw venn diagram.
100 80 20
10
13. n C 224, n H 240, n B 336.
n H B 64,
n B C 80, n H C 40,
n C H B 24
n C C H C B C n C H B
C
n U n C H B
n C n H n B n H C
11. If n is the required number of newspapers then 800
n 60 300 5 n 25 n H B n C B n C H B
12. n M 23, n P 24, n C 19, 800 224 240 336 64 80 40 24
n M C 9, 800 824 184 984 824 160.
n P C 7, n M P C 4. 14. n P 25%, n C 15%
We have to find , n M P ' C ' , n P C C C 65%, n P C 2000
n P M ' C ' , n C M ' P'
Since n P c C c 65% n P C
C
Now n M P C n M P C
' ' '
65% n P C 35% , Now
n M n M P C n P C n P n C n P C
n M n M P M C 35 25 15 n P C
n M n M P n n P C 40 35 5.
M C nM P C Thus n P C 5%. But n P C 2000
23 12 9 4 27 21 6. 5% of the total 2000
n P M ' C ' n P M C
'
2000 100
Total numbers of families 40000.
5
n P n P M C
Since n P C 35% and total number of
n P n P M P C
families =40,000 and n P C 5% .
n P nP M
ii and iii are correct.
n P C n P M C
15. Minimum value of
24 12 7 4 9 , n C M P x 100 30 20 25 15 100 90 10.
' '
n C n C P n C M n C P M
19 7 9 4 23 16 7
11
JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
SOLUTIONS
[Link] A has m elements and set B has n elements.
If the totalnumber of subsets of A is 112 more than 1.
the total numberof subsets of B, then the value of
m×n is [2020]
2.A survey shows that 73% of the persons working
in anoffice like coffee, whereas 65% like tea. If x
denotes thepercentage of them, who like both
coffee and tea, then xcannot be : [2020]
(1) 63 (2) 36 (3) 54 (4) 38 2.
3.A survey shows that 63% of the people in a city
readnewspaper A whereas 76% read newspaper B.
If x% of thepeople read both the newspapers, then
a possible value ofx can be : [2019]
(1) 29 (2) 37 (3) 65 (4) 55
3.
[Link] a class of 140 students numbered 1 to 140, all
evennumbered students opted Mathematics
course, thosewhose number is divisible by 3 opted
Physics course andthose whose number is divisible
by 5 opted Chemistrycourse. Then the number of
students who did not opt forany of the three
courses is: [2019]
(1) 102 (2) 42 (3) 1 (4) 38
KEY
1) 28 2) 2 3) 4 4) 4
12
4.
13
RELATIONS
SYNOPSIS 3) The total number of relations that can be
defined from a set A to set B is the number of
Cartesian product of sets: Let P and Q be possible subsets of A B .
two non empty sets. The set of all ordered pairs If n( A) p and n( B ) q then
a, b such that a P and b Q is called the n( A B ) pq and the total number of relations
cartesian product of set P with set Q and is is 2 pq .
denoted by P Q .
Eg 1 : If A 2,3, 5, 6 and R be a relation
Thus P Q a, b : a P and b Q “divides” on A such that a Rb a divides b
If P or Q is a null set then P Q will also a null R 2, 2 2, 6 3, 3 3, 6 5,5 6, 6
set.
Note: (i) Two ordered pairs are equal , if and Eg 2 : If A 1, 2,3 , B a, b, c and
only if the corresponding first elements are
equal and the second elements are also equal. R 1, a 1, c 2, b Then
(ii) If n(A) = p, n(B)=q ,then n(A x B) = pq
Domain of R 1, 2 , Range of R a, b, c
A A A = {(a,b,c) : a,b,c A}. Here (a,b,c)
is called an ordered triplet. Eg 3 : Let R be a relation on the set N of natural
numbers defined by a 3b 12 Then
Eg : If A 1, 2,3 and B a, b then
R 9,1 6, 2 3,3
i) A B 1, a , 1, b , 2, a , 2, b , 3, a , 3, b
ii) B A a,1 , b,1 , a,2 , b,2 , a,3 , b,3 Domain of R 9,6,3 and Range of
iii) A A {1,1 , 1,2 , 1,3 , 2,1 , R 1, 2,3
Inverse Relation: Let A and B be two sets and
2,2 , 2,3 , 3,1 , 3,2 , 3,3} let R be a relation from a set A to B. Then the
iv) B B a, a , a, b , b, a , b, b inverse of R, denoted by R 1 , is a relation from
Relation : Let A and B be two non empty sets. B to A and is defined by
Then any subset of A B is called a relation R R 1 {(b, a);(a, b) R} .
from A to B. Here A is called domain and B
Also dom(R)=range ( R 1 ) and
iscalled codomain of R
The set of the all second elements in a relation range (R)=dom ( R 1 )
R from a set A to set B is called the range of the
relation R. Eg : If A 1, 2,3 and B a, b, c
Note: 1) Range Codomain
2) A relation may be represented algebrically either if R 1, a , 2, a , 3, b , 3, c
by the roster method or by the set builder
then R 1 a ,1 , a , 2 , b ,3 , c ,3
method.
14
Types of relations : (a, b) R and (b, c) R (a, c) R for all
Void Relation: The relation having no ordered a, b, c A i.e aRb
pairs is called a void relation and is denoted
and bRc aRc for all a, b, c A
by
Antisymmetric Relation : Let A be anyset. A
Universal Relation: Let A be a set then relation R on set A is said to be antisymmetric
A A is called universal relation on A
relation iff ( a, b) R and
Note: The void and the universal relations on a
set A are respectively the smallest and the largest (b, a ) R a b for all a, b A .
relations on A. Note: If a, b R and b, a R then still R
Eg : If A 1, 2 then universal relation in A is is an anti symmetric relation
AXA 1,1 , 1,2 , 2,1 , 2,2 Equivalence Relation: A relation R on a set A
is said to be an equivalence relation on A iff
Identity Relation: Let A be a set. Then the it is i) reflexive ii) symmetric iii) transitive
relation {( a, a ) : a A} is called the identity Note: i) The least equivalence relation on a
relation on A and is denoted by I A . given set A is the identity relation on A.
ii) The greatest equivalence relation is universal
Eg : If A 1, 2,3 then relation.
Ordered Relation: A relation R is called
I A 1,1 , 2, 2 , 3,3 is the identity relation ordered if R is transitive but not an equivalence
on A. relation.
Reflexive Relation: A relation R on a set A is Partial Order Relation: A relation R is called
said to be reflexive if every element of A is partial order relation if R is reflexive, transitive
related to itself. Thus R is reflexive and anti symmetric at the same time.
( a, a) R a A Eg : Let A 1, 2,3 we defined
A relation R on a set A is not reflexive if there
exists an element a A such that ( a, a ) R . R 1,1 , 2, 2 , 3,3 then R is both
Note: Every identity relation is reflexive but equivalence relation and partial order relation
every reflexive relation need not be an identity Composition of relations : Let R and S
relation. be two relations from sets A to B and B to C
respectively. Then we can define a relation
Eg : If A 1, 2,3 and R 1,1 , 2, 2 SoR from A to C such that
then R is not reflexive since 3 A but ( a, c ) SoR b B such that ( a, b) R and
3,3 R (b, c) S .This relation is called the
Symmetric relation : A relation R on a set A is composition of R and S. In general
said to be a symmetric relation iff RoS SoR . Also
(a, b) R (b, a ) R for all a, b A
SoR
1
R 1oS 1 .
i.e aRb bRa for all a, b A
Eg : Let A 1, 2,3 B x, y C a, b, c
Eg : If A 2, 4,6,8 and
Let R 1, x , 1, y , 3, y A B
R 2, 4 4, 2 4, 6 6, 4 then
R is symmetric. S x, a , x, b , y, b , y, c B C Then
Transitive Relation: Let A be any set. A SoR 1, a , 1, b , 1, c , 3, b , 3, c A C
relation R on A is said to be transitive relation
iff because(1, x ) R and x, a S 1, a SoR
15
Congruence Modulo (m): Let m be any Eg : Let A 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7
positive integer. The integer ‘a’ is said to be
congruent to ‘b’ of modulo ‘m’if (a–b) is suppose B1 1,5 , B2 2, 4, 7 , B3 3,6
divisible by m. we write
and Clearly B1 B2 B3 S and
a b(mod m) Thus
a b(mod m) (a b) is divisible by m B1 B2 , B2 B3
Eg : i) 17 2 mod 5 as 17 2 15 which is P B1 , B2 , B3 is a partition of the set A.
divisible by 5. Some facts on relations :
ii) 4 14 mod 5 4 14 mod 5 10 (i) The intersection of two equivalence relations
on a set A is an equivalence relation on set A.
is divisible by 5. (ii) Inverse of an equivalence relation is an
Note: Congruence modulo m is always an equivalence relation.
equivalence relation. (iii) The union of two equivalence relation on a
Some facts on relations : Let A be a finite set set is not necesarily an equivalence relation on
and n A n, then the set.
(iv) The identity relation on a non-empty set is
(i) the number of elements in A A is n 2 always equivalence relation i.e. it is reflexive ,
(ii) the number of relations from A to A is 2 n
2
symmetric as well as transitive.
(iii) number of reflexive relations from A to A is (v) The identity relation on a set (non-empty) is
2 always antisymmetric relation.
2n n
(iv) number of symmetric relations from A to A is (vi) The universal relation on a non-empty set is
always equivalence relation.
n2 n
2 2 (vii) If R be a relation from as set X to Y and R be a
(v) number of relations from A to A which are not relation Y to Z then RoS S 1oR 1
1
n n 1
n2
symmetric is 2 2 2 (viii) The number of equivalence relations on a
(vi) number of relations from A to A which are both finite set A is equal to number of partitions of
n2 n
A.
reflexive and symmetric is 2 2 (ix) If R is an equivalence relation on a set A then
(vii) number of relations from A to A which are R 1 is also an equivalence relation.
n n 1
2 Some Results on Cartesian Product of
symmetric but not reflexive is 2 2 2n n
(i) Total number of relations from the set A to
sets :
set B is 2n A n B (i) A B C A B A C
(ii) Let A and B be two non-empty sets having
(ii) A B C A B A C
n elements in common then number of elements
common in A B B A n n n 2 (iii) A B C A B A C
(i) Let A be a finite set. If B1 , B2 ,.....Bn are non- (iv) If A and B are two non-empty sets,then
empty subsets of A such that A B B A A B
B1 B2 .... Bn A and Bi B j for (v) If A B, then A A A B B A
i j then P = B1 , B2 ,...., Bn is called a (vi) A B A C B C for any set C
partition of A. (vii) A B and C D A C B D
16
(viii) A B C D A C B D Eg. 4
Let N be the set of natural numbers. A
(ix) A B C D A C B D relation R N N is defined by ‘x divides
y’ is anti symmetric
(x) A B B A A B B A Sol: xRy , yRx x divides y, y divides x x y .
(xi) Let A and B be two non-empty sets having Eg. 6
n elements in common,then A B and B A
have n 2 elements in common. Let R 2,3 3, 4 be a relation defined on
Eg. 1 the set A 1, 2, 3, 4 The minimum number
Let A 1, 2,3, 4,6 let R be the relation on A of ordered pairs required to be added in R
so that enlarged relation becomes an
defined by { a, b : a, b A, b is exactly equivalance relation is
divisible by a} a) write R in roster form b) Sol: Given R 2,3 , 3, 4
find the domain of R c) find the range of R
To make it reflexive,enlarge R as following
Sol: a) R {1,1 , 1,2 , 1,3 , 1,4 , 1,6 , 2,4 , 2,6 ,
R 1,1 , 2, 2 , 3,3 , 4,4 , 2,3 , 3, 4
2,2 , 4,4 , 6,6 , 3,3 , 3,6} Hence four more ordered pairs are added.
To make it symmetric, enlarge R as following
b) Domain of R 1, 2,3, 4,6
R {1,1 , 2, 2 , 3,3 , 4, 4 ,
c) Range of R 1, 2,3, 4,6
Eg. 2
2, 3 , 3, 4 , 3, 2 , 4, 3}
For real numbers x and y we write x Ry iff Hence two more ordered pairs are added.
Finally to make it transitive, we enlarge R to
x y 2 is an irrational [Link] the
relation R is Reflexive. {1,1 , 2, 2 , 3,3 , 4, 4 , 2,3 , 3, 2 , 3, 4 ,
Sol: Given that in the set of real numbers R , 4,3 , 2, 4 4, 2 } . Hence two more ordered
xRy iff x y 2 is irrational. pairs are added. Total 8 ordered pair must be
Reflexive: x x 2 2 (irrational). added to make the relation R an equivalence.
Eg. 7
for every real x.
The congruent solution of
Eg. 3
A relation R defined on the set of integers 8 x 6 mod14 is
R { a, b : a divides b; a, b Z } then R is__ (a) x 6, 7 (b) x 6,13
(c) x 2,13 (d) x 2, 3
Sol: R is not reflexive since 0,0 R, since 0 does
not divide 0. Sol : Given , 8 x 6 mod14
R is not symmetric , since 2/4 but 4/2. 8x 6
R is transitive since , where I
14
a/b,b/c b an, c bm, n, m Z
14 6
8 x 14 6 x
c a nm a / c. 8
R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric but only 7 3 4 3 1
x
transitive. 4 4
17
3
x 1 , where I EXERCISE - I
4
and here greatest common divisor of 8 and 14 DOMAIN, RANGE AND NUMBER OF
is 2. So, there are two required solution for RELATIONS
3 and 7 x 6,13. 1. If P={1,2}, Then P x P x P is
Hence, b is the correct answer.. 1) {(1,1,1,),(1,1,2),(1,2,1),(1,2,2),(2,1,1),
(2,1,2),(2,2,1),(2,2,2,)}
Eg. 8 2) {(1,1,1),(1,2,2),(1,2,4)}
The relation “ congruence modulo m” on 3) {(1,1,3)} 4) All the above
the set Z of all integer is an equivalence 2. If A x : x 2 5 x 6 0 , B 2, 4 ,
relation
Sol: Let a I then a a 0 0 m C 4,5 , then A B C is
i) a a is divisible by m, a a mod m
1) 2, 4 , 3, 4 2) 4, 2 , 4,3
3) 2, 4 , 3, 4 , 4, 4
R is reflexive
4) 2, 2 , 3,3 , 4, 4 , 5,5
ii) a, b Z such that a b mod m
3. If A x : x 5 x 6 0 , B 1, 2
2
as a b is divisible by m
and C 4,5 then ( A B ) ( A C )
a b m, Z 1) {(2,3)} 2) {(1, 2)}
b a m b a is divisible by 3) {(1, 2), (2, 3)} 4) {(3, 2) 3,3}
m. 4. A={1,2,3,4,}, relation R on A is defined by
R={(x,y) / x<y and x 2 y 2 9 ;x,y A} then
b a mod m R is symmetric on Z
R=
iii) Let a, b, c Z such that 1) {(1,1) (2,2) (3,3) (4,4)}
2) {(2,1) (3,2) (3,2) (4,3)}
a b mod m .b c mod m 3) {(1,2) (1,3) (2,3) (3,5)}
4) {(1,2) (1,3) (2,3) (3,4)}
a b mod m a b is divisible by m 5. Let A={1,2,3,............,14}.
Define a relation R from A to A by
a b 1m for some
R={ ( x, y ) : 3 x y 0; x, y A }.
similarly b c 2 m for some 2 Z Then do main of R is
1) {3,6,9,12} 2) {3,6}
By (i) and (ii) we have
3) {1,2,3,...........,14} 4) {1,2,3,4}
a c 1 2 m km for some k Z 6. The domain and range of relation
R x, y / x, y N, x 2y 5 is
a c is divisible by m
1) {1, 3}, {2, 1} 2) {2, 1}, {3, 2}
a c mod m 3) {1, 3}, {1, 1} 4) {1, 2}, {1, 3}
Congruence modulo m is transitive on Z 7. If R ={(x,y): x,y Z , x 2 y 2 4} is a
As the congruence modulo m is reflexive, relation in Z, then domain of R is
symmetric, transitive so it is an equivalence 1) {0,1,2} 2) {0,-1,-2}
relation on Z. 3) {-2,-1,0,1,2} 4) {1,2,3}
18
8. If R = {(x,y): x, y N, y is the remainder when 16. Total number of equivalence relations
x is divided by 7}.Then sum of all numbers defined in the set S a, b, c is
in range of R
1) 14 2) 21 3) 28 4)12 1) 5 2) 3! 3) 23 4) 33
17. Let R {(1,3),(4, 2),(2, 4),(2,3),(3,1)} be a
9. Write the relation R x, x : x is prime
3
relation on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}. The relation
number less than 10 } in roaster form R is [AIE-2004]
1) a function 2) transitive
1) R 2,8 , 3, 27 , 5,125 , 7,343 3) not symmetric 4) reflexive
2) R 2, 4 , 3,9 , 5, 25 , 7, 49 18. Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12),
(3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)} be a relation on the set
3) R 2, 2 , 3,3 , 5,5 , 7,7 A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. The relation is [AIE-2005]
4) R 2,8 , 3,9 , 5, 25 , 7,343 1) reflexive and symmetric only
10. A relation R is defined in the set of integers 2) an equivalence relation
3) reflexive only
I as follows ( x, y ) R iff x 2 y 2 9 , 4) reflexive and transitive only
which of the following is true? 19. In the set Z of all integers, which of the
1) R {(0,3), (0, 3), (3, 0), ( 3, 0)} following relation R is not an equivalence
2) Domain of R = {–3, 0, 3} relation?
3) Range of R = {–3, 0, 3} 1) x R y : if x y 2) x R y : if x= y
4) All the above 3) x R y : if x-y is an even integer
TYPES OF RELATIONS 4) x R y : if x y (mod 3)
20. Which of the following is an equivalence
11. R = {(a,b): a,b N, a+b is even} is
relation ?
1) reflexive 2) Symmetric
3) both 1,2 4) none of 1,2 1) x y 2) x y
3) x y is divisible by 5 4) x divides y
12. Let X 1, 2,3 and
21. Let W denote the words in the English
R 1,1 , 2, 2 , 3,3 , 2,3 be a relation dictionary. Define the relation R
on X. Then which one is not true by R {(x, y) W W / the words x and y
1) R is reflexive 2) R is transitive have atleast one letter in common}Then R is
3) R is antisymmetric 4) R is symmetric 1) reflexive, symmetric and not transitive
13. Let A a, b, c and 2) reflexive, symmetric and transitive
3) reflexive, not symmetric and transitive
R a, a , b, b , a, b , b, a , b, c be a 4) not reflexive, symmetric and transitive
relation on A, then R is INVERSE RELATION
1) reflexive 2) symmetric
22. If R x, y | x N, y N, x 3y 12
3) transitive 4) not reflexive
14. The relation R={(1,1)(2,2)(3,3)} on the set then R 1 is
{1,2,3} is 1) {(2, 9),(2, 6),(3, 3)} 2) {(3, 1),(2, 4),(3, 6)}
1) Symmetric only 2) Reflexive only 3) {(3,3),(2,6),(1,9)} 4) {(1,3), (1,6), (1,9)}
3) Transitive only 4) An equivalence
15. Which of the following are not equivalence KEY
relations on I ? 01) 1 02) 1 03) 4 04) 4 05) 4 06) 1
1) aRb if a b is an even integer 07) 3 08) 2 09) 1 10) 4 11) 3 12) 4
13) 4 14) 4 15) 3 16) 1 17) 3 18) 4
2) aRb if a b is an even integer
19) 1 20) 3 21) 1 22) 3
3) aRb if a < b 4) aRb if a = b
19
SOLUTIONS Then two ordered pairs of two distinct elements
1. p p p {(1,1,1,),(1,1,2), can be added to give three more equivalence
(1,2,1),(1,2,2),(2,1,1), relation
(2,1,2),(2,2,1),(2,2,2,)} R 2 a, a , b, b , c,c , a, b , b,a
2. We have, A 2,3 , B 2, 4 and Similarly R 3 and R 4 . Finally the largest
equivalence relation i.e., the universal relation
C 4,5 B C 4
R5 = {(a, a), (b,b), (c,c),(a, b),(b, a),(a, c),(c,a),
A B C 2, 4 , 3, 4 (b,c), (c,b)}
3. x 2 5 x 6 0 A 2,3
17. 2, 4 , 2,3 R 2 has two images
R is not a reflexive
2 2
4. Since x<y and x y 9
1,1 R R is not reflexive
R {(1, 2), (1,3), (2,3), (3, 4)} x<y
2,3 R, 3, 2 R R is not symmetric
5. 3x y 0 y 3x
R 1,3 , 2, 6 , 3,9 , 4,12 18. A 3, 6,9,12 and R={ 3,3 , 6, 6 , 9,9 ,
6. x 2y 5 x N, y N . 12,12} R R is reflexive 6,12 R but
Domain = Set of values of x = {1, 3} 12, 6 R R is not symmetric
Range = Set of values of y = {1, 2}
7. x 2 y 2 4 represents all points interior to the 3, 6 R, 6,12 R 3,12 R
circle x 2 y 2 4 R is transitive
19. If R is relation defined by x R y : then R is not
hence 2 x 2 and 2 y 2 integral an equivalence relation.
values of x are 2, 1, 0,1, 2 20. xRx since ; 0 is divisible by 5 if xRy , x-y is
8. Range = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6} divisible by 5, y-x is also divisible by 5 if xRy
9. R 2,8 , 3, 27 , 5,125 , 7,343 & yRz, x y 5k1 ; y z 5k 2 ; x z 5 k
10. y 9 x 2 21. Let W CAT , TOY , YOU .......
R 0,3 , 0, 3 , 3,0 , 3, 0 clearly R is reflexive and symmetric but not
transitive (CAT R TOY, TOY R YOU does
11. a b even if both a,b are even or both a,b are not implies CAT R YOU.
odd
22. x 3 y 12 x 3, y 3 , x 6, y 2 x 9
12. 3, 2 R y 1 R 3,3 , 6, 2 , 9,1
13. c, c R
14. It is an equivalance relation R 1 3,3 , 2, 6 , 1,9
15. The relations given in OPTIONS (1), (2) and
(4) are clearly reflexive, symmetric and
transitive On the other hand, the relation of
OPTION (C) is transitive but neither reflexive
nor symmetric.
16. The smallest equivalence relation is the identity
relation R1 a, a , b, b , c, c .
20
EXERCISE - II TYPES OF RELATIONS
8. Let R be the relation on the set of all real
DOMAIN, RANGE AND
NUMBER OF numbers defined by a R b if a b 1. Then
RELATIONS R is
1) reflexive and symmetric
1 If A {(1, 2)}, B {(3, 4)} ,then A ( B )
2) symmetric only 3) transitive only
1) 2) A 3) B 4) {1,3} 4) anti - symmetric only
2. R, S are relations from N N to Z Z
9. Let R x, y : x, y A; x y 5 where
by R x y, y x : x, y N , A = {1,2,3,4,5} then
S x y, x y : x, y Z , Then number of 1) R is not reflexive, symmetric and not transitive
2) R is an equivalence relation
elements in R S
3) R is reflexive, symmetric but not transitive
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) infinite
4) R is not reflexive, not symmetric but transitive
3. A={1,2,3,5}, B={4,6,9}. Define a relation R
10. On the set of natural numbers N, the relation
from A to B by R={(x,y);the difference
R is defined by xRy iff x + y = 100 is
between x and y is odd; x A, y B}. Then R
1) reflexive 2) not reflexive
is
1){(1,2),(1,6),(2,9),(3,4),(3,5)} 3) equivalence 4) not symmetric
2){(1,4),(1,6),(2,9),(3,4),(3,6),(5,4),(5,6)} 11. On the set of all vectors in space the relation
3){(1,6),(1,7),(1,8),(2,9),(2,4),(2,9)} R is defined by a R b a . b is scalar is
4){(1,5),(1,6),(1,7),(6,4),(6,9),(6,2)} 1) symmetric 2) not symmetric
4. Given A={1,2,3,4,5}, S={(x,y): x A, y A}. 3) not reflexive 4) both 2 and 3
Then the ordered pair which satisfy x+y>8 12. If A={ 1, 2,3} Then a relation reflexive but
then R is ........ not Symmetric on A is
1) {(5,5) (5,3)} 2) {(4,5) (5,4) (5,5)} 1) {(1,1), (1,2)} 2) {(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(2,2)}
3) {(5,4) (5,6)} 4) {(5,4) (5,3)} 3) {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3)}
5. The domain and range of 4) {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(2,3)}
6 13. The correct statement of the following is
R {( x, y ) / y x , x, y N and x 6}
x 1) The relation ‘less than’ on Z is anti-symmetric
1) Domain = {1, 2}, Range = {7, 5} 2) The relation ‘sister of’ on the members of a
2) Domain = {1, 2, 3}, Range = {7 , 5} family is transitive
3) Domain = {1}, Range = {7, 5} 3) the relation ‘relatively prime’ on N is
4) Domain = {1, 2}, Range = {7} reflexive
6. If the number of relations on a finite set A 4) The relation ‘perpendicular’ on a set of lines
having ‘n’ elements is 216 , then ‘n’ equal to in a plane is transitive
14. If A ={ 1,2,3} ,R ={ (1,2),(1,1),(2,3)} Then
1) 15 2) 17 3) 4 4) 8
minimum number of elements may be
7. If a relation R is defined on the set Z of adjoined with the elements of R so that it
integers as follows x, y R x2 y2 25 . may become transitive is
Then domain of R = 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
INVERSE RELATION
\ 1) 3, 4,5 2) 0,3, 4,5
3) 0, 3, 4, 5 4) 0, 5
21
15. If R is a relation is “greater than or equal
to” from A ={1,2,3,4} to B EXERCISE - III
={4,5,6}, then R 1 1. Let A be the set of first 10 natural numbers
1) {(4,4)} 2) 3) A x B 4) R and let R {( x, y) / x A, y N and x 2 y 10}
KEY then n dom ( R 1 )
01) 1 02) 1 03) 2 04) 2 05) 2 06) 3
1) 4 2) 5 3) 8 4) 10
07) 3 08) 1 09) 1 10) 2 11) 1 12) 4
13) 2 14) 2 15) 1 2. Let X {1, 2,3, 4,5} , the number of different
SOLUTIONS ordered pairs (Y,Z) that can be formed such
that Y X , Z X and Y Z is empty, is
1. B A B
3
2. y - x = x+ y only if x = 0 But N 1) 35 2) 25 3) 5 4) 52
3. both x and y are odd 3. The relation R defined on A {1, 2,3} by aRb.
4. 4+5=9>8, 5+4=9>8, 5+5=10>8 if a 2 b 2 5 , which of the following is false.
5. R 1, 7 , 2,5 , 3,5
1) R {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(2,1),(1,2),(2,3),(3,2)}
2
6. n 16 2) R 1 R 3) Domain of R = {1, 2, 3}
7. x 2 y 2 25 represents all points on the circle 4) Range of R = {5}
4. Let R be a relation such that
x 2 y 2 25 Hence 5 x 5, 5 y 5 . R={(1,4),(3,7),(4,5),(4,6),(7,6)},
integral values of x are 0, 3, 4, 5 .
then R 1o R
1
8. 0 1 aRa a b 1 b a 1
1) {(1,1),(3,3),(4,4),(7,7),(4,7),(7,4),(4,3)}
9. R={(1,4),(4,1),(2,3),(3,2)}
2) {(1,1),(3,3), (4,4),(7,7)(4,7),(7,4)}
10. 1,1 R 3) {(1,1),(3,3),(4,4)} 4)
11. a .b b .a 5. Let A { A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 , A5 , A6 } be the set of six
12. 1,1 , 2, 2 , 3,3 2,3 is reflexive not unit circles with centres C1 , C2 , C3 ...C6
symmetric as (2, 3) R but (3, 2) R arranged as shown in the [Link]
13. xRy, yRz xRz relation R on A is defined by
14. (1,3) need to be adjoined to make the relation A , A R C C
i j i j 2 2 then
transitive
15. R 4, 4
1) R is symmetric, transitive but not reflexive
2) R is only transitive
3) R is symmetric, reflexive but not transitive
4) R is neither reflexive nor transitive but is
22
symmetric. 11. Consider the following relations
6. The relation R on the set of natural numbers R = { (x, y) / x, y are real numbers and
2
N is defined as xRy x 4xy 3y 0 , 2 x = wy for some rational number w};
x , y N then R is m p
S= n , q / m , n , p and q are integers such
1) reflexive but not symmetric and not transitive
2) symmetric but not reflexive and not transitive
that n, q 0 and qm=pn ,then [AIE-2010]
3) transitive but not reflexive and not symmetric
4) equivalence relation 1) neither R or S is an equivalence relation.
7. Which of the following relations is not 2) S is an equivalence relation but R is not an
transitive equivalence relation
1) (a, b) R1 a b, a, b z 3) R and S both are equivalence relations.
2) ( x, y) R2 x divides y if x, y z 4) R is an equivalence relation but S is not an
equivalence relation.
3) ( x , y ) R3 x y 1, for x, y R
4) ( x1 , y1 ) R4 l1 parallel to l2 . KEY
01) 1 02) 1 03) 4 04) 2 05) 3 06) 1
where l1, l2 arelines 07) 3 08) 4 09) 4 10) 2 11) 2
8. A relation R on the set of non zero complex
z z SOLUTIONS
numbers is defined by z1 Rz 2 z z is real,
1 2
1 2 1. R 2, 4 , 4,3 , 6, 2 , 8,1
then R is
2. For any element x i present in X, 4 cases arises
1) Reflexive 2) Symmetric
while making subsets Y and Z.
3) Transitive 4) Equivalence
9. S is a relation over the set R of all real Case 1 : x i Y, x i Z Y Z
numbers and it is given by Case 2 : x i Y, x i Z Y Z
( a, b) S ab 0. Then S is
Case 3 : x i Y, x i Z Y Z
1) symmetric and transitive only
2) reflexive and symmetric only Case 4 : x i Y, x i Z Y Z
3) a partial relation For every element, number of ways=3 for which
4) an equivalance relation Y Z total number of
10. Let R be the real line. consider the ways= 3 3 3 3 3 [ [Link] elements in set
X=5]= 3
5
following subsets of the plane R R .
S x, y : y x 1 and 0 x 2 , 3. R 1,1 , 1,2 , 2,1 , 2,2 , 2,3 , 3,2 , 3,3
T = {(x,y) : x-y is an integer}.Which one of 4. R={(1,4),(3,7),(4,5),(4,6),(7,6)}
the following is true ? [AIE-2008]
R 1 ={(4,1),(7,3),(5,4),(6,4),(6,7)}
1) S is an equivalence relation on R but T is not
2) T is an equivalence relation on R but S is not 5. Ci , Ci 0 2 2 R is reflexive
3) Neither S nor T is an equivalence relation on
R
A , A R C C
i j i j 2 2 C j Ci 2 2
4) Both S and T are equivalence relations on R A , A R
j i
23
R is symmetric a2 = aa 0 (a,a) S
Thus, (a,a) s for all a R.
if A1 , A2 R, A2 , A3 R A1 , A3 R
So, S is a reflexive relation on R.
6. Given xRy iff x 2 4xy 3y 2 0 Symmetry: Let (a, b) S. Then
(a, b) S ab 0 ba 0 (b,a) S
If y x , then x 2 4x 2 3x 2 0 Thus (a, b) S (b,a) S for all a,b R.
Hence xRx x N So S is symmetric relation on R.
Transitivity: Let a, b, c S. such that
R is reflexive, (a, b) S and (b, c) R ab 0 and
R is not symmetric, because 3 R 1 1R3 bc 0 a, b, c are of same sign.
R is not transitive,because.9R3 and 3R1 9R1 ac 0 (a, c) R.
7. 0.6, 0.4 R3 , 0.4, 0.6 R3but 0.6, 0.6 R3 (a, b) S (b, c) S (a, c) S.
So, S is a transitive relation on R.
z1 z1 Hence, S is an equivalence relation on R.
8. i) z1Rz1 z z z1 C 0 is real
1 1 10. S x, y ; y x 1, 0 x 2
R is a reflexive. S is not symmetric
z1 z 2 T x, y : x y is an int eger
ii) z1Rz 2 z z is real
1 2
clearly T is an equivalence
z z z z 11. xRy need not implies yRx, then clearly
2 1 is real 2 1 is real
z2 z2 z 2 z1 m p m m
s qm pn , s reflexive
S:
n q n n
z 2 Rz1z1 , z 2 C R is a symmatric
iii) let z1 a1 ib1 , z 2 a 2 ib 2 and z3 a 3 ib3 m p p m
s s symmetric
n q q n
when a1 , b1 , a 2 , b 2 , a 3 b3 R
m p p r
z1 z 2 s , s qm pn, ps rq
now z1Rz 2 z z is real n q q s
1 2
ms rn transitive
(a1 a 2 ) i(b1 b 2 ) (a1 a 2 ) i(b1 b 2 ) s is an equivalence relation
(a1 a 2 ) i(b1 b 2 ) (a1 a 2 ) i(b1 b 2 )
is real
(a1 a 2 )(b1 b 2 ) (a1 a 2 )(b1 b 2 ) 0
(for purely real, imaginary part = 0 )
a1 b1 a a
,similarly z 2 Rz 3 2 3
a 2 b2 b 2 b3
a1 a 2 a 2 a3
z1Rz 2 and z 2 Rz 3 and
b1 b 2 b 2 b3
a1 a 3
z1Rz3
b1 b3
R is transitive.
hence R is an equivalence relation.
9. Reflexivity : For any a R, we have
24
JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
SOLUTIONS
1. 1.
[2020]
(1) Neither R1 nor R2 is transitive.
(2) R2 is transitive but R1 is not transitive.
(3) R1 is transitive but R is not transitive.
(4) R1and R2are both transitive.
2.
(1) {–2, –1, 1, 2} (2) {0, 1} [2019]
(3) {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} (4) {–1, 0, 1}
2.
KEY
1) 1 2) 4
25
ADDITION OF
VECTORS
SYNOPSIS Free Vector: When a vector is specified by
not fixing initial point or terminal point or both, is
Definition of Vector and Scalar : called a free vector, i.e., a free vector does not
Scalar: A physical quantity which has only have specific initial point or terminal point or both.
magnitude is called a scalar. Note: (i) A vector a means we are free to choose
Examples: Length,volume, speed, time. initial or terminal point anywhere. Once initial point
Vector: A vector is a physical quantity which has is fixed at A then terminal point is uniquely fixed at
both magnitude and direction . Geometrically a
directed line segment is called a vector. B such that AB a
Examples: Force, Velocity, acceleration. (ii) A free vector is subjected to parallel
Note: All real numbers are scalars. displacement without changing the magnitude and
Notation: Vectors are denoted by directed line direction.
(iii) In general vectors are considered to be free vectors
segments such as AB CD.... or by a , b ... If AB
unless they are localised.
is a vector then A is called initial point and B is Let a be a nonzero vector then
called the terminal point or final point and the
a
direction of AB is from A to B. The magnitude of (i) Unit vector in the direction of a a
AB is denoted by AB or AB and, is the (ii) Unit vector in the direction opposite to that of a is
distance between the points A and B. a
Types of Vectors : a
Position Vector: Let O be a fixed point (called
a
the origin ) and let P be any point. If OP r (iii) Unit vectors parallel to a a .
then r is called the position vector of P with
respect to O. (iv) The vectors having magnitude m units and parallel
Null Vector: A vector having zero magnitude ma
(arbitrary direction) is called the null (zero) vector. to a .
a
It is denoted by 0 .
Note (i ) A zero vector can be regarded as having Equal Vectors: Two vectors a and b are
any direction for all mathematical calculations. equal if they have the same magnitude
(ii) A non-zero vector is called a proper vector
Unit Vector: A vector whose magnitude is equal
i.e a b and they are in the same
to one unit is called a unit vector. direction.
Localised vector :A vector is a localised vector, Let a and b be the position vectors of the
if the vector is specified by giving either initial point points A and B respectively. Then AB
or terminal point (or) if a vector is specified by (position vector of B) - (position vector of A) i.e.,
fixing atleast one of its ends is called a localised
vector. AB b a
1
Co-Initial Vectors : Vectors having the same initial iv) To each vector a there exists a vector a
point are called coinitial vectors. The vectors
such that a a a a 0 .Then a is
OA, OB, OC... are coinitial vectors. called the additive inverse of a .
Co-Terminal Vectors: The vectors having the
Scalar Multiplication of Vectors: Let a be a
same terminal point are called the co-terminal
nonzero vector and let m be a scalar. Then m a is
vectors. The vectors AO, BO, CO... are a scalar multiplication of a by m .
co-terminal vectors. Note: i) The direction of m a is along a if m>o.
Addition of Vectors : ii) The direction of m a is opposite to that of a if
Triangle law of Vector Addition : m<o.
A Properties of Scalar Multiplication
of Vectors: If a , b are vectors & m, n are
a a b
scalars, then the magnitude (length) of m a is m
times that of a .
B C Note: (i) m(na ) n(ma ) (mn)a
b
(ii) (m n) a ma na
If AB a and BC b are two non-zero
vectors are represented by two sides of a triangle (iii) m(a b ) ma mb
ABC then the resultant (sum) vector is given by If a and b are any two vectors,then
the closing side AC of the triangle in opposite (i) a b a b
direction. i.e., AC AB BC a b
Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition : (ii) a b a b
B C (iii) a b a b
b (iv) If a and b are like vectors, then
a b
a b a b
O a Components of a space Vector :
A
If a and b are two adjacent sides of the Z
parallelogram, then their sum (resultant)
a b represents the diagonal of the parallelogram
through the common points. It is known as
k
parallelogram law of vector addition.
P(x, y, z)
i.e., OC OA OB a b
Y
Properties of Addition of Vectors : i O j
i) Addition of vectors is commutative
i.e., a b b a
ii) Addition of vectors is associative X
i.e., a b c a b c Let i , j , k be unit vectors acting along the positive
iii) There exists a vector 0 such that directions of x, y and z axes respectively, then
position vector of any point P in the space is
a 0 0 a a . Then 0 is called the
additive identity vector. OP xi yj zk . Here (x, y, z) are called scalar
2
components of vector OP along respective axes Angle between two vectors : If OA a , OB b
and xi , yj , zk are called vector components of be two non-zero vectors and
AOB , 00 1800 is defined as the angle
OP along respective axes &
OP x 2 y 2 z 2 between a and b and is written as a , b .
Section Formula : If the position vectors of the B
points A, B w.r.t. O are a and b and if the point b
C divides the line segment AB in the ratio m : n 180O-
internally m 0, n 0 , then the positionvector
A A
a O a
mb na
of C is OC . 180O-
mn
b
If C is an external point that divides A a , B b
B
in the ratio m : n externally then
Note: If a 0 or b 0 , then angle between a
mb na
OC
mn
m n and m, n 0 and b is undefined.
Note: (i) a , b 0 a and b are like vectors.
The point C (mid point) divides A a , B b in
(ii) a , b a and b are orthogonal vectors.
a b 2
the ratio 1:1 , then OC
2
.
(iii) a , b a and b are unlike vectors.
Points of trisection : Two points which divide
a line segment in the ratio 1: 2 and 2 :1 are called
(iv) a , b b , a and a , b a , b
the points of trisection. (v) ma , nb a , b (if m,n have same signs).
The position vector of the centroid G of the
a b c
(vi) ma , nb 180 a , b
0
triangle ABC with vertices a , b , c is (if m,n have opposite signs).
3
Right handed and left handed triads
aa bb cc
and the incentre I , where Let OA a , OB b , OC c be three non-
abc
coplanar vectors. Viewing from the point C, if the
a BC , b CA and c AB .
rotation of OA to OB does not exceed angle
In ABC if D, E, F are the mid points of the
sides BC, CA, AB respectively and G is the 180 in anti-clock sense, then a , b , c are set to
form a right handed system of vectors and we
centroid then (i) GA GB GC 0
say simply that ( a , b , c ) is right handed vector
(ii) AD BE CF 0 .
triad. If ( a , b , c ) is not a right handed system, then
(iii) OA OB OC OD OE OF 3OG
it is called left handed system.
If a , b , c and d are the position vectors of the B A
vertices A, B, C and D respectively of a b a
tetrahedron ABCD then the position vector of O
O
a A b B
a b c d c c
its centroid is
4 C C
3
Direction cosines and Directionratios of a Let a and b be two non collinear vectors and let
vector: Let i , j , k be an unit vector traid in r be any vector coplanar with [Link]
the right handed system and r is a vector. If r xa yb and the scalars x and y are unique
r , i , r , j and r , k , in the sense that if r x1a y1b and
then cos , cos , cos are called the direction r x2 a y2b then x1 x2 and y1 y2 .
cosines of r denoted by l , m, n respectively..
The vector equation r xa yb implies that
The numbers proportional to direction
cosines of a given vector, i,e., kl , km, kn are called the vectors r , a , b are coplanar..
Let a and b be two noncollinear vectors. If
the direction ratios of that vector for k R 0
l1a m1b l2 a m2b then l1 l2 and m1 m2 .
Some important results: If l , m, n are the
direction cosines of a line, then If a and b are two noncollinear vectors and
xa yb 0 then the scalars x = 0 and y = 0.
l 2 m2 n2 1 .
Collinearity of Three Points: Let
If OP r and P is the ordered triad x, y, z then
A(a ), B (b ), C (c ) be three points. A
x r cos lr , y r cos mr and necessary and sufficient condition for these points
z r cos nr . to be collinear is that there exist three scalars
The direction cosines of the vectors i , j , k are x,y,z not all zero such that xa yb zc 0 and
respectively 1, 0, 0 , 0,1, 0 , 0, 0,1 . x yz 0
Linear Combination of Vectors : The points A(a ), B (b ), C (c ) are collinear if and
Linear Combination: Let a1 , a2 ,..., an be n only if AB m AC or AC n AB ,where m
vectors and let r be any vector. Then and n are scalars.
r x1 a1 x2 a2 x3 a3 .... xn an is called Coplanar Vectors : Vectors which lie on a plane
or parallel to the same plane are called coplanar
a linear combination of the vectors a1 , a2 ,..., an .
vectors. The vectors a , b , c are coplanar if
Collinear Vectors: Vectors which lie on a line or their exist scalar x,y,z not all zero such that
on parallel lines are called collinear vectors
(whatever be their magnitudes). xa yb zc 0 .
Note:(i) Two vectors a and b are collinear if A necessary and sufficient condition for four points
and only if a mb or b na where m ,n are A(a ), B( b ), C (c ), D( d ) to be coplanar is that
scalars (real numbers). there exist four scalars x,y,z,t not all zero such that
(ii) Let the vectors a a1 i a2 j a3 k , xa yb zc td 0 and x y z t 0
Let a , b , c be three noncoplanar vectors then the
b b1 i b2 j b3 k are collinear if and only if
vector equation xa yb zc 0 implies that
a1 a 2 a3
x y z 0.
b1 b2 b3
Let a , b , c three non-coplanar vectors. Then any
(iii) The Vectors a , b are collinear vectors ifff
vector r can be expressed as a linear
a,b 0 0
or180 combination of a , b , c i.e.,
4
r xa yb zc . Further the scalars x, y, z are Vector Equation of Lines :
unique in the sense that if (i) Vector equation to a line passing through the point
A( a ) and parallel to the vector b is
r x1a y1b z1c and ,
r x2 a y2b z2 c then r a tb t R
(ii) Vector equation to a line passing through two points
x1 x2 , y1 y2 and z1 z2 .
Linearly Dependent (L.D) and Independent A( a ) and B( b ) is r = (1-t) a + t b t R
(iii) Vector equation to a line passing through the origin
(L.I) Vectors: A system of vectors a1 , a2 ,..., an
(position vector 0 ) and parallel to the vector a
is linearly dependent if there exists a system of
scalars x1 , x2 ,..., xn not all zero (atleast one of the is r = t a . t R
scalar is non zero) such that (i) The cartesian equation to a line passing through
the point A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and parallel to the vector
x1a1 x2 a2 ... xn an 0
x x1 y y1 z z1
The system of vectors a1 , a2 ,..., an is linearly (a,b,c) is .
a b c
independent if every relation of the form (ii) The cartesian equation to a line passing through
x1a1 x2 a2 ... xn an 0 implies that two points A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
x1 x2 ........... xn 0 xx yy zz
B= (x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) is x x y y z z or
1 1 1
Note: i) Any two non collinear vectors are L.I. 1 2 1 2 1 2
ii) Any two collinear vectors are L.D. x x2 y y2 z z2
iii) Any three non co-planar vectors are L.I.
x1 x 2 y1 y 2 z1 z 2
iv) Any three co-planar vectors are L.D.
(iii) The cartesian equation of a line passing through
v) Any four vectors in 3D-space are L.D.
the origin (0,0,0) and the point
vi) Any super set of L.D. system of vectors is also
x y z
L.D.
( x1 , y1 , z1 ) x y z .
is
vii) Any Sub set of L.I. system of vectors is also L.I. 1 1 1
To verify that three given vectors (i) The vector equation to the X-axis is r i , is
a a1 i a2 j a3k , b b1 i b2 j b3 k and a scalar.
x y z
c c1 i c2 j c3 k are linearly independent or (ii) The cartesian equation to the X-axis is .
1 0 0
linearly dependent, Vector Equation of a Plane :
a1 a2 a3 (i) Vector equation to a plane passing through the
find b1 b2 b3 point A a and parallel to the vectors b and c is
c1 c2 c3
r a tb sc t , s R
i) If 0 , then they are linearly independent.
(ii) Vector equation to a plane passing through the
ii) If 0 , then they are linearly dependent.
Definition of Orthonormal Vectors :
points A a and B b and parallel to c is
If i , j , k are three vectors such that r 1 t a tb sc t , s R
i j k 1 and i , j = j , k = (iii) Vector equation to a plane passing through t h e
k , i = 90 0 then i , j , k are called Orthonormal
points A a and B b and C c is
Vectors r 1 t s a tb sc t, s R
5
(iv) Vector equation to a plane passing through the Parallelogram: Let ABCD be a parallelogram
origin (0) and parallel to the vectors b and c is D
C
r tb sc .(where t, s are parameters)
Standard Results : If AD is the internal bisector E
of the angle A, then D divides BC in the ratio AB : M
AC AB AB AC
AC. then AD A F B
AB AC
i) Diagonal AC AB BC and diagonal
Let OA a and OB b . Then a vector along
BD BC CD AB BC
a) The internal bisector of the angle AOB is ii) AC and BD are diagonals of a parallelogram then,
a b AC BD AC BD
, is a scalar.. a) AB b) BC
2 2
a b
iii) If E is the point of intersection of diagonals then
b) The external bisector of the angle AOB is OA OB OC OD 4 OE (diagonals bisect
each other)
a b
iv) If F is midpoint of AB and DF intersects AC at M
a b , is a scalar.. then (i) AM : MC = 1 : 2 and
(ii) DM : MF = 2:1.
(i) Vector equation of the internal bisector of an angle Regular Hexagon :
between two vectors b and c with vertex at a Consider regular hexagon ABCDEF.
E D
b c
is r a t , where t is a scalar..
b c
O
(ii) Vector equation of the external angular bisector is F C
b c
r a t where t is a scalar.. b
b c
A a B
i) If A ( a1 , b1 , c1 ), B ( a1 , b1 , c 2 ) and C ( a1 , b2 , c1 ) are
a) If AB a and BC b then
the vertices of a ABC then,
i) AC AB BC a b
b1 b2 c1 c2
(i) Circumcentre is a1 , , ii) AD 2 BC 2b iii ) CD b a
2 2
iv) DE AB a v) EF BC b
(ii) Orthocentre is A a1 , b1 , c1
vi) FA CD a b
In ABC if ‘S’ is the circumcentre and ‘O’ is
b) If ‘O’ is the centre of the hexagon then
the orthocentre then
AB AC AD AE AF 3AD 6AO
(i) SA SB SC SO
Let A,B be two points Such that
(ii) OA OB OC 2 OS a = OA , b = OB than the point C where OC =
(iii) AO OB OC 2 AS pa qb lies
6
(i) inside OAB, if p>0, q>0 and p+q<1
(ii) outside OAB but inside AOB if p>0, q>0 2. If a , b are the position vectors of A,B
and p+q>1 respectively and C is a point on AB produced
(iii) outside OAB but inside OAB if p<0, q>0 such that AC = 3AB, then the position vector
and p+q<1 of C is
(iv) outside OAB but inside OBA if p>0, q <0 Sol: Let the position vector for C be c , then B divides
and p+q <1 AC internally in the ratio 1:2, therefore
(v) outside OAB if p<0, q>0 and p+q>1 2a c
b c 3b 2a .
Rotation of a vector about an axis : 2 1
Let a a1 , a2 , a3 . If the system is rotated
about 3. The points with position vectors
i) x-axis through an angle , then the new 60 i 3 j , 40 i 8 j , ai 52 j are collinear
components of a are then a = .
a1 , a2 cos a3 sin , a2 sin a3 cos Sol: Let P,Q and R be the collinear points with position
ii) y-axis through an angle , then the new vectors 60 i 3 j , 40 i 8 j and ai 52 j
components of a are respectively. Then PQ QR for some scalar
a3 sin a1 cos , a2 , a3 cos a1 sin 20 i 11 j a 40 i 44 j
iii) z-axis through an angle , then the new
components of a are a 40 20, 44 11
a1 cos a2 sin , a1 sin a2 cos , a3
1/ 4 and a 40 20
Ceva’s theorem: If the lines joining any point P
to the vertices A,B,C of a triangle meet the a 40 80 a 40
opposite sides in D,E,F respectively,then
BD CE AF 4. Let a , b and c be three non-zero vectors
1
DC EA FB which are pairwise non-collinear. If a 3b is
Menelaus’ theorem : If a transversal cuts the collinear with c and b 2c is collinear with
sides BC,CA,AB of a triangle in D,E,F
a , then a 3b 6c is [AIE-2011]
BD CE AF
respectively,then 1
D C E A FB Sol: As a 3b is collinear with c , a 3b c ...
EXAMPLES (1)
1. a i 2 j 2k and b 3i 6 j 2k , As b 2c is collinear with a, b 2c a ... (2)
then vector in the direction of a and having
from (1) we get a+3b+6 c 6 c ... (3)
magnitude as b is
from (2) we get a 3b 6c (1 3 ) a ... (4)
Sol: The required vector is
since a is not collinear with c ,
b 7 6 1 3 0
a
a
3
i 2 j 2k
from (3) or (4) a 3b 6c 0
7
6 : 3 6 or 1: 3 at point [Link] the
5. If a , b , c are three non-coplanar vectors
1 5
such that a b c d and position vector of D is i j 3k and
4 4
b c d a then a b c d is
3 9
Sol: We have, AD i j 0k .
4 4
a b c d and b c d a
9 81 3
Let a b c d d and Hence, AD 10
16 16 4
a b c d a
8. If the vector i j k bisects the angle
1 d 1 a , If 1, then
between the vector c and the vector
1 3i 4 j ,then the unit vector in the direction
1 d 1 a d a
1 of c is
a b c d Sol : Let xi yj zk be the unit vector along c .
1 Since i j k bisects the angle between c
a b c a
1 and 3i j . Therefore,
1 3i 4 j
1 a b c 0 i j k xi yj zk
1 5
a , b , c are coplanar. Which is a contradiction 3 4
x , y and z
to the given condition 5 5
1 a b c d 0 Now, x 2 y 2 z 2 1
( xi yj zk is a unit vector)
6. If the vectors a and b are linearly
2 2
independent satisfying 3 4
2 1
5 5
3 tan 1 a
3 sec 2 b 0 ,
2
then the most general values of are 0 or .
15
Sol: 3 tan 1 0 and 3 sec 2 0 But 0 . Because 0 implies that the given
vectors are parallel.
11 11
2n ,n Z 2 11 10 2
6 6 x ,y and z
7. The vertices of a triangle are 15 15 15 15
Hence,
A 1, 1, 3 , B 2,1, 2 and C 5, 2, 6 .
1
The length of the bisector of its interior angle
at the vertex A is
xi yj zk
15
11i 10 j 2k .
Sol: The bisector divides BC in the ratio AB:AC i.e
8
9. The vector c ,directed along the internal
bisector of the angle between the vectors 4. The vector (cos cos )
a 7 i 4 j 4k and b 2 i j 2k i (cos sin ) j sin k is
1) Null vector 2) unit vector
with c 5 6 , is 3) parallel to (i j k )
a b 4) a vector parallel to (2i j k )
Sol : The required vector c is given by c 5. The unit vector in the opposite direction of
a b
the vector a 6 i 3 j 2k is
1 1
7 i 4 j 4 k 2 i j 2 k 1)
1
(6i 3 j 2k ) 2)
1
(6i 3 j 2k )
9 3 7 7
or, c
9
i 7 j 2k 3)
1
7
(6i 3 j 2k ) 4)
1
7
(6i 3 j 2k )
6. If a 2,1, 1 , b 1, 1, 0 , c 5, 1,1
c 1 49 4 54
9 9 then the unit vector parallel to a b c , but
But c 5 6 (given). in the opposite direction is
1 1
1) 2 i j 2k 2) 2 i j 2k
54 5 6 15 3 3
9
1
Hence, 3)
3
2 i j 2k 4)
1
3
2 i j 2k
15 5
c
9
i 7 j 2 k i 7 j 2k
3
7. If the vectors a 2 i 3 j yk and
b xi 6 j 2k are collinear, then the
EXERCISE - I value of x + y is ….
1. If AB 2 i 3 j k , CB i j k , 1) 4 2) 5 3) -3 4) 3
8. Let a , b be two noncollinear vectors .If
CD 4 i 7 j then AD
OA =(x+4y) a +(2x+y+1) b , OB =(y-2x+2)
1) 5i 11 j k 2) 5i 11 j
a + (2x-3y-1) b and 3OA 2OB , then (x,y)=
3) 5i 11 j 4) 5i 11 j
1) (1,2) 2) (1,-2) 3) (2,-1) 4) (-2,-1)
2. If the vectors a xi 2 j zk and
9. Three points whose position vectors are
b 2 i yj k are equal, then ( x, y, z )
1) (2, 1, 2) 2) (2, 2, 1) 3) (1, 2, 2) 4) (2, 1, 1) xi yj zk , i zj and i j are collinear,,
then relation between x, y, z is
3. The unit vector in the direction of 2 i 3 j k
1) x 2 y 1, z 0 2) x y 1, z 0
is
3) x y 1, z 0 4) x 2 y 1, z 0
1 1
1)
14
2 i 3 j k 2)
14
2i 3 j k 10. The position vectors of four points P,Q,R,S
are 2a 4c , 5a 3 3b 4c , 2 3b c and
1 2a c respectively, then
3)
14
2 i 3 j k 4) 14 2 i 3 j k
1) PQ is parallel to RS
9
2) PQ is not parallel to RS 1
1)
3
i j k 2)
1
3
i j k
3) PQ is equal to RS
1
4) PQ is parallel and equal to RS
11. If the position vectors of the points P,Q,R and
3)
3
i j k 4)
1
3
i j k
S are respectively 2 i 4 k , 18. Let ABC be a triangle and let D,E be the
midpoints of the sides AB,AC
5 i 3 3 j 4k , 2 3 j k an d
respectively,then BE DC
PQ 1 3 3
2 i k , then RS is 1) BC 2) BC 3) BC 4) BC
2 2 4
2 3 1 3
1) 2) 3) 4) 19. The adjacent sides of a parallelogram are
3 2 3 4
12. If 3i+3j+ 3k , i+ k , 2 i+4 j-5k and i+2 j+3k then the unit vector
parallel to a diagonal is
3i+ 3 j+λk are coplanar then is …
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 i 2 j 8k 3i 6 j 2 k
1) 2)
69 7
13. If the vectors 2i 3 j 6k , 6i 2 j 3k , i 2 j 8k i 2 j 8k
3) 4)
3 i 6 j 2 k and i j 2 k are coplanar 69 69
then 31 2 233 is 20. The vector i xj 3k is rotated through an
1) 0 2) 2 3) 1 4) 3 angle and doubled in magnitude,
14. Let a i j , b j k and then it becomes 4 i 4 x 2 j 2k . The
value of x is
c a b . If the vectors i 2 j k ,
2 1
1) , 2 2) , 2
3i 2 j k and c are coplanar then 3 3
1)1 2) 2 3) 3 4) -3 2
3) , 0 4) 2,7
3
21. If the position vectors of P and Q are
15. If 2 i 3 j 6k , 6 i 2 j 3k , 3i 6 j 2k
represent the sides of a triangle,then the i 2 j 7 k and 5i 3 j 4k respectively
perimeter of the triangle is then the cosine of the angle between PQ and
1) 6 2) 7 3) 14 4) 21 z-axis is
4 11 5 5
16. If G is the centroid of ABC , GA + BG + GC = 1) 2) 3) 4)
162 162 162 162
1) 2 GB 2) 2 GA 3) O 4) 2 BG 22. If a vector a of magnitude 50 is collinear with
17. If i 2 j 3k , 3 i 2 j k , are sides of a 15
vector b 6 i 8 j k and makes an acute
parallelogram, then a unit vector parallel to 2
one of the diagonals is angle with positive z-axis then
1) a 4b 2) a 4b
10
3) b 4a 4) a 2b 1 3
1) 2) 0 3) 1 4)
2 2
23. If a and b are position vectors of A and B
respectively, then the position vector of a point 31. If ( x, y, z ) 0 and ( i j 3k ) x
C in AB produced such that AC 2015 AB is (3i 3 j k ) y (4 i 5 j ) z
1) 2014a 2015b 2) 2014b 2015a ( xi yj zk ) , then
3) 2015b 2014a 4) 2015b 2014a 1) 0, 1 2) –1, 0 3) 0, 2 4) –2, 0
24. If 3a 4b 7 c 0 then the ratio in which 32. If the vectors a b c , a b 2c ,
C (c ) divides the join of A( a ) and B (b ) is a b c are linearly dependent then =
1) 1 : 2 2) 2 : 3 3) 3 : 2 4) 4 : 3 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
25. The ratio in which i 2 j 3k divides the join
33. If the vectors a+1343 b+c,-a+b+c and
of 2 i 3 j 5k and 7 i k is
a+μb+2c are linearly dependent then
1) -3 : 2 2) 1 : 2 3) 2 : 3 4) -4 : 3
1) 2014 2) 2015 3) 2016 4) 0
5 a+4 b -5 c
26. A point C = divides the line
3
34. If the vectors a 3i j 2k ,
joining A = a-2 b + 3 c and B in the ratio 2:1,
then AB is b i 3 j 4k , c 4 i 2 j 6k form the
sides of the triangle then length of the median
1) a+3b-4c 2) 2a-3b+4c bisecting the vector c is
3) a+5b-7c 4) 2a+3b-4c 1) 12 units 2) 6 units
27. The position vectors of the points A,B,C are 3) 2 6 units 4) 2 3 units
respectively a , b,c . If P divides AB in the 35. If O is the circumcentre and O | is the
ratio 3:4 and Q divides BC in the ratio 2 : 1 orthocentre of a triangle ABC and if AP isthe
circumdiameter then AO ' O ' B O ' C
both externally then PQ =
1) OA 2) O ' A 3) AP 4) AO
1) b+c- 2a 2) 2( b+c- 2a)
-2 a -b -c
3) 4a-b - c 4)
2 36. Let G and G | be the centroids of the triangles
28. If C is the mid point of AB and P is any point ABC and A | B | C | [Link]
out side AB then (AIE-2005)
AA'+BB'+CC'
1) PA PB 2PC 0 2) PA PB PC 0
3
1) 2GG 1 2) 3G 1G 3) 3GG 1 GG1
4)
3) PA PB 2 PC 4) 2
[Link] O be the origin and A, B be two points.
29. If a straight line makes an with each of the and p, q are vectors represented by OA and
positive x, y and z-axis, a vector parallel to OB and their magnitudes are p, q . The unit
that line is vector bisecting the angle AOB is
1) i 2) i j 3) j k 4) i j k
30. If e li m j nk is a unit vector ,the
maximum value of lm + mn + nl is
11
p q p q p q
HINTS
1. A D A B C B C D
p q p q p q
pq 2. Two vectors are equal then corresponding
1) p q 2) p q 3) p q 4)
2 components are equal.
p q p q p q
a
3. Unit vector in the direction of a = a .
38. The vector ai + bj + ck is a bisector of the
4. cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin 2
angle between the vectors i + j and j + k if
1) a = b 2) a = c cos 2 sin 2
3) a + b = c 4) a = b = c a
5. Required vector
|a|
39. Let ABCDEF be a regular hexagon, If
and then 6. a b c 2 i j 2k
AD xBC CF y BA
( x y)2 8 a b c 3 , Required vector a b c
a b c
1) 24 2) -4 3) 2 4) -24
40. Let ABCDEF be a regular hexagon. Then x 6 2
7.
AB AC AD EA FA 2 3 y
1) 2AB 2) 3AB 3) 4AB 4) AB [Link] OA x 4 y a 2 x y 1 b
41. Cartesian equation of the plane OB y 2 x 2 a 2 x 3 y 1 b and
r (1 )i (2 ) j (3 2 2 )k is 3OA 2OB
1) 2 x y 5 2) 2 x y 5 2 y 2 x 2 a 2 2 x 3 y 1 b
3) 2 x z 5 4) 2 x z 5 3 x 4 y a 3 2 x y 1 b
42. The vector equation of the plane through the two vector are equal coefficient of a , b are equal
points (1,-2,-3) and parallel to the vectors
(2,-1,3) and (2,3,-6) is r = 2 y 2x 2 3 x 4 y
1) (1 2t 2s) i (2 t 3s) j (3 3t 6s)k 7 x 10 y 4 0 1
2) (1 2t 2s) i (2 t 3s) j (3 3t 6s)k 2 2 x 3 y 1 3 2 x y 1
3) (1 2t 2s) i (2 t 3s) j (3 3t 6s)k 2x 9 y 5 0 2
4) (1 2t 2s) i (2 t 3s) j (3 3t 6s)k solving 1 and 2
KEY 1 2 14 x 20 y 8 0
01) 2 02) 2 03) 3 04) 2 05) 3 06) 2
2 7 14 x 63 y 35 0
07) 4 08) 3 09) 1 10) 1 11) 2 12) 1
13) 1 14) 4 15) 4 16) 4 17) 1 18) 3 -43y-43=0
19) 4 20) 1 21) 2 22) 2 23) 4 24) 4 y = -1 substituing in 1
25) 2 26) 3 27) 2 28) 2 29) 4 30) 3 7x-14=0
31) 2 32) 2 33) 2 34) 2 35) 3 36) 3 x=2
37) 3 38) 2 39) 1 40) 3 41) 3 42) 1 (x,y) = (2,-1)
12
9. OA ( x , y , z ), OB (1, z , 0), OC ( 1, 1, 0) 14. We have c ( i j ) ( j k )
AB (1 x, z y , z ) 1 2 1
AC ( 1 x , (1 y ), z ) 3 2 1 0 3
AB AC 1 x (1 x )
15. AB=BC=CA=7 perimeter = 21
z y (1 y ) , z z
0, z 0 2 y x 1 16. Let OA a OB b, OC c
Given G is centroid or traingle ABC
10. PQ 3 a 3b and RS 2 a 3b QA OB OC a b c
OG
PQ is parallel to RS 3 3
11. PQ 9 27 6 , RS 4 12 4 3OG a b c
Now
GA GB GC OA OG OB OG OC OG
3 3 3
AC i j k
1 0 1 0
12. 17. AC 4i 4 j 4 k , AC 3
3 3
13. Given vectors b c
18. Let A 0 AB b AC c AD AE
2 2
OA 2i 3 j 6k , OB 6i 2 j 3k Now
C b 3
OC 3i 6 j 2 k , OD i j 2 k BE DC AE AB AC AD b c
2 2 2
are coplaner
19. a 2 i 4 j 5k , b i 2 j 3k
AB OB OA 4i 5 j 9k AC a b BD b a
AC OC OA i 9 j 4k 20. 2 i xj 3k 4 i 4 x 2 j 2k
AD OD OA i 2 j 6 A k 2
4 x 2 10 20 4 x 2
2
4 5 9 2
1 9 4 0 3x2 4x 4 0 , x 2,
are coplanar 3
1 2 6 2
21. PQ 4 i 5 j 11k direction cosines of
4 5 11
PQ i j k
4 6 6 2
8 5 6 2
4 9 2 9 0 162 162 162
216 36 2 32 5 2 50 99 0 15
22. a (6 i 8 j k);
31 2 233 0 2
225
a 50 36 64 50
4
13
25 1 1 1
50 4 4
2 1 2 0
32.
a 4b ( a makes acute angle with z-axis) 1 1 1
23. AC 2015 AB , c a 2015 b a
1 1343 1
3a 4b 1 1 1 0
24. c 33.
7 1 2
25. 1 2 : 1 7 3: 6 1: 2 34. Length of the median through the vertex C=
OA 2OB 1
2(a 2 b 2 ) c 2
26. OC 2
3
1 1
3OB 4OA 2OC OB 2(14 26) 56 24 6 units
27. OP OQ 2 2
3 4 1
28. C is mid point of AB 35. AO ' O ' B O ' C 2 AO ' AP
PA PB 36. AA ' BB ' CC '
PC PA PB 2 PC
2
OA ' OB ' OC ' OA OB OC
29. i j k is parallel to
1
3
i jk . a b
37. r t
30. l 2 m2 n 2 lm mn nl 0 a b
31. Given
Equating coefficients of i, j , k on both sides
a b
38. t a b
x(1 ) 3 y 4 z 0
x 3 y 4 z x x y 3 5 z 0
ik jk
3x y z 0 ai b j ck t
2 2
1 3 4 ai b j ck
t
2
i2jk
1 3 5 0
3 1 t t
a , c ac
2 2
1 3 5 3 15 413 3 0
39. AD 2 BC x 2
1 2 3 5 3 45 4 12 3b 0
CF 2 BA y 2 ( x y ) 2 8 24
2 3 5 3 3 2 5 9 5 0
3 2 2 0 0 40. FA AC FC 2AB and
2 2 1 0 EA AD ED AB
41. r ( i 2 j 3k ) ( i j 2k ) ( i 2k )
0 or 1
plane passing through A(1, 2, 3) and parallel to
14
b i j 2k and c i 2k EXERCISE - II
a 1, 2, 3 i 2 j 3k 1. If 10i+3j , 12i-5j and λi+11j are the
b 2, 1, 3 2i j 3k position vectors of three collinear points. Then
c 2,3, 6 2i 3 j 6k is
42. 1) 4 2) 8 3) 12 4) 22
Vector equation of plane passing through a 2. P,Q and R are three points with position
parallel to b and c is vectors i j , i j and ai bj ck
respectively. If P,Q and R are collinear, then
1) a = b = c = 0
atbc i 2j 3k t 2i j 3k 2i 3j 6k 2) a = 1, b, c are any real numbers
3) a = b = c = 1
i 1 2t 2 s j 2 t 3s k 3 3t 6 s 4) a =1 , c = 0 and b is any real number
3. Let f t t i t t j t 1 k be a
vector. Where . is a greatest integer
5
function. If f and i j k are
4
parallel vectors then ,
1 1
1) (1, 1) 2) ,2 3) , 2 4) , 4
4 2 4
4. If the points a b , a b , a kb are collinear,,
then
1) k has only one real value
2) k has two real value 3) k has all real values
4) k has finite number of real values
5. The vectors 2i + 3j, 5i + 6j and 8i + λ j have
their initial point at 1,1 .The value of λ so
that the vectors terminate on one straight line
is
1) 3 2) 6 3) 9 4) 12
6. pi 3 j 4k and q i 5 k are two vectors
where p , q 0 are two scalars. Then the
lengths of the vector are equal for
1) all values of ( p , q )
2) only finite number of values of ( p , q )
15
3) infinite number of values of ( p , q ) a point on OM, such that 2OC CM . X is a
4) No value of ( p , q ) point on the side OB such that OX 2 XB .
7. If a , b , c are non coplanar vectors and is The line XC is produced to meet OA in Y. Then
a real number, then the vectors OY
=
a 2b 3c , b 4c and (2 1)c are non YA
coplanar for (AIE-2004) 1 2 3 2
1) all except two values of 1) 2) 3) 4)
3 7 2 5
2) all except one value of
3) for all values of 4) no value of 13. If r 3i 2 j 5k , a 2 i j k ,
[Link] a is a non-zero scalar, then the vectors
b i 3 j 2 k and c 2 i j 3k s u c h
ai 2aj 3ak , p (2a 1) i
that r = λa + μb + vc . Then
(2a 3) j (a 1)k and
λ
r (3a 5) i (a 5) j (a 2)k are 1) μ, , v are in A.P.. 2) λ, μ, v are in A.P
2
1) coplanar if a < 0 2) coplanar if a > 0
3) always coplanar 4) never coplanar 3) λ, μ, v are in H.P.. 4) λ, μ, v are in G.P..
[Link] A=2i+4j-k ; B=4i+5j+k . If the centroid 14. If OA 3i j k , | AB | = 2 6 and AB has
G of the triangle ABC is 3i+5j-k then the the direction ratios 1,-1,2 then |OB| =
position vector of C is 1) 35 2) 41 3) 26 4) 55
1) 3i-6j+3k 2) 3i-6j-3k
3) 3i-6j+2k 4) 3i+6j-3k 15. If a i j k, b 4 i 3j 4k
10. a and b are non collinear vectors. c i j k be linearly dependent
u xa 2 yb , v 2 ya 3 xb vectors and c 3 then
and w 4a 2b , are vectors such that 1) 1, 1 2) 1, 1
2u v w . Then 3) 1, 1 4) 1, 1
4 6 10 4 16. x-component of a is twice its y-component.
1) x ,y 2) x ,y
7 7 7 7 If the magnitude of the vector is 5 2 and it
8 2 mak es an angle of 1350 with z-axis then the
3) x , y 4) x 6, y 4 vector is
7 7
5a 4b 5c
1) 2 3 , 3, 3 2) 2 6 , 6 , 6
11. A point C divides the line
3 3) 2 5, 5, 5 4) 6 , 6 , 6
joining the points A=a-2b+3c and B in the
ratio 2:1, then the position vector of B is 17. Given three vectors a 6 i 3 j , b 2 i 6 j
1) a+3b-4c 2) 2a-3b+4c and c 2 i 21 j such that
3) 2a+3b+4c 4) 2a+3b-4c
a b c .Then the resolution of the
vector into components with respect to a
12. In the OAB, M is the mid point of AB, C is
and b given by
16
1) 3a 2b 2) 3b 2a 3) 2a 3b 4) a 3b 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
23. P is a point on the line through the point A
whose position vector is a and the line is
18. A vector a has components 2p and 1 with parallel to the vector b . If PA 6 , then the
respect to a rectangular cartesian coordinate position vector of P is
system. This system is rotated through a 6
certain angle about the origin in the counter 1) a 6b 2) a b
b
clock - wise sense. If, with respect to the new
system, a has components p + 1 and 1 then 6
3) a 6b 4) b a
1) p 0 2) p 0 or p 1/ 3 a
3) p 1 or p 1/ 2 KEY
4) p 1 or p 1 /3 01) 2 02) 4 03) 2 04) 3 05) 3 06) 3
07) 1 08) 4 09) 4 10) 2 11) 4 12) 2
13) 1 14) 1 15) 4 16) 3 17) 3 18) 4
19) 3 20) 2 21. 1 22) 3 23) 2
ANGULAR BISECTORS SOLUTIONS
19. If 4 i 7 j 8k , 2i 3 j 4k and 11 1
2i 5 j 7k are the position vectors of the 10 3 1 0
1.
vertices A,B and C of triangle ABC, the 12 5 1
position vector of the point where the bisector
of A meets BC is 2. AB 2 j , AC ( a 1) i (b 1) j ck and
2 2 AB t AC
1) ( 6i 8 j 6k ) 2) (6i 8 j 6k )
3 3 5 1
3. f i j 2k
1 4 4
3) (6i 13 j 18k ) 4) 2(i j k )
3 4. OA a b , OC a kb
20. Let A (4,7,8) B (2,3,4) and C (2,5,7) be the
position vectors of the vertices of a ABC. OB a b , AB 2b
Then the length of internal angular bisector AC ( k 1)b k is any real number
of angle A is
2 3 1
3 2 1 1
1) 34 2) 34 3) 34 4) 34 5 6 1 =0
2 3 2 3 5.
8 λ 1
21. If A1 A2 ...... An is a regular polygon. Then the
vector A1 A2 A2 A3 ... An A1 is equal to 6. p 2 9 16 q 25 p2 q
1) 0
2) n A1 A2 0 0 2 1
7. 0 4 0 (2 1) 0 0
3) n OA (O is the centre ) 4) n 1 A A
1 1 2
1 2 3
22. If ABCDE is a regular pentagon and
1
AB AE BC DC ED ( 1) ( AC ) then 0, , Vectors are coplanar for values
2
17
1 16. Let a 2 xi xj zk
of 0, , Vectors are non coplanar for all
2
5x 2 z 2 5 2
except two values of .
z z 1
a 2a 3a Also cos1350
5x z
2 2
5 2 2
(2a 1) 2a 3 a 1 0
8. z 5 x 5
3a 5 a 5 a 2
Required vector 2 5 i 5 j 5k
9.C=3G-A-B
10. 2( xa 2 yb) ( 2 ya 3 xb) 4a 2b 17. a b c 6 i 12 j
2 x 2 y 4 x y 2 , 4 y 3 x 2 let xa yb . Then
6 x 2 y 6 and 3 x 6 y 12
OA 2OB
11. OC
p 1
2
3 18. 4 p2 1 1
a b
12. OA a , OB b , OM [Link] OA 4i 7 j 8k , OB 2i 3 j 4 k and
2
1 OC 2i 5 j 7 k
OC
6
a b
AB OB OA 2i 4 j 4k
2
OX b equation of CX is AC OC OA 2i 2 j k
3
2 t AB 4 16 16 6
r 1 t b a b ..... (1)
3 6
AC 4 4 1 3
equation of the line OA is, r sa ..... (2)
D position vector D divides BC in the ratio
t 2 t 6:3=2:1 internally
From (1) and (2) s and 0 ,
6 3 2
OB 2i 3 j 4k OC 2i 5 j 7 k
4 2 2 OY 2
t or s , OY a ,
3 9 9
YA 7 OD
6i 13 j 18k
2 OC 1 OB
13. r = λa + μb + vc 2 1 3
Compare like vectors, μ = 1, v = 2, λ = 3 . D ; BC AB : AC
λ 20. AB 6, AC 3 , D divides BC the ratio 2:1
Hence , μ, , v are in A.P.. 21. Let O be the centre.
2
A1 Ai1 OAi1 OAi
14. AB AB . D.C.s of AB n1 n1
2 6 t 6 t 2
i 1
A1 Ai 1 OAi 1 OAi 0
i 1
1 1 1
22. AB AE BC DC ED 1 AC
4 0; 2
2
2
15. 4 3
1 AB BC AE ED DC 1 AC
18
OBOAOC OBOE OAODOE OC OD EXERCISE - III
1 AC AC AC 1 AC 1. In ABC , P, Q, R are points on B C , C A , A B
1 2 respectively, dividing them in the ratio 1:4,
3:2 and 3 : 7. The point S divides AB in the
3 AB AE BC DC ED
AB BC AE ED DC ratio 1:3. Then
AP BQ CR
23. Equation of line r a tb CS
6 1 2 5 7
PA 6 r a 6 tb 6 t 1) 2) 3) 4)
5 5 2 10
b
2. ABCD is a parallelogram and P is a point on
the segment AD dividing it internally in the
ratio 3:1 the line BP meets the diagonal AC
in Q. Then the ratio AQ:QC is
1) 3:4 2) 4:3 3) 3:2 4) 2:3
3. In ΔOAB , E is the mid point of AB and F is a
point on OA such that OF 2FA . If C is the
point of intersection of OE and BF, then find
the ratios OC : CE and BC : CF are
1) 1: 4; 3: 2 2) 4 :1; 3: 2
3) 4 :1; 1: 2 4) 4 :1; 2 : 3
4. If b is the vector whose initial point divides
the joining 5i and 5 j in the ratio : 1 and
terminal point is at origin. If b 37 then
1
1) ( , 6] ,
6
1
2) ( , 3) 4 ,
1 1
3) (, 0) , 4) 6,
2 6
5. If DA a ; AB b and CB ka where k > 0
and X, Y are the midpoints of DB and AC
respectively such that a 17 and XY 4 ,
then k =
8 9 11 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
17 17 17 17
19
6. The vectors a x cos xi sin xj , 11. Let O be the origin of the coordinate system
in the Cartesian plane, OP and OR be
b x xi sin xj are collinear for :
vectors making angles 45 0 and 135 0
respectively with the positive directions of the
1) Unique value of x such that 0 x X-axis (i.e., in the counter clock wise).
6
Rectangle OPQR is completed and M is the
2) Unique value of x such that x midpoint of PQ. If the line OM meets the
6 3
3) No value of x diagonal PR at T, and OP 3, OR 4,
4) Infinitely many values of x in 0 x then OT is
2
1 2
7. Let a line cut the sides PQ,PS and diagonal 1)
2
i j 2)
3
i 5 j
PR of a parallelogram at Q1 , R1 and
2 2
S1 respectively such that 3)
3
i 5j 4)
3
i 5 j
PQ1 1 PQ, PR1 3 PR a n d PS1 2 PS , 12. Let AC be an arc of a circle , subtending a
then right angle at the centre O. The point B divides
1 1 1 1 1 1 the arc AC in the ratio 1:2 If OA a and
1) 2)
OB b , then OC in terms of a and b is
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
3) 4) 1) b 3 a 2) 2b a 3) 2b 3 a 4) b a
1 2 3 1 2 3
13. In a triangle ABC, if
8. The value of so that the points P, Q, R, S
on the sides OA, OB, OC and AB of a regular A (0, 0); B (3,3 3); C ( 3 3,3) then
OP 1 the vector of magnitude 2 2 units directed
tetrahedron are coplanar. When ;
OA 3 along AO , where O is the circumcentre of
OQ 1 OR 1 AS
, and is triangle ABC is
OB 2 OC 3 AB
1
1) 1 3 i 1 3 j 2) 3i 2 j
1) 2) 1 3) 0 4) 2
2 3) i 3 j 4) i 2 j
9. A unit tangent vector at t = 2 on the curve
14. Vectors a 4 i 3k; b 14 i 2 j 5k aree
x t 2 2; y 4t 5; z 2t 2 6t is
laid off from one [Link] d ,which is being
1
1)
3
i j k
1
2) 2 i 2 j k
3
laid off from the same point dividing theagle
1 between vectors a and b in equal halves and
3)
6
2 i j k 4) 3 i j k
1
having the magnitude 6 ,is
10. ‘O’ is the origin in the Cartesian plane. From
1) i j 2k 2) i j 2k
the origin ‘O’ take point A in the North-East
3) i j 2k 4) 2 i j 2k
direction such that O A =5, B is a point in the
15. The triangle ABC is defined by the vertices A
North-West direction such that OB 5 . = (0,7,10), B = (-1,6,6) and C = (-4,9,6) let D
be the foot of the altitude from B to the side
Then OA OB is AC . Then BD is
1) 25 2) 5 2 3) 10 5 4) 5 1) i 2 j 2k 2) i 2 j 2k
20
3) i 2 j 2 k 4) i 2 j 2k taken along the x-axis. A point P is taken on
16. The equation to the altitude of the triangle a line parallel to z-axis through the centre of
formed by (1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3), (2, -1, 1) through hexagon at a distance of 3 units from O. The
(1, 1, 1) is vector AP is
1) r i j k t i 3 j 2k 1) i 3 j 5k 2) i 3 j 5k
2) r i j k t 3i j 2k 3) i 3 j 5k 4) i 3 j 5k
21. 3 forces are applied to a vertex of a cube which
3) r i j k t i j 2k are 1, 2 and 3 in magnitude and are directed
4) r 5 along the diagonals of the faces of the cube
meeting in that vertex. The magnitude of the
17. Image of the point P with position vector resultant of these forces is
7i j 2k in the line whose vector equation 1) 3 2) 4 3) 5 4) 6
22. A man starts at the origin of the coordinate
is r 9i 5 j 5k i 3 j 5k has the axes and walks a distance of 3 units in the
position vector North-East direction and then walks distance
of 4 units in the North-West direction to reach
1) 9 i 5 j 2k 2) 9i 5 j 2k
the point P. Then OP equals
3) 9i 5 j 2k 4) 9i 5 j 2k
1 i j
18. If A 2i j 3k , B 4i j k , C i 3 j 2k and 1) i j 2)
2 2
D i j 2k then the vector equation of the
i j 1
plane parallel to ABC and passing through 3) 4) i 7 j
2 2
the centroid of the tetrahedron ABCD is
1) r 2 i j k s 2 i 2 j 2k t i k KEY
2) r 2 i j 3k s i j k t i k 01) 2 02) 1 03) 2 04) 1 05) 2 06) 2
3) r 2 i j k s i j k t i 2 j 5k 07) 2 08) 4 09) 2 10) 2 11) 4 12) 3
13) 1 14) 1 15) 2 16) 3 17) 2 18) 3
4) r 2 i j k s i j k t i 2 j 5k 19) 2 20) 1 21) 3 22) 4
19. ABCDEF be a regular hexagon in the xy plane
and AB 4 i . Then CD SOLUTIONS
1) 6 i 2 3 j
2) 2 i 3 j 1. OP
OC 4OB
, OQ
3OA 2OC
,
3) 2 i 3 j 3j 4) 2 i 5 5
20. OABCDE is a regular hexagon of side 2 units 3OB 7OA OB 3OA
OR , OS
in the xy-plane O being the origin and OA 10 4
AP BQ CR OP OA
OQ OB OR OC
3OA OB 4OC 4OS 4OC 2
CS
10 10 5
21
3 Since Q1 , R1 and S1 points are collinear,,
2. Take AB b and AD d so that AP d
4 1 1 1 1 1 1
0
and AC b d . Equation of the line BP is 3 1 2 3 1 2
3 8. OA a , OB b , OC c
r 1 t b t d and the equation of the
4 1
AB b a , OP 3 a
line AC is r s b d
1 1
OQ b, OR c ,
Equating the coefficients of b , d 2 3
3t 4 3 a b
1 t s 4 7 t or t and s OS
4 7 7 1
P, Q, R, S are coplanar points
3
AQ
7
b d and hence PQ, PR, RS are coplanar vector 2
dr
9. r t 2 2 i 4t 5 j 2t 2 6t k find
AQ : QC 3 : 4 dt
10. BA 2 OA 2 OB 2 25 25 50
O
Then OA OB 5 2
2
3
11. OP 3cos i 3sin j i j
4 4 2
F
3. 3 3 4
OR 4cos i 4sin j i j
1 4 4 2
2 2 i j Now
A 1 E 1 B
1
5 i 5 j OP PQ OP OR i 7 j
4. b and b 37 2
1
3 1
1 i j i 7 j
6 1 6 0 ( , 6] , OM 2 2
6 2
(1 k ) a
5. XY XY 4 k
9
2 i 10 j i 5 j
2 17
2 2 2
cosx sinx
6. For collinearity, =
2
x sinx
Now PT : TR 1: 2 OT i 5 j
cos x x 3
now, draw the graphs of y cos x and y x ,
then observe
7. PR PQ PS ( parallelogram law)
P R1 P Q1 P S1
3 1 2
22
JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
A
B
1. If 2 a b and 4 2 a 3b be
O
30 two given vectors where vectors a and b are
12.
O
60 non-collinear. the value of for which vectors
O C and are collinear is [2018]
Given that OA, OB and OC are coplanar , then 1)4 2)3 3)-3 4)-4
OB can be written as the linear combination of 2. Let 3 i j , i 3 j and i 1 j repectivily
two non-colinear vectors OA and OC . Let be the position vectors of the points A,B and C
with respect to the origin ‘O’. If the distance of
OC and OA be taken a long x and y axes
‘c’ from the bisector of the acute angle between
respectively , and OA OB OB r 3
OA and OB is then the sum of all possible
where r be the radius, then we can write 2
OC OA values of is [2019]
OB r cos 60 r cos 30
OC OA 1) 4 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
1 3
b OC a OC 2b 3a 3. The sum of the distinct realvalues of for which
2 2
13. Right angled triangle. the vectors,
i j k , i j k , iˆ ˆj k are co-planar
(3 3 3) (3 3 3)
AO i j is [2020]
2 2
1)2 2) -1 3) 0 4) 1
3
2
(1 3) i (1 3) j
4. Let a, b, c R be such that a 2 b 2 c 2 1 . If
Vector of magnitude 2 2 units along
2 4
AO (1 3) i (1 3) j a cos b cos c cos
3 3
14. a A vector V bisecting the angle between
2i 2 j 4k where then the angle between the vectors
9
a andb is V a b
15
ai b j ck and bi c j ak is [2020]
Required vector = 6 v
15. B divides AC in the ratio BA : BC 2
1) 2) 3) 4) 0
16. LetA , A 1,1,1 , B 1, 2,3 , C 2, 1,1 2 3 9
Then AB AC 5
3 1
Midpoint of BC is D , , 2 and
2 2
AD BC , 23
KEY
1 2 1 1 0
1. 4 2. 2 3. 2 4. 1 1, 2
1 1 2 0
sum = -1
2 4
SOLUTIONS a cos b cos c cos k
3 3
k k k
a ,b ,c
cos 2 4
1. 2 a b 4 2 a 3b comparing the cos
3
cos
3
coefficient of a and b on both sides
4 2
2 4 2 , 1 1=3 =1/3 sub in cos 3 cos 3 cos
ab bc ca k 2
1 2 4
cos cos cos
1 3 3
2 4 2
3
3 6 4 2 4 cos 2 cos cos
3
k2
2 4
cos .cos cos
2. Given 3 3
OA 3 i j , OB i 3 j , OC i 1 j
1
cos 2. cos
2
the bisector of OA and OB is x-y = 0 k2 0
2 4
cos cos cos
1 B 3 3 3
2 1 3
2 2
2(or ) 1 sum = 1 cos
ai b j ck .bi c j ak ab bc ca 0
a2 b2 c2 b2 c2 a2 1
3. Given vectors
i j k , i j k , iˆ ˆj k are coplanar
2
1 1
1 1 0
1 1
2 1 1 1 11 0
24
DOT PRODUCT OF
VECTORS
SYNOPSIS Let a , b are two unit vectors and a.b cos
Let a and b be two nonzero vectors and be If a , b are any two vectors, then a . b 0 either
the angle between them, then the scalar product
a 0 (or) b 0 (or) a b . However if a , b are
or dot product of a and b denoted by a . b is
two non-zero perpendicular vectors, then a .b 0
defined as a . b a b cos
Geometrical interpretation of scalar
a.b product :
If ( a , b )= , then cos a b
Let a and b be two vectors represented by
Let i , j , k be unit orthogonal vectors i.e OA and OB respectively . Let be the angle
i j k 1 and i , j j , k k , i ,
between OA and OB . Draw
2
BL OA and AM OB . From triangle OBL
then i . i = j . j = k . k = 1
and OAM, We have OL OB cos and
i . j = j .k = k. i = 0
OM OA cos . Here OL and OM are known
j . i = k. j = i .k = 0
as projections of b on a and a on b .
If a a1 i a2 j a3 k, b b1 i b2 j b3 k Then
a .b a b cos a OB cos a OL
(i) a.b a1b1 a 2 b 2 a 3b3
= (magnitude of a ) (projection of b on a )
(ii) a.a a12 a 2 2 a 32
again a .b a b cos b a cos
2
(iii) a.a a
b OA cos b OM
Let a = a1 i +a2 j +a3 k , b = b1 i +b2 j +b3 k
= (magnitude of b ) (projection of a on b )
and let ( a , b )= then
a1b1 a 2 b2 a 3 b3
cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
a1 a 2 a 3 b1 b2 b3
Let ( a , b )= , then
b
(i) θ 90 a.b 0 (ii) 900 a.b 0
(iii) 90 0 a .b 0 ( a is perpendicular to b )
If a and b are parallel and are in the same a
direction ( a , b are like vectors ) then a.b a b Let a and b be two nonzero vectors. Then
If a and b are parallel and are in the opposite Component vector of b on a (or) orthogonal
direction ( a , b are unlike vectors ) then (b.a)a
projection of b on a is 2
a.b a b a
25
Component vector of a on b (or) orthogonal The vector equation to the plane which is at a
distance of p units from the origin and n̂ is a unit
(a.b)b
vector perpendicular to the plane is r . nˆ p
projection of a on b is b
2
If the origin lies on the plane then its equation is
The orthogonal projection of b in the direction r .n 0
(b.a)a The vector equation of a plane passing through the
perpendicular to that of a is b 2
point A a and perpendicular to the vector n is
a
The length of the orthogonal projection of b on r a .n 0
(a.b) In a parallelogram, if its diagonals are equal then it
a is a is a rectangle.
The length of the orthogonal projection of a on In a parallelogram, the sum of the squares of the
diagonals is equal to the sum of the squares of the
(a.b) sides.
b is b If F be the force and s be the displacement
The scalar product is commutative i.e., a . b = b . a inclined at an angle with the direction of the force,
The scalar product is distributive over vector then work done F .S
addition i.e., a .( b + c ) = a . b + a . c , ( b + c ). a
If a constant force F acting on a particle displaces
= b.a +c.a
it from A to B, then work done, W F . AB
l a .b a . l b l a .b where l is a scalar
If F is the resultant of the forces F1 , F2 ......Fn
a .a 0; a .b a b ; a b a b then work done in displacing the particle from A to
a b a b
B is W F1 F2 .... Fn . AB
Cauchy schwartz in equality : Let If a number of forces are acting on a particle, the
a1 , a2 , a3 and b1 , b2 , b3 be real numbers. Then sum of the work done by the seperate forces is
equal to the work done by the resultant force.
a1b1 a2b2 a3b3 2 A line makes angles , , , , with the four
a 2
1
a22 a32 b12 b22 b32 and equality
diagonals of a cube then cos 2 cos 2
cos 2 cos 2 4 / 3
a1 a2 a3
holds If b b b If r is any vector then
1 2 3
r (r . i ) i (r . j ) j (r .k )k .
2 2 2
a b a b 2a.b If a , b are two vectors then
2 2 2 i) a .a 0 ii) a . b | a || b |
a b a b 2a.b
2 2 2 2 iii) a b a b iv) a b a b
a b c a b c 2(a.b b.c c.a)
The cartesian equation of the plane passing through
Let l1 , m1 , n1 be the direction cosines of a and let the point A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and perpendicular to the
l 2 , m2 , n2 be the direction cosines of b and let vector m ai bj ck is
(a, b) then Cos l1l2 m1m2 n1n2 a( x x1 ) b( y y1 ) c( z z1 ) 0 .
26
The equation of the plane passing through the point Eg : 1
A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and whose normal has d.r.s a,b,c is If a i j 2k and b 8 i 6 j k
a( x x1 ) b( y y1 ) c( z z1 ) 0 . are perpendicular then is
Angle between any two diagonals of a cube is Sol: Let a i j 2k and
cos 1 (1/ 3) . b 8 i 6 j k Since, a , b are at right
Angle between a diagonal of a cube and a diagonal angles, a .b 0
of a face of the cube which are passes through the
( i j 2k ).(8i 6 j k ) 0
same corner is cos 1 2 / 3 .
8 6 2 0 1
Angle between a diagonal of a cube and edge of a Eg : 2
1 Orthogonal projection of
cube is cos 1
3 b = 2i 3 j 6k on a i 2 j 2k is
Angle between a line and a plane : Sol: Orthogonal projection
[( 2 i 3 j 6 k ). ( i 2 j 2 k )]( i 2 j 2 k )
i) The angle between a line and a plane is the 2
complement of the angle between the line and i 2 j 2k
normal to the plane. If is the anlge between a (2 6 12) 8
( i 2 j 2 k ) ( i 2 j 2k )
line r a tb and a plane r .m d then 9 9
Eg : 3
b .m
cos 900 sin I f a 2 i j 2k , b 5 i 3 j k t h e n
b m . orthogonal projection of a on b is
If is the angle between the line (a.b)b
x x1 y y1 z z1 Sol: Orthogonal projection of a on b is b
2
and the plane
l m n
(10 3 2) (5i 3 j k ) 9(5i 3 j k )
ax by cz d 0
25 9 1 35
al bm cn Eg : 4
then i) sin
a 2 b2 c2 l 2 m2 n2 The orthogonal projection of b 3i 2 j 5k
ii) If the line is perpendicular to the plane then on a vector perpendicular to a 2 i j 2k is
l m n Sol: Orthogonal projection of b on a
.
a b c
3i 2 j 5k
iii) If the line is parallel to the plane then
al bm cn 0 (3i 2 j 5k ).(2 i j 2k )
(2 i j 2k )
The perpendicular distance of the plane r .n a .n . 4 1 4
a .n 6 2 10
3 i 2 j 5k (2 i j 2k )
from the origin is n 9
2
Angle between the planes (3i 2 j 5k ) (2 i j 2k )
3
n1.n2
r .n1 p1 , r .n2 p2 , then Cos 13i 4 j 11k
n1 n2
3
27
Eg : 5
The length of orthogonal projection of EXERCISE - I
a 2 i 3 j k on b 4 i 4 j 7k is
Sol: The length of the orthogonal projection of a 1. If A.(B+C) = B.(C+A) = C.(A+B) = 0 and
(a.b) 8 12 7 27 A 3, B 4 and C 5 then A B C
on b is b 16 16 49 9 3
1) 5 2) 5 2 3) 5 / 2 4) 2
Eg : 6 2. a , b , c are three vectors, such that
The vector equation of the plane passing
a b c 0, a 1, b 2, c 3 ,then
through the point 3, 2,1 and perpendicular
a .b b .c c .a
2
is equal to
to the vector 4,7, 4 is
1) – 7 2) 49 3) 7 4) 1
Sol. r 3i 2 j k . 4 i 7 j 4k 0 3. If a 3, b 4 and a - b 5 then a + b
r . 4 i 7 j 4k (EAM 1994)
1) 6 2) 5 3) 4 4) 3
3i 2 j k . 4 i 7 j 4k 12 14 4 4. If a 1, b 2, a b a 2b
2 2
20 ,
r . 4 i 7 j 4 k 6 then a , b
Eg : 7 2
The angle between the line 1) 2) 3) 4)
3 4 6 3
r ( i 3 j 3k ) t (2i 3 j 6k ) 5. If is acute angle and the vector
and the plane r .( i j k ) 5 is
(sin )i (cos ) j is perpendicular to the
(2 i 3 j 6 k ).( i j k ) vector i 3 j then = (EAM-2000)
Sol: sin
2 i 3 j 6k i j k
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 3 6 1 1 6 5 4 3
sin 1
4 9 36 1 1 1 3 3 6. Let a 3 and b 4 . The value of ' ' for
Eg : 8 which the vectors a b and a b are
Angle between the planes
perpendicular is...
r .(2 i j k ) 3 and r .( i j 2 k ) 4 is 3 2 3 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
Sol: Let a 2 i j k 4 3 4 3
7. If a b is perpendicular to b and a 2b is
and b i j 2 k
perpendicular to a then.
If is the angle between the planes then
1) a = b 2) a = 2 b
a.b
cos cos (a , b ) 3) b = 2 a 4) a = b 3
a b
2 1 2 3 1 8. (a - d ).(b - c ) (b - d ).(c - a ) (c - d ).(a - b)
60
4 11 11 4 6 2
1) 0 (null vector) 2) 0
28
3) a.b+c.d 4) a.c+b.d
9. If two out of the 3 vectors a , b, c are unit 1) 30° 2) 45° 3) 60° 4) 90°
18. If a , b , c are three unit vectors such that
vectors , a b c 0 and
a b c 1 and a b . If c makes angles
2( a.b b.c c.a) 3 0 then the length of the
third vector is , with a,b respectively, then
1) 3 2) 2 3)1 4) 0 cos cos is equal to
10. If r = (x + y+ 2 )i + (2 x -y+ 3 ) j+ (x + 2 y + 7 ) k
3 3
where r.i = 3, r.j = 5 then r .k = 1) 2) 1 3) 1 4)
2 2
1) 4 2) 6 3) 9 4) 8 19. Angle between the vectors a i 2 j k
11. If a.i = a.(i+ j) =a.(i+ j+k) then a = (EAM-2002)
and b xi j ( x 1) k
1) i 2) j 3) k 4) i+ j+k 1) Obtuse angle 2) Acute angle
12. The vector b which is collinear with the vector 3) Right angle 4) Depends on x
20. If a and are non-zero and different vectors
a 2, 1,2 and satisfies the relation a.b 18
is such that then the angle
1) 4, 2, 4 2) 2,1, 1 between and is
3) 1, 1, 1 4) 1,1, 0
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 4 2 6
13. If | a || b || a b |, then the angle between
21. If the angle between the vectors x,3, 7 and
a and b is
2
x, x, 4 is obtuse, the domain of ‘x’ is
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 2 3 3 1) 4,7 2) 4,7
14. If a and b are two unit vectors and be the
3) R 4,7 4) R 4,7
angle between them, then sin =
2 22. If the position vectors of A,B and C are
1 1 respectively 2i j k , i 3 j 5k and
1) a - b 2) a + b a -b 4) a +b
3)
2 2
3i 4 j 4k then cos A
2
15. If a and b are unit vectors and is the angle
between them ,then a-b will be a unit vector if
6 35
= (EAM-1997) 1) 0 2) 3) 4) 1
41 41
1) 2) 3) 4) 23. If a i 2 j 3k and b 3i j 2k then the
4 3 6 2
16. If a = pi+3j-7k ,b = pi-pj+4k and if the angle
between a and b is acute , then the values of
angle between the vectors a b and
p lies in a b is
1) P< 4 or p>7 2) (-7,4)
3) P 4orp 7 4) [-7,4]
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 3 2 6
17. If a+b+c = 0, a = 3 , b = 5 and c =7 then
the angle between a and b is
29
24. If e1 and e2 are unit vectors and the vectors is
e1 2e2 , 5e1 4e2 are at right angles, than the 3 7
1) 2) 7 3) 3 4)
7 3
angle between e1 and e2 is
31. If the vector OP in XY plane whose magnitude
1) 300 2) 600 3) 450 4) 750
is 3 makes an angle 600 with Y-axis, the
25. If AB =(3,-2,2), BC =(-1,0-2) are the adjacent length of the component of the vector in
sides of a parallelogram, then the obtuse angle direction of X-axis is
between its diagonals is
1) 1 2) 3 3) 1/2 4) 3/2
3
1) 2) / 2 3) / 3 4)
4 4 32. Let P = (1,0,-1) Q = (-1,2,0) R = (2,0,-3) S=(3,-
26. If a and b are unit vectors inclined to x-axis 2,-1), then the length of the component of RS
on PQ is
at angle 300 and 1200, then a b equals 1) 1/3 2) 2/3 3) 4/3 4) 5/3
1) 2/3 2) 2 3) 3 4) 2 33. If a 2i j k , b i 5 j , c 4i 4 j 2k
then the length of the projection of
27. If AB = -i-2j-6k, BC = 2i-j+k , AC = i-3j-5k .Then
B
3a 2b in the direction of c
1) 3 2) –3 3) 33 4) –33
40 6
1) Cos 41 2) Cos 41
1 1
5
34. The angle between a and b is and the
6
1 6 1 62
3) Cos 4) Cos 6
41 63 pr oj ection of a on b is then a
3
28. The value of a, for which the points A,B, C
with position vectors 2 i j k , i 3 j 5k 3
1) 6 2) 3) 12 4) 4
2
and ai 3 j k respectively are the vertices
35. The component of ai b j ck on the Y–axis
of a right angled triangle with C are is
2
(AIE-2006) 1) a 2) b 3) c 4) 0
1) -2 or 1 2) 2 or -1
36. The components of a vector on the co-ordinate
3) 2 or 1 4) -2 or -1 axes are 2,1,2. Then the length of the vector
is
29. If a =(-1,1,2); b =(2,1,-1); c =(-2,1,3) then the
(1) 3 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 5
angle between 2a c and a b is
37. If a 2i 3 j and b 3 j 4k . Then the
3
1) 2) 3) 4) vector form of the component of a along b is
4 3 6 2
GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION
30. Given two vectors a 2i 3 j 6k ,
1)
9 3 j 4k 2)
9 3 j 4k
10 3 25
b 2i 2 j k and
the projection of a on b
, then the value of
the projection of b on a
30
44. The vector equation of the plane which is
3)
9 3 j 4k 4) 3 j 4k
perpendicular to 2i-3j+k and at a distance of
13 5 units from the origin is (EAM-1991)
38. The orthogonal projection of a =2 i +3 j +3 k 1) r.(2i-3j+k) = 5 14 2) r.(2i-3j+k) =5
on b = i -2 j + k (where i . j . k are unit vectors
along three mutually perpendicular directions) (2i 3j k) r.(2i 3j k)
is (EAM-1996) 3) r. 4)
14 14
i 2 j k i 2 j k 45. The cartesian equation of the plane passing
1) 2)
6 6 through the point 3, 2,1 and perpendicular
3) i 2 j k 4) i 2 j k to vector 4 i 7 j 4 k is
39. If a = 4 i +6 j and b = 3 j +4 k , then the 1) 4 x 7 y 4 z 6 0 2) 4 x 7 y 4 z 6 0
vector form of the component of a along b is 3) 4 x 7 y 4 z 6 0 4) 4 x 7 y 4 z 6 0
18(3i 4 k ) 18(3 j 4 k )
1) 2) 46. The angle between planes
10 3 25
r.(2i-3j+4k)+11=0 and r.(3i-2 j-3k)+27 =0 is
18(3i 4 k ) (3 j 4 k )
3) 4) 1) / 6 2) / 3 3) / 4 4) / 2
13 25
40. If a = i +2 j + k , b = 2 j + k - i , then component 47. A particle is acted upon by constant forces
of a perpendicular to b is 4i j 3k and 3i j k which displace it
5 2 1 5 1 from a point i 2 j 3k to the point
1) i j k 2) i 2j k
2 3 2 3 3 5i 4 j k . The work done in standard units
5i 2 j k by the forces is given by (AIE-2004)
3) 4) i + j + k 1) 40 2) 30 3) 25 4) 15
3
41. The length of the orthogonal projection of a 48. The force F 3i j k acts on a particle and
vector i 2 j k on vector 4i 4 j 7 k is
it moves from the point A 2i j to
19 19
1)
6
2)
7
B 2i j . The work done by the force F =
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
3)
19 4i 4 j 7k 4)
19
9 9
42. The cartesian equation of the plane
perpendicular to vector 3i-2j-2k and passing
through the point 2i+3j-k is
1) 3x+2y+2z=2 2) 3x-2y+2z=2
3) 3x+2y-2z=2 4) 3x-2y-2z=2
43. The perpendicular distance from origin to the
plane 3x - 2y - 2z = 2 is
1) 1 / 17 2) 2 / 17 3) 3 / 17 4) 4 / 17
31
KEY
01) 2 02\) 2 03) 2 04) 4 05) 4 06) 3
5. sin 1 cos 3 0
07) 2 08) 2 09) 3 10) 4 11) 1 12) 1
13) 3 14) 3 15) 2 16) 1 17) 3 18) 3 sin
19) 1 20) 3 21) 1 22) 3 23) 3 24) 2 3 60o
cos
25) 4 26) 2 27. 2 28) 3 29) 3 30) 4 2
2
31) 4 32) 3 33) 1 34) 4 35) 2 36) 1 6. Use a 2 b
37) 2 38) 1 39) 2 40) 3 41) 4 42. 4
43) 2 44) 1 45) 2 46) 4 47) 1 48) 2 7. a b .b 0 and a 2b .a 0 simplify
SOLUTIONS 8. a .b a .c d .b d .c b .c
1. 2 A.B B.C C . A 0 b .a d .c d .a c .a c .b d .a d .b 0
2
9. a b c 0 1 1 c 3 0 c 1
2
2
A B C 9 16 25
r .i 3.... 1
2. a b c 0 1 4 9 2 ab
. b.c c.c 0 10. Solving (1) & (2).
r . j 5.... 2
a.b b.c c .a 7
3. Given a 3, b 4 and a b 5 we know
[Link] a.i a. i j a. i j k
let a xi y j zk
2
a b ab 2 a b
2
2 2
a.i a. i j
a. i j a. i j k
a b
2
25 2 9 16 x x y x y x y z
2 y0 z0
a b 25
ab 5
a.i a. i j k
x x yz ax
2 2
4. Given a 1, b 2 a b a 2b 20 x 1
12. Given b a a 2i j 2k
2 2 2 2
a b 2 a.b a 4 b 4 a.b 20 b 2i j 2k and a.b 18
1 4 1 16 2 a.b 20 4 4 18
2
2 a.b 2 b 4, 2, 4 C
a.b 1 13. | a b |2 | a |2 | b |2 2 | a || b | cos
1 1 | a |2 | a |2 | b |2 2 | a || b | cos
We know
cos a, b
a.b
a b
1 2 2 | b |2 2 | a || b | cos ,
1
a, b 23 cos
2
600
32
1 a .b
14. sin a b 19. cos
2 2 | a || b |
15. Given a b 1 and a, b 20. Here perpendicular ,
2
a b 1
2 ,
a b 1 2 2
21. x,3, 7 . x, x, 4 0 .
2 2
a b 2 a.b 1
AB. AC
22. cos A
1 1 2 a.b 1
.
AB AC
a.b 1/ 2
23. Check a b . a b 0 (or) check a b .
a b cos a.b
1
2
24. e1 2e2 . 5e1 4e2 0 5 8 6cos
11cos 1/ 2 1
where, e1 , e2 cos 600
1 2
cos cos 600
2 25. Given AB 3i 2 j 2k , BC i 2k
diagonals of a parallalogran
3 AC AB BC 2i 2 j
16. Given a pi 3 j 7 k , b pi p j 4k BD BC AB 4i 2 j 4k
and a.b 0
p 2 3 p 28 0 [Link] 8 4 0 12
cos
p 2 7 p 4 p 28 0 AC BD 8 16 4 16 6 2 2
p p 7 4 p 7 0 1 3
cos cos
2 4
p 4 p 7 0 a.b 0 p 4 or p 7 3
Find AC & BD
17. a b c 0 a b c 4
S.O.B.S and expand
[Link]
cos
18. Given a b c 1 and a.b 0 AC BD
a, c , b, c 26. Clearly, a and b are at right angles
2 2 2
a b a b 2 a b cos 90
2
a b c 1 2
a b 1 1 0 2 a b 2
2 2 2
a b c 2 a.b b.c c.a) 1
B C .B A
1+1+1+2 0 cos cos 1 27. c o s
BC BA
cos cos 1
33
28. Given ai b j ck . j b
OA 2i j k , OB i 3 j 5k , OC ai 3 j k 35. j
.
and c 36. a 2 b2 c2 4 1 4 3
2
[Link] 0 a.b b
37. .
OA OC . OB OC 0
2
b
2 a i 2 j . 1 a i 6k 0 38. Given a 2i 3 j 3k b i2jk
2 a 1 a 0 0 0
a.b b 2 6 3 i 2 j k 1 i 2 j k
a 1 or 2
1 4 1
2 2
b 6
29. 2a c 0,1,1 , a b 1, 2,1
a .b b
2 1
39. 2
then cos cos1 3 / 2 , 300 b
2 6
a .b b
4-0. a
a .b 2
|b | |a | b
30. b .a | b |
a.b
|a |
41. .
b
31. 3 cos 900 600
42. Use r a .b 0
RS .PQ
d
32. PQ 43. Distance =
a2 b2 c2
33. G i v e n 44. a 2i 3 j k ; p 5 plane equation
a 2i j k , b i 5 j , C 4i 4 j 2k a
now r. p
a
3a 2b 3 2i j k 2 i 5 j 4i 7 j 3k 45. r a .b 0
length of projection of 3a 2b on c is x 3 i y 2 j z 1 k .
3a 2b .c 16 28 6
18
3 . 4i 7 j 4k 0 .
= 16 16 4 16
c
m1.m2
46. cos
3 m1 m2
a b
a.b 6 2 6
34. a 4. 47. F F1 F2 and W.E. = F . d
b 3 b 3
48. W [Link]
34
EXERCISE - II 7. If A, B are two points on the curve y x 2 in
the xoy plane satisfying OA.i 1 and
1. If a and b are non-collinear unit vectors and
OB.i 2 then the length of the vector
a b 3 then 2a 5b . 3a b
2OA 3OB is
15 15
1) 2) 3) 15 4) 16 1) 14 2) 2 51 3) 3 41 4) 2 41
4 2
2. If a, b and c are perpendicular to b c , c a
8. If a parallelogram is constructed on the
and a b respectively and if a b 6 ,
vectors a 3 p q , b p 3q and
b c 8 and c a 10 , then a b c is p q 2 and angle between p and q is
equal to
1) 5 2 2) 50 3) 10 2 4) 10 , then the ratio of the lengths of the sides
3
is
3. Let u , v , w be such that u 1, v 2, w 3.
1) 7 : 13 2) 6: 2
If the projection of v along u is equal to that
of w along u and v , w are perpendicular to 3) 3: 5 4) 1: 2
each other, then u v w equals 9. If a=2m+n,b=m-2n , Angle between the unit
1) 2 2) 7 3) 14 4) 14 vectors m and n is 60 0 . a,b are the sides of a
parallelogram ,then the lengths of the
diagonals are
4. The length of longer diagonal of the
1) 7, 5 2) 13 , 5
parallelogram constructed on 5a 2b and
3) 7 , 13 4) 11, 13
a 3b if it is given a 2 2; b 3, and
10. If a , b, c are three mutually perpendicular
a , b / 4 is vectors of equal magnitudes then the vector
equally inclined to a , b, c
1) 15 2) 113 3) 593 4) 395
i j k
5. If b=4i+3j and c are two vectors perpendicular 1) 2) a b c
3
to each other in the XY plane ,the vector in a b c a bc
the same plane having components 1, 2 along 3) 4)
3 3
b and c respectively is 11. If the position vectors of A,B,C,D are
1) (-2i+11j)/5 2) (2i+11j)/5 respectively
6,1, 6 6, 2,3 , 2, 3, 1 and
3) (-2i-11j)/5 4) (2i-11j)/5
5, 9, 7 then
6. The perpendicular distance of a corner of unit
1) BCA is a right angle 2) CDA is a right angle
cube from a diagonal not passing through it is
1) 2 / 3 2) 2/3 3) 1/3 4) 1
35
3) ABD is a right angle 4) ACD is a right angle i 2 j 3k 2i j 3k
1) 2)
14 14
12. b 6 , then b 3c a if
3i j 2k i 3 j 2k
1) 9,3 2) 3, 6 3) 6, 3 4) -3, 4 3) 4)
14 14
13. If a = -i+j+k and b = 2i+k , then the vector c
satisfying the conditions that (i) it is coplanar 18. The projection of the vector i j k on the
with a and b (ii) it is perpendicular to b (iii) a.c line whose vectro equation is
=7 is r (3 t ) i (2t 1) j 3tk , t being the
1) -3/2i+5/2j+3k 2) -3i+5j+6k scalar parameter, is
3) -6i k 4) -i+2 j+2k 1 6
(1) (2) 6 (3) (4) 10
14. If a = 2i+ j+2k ,b = 5i-3j+k , then the length of the 14 14
component vector of b perpendicular to a is 19. A plane is at a distance of 8 units from the
origin and is perpendicular to the vector
1) 13 2) 26 3) 18 4) 20
2i j 2k then the equation of the plane is
15. A Parallelogram is constructed with a and b
1) r. 2i j 2k 8
2) r. i 2 j 2k 24
as adjacent sides such that | a | a and | b | b.
The vector which coincides with the altitude 3) r. 2i 2 j k 24 4) r. 2i j 2k 24
of the parallelogram and is perpendicular to 20. The angle between the planes passing through
the vector a is. the points A(0, 0, 0), B(1, 1, 1) , C(3, 2, 1) &
the planes passing through A(0, 0, 0),
1) b
a .b a 2) a
a .b b B(1, 1, 1), D(3, 1, 2) is
a2 b2 1) 900 2) 450 3) 1200 4) 300
21. The point of application of the force (-2,4,7)
3) a
a .b b 4) b
a .b a is displaced from the point (3,-5,1) to the point
2
a b2 (5,9,7) .But the force is suddenly halved when
the point of application moves half the
16. If a , b , c are position vectors of the non-
[Link] work done by the force is
collinear points A, B, C respectively, the 1) 70 2) 70.5 3) 75 4) 75.5
shortest distance of A from BC is 22. If forces of magnitudes 6 and 7 units acting in
1) a . b c 2) b . c a the directions i 2 j 2k and 2 i 3 j 6k
respectively act on a particle which is
a b .c b
2 displaced from the point
2
3) b a 4) b a P (2, 1, 3) to Q (5, 1,1) , then the work done
c b
by the forces is
1) 4 units 2) -4 units 3) 7 units 4) -7 units
17. If a 3i j 2k and b i 2 j 3k then a
22. A constant force 3i 4 j 5k acts on a
unit vector in the direction of the resultant of
particle at i 2 j 2k and moves it to a point
orthogonal projection of b on a and the
on the z-axis which is 3 units from origin, the
projection of b on a line perpendicular to a work done is
is 1) 16 2) -16 3) 14 4) -14
36
KEY 9. Given a.b b.c c.a 0
01) 2 02) 4 03) 3 04) 3 05) 1 06) 4 2 2 2
07) 1 08) 3 09) 4 10) 1 11) 1 12) 1 a bca b c
13) 2 14) 1 15) 4 16. 1 17) 3 18) 4
19) 3 20) 2 21. 1 22) 2 abc
verification option 4)
SOLUTIONS 3
1 2
1. a b 3 a .b abc a
2 a.
3 3
15
Find 2a 5b . 3a b
2 2
2 2 2 abc b
2. a b b c c a 200 b.
3 3
2
2 a b c
2 2
200a.b b.c c.a 0 2
abc c
a b c 100 10 c.
3 3
2 2 2 2
3. u v w u v w 2 u.w u.v v.w abc
is equally angle with a, b, c
3
1 4 9 2 u.w u.v
10. BCA 900 .
v.w 0 14 2 u w cos u v cos 11. Write b a 3c squaring. we get
But, v cos w cos 2 6 27 0
3 5
2
u v w 14 u v w 14 . 12. Take C = , , 3 and verify
2 2
4. Longer diagonal 4a 5b a .b a
13. b 2
its magnitude 4a 5b 593 . a
14. Required vector = Component vector of b
5. Let d xi yj , and c 3i 4 j
d .b d .c
b .a a
1 4 x 3 y 5, 2 perpendicular to a b
c | a |2
b
3 x 4 y 10
Solve these two equations..
6. Let A x1 , y1 & B x2 , y2 lie on the parabola so
that OA i j , OB 2 i 4 j
15.
7. Find a 9 p q 6 pq cos 60 2 7 ;
2 2 o
b p 2 9q 2 6 pq cos 60o 2 13
[Link]
8. Length of the diagonals are a b , a b BM
BC , AM AB 2 BM 2
37
b
EXERCISE- III
16. Required vector b . 1. The value of a for which the angle between
a 2a 2 i 4aj k and b 7 i 2 j ak is
17. Since r 3i j t(i 2 j 3k ) obtuse and the angle between b and z-axis is
So, a vector parallel to the lines is
acute and less than is
6
b i 2 j 3k
Now, unit vector along the line is 1
1) Does not exist 2) Lies in 0,
2
i 2 j 3k i 2 j 3k
i.e the projection 3) Lies in 1,1 4) Lies in 0,1
I 2 22 32 14
2. Let a 2 i j k , b i 2 j k and a unit
of i j k on lines is vector c be coplanar. If c is perpendicular
to a , then c is
i 2 j 3k 1 2 3 6
i j k , 14 14 14 1)
1
j k 2)
1
i j k
2 3
2i j 2k 1 1
18. r.n p r. 3
8 3)
5
i 2 j 4)
5
i j k
3. Let a 2i j k , b i 2 j k and
r. 2i j 2k 24
c i j 2k be three vectors. A vector in
19. Plane through ABC is x 2 y z 0 the plane of b and c whose projection on a
plnae through ABD is x y 2 z 0
2
is of magnitude is
n1 i 2 j k , n2 i j 2k 3
n1 .n 2 1 1) 2 i 3 j 3 k 2) 2 i 3 j 3 k
co s 600 o r 1 2 0 0
n1 n 2 2 3) 2 i j 5 k 4) 2 i j 5 k
n
d F d 4. If a i 0 where ai 1 , for all i , then the
20. F . . i 1
2 2 2
value of ai . a j is
21. F F1 F2 (4, 7, 2), d AB (3, 0, 4) 1 i j n
n
W .D. F . d 4 1) n 2 2) n 2 3) n 4)
2
5. The position vector of the foot of the
22. W F . AB
perpendicular from (1,-2,-3) to the line
3i 4 j 5k 3k ( i 2 j 2k ) r i j 2i j k is
1) 2i j k 2) i k
3i 4 j 5k . i 2 j k = -16.
j k
3) 4) i j k
2
38
6. The ABC is defined by the vertices the acute angle between a and b is
A 1, 2, 2 B 1, 4, 0 and C 4,1,1 . Let M be 19 1 19
1) co s 1 2) cos
the foot of the altitude drawn from the vertex 5 43 5 43
B to side AC. Then BM 9 9
1 1
3) cos 4) cos
20 30 10 5 43 5 43
1)
7
, ,
7 7
2) 20, 30,10
12. The vectors X and Y satisfy the equations
3) 2,3, 1 4) 1, 2,3 2X Y p , X 2Y q where
7. If the position vector of a point P is
p i j and q i j . If is the angle
r xi yj zk , where x, y , z N and is a
between X and Y then
vector given by i j k , then the total
4 1
number of possible positions of point P for 1) cos 2) sin
5 2
which r . 10
1) 36 2) 72 3) 66 4) 100 4 3
3) cos 4) cos
8. If pth , q th , r th terms of a G.P. are the positive 5 5
numbers a, b, c then angle between the vectors 13. A 2,3,5 , B 1,3, 2 and C ,5,
are the vertices of a triangle. If the median
log a 3 i log b3 j log c 3k and
AM is equally inclined to the coordinates
(q r ) i (r p ) j ( p q )k is axes, then
1 1 1) 10, 7 2) 10, 7
1) 2) 4) sin 2
3)
3) 7, 10 4) 7, 10
a b c
2 2
6 2 3
9. Let a , b , c be vectors of equal magnitude 14. Let a BC , b CA, c AB be the sides of the
triangle ABC. If G is the centroid of ABC
such that the angle between a and b is , b
such that GB and GC are inclined at an
and c is and c and a is . Then the
obtuse angle, then
minimum value of cos cos cos is
1) 5a 2 b 2 c 2 2) 5c 2 a 2 b 2
1 1 3 3
1) 2) 3) 4) 3) 5b 2 a 2 c 2 4) None of these
2 2 2 2
10. Let p and q be the position vectors of P and 15. The position vector of A is pi j .If A is
Q repectively with respect to ‘O’ and
rotated about O through an angle in anti
p p , q q . if R, S, divides PQ Internally 6
and externally in the ratio 2:3 respectively. If clock wise direction. It coincides with B whose
OR and OS are perpendicular, then position vector i q j .The value of p, q are
1) 9 p 4q
2 2
2) 4 p 9q
2 2
1
1) 3, 3 2) 3,
3) 9p=4q 4) 4p=9q 3
11. The vectors 3a 5b and 2a b are mutually 1 1 1 1
3) 3 , 3 or 3 , 3 4) ,
3 3
perpendicular and the vectors a 4b &
a b are also mutually perpendicular. Then 16. In ABC , CB a, CA b, AB c. CD is
39
median through the vertex C. Then CA. CD and AC =c , then DB. AB has the value
equals
3a 2 b 2 c 2 a 2 3b 2 c 2
1) 2)
1)
1
4
3a 2 b 2 c 2 2)
4
1 2
a 3b 2 c 2 2 2
a 2 b 2 3c 2 a 2 3b 2 c 2
3) 4)
3)
1 2
4
a b 2 3c 2 4)
1
4
3a 2 b 2 c 2 2 2
17. If a is the position vector of A then the KEY
position vector of the foot of the perpendicular 01) 1 02) 1 03) 3 04) 4 05) 2 06) 1
from A to the plane r .b b .c is. 07) 1 08) 2 09) 4 10) 1 11) 1 12) 3
13) 3 14) 1 15) 3 16) 2 17) 2 18) 1
c a b c a .b b 19) 2 20) 1
1) b 2 2) a
|b | | b |2 SOLUTIONS
c b .a c b .a 1. 2a , 4a,1 . 7, 2, a 0
2
14a 2 7 a 0
3) b b 4) a b
| a |2 | a |2 a 2a 1 0 a a 1/ 2 0
1
AB
u
v 0a 1
18. In triangle ABC if u v and 2
7,2,a . 0,0,1 3
and
a
0a 0.... 2
2u 494a2.1 2 53a2
AC
u where u v then a 3
2a 3 53 a2
2
53 a 2 2
1) 1 cos 2 A 0 2) cos 2 A 0
a 2 159 , a 159 or a 159....... 3
3) 2 cos 2 A 0
There is no value satisfying 1 2 & 3
4) 1 cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2C 0
. 012,c a2b . But
2. Let c a b and ca
19. Let ABCD be a parallelogram such that
1
AB q, AD p and BAD be an acute c 1
3 2
angle. If r is the vector that coincides with
3. A vector in the plane of b and c is b c, or
the altitude directed from the vertex B to the
side AD, then r is given by 1 i 2 j 1 2 k . Its projection on
2
p
3 p.q p
p.q a is 3
1) r 3q 2) r q
p. p p. p
2 1 2 1 2
2
6 3
p
p.q p p.q
1 2 1, 3 , 3 3
3) r q 4) r 3q
p. p p. p 4.
2 2
a1 a2 .... a a1 a2 .... an 2
2 2
20. In a parallelogram ABCD,
AB a, AD b,
1K , i j n
ai . a j 0 n 2 G.E
40
5.
x 1 y 1 z
t x 2t 1, y t 1, z t 11. 3a 5b . 2a b 0
2 1 1
2 2
Let, M 2t 1, t 1, t , A 1 2 3 6 a 7 a.b 5 b 0
D.R’S of M 2t,t 3,t 3 D.R’S of line 2,1,1 2 2
6 a 5 b
a.b 1
Pro of D.R’S =0 t 1 M 1,0, 1 7
6. Here MB Component vector of AB a 4b . b a 0
[Link] AC and
2 2
Perpendicular AC AB 2 4 b a 3 a.b 0
AC
hence find BM 2 2
4b a
7. r . 10 x y z 10 a.b 2
3
No. of solutions = 101 C31 9C2 36
2 2 2 2
p 1 6 a 5 b 4b a
8. Use a t p AR log a log A (P 1)log R from (1) & (2)
etc. 7 3
9. Let a b c 2 2 43
25 a 43 b a b
25
we have, a . b a b cos 2 cos
2
b .c b c cos cos 2 a b
also a.b
25
c .a c a cos 2 cos
2
2 a.b 19 b 19
Now, a b c 0 cos
43 2
a b 5 43
b
a b c 2 a . b b .c c . a 0
2 2
25
1 1
3 2 2 2 (cos cos cos ) 0
12. X i 3 j , Y i 3 j cos
3 3
4
5
3
cos cos cos
2
Pp A 2, 3,5
Q q 13.
10.
B 1,3, 2 M C ,5,
2q 3 p
OR 1 2 5 8
5 M , 4, , AM 2 ,1, 2
2 2
2q 3 p
OS &OR. OS 0
1
41
cos
AM . i
AM . j
AM . k c a .b b
AM AM AM along b r a
| b |2
5 8
2
1
2 c a .b b
r a
5 2 & 8 2 7 & 10 | b |2
14. Let A 0; AB b , AC c then 18. AC AB BC
AG
b c BC u v [Link] u v . u v 0
3
c
[Link] 0 5 bc
. 2 b 2 c 0
2 2
B
2
Hence cos A 1 0
c 2 b2 a 2
2c b 19. AE vector compenent of q on p
2 2
5
2
c2 b2 a2 AE
p.q p q r p.q p
b2 c2 5a2 Use b.c 2
p. p p. p
OAOB
. 20. DB DA AB or D A D B A B
15. | OA || OB | , Cos
6 | OA | .| OB |
2 2 2
DA DB AB 2 DB. AB
A O
in parallelogram 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 DB 2
DB 2a 2 2b 2 c 2
2
b b 2 2a 2 2b 2 c 2
b 3a 2 b 2 c 2
[Link]
16.
D 2
2
21. Putting x 1 in y x 2 x 10 y 12 and
dy
B b C c at A is 3. Tangent at A is y 12 3 x 1 .
dx
it meets x-axis at B .
Let A be origin & AB b, AC c then
3, 0 . OB 3i , AB 4i 12 j
AB b c, AC c b
OA. AB 148
b
CA c & CD 2 c
b
. c . c
CACD
2
17. If F r then AF Component Vector of AC
42
JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
7. Let a 2i , j 3k , b 4i 3 2 j 6k
1. If the vectors
and c 3i 6 j 3 1 k be three vectors such that
p a 1 i a j ak , q ai a 1 j ak and
b 2a and a is perpendicular to c then a possible of
v ai a j a 1 k a R are coplanar and
1 , 2 , 3 is [2019]
2 2
3 p.q p 0 , then the value of is
__________ [2020] 1) 1, 2,1 2) 1,3,1
1 1
3) , 4, 0 4) , 4, 2
2. a and b are unit vectors, then the greatest value 2 2
of 3 a b a b is __________ [2020]
8. Let toe a vector coplanar with the vectors
3. If x and y be two non-zero vectors such that
a 2i 3 j k and b j k . If is perpendicular
x y x and 2x y is perpendicular to y then 2
to a and .b 24 then is equal to [2019]
the value of is [2020]
1) 84 2) 336
4. Let the vectors a, b, c be such that a 2, b 4 3) 315 4) 256
and c 4 if the projection of b on a is equal to the
KEY
projection c on a and b is perpendicular to c , then
1. 1.00 2. 4.00 3. 1.00 4. 6.00
the value of a b c is ------------- [2020]
5. 2.00 6. 8.00 7. 3 8. 2
5. Let a , b and c be three unit vectors such that
2 2 2 2
a b a c 8 then a 2b a 2c is
equal to ____ [2019]
6. The projection of the line segment joining the points
(1,-1,3) and (2,-4,11) on the line joining the points (-
1,2,3) and (3,-2,10) is [2020]
43
SOLUTIONS
3. Given x y x squaring on both sides we get
2 2
a 1 a a x y x
a a 1 a 0
1.
a a a 1 2 2 2
x y 2 x. y x 2 x. y y 0 --------- 1
2
a 1 a 1
a2 a a2 a a2 a a2 a2 a 0 also 2x y and y are perpendicular
2
2
2 x. y y 0 --------- 2 comparing 1 and
a 1 2a 1 2a 2 0 2a 2 3a 1 2a 2 0
2 1
a 1/ 3
4. Projection of b on a = projection of c on a
1
3
1
3
1
p 2i j k q i 2j k , i j 2k
3
a. b a. c, a 2, b 4, c 4 given b.c 0
now
1 1
p.q 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
9 3 abc a b c 2ab
. 2.
bc2.
ac4161636
1 1
q
1
3
i jk q
3
111
3
abc 6
2 1
q 2 2
3 5. Given a b c 1 and a b a c 8
2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
3 p.q q 0 3. 0 1 a b 2a.b a c 2a.c 8
9 3
1 1 2 a.b a c 1 1 8
2. a b 1 1 2 cos 2 cos
2
a b 1
2 a.b a.c 4
a.b a c 2 now
similarly a b 2 sin
2
N o w
2 2 2 2 2
a 2b a 2c 2 a 4 b 4 c 4 ab
. a c
3 a b a b 2 3 cos sin m
iuxa
m = 2(1)+4(1)+4(1)+4(-2) = 2+8-8 = 2
2 2
3
2
value = 2 1 2 3 1 2 2 4
44
6. Let P(1,-1,3) Q(2,-4,11),R(-1,2,3) and S(3,-2,10)then
PQ OQ OP i 3 j 8k
RS OS OR 4i 4 j 7 k
Projection of PQ on RS is
[Link] 4 12 56 72
8
RS 16 16 49 9
7. Given a.c 0 and
b 2a 6 61 3 3 1 0
3 2 21
3 21 1 let
1 1 then 2 1 , 3 3
2 3 21
1
Let 1 then 2 4 3 0
2
1
let 1 then 2 2, 3 2
2
1
1 , 2 , 3 , 4, 0
2
8. Let 1 a 2 b
.a 1 a.a 2 a.b
O 141 22 2 71
.b 1 a.b 2 b.b
24 21 22 24 121 1 2
2 14 4i 8 j 16k
2
336
45
CROSS PRODUCT
SYNOPSIS Cross Product (or) Vector Product :
Left handed & right handed system If a and b are two vectors then the cross
(Definition) : product or vector product of the vectors
represented by a b is defined as,
Let a , b and c be three non-coplanar vectors.
Let O, A ,B and C be points in the space such a b a b sin a , b . nˆ
that no three of them are collinear. Let OA a , where n̂ is unit vector perpendicular to both
OB b and OC c . Observing from the point a and b such that a , b , nˆ form right handed
C, if the angle of rotation ( in the anticlock wise system
sense) of OA to OB does not exceed 180 then
the vector triad (a , b , c ) is said to be a Right
handed triad or a Right handed System.
If (a , b , c ) is not a right handed triad then it is
said to be a Left handed triad.
If (a , b , c ) is a right handed (left handed)
system then the triads (b , c , a ) and (c , a , b )
also form right handed (left handed) systems. a b 0 iff a 0 or b 0 or a , b are
If any two vectors are interchanged then the parallel vectors.
system changes from R.H.S to L.H.S or L.H.S
to R.H.S. The vector product of any vector with itself is 0
If any vector of a system is replaced by its Thus, a a 0 , b b 0 etc...
additive inverse then the system changes from If a , b are non-zero and non-parallel vectors
R.H.S to L.H.S or L.H.S to R.H.S.
then a b is a vector perpendicular to the plane
If (a , b , c ) is a right handed triad and a , b , c are
determined by a and b whose magnitude is
mutually perpendicular to each other then
(a , b , c ) is called an Orthogonal triad. a b sin , where a , b
a b a b sin a b
Properties of cross product of vectors :
The cross product of vectors does not obey
commutative law. i.e., a b b a
But a b b a
a b b a
46
Let l,m be scalars, then
b c c a a b
i) a b a b a b b a
p q l1 l2 l3
ii) a b a b m1 m2 m3
iii) l a b l a b a l b Angle between two vectors :
If a and b are two non-zero and non-collinear
iv) l a m b lm a b
Distributive law : a b
vectors and a , b then sin
a b
i) a b c a b a c
ii) a b c a c b c If a (a1, a2 , a3 ) and b (b1, b2 , b3 ) then
Vector Products among i, j,k :
(a b1 2 a2b1 )2
If i, j , k are unit Orthogonal triad of vectors sin ,
then a12 b12
ii j j k k 0
cos
a b 1 1
i j k , j k i , k i j,
a b1
2
1
2
The above result can be easily commited to
memory with the help of the following table A Vector perpendicular to the given
two vectors :
The vectors perpendicular to both a and b are
given by a b where R
The unit vectors perpendicular to a and b
a b
a b
Evaluation of a b :
The vectors perpendicular to a and b with
If a a1 i a2 j a3 k a1 , a2 , a3 and
m a b
b b1 i b2 j b3 k b1 , b2 , b3 then
magnitude m are
a b
i j k
The unit vectors perpendicular to the plane
a b a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
AB AC
ABC are
AB AC
Evaluation of p q where base vectors aree
The unit vectors perpendicular to the plane
a, b & c :
containing three non-collinear points a , b and
If p l1a l2b l3c , q m1a m2b m3c are
two vectors represented as a linear combination
a b b c c a
c are
a b b c c a
of base vectors a, b, c, then
47
The unit vector n perpendicular to both points P1 , P2 and P3 are in clock sense from the
a , b such that a , b , n form a right handed
side of n , then the vector area is A n . In
a b any case the vector area of a plane region D is
system is n a b
either A ( n ) or A n so that the area is the
The unit vector n perpendicular to both a , b magnitude of the vector area.
The vector area of ABC is
such that a , b , n form a left handed system is
n
a b
1
2
1
2
1
AB AC BC BA CA CB
2
a b
If ABC is a triangle such that AB a ,
Vector equation of the line :
Vector equation of the line passes through the AC b then
1
point A a and parallel to the vector b is (i) The vector area of triangle ABC =
2
a b
r a b 0 , which is called non-parametric
form of the line (ii) Area of triangle ABC =
1
2
a b
Vector equation of the line passes through two
If a , b , c are the position vectors of the vertices
points A and B with position vectors a and b is
A, B and C (described in counter clock sense)
r a b a 0 , which is called non- of ABC then
parametric form of the line (i) The Vector area of ABC
Lagranges Identity : 1
If a , b are two vectors,
2
b c c a a b
1
a b a b a .b
2 2 2 2
a .a a .b (ii) Area of ABC b c c a a b
2
a .b b .b
Let a , b , c be the position vectors of three
Geometrical interpretation of cross
points A,B,C then A,B,C are collinear iff
product :
The geometrical interpretation of cross product a b b c c a 0
of two non-zero non collinear vectors a , b is Let a , b , c be the position vectors of three
the vector area of a parallelogram whose points A,B,C then a b b c c a is vector
adjacent sides are a , b . perpendicular to the plane ABC
Areas : If ABCD is a parallelogram and AB a ,
Let D be a plane region bounded by a closed
BC b then
curve C. Let P1 , P2 , P3 be three points on C
(taken in this order).Let n be the unit vector (i) The vector area of ABCD = a b
perpendicular to the region D such that from
(ii) Area of ABCD = a b
the side of n the points P1 , P2 and P3 are in
anticlock sense. If A is the area of the region D, If ABCD is a parallelogram and AC d1 ,
then A (n ) is called the vector area of D. If the BD d 2 diagonals of a parallelogram then
48
a , b , b a form a left handed system.
(i) The vector area of ABCD =
1
2
d1 d2 (or) If a , b , c are mutually perpendicular vectors
1
2
AC BD . (ii) Area =
1
2
d1 d2 then a b , b c , c a are also mutually
perpendicular vectors.
1 If a , b, c are in right handed system then
Area of quadrilateral ABCD AC BD
2
a b , b c , c a are also in right handed
square units where AC and BD are diagonals. system.
Physical Applications of cross product : Eg : 1
Let O be the point of reference (origin) and If 13 a =3 i +4 j +12k, 13b = 4 i - 12j + 3k,
OP r be the position vector of a point P on
13c = 12 i + 3 j - 4k then the value of a × b
the line of action of a force F . Then the moment
in terms of c is.
of the force F about O is given by M r F .
i j k
M is also called vector moment
The vector equation of a line passing through 3 4 12
Sol. 13a 13b =
the point A ( a ) and perpendicular to the vectors 4 12 3
b, c is r a t b c where ‘t’ is a scalar.. = 156i 39 j 52 k
The length of the projection of b on a vector
13 12 i 3 j 4k 169c , a b c
perpendicular to a in the plane generated by
Eg : 2
a b
a , b is a
If a 4, b 2 the angle between a and
b is / 6 . Then a b is
2
Moment of a force : (AIE-2002)
(Torque or Vector moment): Let O be the point
Sol. a b a b sin 2 = (16)(4)(1/4) = 16
2 2 2
of reference (orgin) and OP r be the position
vector of a point P on the line of action of a
Eg : 3
force ‘F’. Then the moment of the force ‘F’
Find the unit vector perpendicular to the
about ‘O’ is given by r F
plane determined by the vectors
If a a1l a2 m a3 n , b b1l b2 m b3 n .
a 4 i 3 j k & b 2 i 6 j 3k
Where l , m, n form a right handed system of
non-coplanar vectors, then i j k
Sol. a b 4 3 1 5 3i 2 j 6k
m n nl l m
2 6 3
a b a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3 unit vector perpendicular to the plane
Some useful Results: For any vector a , determined by the vectors a and b
2 2 2 2
ai a j a k 2 a a b 3 i 2 j 6 k
is a b 7
a , b, a b form a right handed system.
49
Eg : 4 The perpendicular distance from a point ‘P’to the
A force F 2 i j k acts at point A whose AP AB
position vectors is 2i j . Find the moment line joining the points A,B is AB
of force F about the origin.
The perpendicular distance from A a to the
Sol. Given, F 2 i j k , OA 2i j
BC BA
i j k
line through B b and C c is BC
Now OA F 2 1 0 i 2 j 4k Proof: Perpendilar distance from A to BC=AD
2 1 1
Magnitude of moment of F about O 2
2.
1
2
BC BA
BC BA
OA F 12 2 2 42 21 base BC BC
Eg : 5
Forces 2 i j , 2 i 3 j 6k and
i 2 j k act at a point P, with position
vector 4 i 3 j k . Find the vector moment
of the resultant of these forces about the Eg : 6
If Q = (2,1,-2) and R = (0,-5,1). Find the
point Q whose position vector is 6 i j 3k
perpendicular distance from P(1,4,-2) to QR.
Sol. Let F1 2 i j , F2 2 i 3 j 6k
F3 i 2 j k
Thier resultant R F1 F2 F3 3i 5 k
Sol.
The perpendicular distance from P
Also QP OP OQ
QP QR
4 i 3 j k 6 i j 3k to QR QR
2 i 4 j 2 k
QP i 3 j , QR 2 i 6 j 3k
Vector moment of R about the point Q
i j k
i j k QP QR 1 3 0 9 i 3 j 12k
QP R 2 4 2 2 6 3
3 0 5
QP QR 81 9 144 3 26
20 0 i 10 6 j 0 12 k
3 26 3
PA 26
20i 16 j 12k 49 7
50
10. The value of | i x j + j x k + k x i | =
EXERCISE - I
1) 0 2) 1 3) 3 4) 5
1. If | a| 2, | b| 4, a, b then | a b |2 11. c is a unit Vector orthogonal to a, b and
6
1) 16 2) 2 3) 775 4) 36 a, b, c are in R.H.S a = i + j + k, b = 2j + 2k
2. If a 2i j k , b 3i 4 j k then a b then c =
1) 9 2) 3 10 3) 155 4) 5 5 i j j k ik kj
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2 2
3. If 2 i 6 j 27 k i j k 0 then
values of , aree 12. a , b are two vectors such that a 3 ,
27 27 9
1) 3, 27 2) 3,
2
3)
2
,3 4) 3,
2
b
3
2
. If a b is unit vector then a, b
2
4. If a 1, b 2 , a , b then 1) 2) 3) 4)
3 6 4 3 2
13. If | a | 2, | b | 7 and a b 3i 2 j 6k ,
a 3b 3a b
2
then a, b
1) 425 2) 375 3) 325 4) 300
1) 300 2) 600 3) 450 4) 750
5. If a = i-3 j + 2k, b = 2 i + j-k then the length
14. If a 2 i 2 j k , b 5 i j 2k then
of the component vector of a x b along
a b a. b
2 2
5 i - k is.
1) 270 2) 120 3) 170 4) 110
1 2 3 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2
13 13 13 13 ab a .b
15. , where a a, b b is
2a 2b 2
6. If a + b + c = 0 then a x b = 1 1
1) c x b 2) b x c 3) a x c 4) 2b x c 1) 1 2) 3) 2 4)
2 4
7. If a i 2 j 3k , b i 2 j k , c 3i j and
16. a = i + j, b=2 i-k & r x a = b x a ,
d is normal to both a and b , then ( c , d )
r x b = a x b the r =
1 4 1 4
1) cos 2) sin 1) - i + j + k 2) 3 i - j + k
30 30
3) 3 i + j - k 4) i - j - k
1 2 1 2 17. The area of the triangle formed by the points
3) cos 4) sin
whose position vectors are
30 30
3i j , 5i 2 j k and i 2 j 3k is
| pq |
8. | p | 2, | q | 3 then sin p , q 1) 23 sq. units 2) 21 sq. units
1) 6 2) 3/2 3) 2/3 4) 1 3) 305 sq. units 4) 33 sq. units
9. The value of 18. The area of the triangle formed by the points
i . i + | i x j| + j . j +| j x k| + k . k + |k x i| = A (2,3,4), B (3,4,2) and C (4,2,3) is.
1) 0 2) 2 3) 4 4) 6
51
3 3 3 5 3 1 1
1) 3 3 2) 3) 4) D with P.V’s i j 4k , i j 4k ,
2 2 2 2 2
19. If the adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 1 1
i j 4k and i j 4k respectively is
i + 2 j + 3k , and -3 i - 2 j + k then the area
ea 2 2
of the parallelogram is. 1
1) 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
1) 6 5 2) 7 5 3) 8 5 4) 5 7 2
20. I f ABCD is a quadrilateral such that 26. If a, b, c are the vertices of a triangle ABC
AB i 2 j , AD j 2k then |a x b + b x c + c x a | =
and AC 2 i 2 j 3 j 2k . then area 1) Area of the triangle ABC
of the quadrilateral ABCD is 2) Two times Area of the triangle ABC
3) Three times Area of the triangle ABC
5 21 3 21 21 7
1) 2) 3) 4) 4) Four times Area of the triangle ABC
2 2 2 2
27. If a and b are such that |a| = 3, |b|=2,
21. If the Vectors 3 i + j- 2k, i- 3 j + 4k aree
diagonals of a quadrilateral then the Vector (a,b) = /3 then the area of the triangle with
area is adjacent sides a + 2b and 2a + b in sq. units
1) i + 7 j - 5k 2) i -7 j+5k is
3) - i + 2 j +5k 4) - i - 7 j - 5k 9 3 9
1) 3 3 2) 9 3 3) 4)
22. The area of the parallelogram constructed 2 2
on the Vectors a = p + 2q and b = 2p + q as 28. If a x i = j then a. i =
sides, where p, q are unit Vectors forming
1) any scalar 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
an angle of 600 in square units is
3 3 3 3 3 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 29. If a , b , c are non-coplanar vectors such that
2 2 4 2
b c a , c a b and a b c ,
23. If OA = a, OB = 10a + 2b and OC = b ,
where A and C are non collinear points. Let then a b c
p denote the area of the Quadrillateral
OABC and q denote the area of a 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 3
parallelogram with OA and OC as adjacent
30. If r x a = b x a, r x b = a x b ,
sides. The p/q=
1) 4 2) 6 3) 8 4) 10 a 0, b 0, b a , a is not
24. If a = 2 i - 3 j + k, b = - i + k, c = 2 j - k , then perpendicular to b then r =
the area of the parallelogram is having
1) a - b 2) a + b 3) a b + a 4) a b+ b
diagonals a + b and b + c (in [Link]) is
21 19
1) 21 2) 3) 19 4)
2 2
25. Area of rectangle having vertices A, B, C and
52
31. If r = x i + yj + zk then (r x i). (r x j) + xy 38. The perpendicular distance of the point
(6,-4,4) on to the line joining the points
1) 0 2) 1 3) r 4) | r | A (2,1,2), B (3,-1,4) is.
32. A(1,2,5), B(5,7,9), and C(3,2,-1), are given 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
three points. A unit Vector normal to the
plane of the triangle ABC. 39. If AB b and AC c then the length of the
perpendicular from A to the line BC is
15i 16 j 5k 15i 16 j 5k
1) 2) b c b c 1 b c b c
506 506
1) b c 2) b c 3) 2 b c 4) 2 b c
15 i 16 j 5k i j k
3) 4)
506 3 40. If the projection of Vector OA on unit Vector
33. A vector of length 7 which is perpendicular OB equals twice the area of OAB in
to 2 j k and i 2 j 3k and makes obtuse magnitude, then AOB in radian is
angle with y-aixs is
1) 0 2) 3) 4)
2 4
1)
1
5
4 i j 18 k 2)
1
3
4i j 2 k 41. Let a i j , b 2i k . Then the point of
3)
1
3
4i j 2 k 4)
1
3
4i j 2 k intersection of the lines r a b a and
r b a b is
34. Given a i j k , b i 2 j k and
1) 3i j k 2) 3i j k
c i 2 j k . A unit vector perpendicular
3) 3i 3 j k 4) 3i 3 j k
to both a b & b c is
42. Point of intersection of the lines r a b a
2i j k i jk and r b a b is
1) 2) j 3) k 4)
6 3 1) a 2) b a 3) a b 4) a b
35. The unit vector normal to the plane containing 43. The moment about the point i 2 j 3k of a
a = i - j - k and b = i + j + k is force represented by i j k acting through
j-k j+k i+ j the point 2i 3 j k is
1) j - k 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2 1) 3i 3 j 2) 3i 2 j k
36. a b 2, p a b, q a b, if 3) i 3 j 4) i 3 j k
1/ 2
p q 2 K a.b then K=
44. The moment of a force i j k acting through
2
the point A 2i 3 j k about the point
1) 16 2) 8 3) 4 4) 1
B i 2 j 3 k is
37. If a 2i + 2 j + 3k , b - i + 2 j + k and
1) 3i j 4k 2) 3i j 4k
17
c 3 i j k then a tb is parallel to c 3) 3i j 4k 4) 3i j 4k
6
if t is equalto 45. The torque about the point 3i j 3k of a
4 force 4 i 2 j k through the point
1) 2) 6 3) -3 4) 2
7
5i 2 j 4k , is
53
1) i 2 j 8k 2) i 2 j 8k 6.
3) i 2 j 8k 4) i 2 j 8k
3
100 4 300
KEY 4
01) 1 02) 3 03) 2 04) 4 05) 2 06) 2
07) 1 08) 1 09) 4 10) 3 11) 4 12) 2 d .c
7. d a b , cos
13) 1 14) 1 15) 2 16) 3 17) 3 18) 2 d c
19) 1 20) 1 21) 4 22) 2 23) 2 24) 2
25) 3 26) 2 27) 3 28) 1 29) 4 30) 2 pq p q sin p.q
8. p q 6
31) 1 32) 2 33) 2 34) 3 35) 2 36) 1 sin p.q sin p.q
37) 1 38) 3 39) 2 40) 3 41) 1 42) 4
43) 1 44) 3 45) 1 9. 1 1 1 1 1 1 6
SOLUTIONS 10. k i j 3
a b a b sin 2 a , b
2 2 2
1. ab
c
11. ab
i j k
2.
a b 2 1 1 12. a b 1 a b sin a, b 1
3 4 1
13. given a 2, b 7 and a b 3i 2 j 6k
3. 6 27 i (27 2 ) j 2 6 k 0
ab 9 4 36
3,
27
sin a, b
a b
2 7
7
27 2
1
2
2
[Link] a 1, b 2, a, b 3 a, b 30 0
6
a b a . b
2 2 2 2
14. a b
a3b3ab 3aa ab9ab 3bb 010ab
2 2 2
a b a . b
2 2 2 2
15. a b
=100 a b 100 a b sin 2 a, b
2 2 2
16. a i j , b 2i k and a b a, b a b
100 1 4sin 2 120
a a b , b a b
5.
a b
ab 0
a b 3i j k
17. Given OA 3i j , OB 5i 2 j k
OC i 2 j 3k
AB OB OA 8i j k
54
AC OC OA 4i 3 j 3k 1
27.
2
a 2b 2a b
1
area of ABC AB AC
1 3
2 3 a b a b
2 2
28. given a i j
i j k
AB AC 8 1 1 i 6 j 20 k 28 let a xi y j zk
4 3 3
i j k
1 a i x y z i 0 j 0 z k 0 y z j k y
= 36 400 784
2 1 0 0
1
= 1220 305
2 ai j
1 z j ky j
18. AB AC
2 z 1, y 0
19. a b a xi k
20.
1
2
AC BD now
a.i xi k .i x anyscalar
29. We have,
1
21.
2
a b a b c , b c a , and c a b
22. a b 3 p q a b c and a b c 1
3 p q sin p, q
2
a b c 3 a.b b.c c.a 0
2 2
1 1
OB AC 10a 2b b a
2
23. p a b c 3 a b c 3
2 2
6 a b 30. r a a b , r b a b
q OA OC a b ,
p
6 r a r b , r a b 0
q
r || a b , r a b , 1
24. x a b i 3 j 2k
31. Find r i and r j
1
y b c i 2 j , xy
2 AB AC
25. Area = AB AD 32. Apply formula AB AC
1 1
26. AB AC , b a c b 33. Le a 2 j k b i 2 j 3k required
2 2
1
a b b c c a 7
a b
2 vector is ab
coefficient of
2 a b b c c a j<0
55
i j k 39. AB BC
| b BA AC b b c b c
a b 0 2 1 i 4 j 0 1 k 0 2 BC BC c b b c
1 2 3
1
40. [Link] 2 OA OB
2
4i j 2k 4i j 2k
a b 16 1 4 21 3 7
OA OB cos OA, OB OA OB sin OA, OB
4i j 2k OA, OB 4
required vector =
3 41. The equation of the two lines are
x y r b a 0 and r a b 0
34. unit vector =
x a b, y b c
r b is parallel to a and r a is parallel
x y
to b , r b pa , r a qb
a b For their of intersection we have identical values
35.
a b of r . p q 1
Hence , r a b
4 2
36. Put p q 2 2 p.q 42. The equation of the two lines are
37. Given r b a 0 and r a b 0
17
a 2i 2 j 3k , b i 2 j k , c 3i j k r b is parallel to a
6
Now and r a is parallel to b
atb 2i 2 j 3k t i 2 j k i 2t j 22t k 3t r b p a , r a qb
For their of intersection we have identical
given atb is parallel to c
values of r . ,
2 t 2 2t 3 t
p q 1 Hence , r a b
3 1 17
6
43. Here , r 2i 3 j k i 2 j 3k
2t
2 2t F i jk
3
2 t 6 6t
r F i j 2k i j k
4
4 7t t
7 i j k
38. C 6, 4, 4 , A 2,1, 2 , B 3, 1, 4 1 1 2 3i 3 j
1 1 1
CA AB
AB 44. M BA F
56
45. We have, F 4 i 2 j k 4) 2i (t 3) j 5k where t is any scalar
OP 2 i 3 j k r 7. a, b are such that | a | 3 , | b | 2 and
a , b 3 . Then the area of the triangle with
EXERCISE - II
adjacent sides a 2b and 2a b is
| a b |2 1) 5 3 2) 15 3) 9/2 4) 15/2
1 cos 2 a , b
1. If | a | 2, | b | 4 then
8. ABCD is a quadrilateral with
1) 8 2) 2 3) 64 4) 32 AB a , AD b , AC 2a 3b . If the area
2. If a 2 i j 3k , b pi j qk and of parallelogram ABCD is p times the area
of the parallelogram with AB, AD as
b a 0 then adjacent sides, then p is equal to
1) 5 2) 5/2 3) 1 4) 1/2
1) (p, q) = (2, 3) 2) (p, q) = (-2, -3)
3) (p, q) = (1, 2) 4) (p, q) = (-1, -2)
9. If a x b = c x d, a x c = b x d then
3. Three vectors a , b , c are such that 1) a - d is parallel to b - c
1 2) a - b is parallel to c - d
a b 3 a c . Also a b 1, c . If
3 3) a - c is parallel to b - d
the angle between b and c is 600 , then
4) a + b is parallel to c + d
1) b 3c a 2) b 3a c
10. If a , b , c be three vectors such that
3) b 3c 2a 4) b 3c 2a
1
4. Let a , b , c be unit vectors such that a b c 1, c (a b ) and a ,
2
a . b a . c 0 and the angle between b and
1 1
b ,c , then the angle between
c is if a n b c , then value of n is 3 6
6
a and b is
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 0
5. Let a 2 i k , b i j k and 1) 2) 3) 4)
6 4 3 2
c 4 i 3 j 7 k be three vectors. The 11. a + 2b + 3 c = 0 and
vector which satisfies r b c b and a x b + b x c + c x a = (b x c) , then =
r . a 0 is 1) 2 2) 4 3) 6 4) 8
1) i 8 j 2k 2) i 8 j 2k 12. Let a , b , c be three vectors satisfying
3) i 8 j 2k 4) i 8 j 2k a b 2 a c , a c 1, b 4 and
6. If a vector r satisfies the equation
b c 15 . If b 2c a then is
r ( i 2 j k ) i k , then r is equal to
1) 1 2) -1 3) 2 4) 4
1) i 3 j k 2) 3i 7 j 3k
3) k t ( i 2 j k ) where t is any scalar
57
13. If , are roots of the equation 18. If the position vectors of the three points
A,B,C, are i + j + k, 2 i + 3 j - 4k and
x 2 2 x 5 0 and a i j ,
7 i + 4 j + 9k , then the unit vector
b i j 2 2 k then
perpendicular to the plane of the triangle
ABC is
a b 1) (31 i - 38 j - 9k) / 2486
1) i 12 j 12k 2) 30 i 12 j 5k 2) (31 i - 38 j + 9k) / 2486
3) 30 i 12 j 21k 4) i 12 j 29k 3) (31 i - 38 j - 9k) / 2486
14. If x and y are two non-collinear vectors and
4) (31 i + 38 j + 9k)/2486
ABC is a triangle with sides a, b, c satisfying
(20a 15b) x (15b 12c ) y (12c 20a ) 19. A unit vector making an obtuse angle with x-
axis and perpendicular to the plane containing
( x y ) 0 , then the triangle ABC is the points
1) an acute angle triangle i 2 j 3k , 2 i 3 j 4k and i 5 j 7 k
2) an obtuse angle triangle
also makes an obtuse angle with
3) a right angle triangle
1) y-axis 2) z-axis
4) an isosceles triangle
15. If A (1, 2, 3), B ( 2, 3, 1), C (3, 1, 2) then the 3) both y and z axes 4) both x and y axes
length of the altitude through C is 20. A force F 2i j 5k is applied at the point
1) 3 2) 3 3 3) 3 2 4) 3 / 2 A(1,2,5). If its moment about the point ( - 1 , -
16. If a i j , b 2 j k & r a b a, 2,3) is 16i 6 j 2 k then =
1) -2 2) -1 3) 0 4) 2
r
r b a b, then r
KEY
1)
1
11
i 3j k 2) 1
13
i jk 01) 3
07) 3
02) 1
08) 2
03) 1
09) 1
04) 2
10) 4
05) 2
11) 3
06) 1
12) 4
13) 3 14) 3 15) 4 16)3 17) 3 18) 2
3)
1
11
i3j k 4) 1
13
i jk 19) 2 20) 1
17. The vector equation of the line passing SOLUTIONS
through the point i - 2 j + k and
a b sin 2 a , b
2 2
2 2
perpendicular to the vectors a b
sin a , b
1. 2
2 i - 3 j - k, i + 4 j - 2k is
1) r = ( i - 2 j + k) + t( i - 7 j + k) p 1 q
2. b || a , , p 2, q 3
2 1 3
2) r = ( i - 2 j + k) + t(3 i + j - 3k)
3) r = ( i - 2 j + k) + t(10 i + 3 j + 11k)
3. a b 3(a c ) a (b 3c ) 0
4) r i
a || (b 3c ) 0 a || b 3c
2 2
b 3c a b 3c 2 a
58
b 9 c 6 b . c 2 a ( xi yj zk ) ( i 2 j k ) i k
2 2 2
1 i j k
2 6 1 cos 60 0 2
3 x y z i k
4. Given a . b 0 a is perpendicular to b . 1 2 1
a . c 0 a is perpendicular to c
i ( y 2 z ) j ( x z ) k (2 x y ) i k
a is perpendicular to the plane of b and c .
Also a is a unit vector.. On comparing z x, y 2 x 1
r xi (2 x 1) j xk ...(1), For x = 1 x = 3
b c
a .......... (1)
b c r i 3 j k and r 3i 7 j 3k
Also (1) r j x( i 2 j k ) or
1
But b c b c sin 1.1. . r j t ( i 2 j k ) where t is scalar..
6 2
from (1) we have a 2 b c n 2 . 7.
1
a 2b 2 a b
2
5. Given a 2i k , b i j k and 1 3 3
3 a b a b a b sin
c 4i 3 j 7 k 2 2 2 3
2
2 4 0 7 0 8. c . a c .b 0 , a b c 1
3 15 0
5
1 1 1
2 a b cos 1
2 3 6
i 8 j 2k
cos 0
2
6. Let r xi yj zk
b cb and .a 0
c b 0 10.
. Given AC 2a 3b, AB a, AD b and
let xi y j zk
1
AC BD P AB AD
c b 2
c b
xi y j zk i 4 j 3 k 3
1
2
1
2a 3b b a P ab 2 ab 3 ab P ab
2
x 4 , y 3, z 3
5
ab P ab
2
4 i 2 j 7 k , a 2i k P
5
2
.a 0
59
17. a i 2 j k , b 2 i 3 j k ,
9. a d b c 0 , a d || b c
c i 4 j 2k , r a t b c
11. pa qb rc 0
pqr
a b b c c a b c AB AC
p
18. AB AC
12. If angle between b & c is and b c 15
19. Let the given points be A, B and C respectively.
15 1 The unit vectors perpendicular to the plane
b c sin 15 sin cos
4 4 containing A, B and C are given by
a b 2a c a b 2c 0 AB AC 1
AB AC
26
i 4 j 3k
b 2c a b 2c a
13. 2, 5 Here coefficient of k 0
It makes obtuse angle with z-axis.
2 2 2
2
20. Given F 2i j 5k , OA i 2 j 5k
14. Since x , y x y are non-coplanar vectors.
F 3i 4 j 5k
20a 15b 0,15b 12c 0,12c 20a 0
4a 3b, 5b 4c and 3c 5a r OP OQ 2i 4 j k , M r F
OB i 2 j 3k
a b c
say
3 4 5 BA OA OB 2i 4 j 2 k
a 3 , b 4 , c 5 , c 2 a 2 b 2
i j k
CA CB
BA F 2 4 2 16i 6 j 2 k
15.
AB 2 5
i 20 2 6 j k 2 8 16i 6 j 2 k
16. Given r a r b b a a b
20 2 16
(by adding) b a b a 0 2 4
2
r a b 0 r parallel to a b
60
7. Consider the parallopiped with sides
EXERCISE - III
a 3i 2 j k , b i j 2k and
c i 3 j 3k , then angle between a and the
1. Given a b 1 and a b 3 . If c be plane containing the face determined by b and
c is
a vector such that c a 2b 3 a b , then
1 1 1 9 1 9 1 2
c . b is equal to 1) sin 2) cos 3) sin 4) sin
3 14 14 3
1 1 3 5 KEY
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2 2 01) 4 02) 1 03) 3 04) 3 05) 3
2. A = 2 i + k, B = i + j + k and
06) 1 07) 3
C=4 i -3 j+7k ,then the Vector R satisfying
the conditions R x B = C x B and R.A = 0 SOLUTIONS
1) (-1, -8, 2) 2) (1,-8,-2)
3) (-2,8,4) 4) (1,0,-2) 2 1
1. a b 3 , a b 3 a . b
2
3. If a and b are vectors such that
Now, c a 2b 3(a b )
a b 29 and
(c a 2b ) . b 3(a b ) . b
a 2 i 3 j 4k 2 i 3 j 4k b then
c . b a . b 2(b . b ) 0
possible value of
1 5
a b . 7i 2 j 3k is c .b
2
2 1 0 c . b
2
1) 0 2) 3 3) 4 4) 8
4. If a and b are unit vectors and c satisfies
2. R C B 0 , R C || B , R C B
C . A
2(a b ) c b c then the maximum value R. A 0
A.B
of a c . b is
5. Let a (2,1, 1), b (1, 2,1), c (2, 1,3) and
d (3, 1, 2) be four vectors. The projection of
3. a b 2i 3 j 4k 0
the vector a c on the vector (b d ) c is
a b 2i 3 j 4k
1) 2 2) 3 3) 6 4) 7 29 29 1
6. Let a , b be two non collinear unit vectors.
If a a . b b , a b then
2 2
1) 2) 3) 4) 2
61
4. 2(a b ) c b c
Let c 1 a 2b 3 ( a b )
2(a b ) 1 a 2b 3 (a b )
b 1a b 3 a b
(a b ) 1 a 2b 3 (a b )
1 ( a b ) 3 ( a ( a .b )b )
2 3 1 ; 1 3 , 2 ( a .b ) 3
1 3 1, 2 a . b
(a b ).c (a b ).( a (a . b )b a b )
2 2
0 0 a b 2
a b sin 2
[Link] = 1 , ( sin 2 1)
5. We have b d 2 i 3 j k and
c 2 i j 3k
p (b d ) c 4(2 i j k )
p 4 6
Ifq a c , then q . p 24
So, the projection of q on p is
p.q 24
6
p 4 6
2 2 2 2
6. 2 a b a b a . b
1 cos 2 sin 2
a a . b b 2 a . b
2 2 2 2 2
1 cos 2 2 cos 2 1 cos 2 sin 2
7. b c 3i j 2k . Let be angle between a
and plane containing b and c then
sin
a. b c 9
a bc 14
62
JEE MAINS QUESTIONS 4. Let a i j , b i j k and c be a vector
2
such that a c b 0 and a.c 4 then c is equal
1. Let a , b and c be three unit vectors such that
to [2019]
a b c 0 If a.b b.c c.a and
d a b b c c a then the ordered pair 19 17
, d is equal to [2020]
1)
2
2) 8 3)
2
4) 9
3
3
1) ,3 a c
2
2)
2
,3 c b
[Link] a i j k , c j k and a vector b be such
that a b c and a. b 3 then b [2020]
3
3
3) ,3 b c
2
4)
2
,3 a b
11 11 11 11
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 3 3 3
2. Let a i 2 j k and b i j k be two
vectors. If c is a vector such that b c b a and
KEY
c.a 0 then c.b =__________________ [2020]
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4)1
3 1
1) 2) 5)3
2 2
1
3) 4) 1
2
3. Let a i 2 j 4k , b i j 4k and
c 2i 4 j 2 1 k be coplanar vectors, then the
non-zero vector a c is [2019]
1) 10i 5 j 2) 10i 5 j
3) 14i 5 j 4) 14i 5 j
63
SOLUTIONS if 3 then a is parallel c 2
2
1. Given a b c 0 a b c 0
i j k
ab 1 2 4 i 616 j 38 k 4 4 10i 5 j
2 2 2
a b c 2 a.b b.c c.a 0
2 4 3
3 2 a .b b .c c . a 0
[Link] a i j b i j k and a c b 0
3 3
a.b b.c c.a
2 2 a.c 4
d a b b a b a b a
c a b = a b a b 0 0 a b a c cos 4 cos
2 2
c
ac b
d 3 ab a c sin b
2. Given
2 c sin 3 S .O.B.S
a i 2 j k, b i j k and b c b a and c. a 0
2
a bc a ba ac
. b ab
. c aa
. b ab
. a
2 c sin 2 3
0121 c 6 ijk 121 i2jk 4c2i2j2k
5. Given a i j k c j k , a. b 3 ,
1 1 1
c
2
i j k now b.c 1 1 1
2 2 ab c
a ab ac
3. Given
a i 2 j 4 k , b i j 4 k , c 2 i 4 j 2 1 k
era
a.b a a.a b a c
coplanar 3 i j k 3b 2i j k 5i 2 j 2k 3b
1 2 4
1 4 0
2 4 1
2 b
1
3
5i 2 j 2k b
1
3
33
11
3
1 3 16 2 2 1 8 4 4 2 0
3 2 2 9 18 0 2,3, 3
64
SCALAR TRIPLE
PRODUCT
SYNOPSIS a , b , c is a vector triad in a right handed system,
The dot Product of the vector a b with the
a b c 0
vector c is a scalar triple product of the three
a , b , c is a vector triad in a left handed
vectors a , b , c and it is written as (a b ).c
system, a b c 0 .
It is a scalar quantity. We write it as [ a b c ] and
If [a b c ] 0 then vectors a , b , c are non-
read as box of a , b , c .
coplanar
(a b ).c a .(b c ) i.e., dot and cross can be If a , b , c are coplanar then
interchanged in a scalar triple product.
i) [a b b c c a ] 0
a b c b c a c a b
ii) a b b c c a are coplanar
b a c c b a a c b
If a b c 0 then a , b , c are coplanar
If i , j , k is orthogonal unit vector triad then
a , b , c are three vectors then a b , b c , c a
i) i j k j k i k i j 1
are coplanar
ii) j i k k j i i k j 1
Volume :
If a , b , c are three mutually perpendicular The volume of the parallelopiped
vectors then [ a b c ] = a b c i) with a , b , c as coterminus edges is
If a a1 , a2 , a3 = a1 i a2 j a3 k a b c cubic units
b b1 , b2 , b3 = b1 i b2 j b3 k ii) with A,B,C,D as vertices of coterminus edges
c (c1 , c2 , c3 ) c1 i c2 j c3 k , then is AB AC AD cubic units.
a1 a2 a3 The volume of tetrahedron
a b c b1 b2 b3 i) with a , b , c as Coterminus edges is
c1 c2 c3 1
a b c cubic units.
6
a b c 0 if a b or b c or c a or at
least one vector is null vector, or atleast two of
ii) with A,B,C,D as vertices is
1
6
AB AC AD
the three vectors are collinear, or a , b , c are
cubic units.
coplanar.
The centroid of tetrahedron divides the line
The four points A, B , C , D are coplanar
joining any vertex to the centroid of its opposite
AB AC AD 0 . face in the ratio 3:1
65
The volume of the triangular prism whose adjacent the plane containing three non-collinear points
sides are represented by the vectors a , b and c a b c]
a , b , c is a b b c c a
1
is a b c cubic units. Vector equation of a plane passing through a
2
given point with position vector a and parallel
If a , b , c are three vectors, l , m, n are three real
to b , c is [r a b c ] 0 (or)
numbers, then la mb nc lmn a b c .
rb c ab c
For any three vectors a , b and c and scalar Vector equation of a plane passing through the
a b c a b c a b c a b c points a, b and parallel to c is
r a
b a c 0
If l , m , n are three non-coplanar vectors and Vector equation of a plane passing through
a a1l a2 m a3n , b b1l b2 m b3n , origin and the points b , c is r b c 0 .
c c1l c2 m c3n , then a b c d a b c a b d
a1 a2 a3 where & are scalars.
a b c b1 b2
b3 l m n Three nonparallel planes :
c1 c2 c3 r .a p1 , r .b p2 , r .c p3 represents three
If a , b , c and d are coplanar points then planes in normal form then
a b c b c d c a d a b d i) The planes intersect at the point
i) a b b c c a 2a b c p1 b c p2 c a p3 a b
r
ii) a b b c c a 0 a b c , where
a .l b .l c .l a b c 0 .
1) a b c l
m n a .m b .m c .m
a .n b .n c .n ii) The planes intersect along a line if a b c 0 ,
a .a a .b a .c p1 b c p2 c a p3 a b 0 ,
2
a b c b .a b.b b .c iii) The planes form a triangular prism if
2)
c .a c .b c .c a b c 0, p1 b c p2 c a p3 a b 0
Vector equation of a plane : Skew Lines : If two straight lines in space do
i) Vector equation of a plane passing through three not intersect and are also not parallel, then the
non-collinear points having position vectors two lines are called Skew lines.
a, b and c is r a b a c a 0 or In other words, the two skew lines are not
coplanar.
r .(b c c a a b ) a b c l and m are two skew lines. If P is a point on
r b c r c a r a b a b c l and Q is a point on m such that PQ l and
ii) A unit vector perpendicular to the plane PQ m , then PQ is called the shortest
containing three non-collinear points
distance and PQ is called the shortest distance
( a b ) (b c ) ( c a )
a , b , c is a b b c c a line between the skew lines l, m .
iii) The length of the perpendicular from the origin to
66
The lines r a sb and r c td intersect Eg: 2
The volume (in cubic unit) of the tetrahedron
each other a c b d 0 with edges
The shortest distance between the skew lines
i j k , i j k and i 2 j k is
r a sb and r c td is
[EAM-2007]
a c b d
a c .
b d Sol : We know that, volume of tetrahedron
b d or b d . 1 1 1
1 1 2
Let the position vectors of A,B,C,D are a b c 1 1 1
6 6 3
a , b , c , d .Then the shortest distance between 1 2 1
AC AB CD Eg: 3
If the volume of parallelopiped with
two lines AB,CD is
AB CD coterminus edges 4 i 5 j k , j k and
Reciprocal system of vectors : 3i 9 j pk is 34 cubic units, then p=
i) If a , b , c be any three non-coplanar vectors [Eam-2006]
such that a b c 0, then the three vectors
Sol : Coterminus edges of a parallelopiped are
4i 5 j k , j k and 3i 9 j pk
a1, b1, c1 defined by , Volume of parallelopiped = 34
b c c a a b
a1 , b1 , c1 4 5 1
a b c a b c a b c
0 1 1 34
are called the reciprocal system of vectors to
3 9 p
the given vectors a , b , c respectively..
a. b c
4 p 9 5 3 1 3 34
b c
ii) a.a a. a b c a b c 1 also
1
p 13
Eg: 5
b .b1 c .c1 1 .
If i 2 j , 3 j k and i 3 j are coplanar,,
iii) a .b1 a .c1 b .a1 b .c1 c .a1 c .b1 0
then is equal to [Eam-2006]
1 1
c
1 1
Sol: Given i 2 j , 3 j k and i 3 j are coplanar,,
iv) a b
a b c
Eg: 1 1 2 0
Let a,b,c be distinct non-negative numbers. 0 3 1 0
then
If the vectors ai aj ck , i k and 3 0
ci cj bk lie in a plane then c is the 3
Sol: Since the vectors are lie in a plane. 3 2 0
2
a a c Eg: 5
1 0 1 0 c ab
2
Let a j k and c i j k Then, the
c c b vector b satisfying a b c 0 and
c is the G.M. of ab. a .b 3 , is (AIE-2010)
67
Sol :We have, a b c 0 3. 2 i 3 j k . i j 2k 2 i j k
a a b a c 0 1) -14 2) 14 3) -12 4) 12
a .b a a .a b a c 0 4. a 2b c . a b a b c
3a 2b a c 0 2b 3a a c 1) a b c 2) 2 a b c 3) 3 a b c 4) 0
2b 3 j 3k 2 i j k 2 i 2 j 4k
5. If a 2 i j , b 4 j k , c 3k
b i j 2k
then 2a b c . b 2c c
Eg: 6
Let a i j , b j k , c k i . If d is a 1) 48 2) 28 3) -28 4) -48
6. If a 2b 2b c 5c a k a b c
unit vector such that a .d 0 b c d , then
then k =
d is (are) 1) 2 2) 4 3) 8 4) 12
Sol : Let d d1 i d 2 j d3 k
7. If i 4 j 6 k 2 i aj 3 k i 2 j 3k 18
a .d 0 d1 d 2 0 d1 d 2 _____ then a =
(1) d 1 d12 d 22 d32 1 ______ 1) -4 2) 4 3) 4 4) 1
8. If u , v , w are three non coplanar vectors
(2) b c d 0
then u v w . u v v w
0 1 1
1) 0 2) u . v w
1 0 1 0
d1 d2 d3 3) u . w v 4) 3u . v w
1 d3 d1 1 d 2 0 2d1 d 3 0 __ (3) 9. a , b and c are mutually perpendicular unit
Using (1) (2) and (3) vectors then a b c
1 2 1) 0 2) -1 3) 1 4) 1
d1 d 2 , d3
6 6
10. If a b c 1 then
1
d
6
i j 2k a.b c b . c a c a b
c a .b a b .c b c .a
EXERCISE - I
1) 3 2) 1 3) -1 4) 0
1. i j k j k i k i j
a b b c c a
11. If a b c 0 then
i k j j i k k j i a b c
1) 1 2) 2 3) 6 4) 0 1) 1 2) -1 3) 2 4) -3
2. If a i 2 j 3k , b 2 i j k , 12. If a 2 i 3 j , b i j k ,
c i 3 j 2k then a . b c c 3i j 2k and a b c 1 then
1) 10 2) -10 3) -20 4) 20 1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1
68
13. The volume of the parallelopiped having 3) r i 2 j 5k i 3 j 6k 4 i 7 j 5k 0
coterminus edges i j k , i j , 4) r i 3 j 6k 4 i 7 j 5k 0
i 2 j k is 22. The vector equation of the plane passing
1) 2 2) 3 3) 5 4) 7 through the points i 2 j k , 3k 2 j and
14. If a 2 i 3 j , b i j k , c i 4 j 2 k parallel to the vector 2i j k is ____
1) r i 2 j k 3k 2 j
are coterminus edges of a parallelopiped of 2 i j k 0
volume 2 cubic units then is
2) r i 2 j k i 2k 2i j k 0
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
15. The volume of parallelopiped with vectors
a 2b c , a b , a b c as coterminus
3) r i 2 j k 2k 2 j i 3 j k 0
edges is k a b c then k is
4) r i 2 j k i 2k i 3 j k 0
1) -2 2) 2 3) -3 4) 3
23. The vector equation of the plane passing
16. If a b c 4 then the volume of the through i j k and parallel to the vectors
parallelopiped with coterminus edges
2 i 3 j k , i 2 j 3k is ____
a 2b , 2b c , 3c a is (in cu units)
1) 32 2) -32 3) 8 4) 12 1) r i j k 2i 3 j k i 2 j 3k 0
17. The volume of tetrahedron with edges
2) r 2 i 3 j k i 2 j 5 k 0
i j j k k i
1) 1 2) 1/ 6 3) 3 4) 1/ 3 3) r i j k i 2 j 2k j 2k 0
18. Volume of the tetrahedron with vertices at
0, 0, 0 , 1,0, 0 , 0,1, 0 and 0, 0,1 is ____ 4) r i 2 j 2 k j 2 k 0
(cu units) 24. The equation of the plane passing through the
point with position vector a and perpendicular
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4) to b is ____ [EAM- 2019]
6 4 3 2
19. If the volume of the tetrahedron with edges 1) r . a b 0 2) r a b
2i j k , i aj k and i 2 j k is one
3) r b a 4) r a b 0
cubic unit then a = _____
1) 1 2) -2 3) 2 4) -1 25. The equation of the plane passing through the
points A 2,3, 1 , B 4,5, 2 ,
20. If a , b , c are vectors such that a b c 4
C 3,6,5 is
then a b b c c a is __
1) 3 x 9 y 4 z 25 0
1) 16 2) 64 3) 4 4) 8
21. The vector equation of the plane passing 2) 3 x 9 y 4 z 25 0
through the points 3) 3 x 9 y 4 z 25 0
1, 2, 5 , 0, 5, 1 and 3,5, 0 is ____ 4) 3 x 9 y 4 z 25 0
1) r i 2 j 5k 5i k 3i 5 j 0
26. The vector equation of the plane containing
the line r a sb and parallel to the line
2) r 5i k 3i 5 j 0
r c td is
69
1) r a b d 0 2) r b c d 0 KEY
01) 4 02) 3 03) 3 04) 3 05) 4 06) 4
3) r d a b 0 4) r c a d 0 07) 2 08) 2 09) 4 10) 1 11) 3 12) 1
13) 3 14) 4 15) 4 16) 2 17) 2
18) 1 1)9 2 20) 1 21) 3 22) 2 23) 1
27. The distance between the plane whose 24) 4 25) 2 26) 1 27) 1 28) 2 29) 2
30) 2 31) 4
equation is r . 2 i j 3k 5 and the line
whose equation is r i 2 i 5 j 3k is
SOLUTIONS
3 5 1. i j k j k i k i j 1
1) 2) 3) 5 4) 0
14 14 i k j j i k k j i 1
28. The shortest distance between the lines
1 2 3
whose equations are r t i j k ,
a b c 2 1 1
2.
r k s i 2 j 3k is 1 3 2
3 3 2 2 3 1
1) 3 2) 3) 4)
38 14 13 1 1 2
29. The shortest distance between the lines 3.
2 1 1
r i 2 j 3k s 2 i 3 j 4k and
1 2 1
r 2 i 4 j 5k t 3i 4 j 5k is___ 1 1 0 a b c
4.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
6 6 3 3 2 1 1
30-. The lines r a tb , r c sd are 0 1 2 a b c
5.
coplanar if 0 0 1
1) a b .c d 0 2) a c .b d 0
1 2 0
3) b c .a d 0 4) b d .a c 0 0 2 1 a b c
6.
1 0 5
31. If a , b, c represents the reciprocal system
1 4 6
of vectors of a , b , c then a a b b c c
2 a 3 18
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3 7.
1 2 3
1 1 1
1 1 0 u v w
8.
0 1 1
9. a b c a b c
70
10. given a b c 1 b c a c a b 2 1 1
1 a 1 6
1 2 1
a. b c b. c a c. a b
c a .b a b .c b c .a 2 a 2 1 2 1 2 a 6
2 a 4 2 2 a 6
abc bca cab .
111 3 3a 6
cab abc bca a 2
2
2 a b c 20. a b c
11.
a b c 21. V r a b a c a 0
2 3 0 22. V r a b a c 0
1 1 1 1
12. 23. V r a b c 0
3 2
24. r . a r . b
25. the equation of plane passing though the three points
13. V a b c
a, b, c is AP AB AC 0
14. V a b c 2
x2 y 3 z 1
1 2 1
2 2 3 0
k a b c 1 1 0 a b c
15. 1 3 6
1 1 0
1 2 0 x 2 3 y 3 9 z 1 4 0
0 2 1 a b c 3 x 6 9 y 27 4 z 4 0
16.
1 0 3 3 x 9 y 4 z 25 0
a i j k 26. r a b d 0
17. given edges b j k i
c k i j ax1 by1 cz1 d
27. D
volume of tetra hedron a 2 b2 c2
1 1 1 1 1 a c b d
= abc ki j k i j 1
6 6 6 6 6 28. S .D.
b d
1
18. V OA OB OC cubic units 29. Given lines
6
19. Given volume of the tetrahedron =1
i 2 j 3k 2i 3 j 4k 1
1
6
abb 1
2i 4 j 5k t 3i 4 j 5k 2
comparing with
71
1) 24 2) 12 3) 12 3 4) 24 3
a b
c td
4. If a , b , c are three non-zero and non-null
a i 2 j 3k b 2i 3 j 4k vectors and r is any vector in space, then
c 2i 4 j 5k d 3i 4 j 5k b c r a c a r b a b r c is equal to
1) 2 a b c r 2) 3 a b c r
1 2 2
ac b d 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 289 142 1 3) a b c r 4) 5 a b c r
3 4 5 5. If a 2 i j k , b i 2 j 3k
c 3i j 5k are coplanar then is a
i j k
root of the equation
b d 2 3 4 i 1 j 2 k 1 1) x 2 3 x 4 2) x 2 2 x 6
3 4 5 3) x 2 3 x 6 4) x 5 0
b d 1 4 1 16 6. a i k , b xi j 1 x k and
shortest distance between the lines 1,2 is c yi j 1 x y k then a b c
a c b d depends on
1
1) neither x nor y 2) both x and y
bd 16 3) only x 4) only y
7. Let a be a unit vector b 2 i j k and
30. a c b d a c .b d 0
c i 3k then maximum value of a b c is
31. a . a 1 b . b 1 c . c 1 1
1) -1 2) 10 6 3) 10 6 4) 59
EXERCISE - II
8. If x(a b ) y (b c ) z (c a ) r and
1. If a , b , c form a left handed orthogonal
1
a b c then x y z
8
system and a .a 4, b .b 9, c .c 16 then
a b c
1) r .(a b c )
2) 4 r .(a b c )
1) 24 2) 24 3) 12 4) 12
3) 8 r .(a b c ) 4) 0
2. For any three non-zero vectors a , b , c , a .a a .b a .c
9. b .a b .b b .c 0 then the vectors a b ,
a b .c a b c hold if and only if
c .a c .b c .c
1) a .b b .c c .a 0 2) a .b b .c c .a 0
b c , c a are
3) a b c 0 4) a b c 0 1) Coplanar 2) Non coplanar
3) Unit vectors 4) Mutually perpendicular
3. If a is a perpendicular to b and
10. The volume of the parallelopiped with
c , a 2, b 3, c 4 and the angle between coterminus edges li 5k , i j mk and
2 3i 5 j is 8. Then ' l ' and ' m ' are related as
b and c is 3 , then a b c
72
1) 3lm 2 0 2) lm 2 0 1) 0 2) 1 3)2 4) 3
3) 3lm 2 0 4) 5lm 2 0
18. If p q r is reciprocal system of vector triad
11. If a , b , c are non coplanar vectors, then
a .a a .b a .c a , b and c then a b c p q r
b .a b .b b .c 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
c .a c .b c .c 19. Let c1 (1,0,0), c2 (1,1,0), c3 (1,1,1) , then
2 the reciprocal of c1
1) a b c 2) a b c 3) 1 4) 0
1) i j 2) i j 3) j k 4) k i
12. The lines r i j k s (3i j ) and
r 4i k t (2i 3k ) KEY
1) intersect 2) do not intersect 01) 2 02) 1 03) 3 04) 3 05) 1 06) 3
3) are skew lines 4) cannot be determined 07) 4 08) 3 09) 1 10) 4 11) 2 12) 1
13. The shortest distance between the lines 13) 2 14) 3 15) 2 16) 3 17) 1 18) 2
19) 2
r 3i 5 j 7 k i 2 j k
SOLUTIONS
r i j k 7 i 6 j k is 1. a b c a b .c a b c 234 24
16 26 46 36
1) 2) 3) 4) 2. a , b , c are non zero vectors
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
a b .c a b c
14. The lines r i j k s i 2 j 3k and
a .b b .c c .a 0 ( conceptual)
r i 2 j 3k t i j 2k
2
1) Intersect 2) Do not intersect 3. a b c a b c cos 0 sin
3 12 3
3) skew lines 4) Cannot be determine
15. The shortest distance between the lines 4. let r xa yb zc 1
through the points 2,3,1 , 4,5, 2 and
b c .r b c . xa yb zc
parallel to the vectors 3, 4, 2 , 4, 5,3
b c r x b c a 0 0
respectively is
6 1 2 b c r
1)
7
2)
6
3)
3
4) 9 x
a b c
b c c a a b
16. Let p a b c , q a b c , r a b c and
c a r
y , z a b r
similarly a b c a b c
a , b , c being any three non-coplanar vectors
then substitute the value of x,y,z in -1
p.(a b ) q .(b c ) r .(c a )
bcr a c a r b a b r r
1) -3 2) 0 3) 3 4) -2 r
a b c
17. If a1 , b1 , c1 is the reciprocal system of vector
triad of a , b and c , then a. b1 b . c1 c .a1
73
5. a b c 0 4
a bc 0
b. c a 0
c ab 0
1 0 1 a b c a b c a b c
1
x 1 1 x 0 2x 1 x
6. 2
y x 1 x y a b c b c a ca b
a b c a b c a b c
7. V a b .c a b c
59 1 59
8. r .a y a b c , r .b z a b c
bc ab
a b .a b c b c .a b c c a .a b c
c a
r .c x a b c
r . a b c x y z . a b c
1 11 3
x y z 8 r . a b c
a .
c a b . ab c . b c 0000
2 17. a b c a b c a b c
9. a b c 0 a b c 0
a b b c c a 2 a b c 0 1
18. p q r
a b c
l 0 5
10.
1 1 m 8 19. Given c1 1, 0, 0 , c2 1,1, 0 , c3 1,1,1
3 5 0
c2 c3
reciprocol of c1 c c c
11. a b c a b c a b c
2 1 2 3
12. a c b d 0 lines are intersect 1 0 0
c1c2c3 1 1 0 11 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
a c b d
1 1 1
13. SD =
b d
14. a c b d 0 skew lines i j k
c2 c3 1 1 0 i 1 0 j 1 0 k 1 1
a c b d 1 1 1
15.
b d
i j
16. reciprocal of c1 i j
1
b c c a a b
a b . abc b c. abc c a . abc
74
EXERCISE - III 6. Let a , b , c be the position vectors of the points
A,B,C respectively and , and be the
1. If 4a 5b 9c 0 inclinations between b c ; a , b and a , c if the
then a b b c c a volume of the tetrahedron OABC is V then
1) A vector perpendicular to the plane of 1 cos cos
a 2b 2 c 2
a,b & c 1) V 2
cos 1 cos
36
cos cos 1
2) 4a 5b 9c 3) 0 4) a b c
2 2 2
1 cos cos
a b c
2. A tetrahedron of volume V=5 has three of its 2) V 2 cos 1 cos
6
vertices at the points A 2,1, 1 , B 3, 0,1 and cos cos 1
C 2, 1,3 . The fourth vertex D lies on the y- 0 cos cos
2 2 2
axis. Then D is a b c
3) V
2
cos 0 cos
36
1) 0,8, 0 2) 0, 7, 0 cos cos 0
3) 0,8, 0 or 0, 7, 0 4) 0, 7, 0 1 sin sin
a 2b 2 c 2
4) V 2
sin 1 sin
3. If r is a unit vector such that 36
sin sin 1
r x b c y c a z a b , then
7. If u , v , w are non co-planar vectors and p,q
r . a b c r . b c a r . c a b are real numbers then the equality
3u pv pw pv w qu 2w qv qu 0
1) [ a b c ] 2) 1 3) a b c 4) 0
holds for
4. If a and b are two mutually perpendicular 1) exactly two values of (p, q)
2) more than two but not all values of (p, q)
unit vectors and the vectors
3) all values of (p,q)
xa xb z a b , a a b and 4) exactly one value of (p,q)
8. If a , b , c are non co-planar vectors and
za zb y a b lie in a plane, then z is
is a real number then
1) A.M. of x and y 2) G.M. of x and y
a b 2b c a b c b for
3) H,M, of x and y 4) Equal to zero
1) exactly two values of
5. If a , b , c are three non-coplanar, non-zero
o 2) exactly three values of
vectors, then 3) no value of
4) exactly one value of
a . a b c a . b c a a . c a b
1) a b c c 2) b c a a
3) c a b b 4) 0
75
KEY 6. We have a , b , c be the position vectors of the
01) 3 02) 3 03) 3 04) 2 05) 2 06) 1 points A,B,C with respect to 0. , , be the
07) 4 08) 3
angles between b , c ; a , b ; a , c .OABC is the
SOLUTIONS tetrahedron. Let OA a x1 i y1 j z1k
OB b x2 i y2 j z2 k
1. 4a 5b 9c 0 vectors a , b and c are
OC c x3 i y3 j z3 k
coplanar b c and c a are collinear
1
b c c a 0 V = volume of tetrahedron = OA, OB , OC
6
Hence (C) is the correct answer x1 y1 z1
1
V x2 y2 z2
1 1 2 6
1 x3 y3 z3
0 2 4 5
2. D 0, y, 0 , 6
2 y 1 1 x1 y1 z1 x1 y1 z1
1
3. r x b c y c a z a b
V2 x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
36
x3 y3 z3 x3 y3 z3
r . a x a b c , r . b y a b c and
r . c z a b c 1
x xx xx
2
1 1 2 1 3
substituting the values of x, y, z in (i), we get
36
xx x x x
1 2
2
2 2 3
ab c r r . a b c r.b c a r.c ab
x x x x x
3 1 2 3
2
3
a2 ab cos ac cos
r.a bc r.b c a r.c ab ab cr 1
ab cos b2 bc cos
a b c r a b c r 1 36
ca cos bc cos c2
x x z 1 cos cos
2 2 2
1 0 1 a b a b 0 , a b c
4. z 2 xy V2 cos 1 cos
z z y 36
cos cos 1
5. Since a , b, c are non-coplanar vectors. 7. 3u pv pw pv w qu 2w qv qu 0
Therefore the vectors
3 p 2 u v w pq u v w 2q 2 u v w
a b , b c , c a are non-coplanar
3 p 2 pq 2q 2 u v w 0
a x b c y c a z a b
Taking dot products successively with a , b , c 3 p 2 pq 2q 2 0 u v w 0
a .a a .b a .c p 0, q 0
x ,y , z
a b c a b c a b c 8. a b b c a b c b
2
Substituting these values in (i), we obtain that the
4 a b c a c b 4 1
given expression is equal to a b c a .
which is not possible for any real
76
VECTOR TRIPLE
PRODUCT & PRODUCT OF
FOUR VECTORS
SYNOPSIS (a b ).(c d ) a .c (b .d ) a .d (b .c )
Vector triple Product : a .c a .d
The vector product of a b and c is a vector
b .c b .d
triple Product of three vectors a, b and c . It is
denoted by a b c (a c ).b d
a .b a .d
c .b c .d
(a b ) c (a .c )b (b .c )a . This is a vector
in the plane of a and b . a b . a b a b a b a .b
2 2 2 2
a b c a .c b a .b c . This is a vector Vector Product of Four Vectors :
in the plane of b , c a b (c d ) is a vector product of four
(a b ) c c (a b ) vectors.
a , b , c are non-zero vectors and a b c d a b d c a b c d
( a b ) c a (b c ) a & c are collinear
c d a b c d b a
(Parallel) (or) ( a c ) b 0
Vector triple product is not associative. If a b c d b c d a c a d b a b d c
a , b , c are non-zero, non-orthogonal vectors., 2
a b b c c a a b c
then (a b ) c a (b c ) .
If a , b , c are non coplanar vectors,
a (b c ) b c a c (a b ) 0
a (b c ), b (c a ), c (a b ) are coplanar i.e., a b c 0 then any vector r in space can
i j k j k i k i j 0 be expressed as a linear combination ofa , b , c
i a i j a i k a k 2a r b c r c a b r a b c
where a is any vector i.e., r a
a b c a b c a b c
a (b c ) b ( c a ) ( a b ) c
i.e., in the form r xa yb zc
[ a b b c c a ] [a b c ] 2
If a , b , c and d are coplanar then
Scalar Product of Four Vectors :
a b c d 0
( a b ).(c d ) is a scalar product of four
vectors. It is a dot product of the vectors If a , b , c and d are parallel vectors (or)
a b and c d . collinear vectors, then (a b ) c d 0
77
To find the direction of a line with Eg : 3
greatest slope : b c c a is equal to
Let 1 , 2 be two planes intersecting in a line
Sol : b c c a b c .a c b c .c a
l1 then the line of greatest slope in 1 is the
a b c c b c c a a b c c
line lying in the plane 1 and perpendicular to
the line l1 . EXERCISE - I
Note : Let a , b be the vectors along the normals 1. If a i j k , b i j k ,
to the planes 1 and 2 respectively then the
c i j k then a b c
vector a a b will be along the line of 1) i j k 2) 2 i 2 j
greatest slope in 1 . 3) 3i j k 4) 2 i 2 j k
Eg : 1 2. If a i 2 j 3k , b 2 i j k and
Let a 2 i j k , b i 2 j k and a unit
c i 3 j 2k , and a b c pi q j rk ,
vector c be coplanar. If c is perpendicular
to a , then c is equal to then p q r
1) -4 2) 4 3) 2 4) -2
a a b 3. i ( j k ) j ( k i ) k ( i j )
Sol: Required unit vector is a a b 1) i 2) j 3) k 4) Null vector
a a b a .b a a .a b 9 j 9k 4. a 2i 3 j 4k , b i j k ,
1 c 4i 2 j 3k then a bc (EAM-2000)
c
2
j k
1) 10 2) 1 3) 2 4) 5
Eg : 2 5. If a i j k , b i j k , c 2 i 3 j k ,
Let a i j and b 2 i k then point of then (a b ) c
intersection of the line
1) 2 i 6 j 2k 2) 6i 2 j 6k
r a b a and r b a b is
3) 6i 2 j 6k 4) 6i 2 j 6k
Sol: We have r a b a r b a 0 6. If a i j k , b i j , c i and
r b a r b a (a b ) c a b, then
1) 1 2) 0 3) -1 4) 2
r b a
Similarly, the equation of the line r b a b 7. a b c b c a c a b
can be written as r a b 1) 0 2) 0 3) 1 4) a b .c
For the point of intersection of the above two 8. (a b ) c a (b c ) if and only if
lines, we have a b b a 1
1) (a c ) b 0 2) a (c b ) 0
r a b 3i j k 3) c (b a ) 0 4) a b c 1
78
7. i (a i ) j (a j ) k (a k ) 14 If four vectors a , b , c , d are coplanar, then
1) 3a 2) 2a 3) a 4) 0 (a b) (c d ) =
6. The vector (a b ) c is perpendicular to 1) a b c d 1) b c d a
1) c 2) a b 3) both 1 and 2
3) c d a b 4) Null vector
4) b , c
15. If b c c a 3c then
12. If a , b are two unit vectors such that
b c c a a b
a b 2 then the value of a b a b is 1) 2 2) 7 3) 9 4) 11
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 0 14. a b c d lc md then m is
8. a 2 i 3 j k , b i 2 j 4k ,
1) a b c d 2) c b d
c i j k , d i j k then
3) b c d 4) a b c
a b . c d ___
15. If a b c 0 then
1) 4 2) 24 3) 36 4) 4
9. If a b c b a . b b . c a . c a b b c c a
then 1) 0
2 2 2
2) A vector perpendicular to the plane of
1) a 2) b 3) c 4) 0
a ,b ,c
10. a i b i a j b j 3) A scalar quantity 4) 2 a b c
a k b k [EAM-2018] KEY
01) 2 02) 1 03) 4 04) 4 05) 2 06) 2
1) a .b 2) 3 a .b 3) 0 4) 2 a .b 07) 2 08) 1 09) 2 10) 3 11) 3 12) 4
13) 2 14) 4 15) 4 16) 1 17) 3 18) 1
9. a b . c d a .c b .d K a .d b .c then 19) 4 20) 3 21) 4 22) 1
the value of K is
SOLUTIONS
1) 1 2) 0 3) -2 4) -1
10. b c . ad c a . b d ab . c d 1. a .c b a .b c
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) -1 2. a i 2 j 3k , b 2i 2 j k , c i 3 j 2k
12. If a , b lie in a plane normal to the plane
a b c pi q j rk
containing c and d then a b . c d
a.c b a.b c pi g j rk
1) 4 2) 1 3) 0 4) 3
13. If a 2 i j 3k , b 3i 2 j k ,
166 2i j k 223 i 3 j 2k pi qj rk
c i j 4k , d i 2 j k then
2i j k 3i 9 j 6k pi q j rk
a b c d i 8 j jk pi qj rk
1) 24 i j 2k 2) 24 i j k comparing p = 1, q= -8, r = 5
now p+q+r =-1-8+5=-4
3) 12 2 i j 3k 4) 12 i 2 j 3k
79
16.
166 2i j k 223 i 3j 2k pi qj rk
b c . a d c a . b d a b . c d
3. a (b c ) (a .c )b (a .b )c
4. a .c b a .b c == ba
. cd
. bd
. ac
. cb
. ad
. cd
. ab
. ac
. bd
. ad
. bc
. 0
and a1 i a2 j a3 k a12 a22 a32 17. a b c d a b . c d 0
5. a .c b c .b a 18. Given
2 1 3
6. a c b a b
abd 3 2 1
a .c b b .c a a b 1 2 1
b .c , c .a
=
7. a b c a .c b a .b c 0 = 2 2 2 1 3 1 3 6 2 8 4 12 8
8. a b c a b c
2 1 3
c .a b c .b a a .c b a .b c
abc 3 2 1 2 7 1 13 3 5 14131516
a .b c c .b a 0 a c b 0 1 1 1
9. i a i i .i a i .a i
Now a b c d abd c abc d
a a .i i 3a a 2a
10. Cross product of any two vectors is perpendicular
8 i j 4k 16 i 2 j k 24i 24 j 48k 24 i j 2k
to both the vectors
19. a b d c a b c d 0 0 0
11. a b a b a b . a b a b
2
20. b c a c 3c a b c 3
12. G i v e n
2
a 2i 3j k,b i 2 j 4k,c i j k, d i j k Required value a b c 9
21. a b d c a b c d lc md
a.c a.d 4 0
a b . c d b.c b.d
3 1
40 4 m a b c
22. The vectors a , b , c are coplanar
13. a .c b .b a .b b .c a .b b .c a .c
b c and c a are parallel
a .c b a .c
2 2
b
b c c a 0 a b 0 0
14. Use scalar product of four vectors formula
15. a .c b .d a .d b .c a .c b .d K a .d b .c
K 1
4
8. If a , b , c are any three vectors such that
EXERCISE - II
1. i a b i j a b j
a b . c a b .c 0 then a b c
1) 0 2) a 3) b 4) c
k a b k
a i j
2
9.
1) 0 2) a b b 3) b 4) 2 a b
1) a 2 2) 2a 2 3) 3a 2 4) 4a 2
2. a , b , c are three unit vectors such that
1 10. If a i j k , b i j k ,
a (b c ) b , then (a , b ) , ( a , c )
2 c i j k , d i j k then
( b, c are non-collinear)
a b c d
1) 900 ,600 2) 600 ,900 3) 300 ,600 4) 450 ,300
1) 8 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
3. If a , b , c are non-coplanar unit vectors such 11. a 2 i j 2k and b i j if c is a
b c
that a (b c ) , then the angle vector such that a c c , c a 2 2 and
2
between a and b is the angle between a b and c is 300 , then
1)
3
2)
3)
4) a b c
4 4 2
1) 2/3 2) 3/2 3) 2 4) 3
4. a b c is parallel to b , then
12. If a 2 i j k , b i 2 j 2k ,
1) a c 2) b c 3) a b
c i j 2k and a b c
4) a , b & c are parallel to each other
1 i 1 j 1 1 k then
5. If a and b are unit vectors then the vectors
2 2
a b a b is parallel to the vector 1) 2, 4,
3
2) 2, 4,
3
2 2
1) a b 2) a b 3) 2a b 4) 2a b 3) 2, 4, 4) 2, 4,
3 3
6. b , c are unit vectors and a 7 .
13. If a is a unit vector then a a a b
1
a b c b c a a then the
2 1) a b 2) b a 3) a b 4) 2 b a
angle between a and c is
14. If a , b , c are three vectors of magnitude
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 6 2 4 3, 1, 2 such that a a c 3b 0 and
7. If a , b , c are unit vectors and b , c are non is the angle between a and c then cos 2
collinear vectors satisfying.
3 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
a , b , a , c and a b c b 2 c 4 2 4 5
15. If a a b b b c and a .b 0 ,
then cos
then a b c
1
1) 0 2) 1 3) -1 4) 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 0
2
5
16. If a , b , c are non-zero, non-coplanar vectors 1
2. a b c b
2
then a b c b c a is collinear 1
with the vector a .c b a .b c b 0 c
2
1) a b c 2) a b c
1 1
3) a b c 4) a b c a.c , ab
. 0 a c cos a,c
2 2
17. a b a c d [EAM-2020] 1
cos a , c a , c
2 3
1) a .b a c d 2) a .d a b c
a .b 0 a , b 2
3) b . c a b d 4) a . c b c d
1 1
3. a .c b a .b c b c
KEY 2 2
01) 4 02) 1 03) 1 04) 2 05) 1 06) 3 1 1
07) 3 08) 1 09) 1 10) 1 11) 2 12) 1 a .c , a .b
13) 2 14) 1 15) 4 16) 4 17) 2 2 2
SOLUTIONS a, c
4
, a , b 34
1.
i a b i j a b j k a b k
4. Given a b c b 0
a.c b a.b c b 0
let a b p a1 i a2 j a3 k
a.c b b a.b c b 0
=i pi j p j k p k
0 a.b b c 0
i.i p i. p i j. j p j. p j k .k p k . p k bc 0
b is parallel to c
= 3 p a i a j a k
1 2 3
= 3 p p 2 p 2a b 5. a b a b
a b .b a a b .a b
a .b a b .b .a a .a b b .a b
a .b a a b a .b b
a .b 1 a b
1
6. a.c b a.b c a.b c b .c a a
2
1
a .c b b .c a 0
2
80
1 i 4 j 2k 1 i 1 j 1 1 k
a .c 0, b .c
2
b b 1 4
7. a .c b a .b c 0
2 2 1 1 1 2 4
1 1 2 4
a .c 0, a .b 0
2 2
1
a .c , a .b
1 1 1 2
2 2
1 3 2
1 1
cos , cos 600 , 1200 2
2 2
3
8. a .c b .c 0
a b c c a b c .b a 0
13. a a . b a a .a b
a.b a a a.a a b b a
j .a i j .i a
2
9.
14. a .c a a .a c 3b 0
j .a i a22 a32 a12 a 2
2
2 3 cos a 3c 3b 0
10. a b d c a b c d
2 cos a 3c 3b 0
11. a 3, a b 2 i 2 j k 3
2 2
2 cos a 3c 3b
c a 2 2
3
12 cos 2 9 24 cos 2 0 cos 4
2
c a 2 a .c 8
2 2 2
c a 8
c 2 9 2c 8 a .c c
15. Given a a b b b c and a.b 0
c 2 2c 1 0 c 1 0
2
a.b a a.a b b.c b b.b c
c 1 c 1
bc
a b c a b c sin 30 3 1 12 32 Now a b c a b b 0
12.
Givena 2i j k , b i 2 j 2k , c i j 2k 16. a b c a b a a b
a b b a a b a b
a b c 1 i 1 j r 1 1 k b a c a a b c a
17. a b a c d a b . a c d
ac. b ab. c 1 i 1 j 11 k
a b . a .d c c .d a
a .d . a b c 0
5 i 2 j 2k 6 i j 2k
1 i 1 j 1 1 k
81
EXERCISE - III
5. In a regular tetrahedron the angle between
1. Let a j k , c i j k then vector b
any two faces is
satisfying a b c 0 and a .b 3 is 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1) sin 2) cos 3) tan 4) cos
1) i j 2k 2) 2 i j 2k 3 3 3 3
3) i j 2k 4) i j 2k KEY
2. Let a be a unit vector and b be a non-zero 01) 1 02) 1 03) 1 04) 1
05) 2
vector not parallel to a . If two sides of a
triangle are represented by the vectors SOLUTIONS
3 a b and b a . b a then the angles 1. a b c 0 a a b a c 0
of the triangle are a .b a a .a b a c 0
1) 900 , 600 , 300 2) 450 , 450 , 900 3a 2b a c 0
3) 600 , 600 , 600 4) 750 , 450 , 600 2b 3a a c 0
b i j 2k
3. Unit vectors a , b , c are coplanar. A unit
2. Two sides are 3 a b , a b a .
vector d is perpendicular to them. If
Observe that
3 a b . a b a 0
a b c d 16 i 13 j 13 k and the angle between these two sides is 900 .
angle between a and b is 300 then c Lengths of these two sides are in the ratio
3 :1 . So the remaining angles are 600 , 300 .
i 2 j 2k 2i j k
1)
3
2)
3 3. a , b , c are coplanar a b c 0 .
1 1 1
i 2 j 3k i 2 j k a b d c a b c d i j k
3) 4) 6 3 3
3 3 1 1 1
a b .d c i j k
4. Let a i j , b j k , c k i . If d is a 6 3 3
4. d is a vector perpendicular to a and coplanar
unit vector such that a . d 0 b c d , with b and c . Hence d is a vector collinear
then d is equal to a b c
with a b c d
a b c
i j 2k i j k
1) 2)
6 3
i j k
3) 4) k
3
82
5. Let OABC be the regular Tetrahedron and JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
a , b , c be the position vectors of A, B, C.
OA = OB = OC = AB = BC = CA
1. Let the volume of a parallelopiped whose
a b c b a c b a b coterminous edges are given by
Let be the angle between the faces OBC and i j k , v i j 3k and w 2i j k be
b c . c a [Link]. if be the angle between the edges and w
OCA. cos b c c a ...... (1) then cos can be [2019]
Observe that a .b b .c c .a
1 2 7 7 5 5
a b cos a 1) 2) 3) 4)
3 2 6 6 6 3 7 3 3
3 2
a b b c c a a a sin a
3 2
(a) [Link] a 2i j 2k , then the value of
2 2 2
i ai j a j k ak is equal to
--------- [2020]
(b) (c) [Link] x0 be the point of local maximum of
f x a. b c where
a xi 2 j 3k , b 2i x j k and
c 7i 2 j xk then the value of a.b b c c a
at x x0 is [2020]
1) -4 2)-30 3)14 4)-22
KEY
1) 2 2) 18 3)
83
SOLUTIONS 3. It is given that
x 2 3
1. iven i j k v i j 3k and
f x a. b c 2 x 1 x3 27 x 26
7 2 x
w 2i j k volume of parallelopiped = v
f x x3 27 x 26
1 1
f 1 x 3x 2 27
1 1 3 1 3 1
2 1 1 for critical point f x 0
1
3x 2 27 0 x 3,3
2(or ) 4 for 2
f 11 x 6 x
2 1 2 5
cos for 4 f 11 x at x 3 18
6 6 6
2 1 4 7 f x is maximum at x0 3
cos
6 18 6 3 then
2. . bc
ab . ca
. 2x2x3142xx7x43x
i ai ii. a i.a i 2i j 2k 2i j 2k 3x 13
similary
j a j 2i 2k
k a k 2i j
2 2 2
j 2k 2i 2k 2i j
2 2 2
1 4 44 4 1 5 8 5 18
84
ADVANCED LEVEL QUESTIONS
5. The distance of the point P a from the plane
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
r .n q measured parallel to the line
QUESTIONS
r b tc
1. the shortest distance between two opposite q 2 a.n
q a. n
A) c.n c B) n c
edges regular tetrahedron of side k is
k k k k q a.n b c
A) B) C) D) C) D) q
2 3 2 3 c n
2. The shortest distance between the lines
6. The three planes r .n1 p1 , r .n2 p2 ,
r 3i 15 j 9k 2i 7 j 5k
r .n3 p3 have a common line of intersection
and then
r i j 9k 2i j 3k is
p1 n2 n3 p2 n3 n1 p3 n1 n2
A) 34 B) 3 C) 4 3 D) 2 3 A) n1 n2 n3 B) 0
3. If a 2iˆ ˆj kˆ, b iˆ 2 ˆj 2kˆ, C) n1 n2 n3 D) n1 2n2 3n3
c iˆ ˆj 2kˆ and 1 iˆ 1 ˆj 7. Vectors a , b are non-zero, non-collinear
1 1 kˆ a b c then , vectors such that a 2 , a.b 1 and angle
and aree
between a and b is , if r is any vector
3
2 2
A) 2, 4, B) 2, 4,
satisfying r .a 2 , r .b 8 ,
3 3
C) 2, 4,
2 2
D) 2, 4,
r 2a 10b . a b 4 3 also
3 3
4. The reflection of the line r a tb in the r 2a 10b a b then
plane r .n q
4 2 1
A) B) C) 3 D)
3 3 3
q a.n
r a n b
A) n 2 8. Let a, b, c be distinct non-negative numbers.
If the vectors aiˆ ajˆ ck, ˆ ˆi kˆ and
q a.n b .n ciˆ cjˆ bkˆ lie in a plane then c is
B) r a 2 2 n t b 2 2 n [IIT JEE 1993]
n n
A) the Arithmetic Mean of a and b
2 b .n B) the Geometric Mean of a and b
C) r a b n D) None C) the Harmonic Mean of a and b
n
D) equal to zero.
85
9. ˆ c kˆ ˆi . If is a unit
Let a ˆi ˆj, b ˆj k, 15. Let a ˆi k,
ˆ b xiˆ ˆj (1 x)kˆ and
d
vector such that a. d 0 [b c d] then d then [a b c] depends
c yiˆ xjˆ (1 x y)kˆ
equals to [IIT JEE 1995] on [IIT JEE 2001]
A) only x B) only y
ˆi ˆj 2kˆ ˆi ˆj kˆ C) neither x nor y D) both x and y
A) B)
6 3 16. Let V 2 i j k and W i 3 k . If U is a
ˆi ˆj kˆ unit vector then the maximum value of the
C) D) k̂
scalar triple product [U V W] is
3
[IIT JEE 2002]
10. If a ˆi ˆj k,
ˆ b 4iˆ 3ˆj 4kˆ and A) - 1 B) 10 6
c ˆi ˆj kˆ are linearly dependent vectors C) 59 D) 60
17. The value of ‘a’ so that the volume of
and | c | 3 then [IIT JEE 2018] parallelopiped formed by ˆi ajˆ k, ˆ ˆj akˆ
A) 1, 1 B) 1, 1 and aiˆ kˆ become minimum, is [IIT JEE
2003]
C) 1, 1 D) 1, 1
1
11. For three vectors u, v,w which of the
A) -3 B) 3 C) D) 3
3
following expressions is not equal to any of 18. The unit vector which is orthogonal to the
the remaining three? [IIT JEE 1998] vector 3iˆ 2jˆ 6kˆ and is coplanar with the
A) u.( v w)
B) (v w).u
vectors 2iˆ ˆj kˆ and ˆi ˆj kˆ is
[IIT JEE 2004]
C) v .(u w) D) (u v).w 2iˆ 6ˆj kˆ 2iˆ 3ˆj
A) B)
41 13
12. Let a 2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ and b ˆi ˆj . If c is a vector
3 ˆj kˆ 4iˆ 3ˆj 3kˆ
C) D)
such that a.c |c |, | c a | 2 2 and the 10 34
19. Let a ˆi 2ˆj k, ˆ c ˆi ˆj kˆ .
ˆ b ˆi ˆj k,
angle between (a b) and c is 30° then
A vector coplanar to a and b has a
| (a b) c | is equal to [IIT JEE 1999]
1
2 3 projection along c of magnitude then
A) B) C) 2 D) 3 3
3 2 the vector is [IIT JEE 2006]
13.
Let a 2iˆ ˆj k,
ˆ b ˆi 2ˆj kˆ and a unit A) 4iˆ ˆj 4kˆ B) 4iˆ ˆj 4kˆ
C) 2iˆ ˆj kˆ D) none of these
vector c be coplanar. If c is perpendicular 20. The number of distinct real values of , for
to a then c is equal to [IIT JEE 1999] which the vectors 2 ˆi ˆj k,
ˆ ˆi 2 ˆj kˆ and
1 1 ˆi ˆj 2kˆ are coplanar is [IIT JEE 2006]
A) ( ˆj k)
ˆ B) ( ˆi ˆj k)
ˆ
2 3
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3
1 ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
C) (i 2ˆj) D) (i j k) 21. If a,b,c are non-coplanar unit vectors such
5 5
14.
If a,b and c are unit coplanar vectors, then
(b c )
that a (b c) then the angle
2
the scalar triple product [2 a b,2 b c,2 c a]
between a and b is [IIT JEE 1995]
is equal to [IIT JEE 2020]
3
A) 0 B) 1 C) 3 D) 3 A) B) C) D)
4 4 2
86
22. If a,b and c are three non-coplanar vectors SOLUTIONS
then a b c .[( a b ) (a c )]
equals [Link] OB k
[IIT JEE 1995]
its opposite edge AC c a
A) 0 B) [a b c] we have to find shortest distance between
(C) 2.[a b c]
(D) [a b c] OA and AC
O
23. Let p,q, r be three mutually perpendicular
vectors of the same magnitude. If a vector
A
satisfies the equation p (x q) p q
x
B
C
(x r ) q r (x p) r 0 then x is
b
c
given by [IIT JEE 1997] equation OA is r 1 b
(A)
1
2
(p q 2 r ) (B)
1
2
(p q r ) equation AC is r 1 s a sc
(C)
1
(p q r )
1
(D) (2 p q r )
r as ca
3 3
24.
Let the vectors a, b,c and d be such that
S.D projection a on b c a
(a b) (c d) 0 .
Let P1 and P2 be planes
a bc ba
a b c
determined by the pairs of vectors a,b and
bc ba b c a
c, drespectively then the angle between P1 k3
and P2 is [IIT JEE 2000]
2
b c a sin 90
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
4 3 2
k3 k
KEY 2
2k 2
1) C 2) C 3) A 4) B 5) B 6) B [Link] the formula
7) A 8) A 9) C 10) D 11) B 12) D
13) C
19) C
14) B
20) C
15) A
21) B
16) C
22) A
17) B
23) B
18) C
24) A S .D
2 a1 . b1 b2
a
b1 b2
a2 a1 4i 16 j
b1 b2 16i 16 j 16k
b1 b2 1
b1 b2 3
i j k
87
Hence S.D=
1
4 16
12
4 3 2 q a. n
a
b
.n
n t b 2 2 n
3 3 2
n n
3. a b c a.c b a.b c
5 iˆ 2 ˆj 2kˆ 6 iˆ ˆj 2kˆ
1 iˆ 1 ˆj 1 1 kˆ 5.
iˆ 4 ˆj 2 kˆ
Any point on the line PM is
1 1, 4 and 1 3 2
r atc
2
Suppose it represents M
3
M a t c lies on r . n q
a t c .n q
a.n t c .n q
4. q a.n
t
c .n
MP a a t c
Let P a t b be any point on the line t c
Equation of the line PQ is t c
r a tb n q a. n
c
Let P.V. of Q is c .n
6. Equation of plane passing through intersating two
a t b n
planes
a tb a tb n r .n1 n2 n2 p1 p2 . Where is a
Mid PQ
2 parameter
a t b n lies on r. n q This plane and r .n3 p3 are identical for same
2
value of .
a t b n .n q n1 n2 kn3
2
2 p1 p2 kp3
a. n t b . n n q
2
n1 n3 n2 n3 0
2 q a t b .n
n1 n2 k n3 n2
n
2
q
a
t b .n
p1 p2 n2 n3 kp3 n2 n3 pn2 n1
P.V of Q a t b
n
n
n2 n3 p2 n2 n3 p3 n1 n2 0
88
p1 n2 n3 p2 n3 n1 p3 n1 n2 0
12. a b c a b c sin30 0
7. r a b a b
1
ab c .....(i)
2
r .a 2 4 2 2
We have a 2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ and b ˆi ˆj
r .b 8 8 10
a b 2iˆ 2ˆj kˆ
r 2a 10b a b
2 ab 9 3
r 2a 10b . a b a b
Also given c a 2 2
4
2
3 c a 8
a a c a a c a
Substituting values of a b and c in (i) we
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
8. get
c c b c c bc 1
C3 C3 C1
a b c 3 1
2
3
2
13. (a) As c is coplanar with a and b we take
Expanding along R2 we get
c a a b b ..........(i)
c 2 ac ab ac 0 c 2 ab Where a, b are scalars
a,c,b are in G.P
As c is perpendicular to a , c .a 0
c is the G.M of a and b
From (i) we get ,
0 a a .a b b .a
9. (A) Let d xiˆ yjˆ zkˆ
0 a 6 b 2 2 1
Where x 2 y 2 z2 1 .........(i)
b 2a
( d being unit vector)
Thus,
a.d 0
c a a 2b a 3 j 3k 3 a j k
xy0 x y ............(ii)
c 9a2 1 1 18a2 1 18a 2
2
0 1 1
1 0 1 1
a
x y z 3 2
1
xyz0 c j k
..........(using (ii) 2
2x z 0
z 2x ...........(iii) 14. a,b,c are unit coplanar vectors ,
From (i) ,(II) (III)
2a b, 2b c and 2c a are also coplanar
x 2 x 2 4x 2 1
vectors, being linear combination of a,b and c
1
x
6 Thus 2a b 2b c 2c a 0
10. abc 0 & 1 2 2 3 ˆ xiˆ ˆj 1 x kˆ
15. (C) a ˆi k,b
11. u,v, w v u w v w u c yiˆ xj 1 x y kˆ
89
1 0 1 3j k
r̂
a b c x 1 1 x 10
y x 1 x y 19. A vector in the plane of a and b is
1 1 x y x x2 1 x2 y 1 u a b 1 ˆi 2 ˆj 1 kˆ
depends neither on x nor on y.. 1 u.c 1
ˆ Projection of u on c
16. Given that v 2iˆ ˆj kˆ and w i 3kˆ and u 3 c 3
is a unit vector u.c 1
u 1 1 2 1 1
Now u v w u. v w 2 1 1 or 3
u. 2iˆ ˆj kˆ ˆi 3kˆ u 2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ or 4iˆ ˆj 4kˆ
u. 3iˆ 7ˆj kˆ 32 72 12 cos
2
1
1
2
1
1 0
which is max. when cos = 1 20.
1 1 2
max. value of u v w 59
6 3 2 2 0
17. Vol. of parallelopiped formed by
2
1 2 2 0 2
2
u ˆi ajˆ k,v
ˆ ˆj ak,
ˆ w a ˆi kˆ is
bc
1a 1 21. We have a b c 2
V u v w 0 1 a
a 0 1
a.c b a.b c
b
c
11 0 a 0 a 2
10 a 1 a a
3 2 2
dV 1 1
For V to be min 0 3a 2 1 0 a.c b a.b c 0
da 2 2
1
a 1 1
3 then a.c 0 amd a.b 0
2 2
1
But a 0 a 3
3
a.b
1
a,b
4
2
18. (C) Any vector coplanar to a and b can be written
as r a b
22. a b c .[ a b a c ]
r 1 2 ˆi 1 ˆj 1 kˆ
a b c .[a a a c b a b c]
since r is orthogonal to 5iˆ 2ˆj 6kˆ
5 1 2 2 1 6 1 0
a. a. c a. b a a. b c
1 b. a c b. b a b. b c
9 18 0 r is 3ˆj kˆ
2
c. a c c. b a c. b c
r is a unit vector
90
a b c a b c a b c a b c MULTIPLE ANSWER TYPE
23. (B) As p,q and r are three mutually perpendicular QUESTIONS
vectors of same magnitude , so let us consider
ˆ r akˆ
p a ˆi,q aj, 1. Let a , b and c be three non-coplanar vectors
Also let x x1ˆi y1ˆj z1kˆ and d be a non-zero vector perpendicular to
Given that x satisfies that equation
a b c . Now
p x q p q x r q
d a b sin x b c cos y 2 c a then
r x p r 0 .......(i)
d . a c d . a c
3a2 x a2 x a2 p q r 0 A) a b c 2 B) a b c 2
1
x p q r 2
2 C) minimum value of x 2 y 2 is
4
24. If is the angle between P1 and P2
5 2
N1 a b D) minimum value of x y is 2 2
4
N1 N2 0
N2 c d 2. The scalars l and m such that la mb c ,
then N1 N2 sin 0 where a , b and c are given vectors, aree
equal to
or sin 0 0
c b . a b
A) l 2
a b
c a .b a
B) l
b a
c a .b a
C) m
2
b a
c a .b a
D) m
b a
3. A particle in equilibrium is subjected to four
^
4 ^ 12 ^ 3 ^
forces F1 10 k , F2 u i j k ,
13 13 13
91
4 ^ 12 ^ 3 ^
F3 V i j k , A) | u | B) | u | | u.a |
13 13 13
C) | u | | u.b | D) | u | u.(a b)
^ ^
F4 W cos i sin j ,then 7. Which of the following expressions are
meaningful [IIT JEE 1998]
65 A) u.(v w) B) (u. v).w
A) U 1 3cot
3
C) (u. v) w D) u (v .w)
65
B) V 1 3cot
8. Let a 2iˆ ˆj k,
ˆ b ˆi 2ˆj kˆ and c ˆi ˆj 2kˆ
3
C) W 40cos ec three vectors. A vector in the plane of b and
130
c , whose projection on a is of magnitude
D) U V
3
2
is [IIT JEE 1993]
3
4. Let x, y and z be three vectors each of
A) 2iˆ 3ˆj 3kˆ B) 2iˆ 3ˆj 3kˆ
magnitude 2 and the angle between each
C) 2iˆ ˆj 5kˆ D) 2iˆ ˆj 5kˆ
pair of them is . If a is a non-zero vector
3 KEY
perpendicular to x and y z and b is a non 1) BD 2) AC 3) ABCD 4) ABC
5) BD 6) AC 7) AC 8) AC
zero vector perpendicular to y and z x ,
then (IIT-2014)
A) b b.z z x y z
B) a a. y
C) a.b a. y b.z
D) a a. y z y
[Link] A be vector parallel to line of intersection
of planes P1 and P2 through origin. P1 is
parallel to the vectors 2ˆj 3kˆ and 4ˆj 3kˆ and
P2 is parallel to ˆj kˆ and 3iˆ 3ˆj , then the
angle between vector A and 2iˆ ˆj 2kˆ is
[IIT JEE 2016]
3
A) B) C) D)
2 4 6 4
6. Let a and b be two non-collinear unit vectors.
If u a (a.b)b and v a b then | v | is
[IIT JEE 2017]
92
SOLUTIONS
a a.y y z
1. d.a a b c cos y d. b c Similarly b b.z z x
d. b c a.b a.y b z
cos y
a.b .c 5. Let vector AO be parallel to line of intersection
Similarly, of planes P1 and P2 through origin.
d. a b
sin x and 2
d . a c i.e. 2j 3k 4j 3k j k 3i 3j
a b c a b c
2 2
6. u.a a a.b
sin x cos y 2 0
2 2 2 2 2
2
sin x cos y 2 v a b sin2 a b a.b
sin x 1, cos y 1
2 2 2 2
2
Since we want the minimum value of x y is 2 2 u a b a.b b 2 a.b
5 2 2 2
2
a b a.b
4
7. Clearly (B) , (D) are meaningless
2. Here la mb b c b la b c b
8. 2iˆ 3 ˆj 3kˆ & 2iˆ ˆj 5kˆ satisfies both
l a b c b . a b
2
conditions.
l
c b . a b
a b
2
c a .b a
Similarly, m
b a
2
3. As forces are in equilibrium we have
F1 F2 F3 F4 0
^ ^ ^
equating the coefficients of i , j , k and solve the
equations
1
4. x.y y.z z.x 2 2 1.
2
Let a x y z x.z y x.y z
yz
a.y
93
2 B C
a) r cos ec cos ec
2 2
COMPREHENSION TYPE
QUESTIONS 2 B C A
b) r cos ec cos ec cos
2 2 2
2 B C A
c) r cos ec cos ec cos ec
Passage - 1 2 2 2
Let ABC be a triangle, AD, BE, CF be the 2 B C A
angular bisectors of its interior angles. These d) r cos ec cos ec sin
2 2 2
bisectors are concurrent at a point I called
incentre of the triangle. we know that from
BD AB Passage - 2
geometry that . If BC , CA
DC AC If a , b , c be non coplanar unit vectors
and AB and with reference to the same equally inclined to one another at an angle
origin. Let a, b,c be position vectors of A,B,C and if a b b c pa qb rc then
respectively, then 4. p = ..............
1. The positon vector of I must be 1 1
(A) (B)
abc a b c
2cos 1 2cos
(A) (B) 1 1
3 3
(C) (D)
1 cos 1 2cos
a b c a b c
(C) (D) 5. r = ..............
2
1 1
2. If ‘r’ is the perpendicular distance of I from (A) (B)
2cos 2sin
the side BC, then [Link] must be
1 1
2 B C (C) (D)
a) r cos ec cos ec 1 2cos 1 2cos
2 2
6. q = ..............
2 B C A 2cos 2sin
b) r cos ec cos ec sin (A) (B)
2 2 2
1 2cos 1 2cos
B C A
c) r cos ec cos ec sin
2 2cos 1
2 2 2 (C) (D)
1 cos 1 2cos
A B C
d) r cos ec cos ec sin
2
2 2 2 KEY
3. If ‘r’ is the perpendicular distance of I from 1. C 2. C 3.B
the side BC, then IB IC must be 4. B 5. C 6.A
94
SOLUTIONS
a b c p cos q cos r ... (4)
(2) + (3) + (4) gives :
BD AB
1.
DC AC
2 a b c
pqr ... (5)
c b 2cos 1
position vector of D
(2) – (5) cos gives
Now BD . a b c
p r
In BDA, BI is bisector of BDA also 2 cos 1 cos
1
2 a b c cos
ID BD q
IA AB
2cos 11 cos
a
c b
a
1 cos cos
b c cos 1 cos
a b c But
I cos cos 1
1 2sin 1 sin
2
B C
2. [Link] IB IC cos 180
0
2 2
1 2cos
pr , q
B C B C
r cos ec r cos ec cos 1 2cos 1 2cos
2 2 2
B C A
r 2 cos ec r cos ec sin
2 2 2
B C A
3. IB IC r cos ec cos ec cos
2
2 2 2
4, 5, 6.
a b b c pa qb rc ... (1)
taking dot product with a , b , c respectively in
(1)
a b c p q cos r cos ... (2)
0 p cos q r cos ... (3)
95
MATRIX MATCHING TYPE (D) If a, b and c are unit vectros such that
QUESTIONS
a . b 0, a c . b c 0 and
[Link] I
c a b a b where , and are
(A) The line r ˆi ˆj t ˆi kˆ where t is scalar
passes through the point scalars then 2 1 2
(B) The line r ˆi ˆj t ˆi kˆ where t is scalar
COLUMN-II
1
(p) 3 3 5
and the plane r. 2iˆ ˆj kˆ 2 intersect at the 2
(q) 0
point
(C) The point on the line r ˆi ˆj t ˆi kˆ (r)
17
2
where t is scalar, which is at a distance of 3 units
from the point having position vector î is/are 106
(s)
(D) The volume of the parallelopiped having 9
adjacent sides ˆi k,2i
ˆ ˆ ˆj kˆ and c is 4 cubic
KEY
units then c may be
Column II 01) (A)–(q,r,s,t); (B)–(s); (C)–(q,t); (D)–(q,t)
(p) ˆi ˆj 2kˆ
02) A-r, B-s, C-p, D-q
(q) ˆi ˆj 2kˆ
(r) 2iˆ ˆj 3kˆ
(s) ˆj kˆ
(t) 3iˆ ˆj 2kˆ
[Link]-I
(A) The distance of the point (1,0,1) from the line
r i 2 j 4 k i k is
(B) If A denote the image of origin in the line
x 1 y 1 z 1
then OA=
1 1 1
(C) If a, b and c are three non- coplanar uni-
modular vectors, each inclined with other at an
angle 300 , then volume of tetrahedron whose edges
are a, b and c is
96
SOLUTIONS
1. (A) The point (1+t , 1, - t) where t is real parameter, (D) a c . b c 0
always lie on the given line. 2
a . b c . a b c
(B) Solving the two equations we have
1 t 2 1 t 2
t 1 a b . a b a b c 1
1
So ; r ˆj kˆ
1
(C) Any point on the line is 1 t,1 t
1 2 2 1
2
1 t 1
2
1 t2 3
a b c 0 & a b o
t 2
c. a c. b
So, the point is 3 i j 2k and c b . a b b . a
b. b
i j 2k
a. a a. b
(D) Let C xiˆ yjˆ zkˆ a c . a b
c. a c. b
x y z
1 0 1 4
2 1 1
y z 1 x 2y 4
xyz 4
2. (A) Find the foot of perpendicular of P(1,0,1) on
x 1 y 2 z 4
then find distance
1 0 1
(B) same as (A)
(C) a . a b . b c . c 1 and
3
a .b b . c c . a
2
1
V a b c
6
2
1
V2 a b c
36
a.a a .b a .c
1
b.a b .b b .c
36
c.a c .b c .c
97
MATRICES &
DETERMINANTS
SYNOPSIS Types of matrices :
Row matrix: A matrix is said to be a row
Definition :A rectangular arrangement of matrix if it has only one row and any number
numbers (which may be real or complex of columns.
numbers) in rows and columns, is called a
matrix. This arrangement is enclosed by open Eg : 5 0 3 is a row matrix of order 1 3
( ) or closed [ ] brackets. The numbers are called Column matrix : A matrix is said to be a
the elements of the matrix or entries of the column matirx if it has only one column and
matrix. any number of rows.
Order of Matrix : A matrix having ‘m’ 2
rows and ‘n’ columns is called a matrix of order
‘ m n ’ or simply ‘ m n ’ matrix (read as m Eg : 3 is a column matrix of order 3 1
by n matrix). A matrix A of order ‘ m n ’ is 6
usually written in the following manner Singleton matrix : If in a matrix there is only
one element then it is called singleton matrix.
a11 a12 a13 ... ... a1 j ... ... a1n
Thus, A aij mn is a singleton matrix,
a21 a22 a23 ... ... a2 j ... ... a2 n
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... if m = n = 1
A
ai1 ai 2 ai 3 ... ... aij ... ... ain Eg : 2 , 3 , a , 3 are singleton matrices.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Null matrix (or) Zero matrix : If in a
am1 am 2 am 3 ... ... amj ... ... amn matrix all the elements are zeros then it is called
mn
a zero matrix and it is generally denoted by
In a compact form the above matrix is
represented by O. Thus A aij is a zero matrix if
m n
A aij ,1 i m,1 j n (or ) A aij aij 0 i and j.
m n
The numbers a11 , a12 ,......, etc. are known as the 0 0 0 0 0
Eg : 0 ,
0 00 0
are all zero
elements of the matrix A. The element aij in
matrices, but of different orders.
the matrix A belongs to i th row and j th column.
Rectangular matrix : In a matrix if the
Note: A matrix of order ‘ m n ’ contains number of rows is not equal to the number of
mn elements. Every row of such a matrix columns then the matrix is called a rectangular
contains n elements and every column matrix.
contains m elements.
3 2
3 1 5 0
Eg : Order of matrix 6 2 7 is 2 3 Eg : 5
7 1 32
1
Square matrix : If number of rows and
1 0 0
number of columns in a matrix are equal, then 1 0
it is called a square matrix. Eg : I2 , I3 0 1 0 are identity
0 1
0 0 1
a11 a12 a13
a23 matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively.
Eg : a21 a22 is a square matrix of Scalar matrix : A square matrix whose all
a31 a32 a33
non diagonal elements are zeros and diagonal
order 3 × 3. elements are equal is called a scalar matrix.
Principal diagonal of a square Thus, if A aij is a square matrix and
matrix: In a square matrix the diagonal from
first element of the first row to the last element ,if i j
of the last row is called the principal diagonal aij , then A is a scalar
0, if i j
of the square matrix.
matrix.
a11 a12 a13
a23 5 0 0
Eg : a21 a22 3 0
a31 a32 a33 Eg : 0 3 , 0 5 0
0 0 5
then a11 , a 22 ,a 33 constitutes diagonal of A
Unit matrix and null square matrices are also
Diagonal matrix : In a square matrix if all scalar matrices.
the elements outside the principal diagonal are Triangular matrix : A square matrix
zeros, the elements of principal diagonal may
or may not be zero, then the matrix is said to aij is said to be triangular matrix if each
be diagonal matrix. element above or below the principal diagonal
is zero. It is of two types
2 0 0
Upper triangular matrix : A square
Eg : 0 0 0 is a diagonal matrix of order matrix aij is called the upper triangular
0 0 4
matrix,
3 3 , which can be denoted by diag 2,0, 4
if aij 0 when i j .
Note: If A = diag( d1 , d 2 , d3 ...d n ) then
3 1 2
A diag d1 , d 2 , d 3 .....d n
n n n n n
Eg : 0 4 3 is an upper triangular matrix
Identity matrix or Unit matrix : 0 0 6
A square matrix in which each element in the of order 3 × 3.
principal diagonal is ‘1’ and rest are all zeros Lower triangular matrix: A square
is called an identity matrix or unit matrix. Thus,
matrix aij is called the lower triangular
the square matrix A aij is an identity
matrix, if aij 0 when i j .
1, if i j
matrix, if aij 1 0 0
0, if i j
We denote the identity matrix of order n by Eg : 2 3 0 is a lower triangular matrix
4 5 2
In .
of order 3 × 3
2
Trace of a matrix : The sum of diagonal Difference of two matrices : If A and B
elements of a square matrix A is called the are two matrices of the same type then A-B is
trace of matrix A, which is denoted by tr ( A). defined as A+(-B)
Trace is also called as spur. Note: If two matrices A and B are of different
n orders, we can not define A+B and A-B.
i.e., tr A aii a11 a22 .....ann Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar:
i 1
Properties of trace of a matrix : Let A aij mn be a matrix and k be a number,,
Let A aij nn and B bij nn and be a then the matrix which is obtained by
scalar multiplying every element of A by k is called
scalar multiplication of A by k and it is denoted
i) tr A tr A by kA.
ii) tr A B tr A tr B Thus, if A aij mn ,
iii) tr AB tr BA
then kA Ak kaij mn .
iv) tr I n n v) tr AB tr A .tr B
vi) If A,B,C are square matrices of order n, then
Properties of scalar multiplication :
Tr (ABC) = Tr (BCA) = Tr (CAB) If A, B are matrices of the same order and
Equality of matrices : Two matrices A , are any two scalars then
and B are said to be equal, if i) A B A B
i) A and B are of the same type (order)
ii) The corresponding elements of A and B ii) A A A
are equal.
iii) A A A
a b c 2 0 1
Eg : A and B iv) A A A
d e f 1 3 5
are equal iff a = 2, b = 0, c = 1, d = -1, Multiplication of matrices : Two
e = -3, f = 5 matrices A and B are conformable for the
Addition of matrices : If A and B are two product AB if the number of columns in A is
matrices of the same type, then their sum same as the number of rows in B thus, if
denoted by A+B is defined to be the matrix of A aik mp , B bkj pn then
the same type and is obtained by adding the
corresponding elements of A and B. p
AB Cij where Cij aik bkj
i.e., If A aij mn and B bij mn then mn
k 1
Properties of matrix multiplication :
A B [Cij ]mn where Cij aij bij
If A,B and C are three matrices such that their
Properties : product is defined, then
i) A+B = B+A (commutative law) i) AB BA ,(Generally not commutative)
ii) (A+B)+C = A+(B+C) (Associative law)
iii) A+O=O+A = A where O is zero matrix which
ii) AB C A BC =ABC, (Associative law)
is called additive identity. iii) IA A AI , where I is identitiy matrix for
iv) A A O A A , where A is matrix multiplication.
obtained by changing the sign of every element iv) A B C AB AC , (Distributive law)
of A, which is additive inverse of the matrix v) (A + B).C = AC + BC, (Distributive law)
A.
3
vi) If AB O, then either A or B need not be equal
a h g
to O . f
vii) If AB = AC then B need not be equal to C Eg : h b
is a symmetric matrix
g f c
even if A O .
Remember that if A and B are two square Skew-Symmetric matrix :A square matrix
matrices of the same order, then A aij is called skew -symmetric matrix if
A B
2
i) A2 B 2 AB BA aij a ji i, j i.e., AT A .
A B
2
ii) A2 B 2 AB BA 0 h g
h 0 f
iv) Am Amn An Eg :
n m
iii) Am An Am n
g f 0
v) I n I n N Note: i) All principal diagonal elements of a
vi) If a square matrix, which is commutative with skew-symmetric matrix are always zeros
every square matrix of the same order for ii) Trace of a skew-symmetric matrix is zero
multiplication then it is necessarily a scalar Properties of symmetric and Skew-
matrix. symmetric matrices :
Transpose of a matrix : The matrix i) If A is a square matrix, then
obtained from a given matrix A by changing
A AT , AAT , AT A are symmetric matrices
its rows into columns or columns into rows is
called transpose of matrix A and is denoted by ii) I f A is square matrix then A AT is a skew-
AT or A' symmetric matrix.
iii) If A is a symmetric matrix, then
From the definition it is obvious that if order
A, KA, AT , An , A1 , BT AB are also symmetric
of A is m n , then order of AT is n m
matrices, where n N , K R and B is a square
Properties of transpose of a matrix : matrix of order that of A
Let A and B be two matrices then, iv) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then
i A T T
A
a) A2n is symmetric matrix for n N
b) A2 n 1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for n N
A B
T
ii) AT BT ,A and B being of the c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix, where
same order kR
v) If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then
kA
T
iii) kAT , k be any scalar
a) A B, AB BA are also symmetric matrices,
iv) AB
T
BT AT , A and B being conformable b) AB-BA is a skew-symmetric matrix,
c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB=BA
for the product AB vi) If A, B two skew-symmetric matrices, then
a) A B ,AB-BA are skew-symmetric matrices
A1 A2 A3 .... An1 An
T
v) AnT AnT1 .... A3T A2T A1T
b) AB+BA is a symmetric matrix.
vi) A=B AT B T vii) a) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and B is a
Symmetric matrix: A square matrix square matrix of order that of A then BT AB is
A aij is called symmetric matrix if aij a ji also skew-symmetric matrix.
b) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and C is a
i, j i.e., AT A column matrix, then C T AC is a zero matrix.
4
viii) Every square matrix A can be uniquely ii) Involutory matrix: A square matrix A is
expressed as sum of a symmetric and skew- called an involutory matrix if A2 I
symmetric matrices of same order
ix) If A,B are symmetric matrices of same order 0 1
and X AB BA , y AB BA then XY YX 0 Eg : 1 0 is an involutory matrix.
1 T 1 T iii) Nilpotent matrix: A square matrix A is
i.e., A A A A A .
2 2
called a nilpotent matrix if there exists atleast
Note: If a matrix A is both symmetric and one p N such that A p O , where the least
skew-symmetric then A is null matrix. value p is called index of the nilpotent matrix
Orthogonal matrix: A square matrix A is A
called orthogonal if AAT I AT A i.e., 1 1 3
A1 AT Eg : A= 5 2 6 is a nilpotent matrix
Properties of Orthogonal matrix : 2 1 3
i) Every orthogonal matrix is non -singular. of index 3.
ii) Every orthogonal matrix is invertible.
Note: Trace of a nilpotent matrix is zero.
iii) If A is orthogonal, then AT and A1 are also
iv) Periodic matrix: A matrix A is called a
orthogonal.
iv) If A and B are orthogonal matrices of same periodic matrix if Ak 1 A where k is a
order then AB and BA are also orthogonal. positive integer. The least value of k is said to
v) The sum of the squares of elements of any row be period of A
or column of an orthogonal matrix is 1. v) Conjugate of a matrix: The matrix obtained
vi) The sum of the products of the corresponding from any given matrix A containing complex
elements of any two rows or columns is 0 numbers as its elements, on replacing its
vii) If A is an orthogonal matrix and B = AP (P- elements by the corresponding conjugate
non-singular matrix) then PB 1 is also complex numbers is called conjugate of A and
orthogonal matrix. is denoted by A .
Special types of matrices : 1 2i 2 3i 3 4i
i) Idempotent matrix: A square matrix A is
Eg : A 4 5i 5 6i 6 7i then
called an idempotent matrix if A2 A 8 7 8i 7
2 2 4
1 2i 2 3i 3 4i
Eg : A = 1 3 4 is an idempotent matrix. A 4 5i 5 6i 6 7i
1 2 3
8 7 8i 7
Properties :
i) If A, B are two idempotent matrices and vi) Transposed conjugate of a matrix: The
AB = BA = O then A+B is idempotent matrix. transpose of the conjugate of a matrix A is
ii) If A is idempotent matrix then I-A is also called transposed conjugate of A and is denoted
idempotent by A or A* .The conjugate of the transpose of
iii) Every non-singular idempotent matrix is A is the same as the transpose of the conjugate
always unit matrix of A
iv) If AB=A , BA=B then A and B are idempotent
i.e., AT A A .
T
matrices and An B n A B
5
Minor of an element in a square
1 2i 2 3i 3 4i
Eg : A 4 5i 5 6i 6 7i matrix: Let A aij be a square matrix.
8 7 8i 7
The minor of an element aij in A is the
determinant of the square matrix that remains
1 2i 4 5i 8
then A 2 3i
5 6i 7 8i after deleting the i th row and jth column of A.
3 4i 6 7i 7 It is denoted by M ij .
vii) Hermitian matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ is Cofactor of an element of a square
said to be Hermitian matrix if A A matrix : The cofactor of an element in the
th
3 3 4i 5 2i i th row and the j column of a matrix is
2 i defined as its minor multiplied by ( 1)i j . If
Eg : 3 4i 5
is Hermitian
5 2i 2 i 2 Aij is the cofactor of aij , then Aij ( 1)i j M ij
matrix.
Note: All the principal diagonal elements of a11 a12 a13
a a a23
herimitian matrix are real. Let A = 21 22
viii)Skew Hermitian matrix : A square matrix a31 a32 a33
A is said to be a skew-Hermitian if
A A a11 a12
i) Minor of a23 is M 23 a a32
31
3i 3 2i 1 i
2 4i
Eg : 3 2i 2i a11a32 a31a12
1 i 2 4i 0
ii) Cofactor of a31 is
is a skew-hermitian matrix.
Note: All the principal diagonal elements of a12 a13
A31 ( 1)31 M 31
skew-hermitian matrix are either zero or purely a22 a23
imaginary.
ix) Unitary matrix: A square matrix A is said iii) The cofactors of a11 , a12 , a13 ..... are denoted by
to be unitary, if A A I AA A11 , A12 , A13 ,.......
The determinant of unitary matrix is one and it
is non-singular. a1 b1 c1
a c2
Determinant of a square matrix : iv) For the matrix 2
b2
, the cofactor
The determinant of the square matrix a 3 b3 c3
a b1 A1 B1 C1
A 1 is the unique
a2 b2 C2
matrix is given by A2 B2
A3 B3 C 3
number a1b2 a2b1 and is denoted by
a1 a2 a1 c1
Det A A a1b2 a2b1 Eg : B2 ( 1) 2 2 (a1c3 a3c1 )
b1 b2 a3 c3
6
Determinant of Third Order Matrix a1 A3 + b1 B3 + c1 C3 = 0
The determinant of a square matrix is equal to a2 A1 + b2 B1 + c2 C1 = 0
the sum of the products of the elements of a vii) If the elements of a square matrix are
row (or column) with their corresponding Polynomials in x and two rows (columns)
cofactors become identical when x = a then x–a is a
a1 b1 c1 factor of its determinant and if three rows are
If a2 b2 c2 = a A + a A + a A identical then (x–a)2 is a factor
1 1 2 2 3 3
a3 b3 c3 Note: i) A AT , AB A B = B A
= b1 B1 + b2 B2 + b3B3 ii) KA K n A , n order of A.
= c1 C1 + c2 C2 + c3C3
Properties of determinants: iii) If aij is a determinant of order n, then the
i) The determinant of a square matrix changes
its sign when any two rows (or columns) are value of the determinant Aij , where Aij is the
interchanged
ii) If two rows (columns) of a square matrix are cofactor of aij is, n1 .
identical or proportional then the value of the iv) Determinant of nilpotent matrix is 0
determinant is zero.
iii) If all the elements of a row (column) of a square v) Determinant of an orthogonal matrix = 1or -1
matrix are multiplied by a number K then the vi) Determinant of a Skew - symmetric matrix of
determinant of the resulting matrix is equal to odd order is 0.
K times the determinant of the original matrix. vii) Determinant of Hermitian matrix is purely
iv) If each element of a row (column) of a square real.
matrix is the sum of two terms then its viii) Determinant of triangular matrix is zero
determinant can be expressed as the sum of
two determinants of two square matrices of the Product of Determinants of the same
same order. Order :
a1 x a2 a3 a1 a2 a3 x a 2 a3
a1 b1 c1 1 1 1
b1 y b2 b3
= b1 b2 b3
y b2 b3 c2 and 2 2 2 2
Let 1 a2 b2
c1 z c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 z c2 c3 a3 b3 c3 3 3 3
v) If the elements of a row (column) of a square
matrix are added with K times the Then row by row multiplication of 1 and 2 is
corresponding elements of any other row given by
(column) then the value of the determinant of
the resulting matrix is unaltered a11 b11 c1 1 a1 2 b1 2 c1 2
x1 y1 z1 x1 ky1 y1 z1 1 2 a21 b2 1 c2 1 a2 2 b2 2 c2 2
x2 y2 z2 x2 ky2 y2 z2 a31 b3 1 c3 1 a3 2 b3 2 c3 2
x3 y3 z3 x3 ky3 y3 z3
vi) The sum of the products of the elements of any a1 3 b1 3 c1 3
row (column) of a squre matrix with the a2 3 b2 3 c2 3
cofactors of the corresponding elements of any
other row (column) is zero. a3 3 b3 3 c3 3
a1 b1 c1 Note: Multiplication can also be performed
a2 b2 c2 row by column; column by row or column by
a1 A2 + b1 B2 + c1 C2 = 0
a3 b3 c3 column as required in the problem.
7
Derivative of Determinants : Adjoint matrix of a square matrix :
If the elements of a square matrix are replaced
f1 x g1 x
Let x f x g x ,
by corresponding co-factors then the transpose
2 2 of the resulting matrix is called the adjoint of
the [Link] matrix of A is denoted by
where f1 x , f 2 x , g1 x and g 2 x are the Adj A
functions of x. then,
a b1 c1 A A2 A3
1 1
f1 '
x g x
'
f1 x g1 x
Adj P B1 B3
' x 1 If P a2 b2 c2 then
B2
f2 x g 2 x f '2 x g '2 x
a3 b3
c3 C C2 C 3
1
Also
Where A1 , B1 , C1..... are the co-factors of
f1 ' x g1 x f1 x g1' x
' x a1 , b1 , c1.....
f 2' x g 2 x f 2 x g 2' x
Properties of adjoint matrix :
Thus, to differentiate a determinant, we
If A, B are square matrices of order n and I n is
differentiate one row (or column) at a time,
keeping others unchanged. corresponding unit matrix, then
Integration of Determinants : i A adjA A I n adjA A
f x g x (Thus A adj A is always a scalar matrix)
If x ,then
1 2 n 1
ii) adjA A
b b
iii) adj adjA A
n2
f x dx g x dx
x dx
b
A; A 0
a a
n 12
1 2 adj adjA A
a
iv)
Here, f x and g x are functions of x and v) adj adj (adjA ......r times A
n 1r
1 , 2 are constants.
vi) adj AT adjA
T
Note:This formula is only applicable, if there
is a variable only in one row or column, vii) adj AB adjB adjA
otherwise expand the determinant and then
viii) adj Am adjA , m N
m
integrate.
Singular and non-singular matrix :
ix) adj kA k n1 adjA , k R
If the determinant of a square matrix is zero
then it is called a singular matrix otherwise x) adj I n I n xi) adj O O
non-singular matrix.
xii) A is symmetric matrix adj A is also
Note: i) A is singular AT is singular symmetrix matrix.
A is non-singular AT is non-singular xiii) A is diagonal matrix adj A is also diagonal
ii) If A and B are non-singular matrices of the same matrix.
type, then AB is non-singular of the same type. xiv) A is triangular matrix adjA is also triangular
iii) If product of two non-zero square matrices is a matrix.
zero matrix, then both of them must be singular
matrices. xv) A is singular adjA 0
8
Inverse of a matrix : Let A be a non- Elementary Transformations : Any
singular square matrix of order n, if there exist one of the following operation on a matrix is
a square matrix B of the same order such that called an elementary transformation.
AB BA I n then B is called the inverse of a) Interchanging any two rows (or columns) this
transformation is indicated as
A and we write it as A1 .
Ri R j Ci C j
1 adj A b) Multiplication of the elements of any row (or
The inverse of A given by A
det A columns) by a non-zero scalar quantity this
A matrix is said to be invertible, if it possesses could be indicated as
inverse. Ri kRi Ci kCi
Properties of inverse matrix : If A and c) Addition of a constant multiple of the elements
B are invertible matrices of the same order, then of any row to the corresponding element of any
A
1 1
ii) AT A1
1 T
i) A other row, indicated as Ri Ri kR j .
Equivalent Matrices : Two matrices A and
AB
1
iii) B 1 A 1
B are said to be equivalent, if one is obtained
iv) A
k 1
A
1 k
,k N from the other by elementary transformations.
It is denoted by A ~ B
1 1 Solution of Linear Equations by
v) adj A1 adjA
1
vi) A A A
1
Determinants :
1. Cramer’s Rule: (Solution of system of linear
vii) If A= diag( a1a2 ...an )
equations in two unknowns) The solution of
1
then A diag a1 a2 ....an 1 1 1
the system of equations
a1 x b1 y c1 , a2 x b2 y c2
viii) If A is symmetric matrix then A1 is also
symmetric matrix. 1
is given by x and y 2 ,where
ix) The inverse of a skew symmetric matrix of odd
order does not exist.
a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 c1
x) A is a non singular scalar matrix A1 is also , 1 and 2
a2 b2 c2 b2 a2 c2
a scalar matrix.
xi) A is triangular matrix, A 0 A1 is also provided 0
2. Cramer’s Rule: (Solution of system of
triangular matrix.
linear equations in three unknowns) The
xii) If A,B are symmetric matrices and commute
solution of the system of equations
then A1 B , AB 1 , A1 B 1 are also symmetric
matrices a1 x b1 y c1 z d1 , a2 x b2 y c2 z d 2
Cancellation law with respect to a3 x b3 y c3 z d3 its matrix form is
multiplication : If A is a non -singular
a1 b1 c1 x d1
matrix i.e., if A 0 , then A1 exist and a b c y d
2 2 2 2 AX B
AB AC A1 AB A1 AC a3 b3 c3 z d3
A1 A B A1 A C IB IC B C 1
is given by x , y 2 and z 3 , where
AB AC B C A 0 .
9
x) If A and B are two matrices such that the
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 product AB is defined, then rank (AB) can not
a2 b2 c2 1 d 2 b2 c2 exceed the rank of the either matrix.
; ;
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
xi) If A aij mn is a matrix of Rank r then
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1 r min m, n
2 a2 d2 c2 3 a2 b2 d2
, Echelon form of a matrix : In a matrix if
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
the number of zeros before the first non zero
Provided 0 element in any row doesnot exceed number of
such type of zeros in the very next row, then
Sub matrix: A matrix obtained by deleting
the matrix is said to be in echelon form.
finite number of rows or columns or both of a
given matrix A is called sub matrix of A.
1 2 3 4 5
Rank of a matrix : Let A be a non - zero 0
matrix. The rank of A is defined as the 1 3 5 1
maximum of the orders of the non - singular Eg : the matrix 0 0 1 2 1 is in the
square submatrices of A and is denoted by rank
0 0 0 0 0
(A).
Note: i) If A is a non-zero matrix of order 3, Echelon form.
then the rank of A is Note: The number of non zero rows of a matrix
a) 3 if A is non-singular given in echelon form is its rank.
b) 2 if A is singular and there exist atleast
Characteristic Equation of a Matrix:
one of its 2 2 submatrices is non-singular
c) 1 if A is singular and every 2 2 submatrix If A is a matrix of order n n then A I 0
is singular is called the characteristic equation of the
ii) A positive integer r is said to be the rank of a matrix A.
non-zero matrix A, if
a) There exists at least one minor in A of order r a11 a12 a13
which is not zero. and a23 , then its characteristic
b) Every minor in A of order greater than r is zero. If A a21 a22
It is written rank (A) = r. a31 a32 a33
iii) The rank of a null matrix is defined as zero
equation is A I 0 takes the form
iv) The rank of identy matrix of order n is n
v) If A is a non-singular matrix of order n then 3 S1 2 S2 S3 0 where
rank A n .
S1 a11 a22 a33 = sum of the leading
vi) Elementary operations do not change the rank
of a matrix. diagonal elements of A.
vii) If A T is a transpose of A, then a11 a12 a22 a23 a11 a13
S2
rank AT rank A a21 a22 a32 a33 a31 a33
viii) If A is the transposed conjugate of A, then = sum of the minors of the leading diagonals
rank A rank A . elements of A
S3 A =determinant of the matrix A.
ix) rank A B rank A rank B .
10
Solution of system of non- Solution of system of homogeneous
homogenoeous linear equations in linear equations in two unknowns :
two unknowns : a1 x b1 y 0 , a2 x b2 y 0
a1 x b1 y c1 , a2 x b2 y c2
a1 b1 x 0
Its matrix form is a
b1 x c1 2 b2 y 0
a1
Its matrix form is a
2 b2 y c2 AX O
a1 b1
AX D (i) a b System has unique solution that is
2 2
a1 b1 x = 0 = y (trivial solution)
i) a b system has unique solutions
2 2
a1 b1
(consistent) X A1 D (ii) a b System has infinitely many
2 2
a1 b1 c1 solutions (non-trivial solutions)
ii) a b c System has no solution (iii) The above system of equations is always
2 2 2
consistent.
(inconsistent)
Solution of system of homogeneous
a1 b1 c1 linear equations in three unknowns :
iii) a b c System has infintely many
2 2 2 a1 x b1 y c1 z 0 , a2 x b2 y c2 z 0
solutions (consistent)
a3 x b3 y c3 z 0 Its matrix form is
Solution of system of non-
homogeneous linear equations in a1 b1 c1 x 0
a b2 c2 y 0 AX O
three unknowns : 2
a3 b3 c3 z 0
a1 x b1 y c1z d1 , a2 x b2 y c2 z d2
a3 x b3 y c3 z d3 Its matrix form is (i) A 0 then the system has unique solution i.e
x y z =0 (trivial solution)
a1 b1 c1 x d1
a d AX D (ii) A 0 then the system also has infinitely many
b2 c2 y
2 2 solutions (non-trivial solutions)
a 3 b3 c3 z d 3
(iii) The above system of equations is always
consistent.
(i) A 0 then the system has unique solution
Solution of a system of Linear
(ii) A 0 then the system also has infinitely many Equations by Matrix-Rank method :
solutions or no solution Let AX=B be a system of ‘n’ linear equations
in ‘n’ variables.
Consistent System: A system of equations 1. Write the augmented matrix [A B]
is said to be consistent if its solution (one or 2. Reduce the augmented matrix to echelon form
more) exist. using elementary row-opeations
Inconsistent system:A system of equations 3. Determine the rank of the coefficient matrix A
is said to be inconsistent if its solution does and augmented matrix [A B] by counting the
not exist. number of non-zero rows in A and [A B].
11
i) If rank A rank AB ,then the system of
equations is inconsistent.
ii) If rank A rank AB = the number of x' 1 0 x
'
unknowns, then the system of equations is y 0 1 y
consistent and has a unique solution.
iii) If rank A rank AB the number of
Reflection of a point R x, y in y-axis:
unknowns, then the system of equations is
consistent and has infinitely many solutions. 1 0 x
Let AX O be a homogeneous system of R x' , y'
0 1 y
linear equations.
a) If rank A number of variables, then
AX O have a trivial solution i.e. zero
solution.
b) If rank A number of variables, then
AX O have a non-trivial solution. It will
have infinitely many solutions. Note:(i) Reflection of a point R x, y through
Conditions for consistency : origin is given by
The following cases may arise:
x1 1 0 x
(i) If 0 , or Rank (A) = Rank [AB] =3 then 1
the system is consistent and has a unique y 0 1 y
solution, which is given by Cramer’s rule: (ii) Reflection of point R x, y in the line y = x is
x 1 ,y 2 ,z 3 0 1
given by
(ii) If 0 and at least one of the determinants 1 0
1 , 2 , 3 is non -zero,(or) =0 and (iii) Reflection of point R x, y in the line
rank (A) rank AB the
adjA B 0 (or) 0 1
y = -x is given by
given system is inconsistent i.e., it has no 1 0
solution. (iv) Reflection of point R x, y in
(iii) If 0 and 1 2 3 0 ,
y tan x i.e y mx or y tan x is
(or) 0 and adjA B 0
(or) rank (A) = rank AB < 3 then the system
is consistent and dependent, and has infinitely
many solutions.
Geometrical Transformations :
Reflection of a point R x, y in x-axis :
Let R ' x ' , y ' is the reflection of the point R
x, y on x-axis. The matrix of reflection is
given by given by
12
1 tan 2 2 tan n 1 n 2
2 2
n2
cos sin 1 tan 2
1 tan 2
n 1 n 2 n 3
2 2 2
8
sin 2 cos 2 tan 1 tan 2 7.
n 2 n 3 n 4
2 2 2
1 tan 2 1 tan 2
1 m2 2m
n 1 n 2
2 2
n2
1 m2 1 m2
n 3 n 4 n 5
2 2 2
216
2 m 1 m2 8.
n 6 n 7 n 8
2 2 2
1 m2 1 m2
(v) Rotation of axes through an angle ' ' is given
cos sin x EXAMPLES
by R x , y
' ' '
sin cos y 1.A matrix X has (a+b) rows and (a+2) columns,
Standard Results : while the matrix Y has (b+1) rows and (a+3)
columns. Both matrices XY and YX exist. Find
a b c
a and b.
b c a
1. = – (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) Sol. Type of X is (a+b) (a+2)
c a b
Type of Y is (b+1) (a+3)
a h g Since both XY, YXexist
2. h b f = abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 a+2=b+1 and a+b=a+3 a=2, b=3
g f c order of X is 5 4, order of Y is 4 5
1 a a 2 1 a bc XY YX
1 b b 2 1 b ca ( order of XY is 5 5 and YX is 4 4)
3. a b b c c a
1 c c2 1 c ab 2.
1 2 2
1
1 a a 3
1 a 2
bc If A 2 1 2 then A is__
3
1 b b 1 b 3 2
ca 2 2 1
4. 3 2
1 c c 1 c ab
1 2 2
1
a b b c c a a b c Sol: A 2 1 2
T
3
2 2 1
1 a2 a3 a a2 bc
1 b 2
b b b 3 2
ca 1 2 2 1 2 2
5.
1 1
A. AT 2 1 2 2 1 2
2 3 2
1 c c c c ab
3 3
2 2 1 2 2 1
a b b c c a ab bc ca
1 a a4 9 0 0
1
1 b b4 0 9 0
6. a b b c c a 9 I
1 c c4 0 0 9
a 2
b 2 c 2 ab bc ca Similarly AT A I
13
A is Orthogonal matrix
3: 1 1 p 1 p q
In a square matrix, the elements of a column Sol. 2 3 2 p 4 3 p 2 q
are 2, 5k+1, 3 and the cofactors of another 3 6 3 p 10 6 p 3q
column are 1-5k, 2, 4k-2. Then find k
Sol. The sum of the products of the elements of any c2 c2 pc1 and c3 c3 qc1
column of a square matrix with the cofactors
of the corresponding elements of any other 1 1 1 q
column is zero. 2 3 43p
2(1 5k ) (5k 1)2 3(4k 2) 0 3 6 10 6 p C 3 C 3 PC 2
1
12k 2 0 k 6 1 1 1
4: 2 3 4 1
If , , are roots of x 3 px 2 q 0 , 3 6 10
6:
1 1 1 1 x x 1
If f ( x) 2x x( x 1) x ( x 1)
1 1 1 3 x( x 1) x ( x 1)( x 2) x ( x 2 1)
where q 0 then
then f (2015) [EAM-2020]
1 1 1
Sol. Taking x common from C2 , x 1 from C3
1 1 1 and ( x -1) from R3 , we get
Sol. we have 0 0
1 1 1
f ( x ) x ( x 1)( x 1) 2 x x 1 x
1 1 1
3x x2 x
1 1 1 Applying C1 C1 C3 , C2 C2 C3 ,we get
Let C1 C1 C2 C3
0 0 1
1 1 1
f ( x ) x ( x 1) x
2
1 x
2x 2 x
1
1
1 1 1
0
1 1 =0 [ C1 and C2 are proportional]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Thus f (2015) = 0
0 0
7:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0
x b b
5: a x b x b
If 1 , 2 are the two
a a x a x
1 1 p 1 p q
2 3 2p 4 3 p 2q d
= given determinants then ( 1)
3 6 3 p 10 6 p 3q dx
14
10:
x b b (constant ) 0
d
If 1 , 2 are roots of ax 2 bx c 0 , 1 , 2
dx
Sol: Given 1 a x b d
are roots of px 2 qx r 0 and equations
a a x ( x) 1 1 y 2 z 0, 1 y 2 z 0 have a non
dx
b2
1 0 0 x b b x b b trivial solution, then 2 _____
q
d
(1 ) a x b 0 1 0 a x b Sol. 1 y 2z 0 and 1 y 2z 0 have a non trivial
dx
a a x a a x 0 0 1 solution
1 2
x b x b x b
3 2 0 1 2 2 1 0
a x a x a x 1 2
8: 1 1 2 1 2
1
2 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 0
1 2 1 1 2 1 2
2 2
If A= then A3 3 A2 I
1 2 41 2 1 2 41 2
2 2
2 1 0
b2 q2
Sol. Characteristic equation of A is A I 0
a2 p2
1 1 0 b2 c q2 4r
2
4
1 2 1 0 a a p2 p
2 1 b2 q2 b 2 b2 4ac
2 2 2
b 4ac q 2 4 pr q q 4 pr
(1 ) (2 ) 1 1[ 2] 0 11:
3 3 2 I 0 (or ) A3 3 A2 I 0 x a a2 a3
9: x b b2 b3
If = 0 and a b c
If the system of equations x y z 1 , x c c2 c3
x 2 y 4 z n and x 4 y 10 z n 2 then x
Sol: By given result
are [Link] the values of ‘n’ are__
x a2 a3 a a2 a3
1 1 1 x b2 b3 b b 2 b3 0
Sol. 1 2 4 = 0 system has no solution x c2 c3 c c2 c3
1 4 10
1 a2 a 3 1 a a2
or infinitely many solutions. Given system is
x 1 b2 b3 abc 1 b b2 0
consistent It has infinitely many solutions
1 c2 c3 1 c c2
1 1 1
x ( a b)(b c )(c a )(ab bc ca ) +
1 2 n 0
3 0 abc( a b)(b c)(c a ) 0
1 4 n2
abc
(1 - 2) (2 - n) (n - 1) = 0 n = 1, 2.
x a b c
( a b )(b c )( c a )
15
3) I cos B sin 4) I cos B sin
Excerise - I 6. If a matrix has 13 elements, then the possible
dimensions (orders) of the matrix are
1 1) 1 × 13 or 13 × 1 2) 1 × 26 or 26 × 1
1. If aij 3i 2 j and A aij 22 , then A is 3) 2 × 13 or 13 × 2 4) 13 × 13
2
equal to
2 3
1 / 2 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1 2 3
1) 7. If A 4 2 5 and B 4 5 then
2)
1
1/ 2 1 2 2 1
1) AB, BA exist and equal
2 2 2 2
3) 4) 2) AB, BA exist and are not equal
1 / 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 3) AB exist and BA does not exist
x 3 2 y x 0 7 4) AB does not exist and BA exist
2. If ,
z 1 4 a z 3 2a ab b2
8. If A 2 and An 0, then the
( x y z a) a ab
1) -1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 8 minimum value of ‘n’ is
1 2 3 5 1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
3. + 2X = , X =
3 4 5 9 9. If A = diagonal (3,3,3) then A4
1 3 1)12A 2) 81A 3) 684A 4) 27A
2 3 2
1) 2) 1 5 1 2 2
2 5 2
10. If A 2 1 2 ,then A2 4 A is equal to
1 3 2 2 1
2 3 2
3) 4)
2 5 1 5 1) 2I 3 2) 3I 3 3) 4I 3 4) 5I 3
2
1 0 0 1
1 2 3 3 11. If I ,E , then ( aI bE )3
4. If A-2B = and 2A-3B = 0 1 0 0
3 0 1 1
then B = 1) aI bE 2) a 3 I b 3 E
3) a 3 I 3ab 2 E 4) a 3 I 3a 2bE
5 7 5 7
1) 2)
5 1 5 1 o c b a2 ab ac
c o
a 2
ab b bc
5 7 5 7 12. If A = and B =
b a o ac bc c2
3) 4)
5 1 5 1
then AB =
1 0 0 1 1) A 2) B 3) I 4) O
5. If I = , B = and
0 1 1 0 x x
13. If A
x
, then An ............, n N
cos sin x
C then C=
sin cos 2 n x n 2n x n 2 n 1 x n 2n 1 x n
1) I cos B sin 2) I sin B cos 1) n n 2) n 1 n
2 x 2n x n 2 x 2n 1 x n
16
then x
2 n 2 x n 2n 2 x n 2n1 xn1 2n1 xn1
3) n2 n 4) n1 n1 n1 n1 1) 0 2)3 3)6 4)8
2 x 2n 2 x n 2 x 2 x
2 3 5
1 0 1 0 4 1 2 P Q
14. If A and I , then which one 21. , where P is a symmetric
1 2 1
1 1 0 1
of the following holds for all n 1 (by the and Q is a skew-symmetric then Q=
principle of mathematical induction) 1 1
0 2 0 1
1) An nA n 1 I
2
2
1 0 0 1 0 0
2) An 2n 1 A n 1 I
1) 2 2) 2
3) An nA n 1 I 2 0 0
1 0 0
4) An 2n 1 A n 1 I
0 1 0 0 2 3
15. If Tr(A) = 6 Tr (4A )= [EAM-2019]
1 0 1 2 0 4
1) 3/2 2) 2 3) 12 4) 24 3) 4)
0 1 0 3 4 0
16. If Tr (A)=3, Tr(B)=5 then Tr(AB) =
1)15 2)5 3)3/5 4) Cannot say
2 2 4
1 2 3 1 0 0 1 3 4
6 , B 0 0 , Tr ( BA ) ...
22. If A = then A is
17. If A 4 5 3 1 2 3
7 1 0 0 4 5
1) an idempotent marix
1) 40 2) 45 3) 39 4) 5 2) nilpotent matrix
18. If A is a 3 × 4 matrix and B is matrix such 3) involutary
that AT B and BAT are both define then order 4) orthogonal matrix
of B is 24 25 26
1) 3 × 4 2) 4 × 3 3) 3 × 3 4) 4 × 4
25 26 27
7 -10 17 23. is equal to (EAM-2018)
19. If 3A + 4BT = and 26 27 27
0 6 31
1) 0 2) -1 3) 1 4) 2
1 18
4 6
b2 c2 a2 a2
2B-3A =
T then B = [EAM-2019]
5 7
b2 c2 a2 b2
24. [EAM -2020]
c2 c2 a2 b2
1 3 1 3
1) a2b2c2 2) 4abc 3) 4a2b2c2 4) 2a2b2c2
1) 1 0
1 0
2)
2 4 2 4 2 3 1 3
1 2 4
1 3 1 3 25. If
1 0 3 4 3
0
3) 4) 1
2 4 2 4 p 4 q 3 r 2 s t then t
1) 16 2) 17 3) 18 4) 19
2 x 3 x 2 26. If a, b, c are in [Link]
3 2 1
20. If A= is a symmetric matrix
4 1 5
17
x 1 x 2 x a sin 2 A sin C sin B
x2 x3 xb sin C sin 2 B sin A
[EAM -2018] then [EAM-2019]
x3 x4 xc sin B sin A sin 2C
1)1 2) 0 3) -1 4) 2
a 2b 2c
3 3
3 b c 1) 1 2) 0 3) -1 4)
27. If a 6 , b, c satisfy = 0, then 8
4 a b
1 x 2 3
abc 34. If 1 2 x 3 0 then x
1) a b c 2) 0
1 2 3 x
3) b3 4) ab b c
1) 1 2) -1 3) -6 4) 6
log e log e2 log e3 35. If A3x3 and det A = 5 then det (adj A) =
log e2 log e3 log e4 1) 5 2) 25 3) 125 4) 1/5
28. 36. If A is a square matrix such that
log e3 log e4 log e5
A adj A diag k , k , k then adjA
1) 0 2) 1 3) 4 loge 4) 5 loge
29. The value of a third order determinant is 11, 1) k 2) k 2 3) k 3 4) k 4
then the value of the square of the 2 2 0 1
determinant formed by the cofactors will be 37. If A= B= then (B-1 A-1)-1 =
1) 11 2) 121 3) 1331 4) 14641 3 2 1 0
30. In a third order determinant, each element of 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
the first column consists of sum of two terms, 1) 2) 3) 4)
3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
each element of the second column consists
38. If A is a 3×3 non singular matrix and
of sum of three terms and each x
element of the third column consits of sum adjA A , adj (adjA) = A y , z
A1 = A ,
of four terms,.Then it can be decomposed then the values of x, y, z in descending
into n determinants, where n has value order. 1) x, y, z 2) z, y, x 3) z, x, y
1) 1 2) 9 3) 16 4) 24
4) y , x, z
b c
2
a2 b2 12 22 32
2
b2 (c a ) 2 b2 39. If A = 2 2 32 42
then Adj A
31.
c2 c2 ( a b) 2 3 42 5 2
1) 8 2) 16 3) 64 4) 128
abc (a b c) then ....
3
40. If A is a square matrix such that A (AdjA)
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
4 0 0
x y 2z
x y 0 4 0
then det (AdjA) = (EAM-2017)
z y z 2x y 0 0 4
32. =
z x z x 2y 1) 4 2) 16 3) 64 4) 256
41. If det ( A33 ) 6 , then det (adj 2A)=
1) ( x y z )3 2) 2( x y z )3
1) 144 2) 22 38 3) 33 2 4 4) 32 28
3) x y z 4) ( x y z ) 2
42. The inverse of
33. If A,B,C are the angles of triangle ABC,
18
1 a b 1 a b 1) 2 15 2) 3 15
0 x 0is 0 1 0 then x
3) 15 4) 5 2 2
0 0 1 0 0 1
51. If a b c 1 and the system ax y z 0
1) a 2) b 3) 0 4) 1
x by z 0 , x y cz 0 have non trivial
43. If A 0 and ( A 2 I )( A 3I ) 0 then A1
solutions then a b c abc ...............
A 5I 5I A 5A I 5I A 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
6 5 6 6
KEY
1 2 3 01) 2 02) 3 03) 2 04) 2 05) 1 06) 1
44. The rank of the matrix A = is 07) 2 08) 1 09) 4 10) 4 11) 4 12) 4
2 4 6 13) 2 14) 3 15) 4 16) 4 17) 1 18) 1
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0 19) 3 20) 3 21) 1 22) 1 23) 3 24) 3
45. If I is a (9 × 9) unit matrix, then rank ( I ) = 25) 3 26) 2 27) 3 28) 1 29) 4 30) 4
1) 0 2) 3 3) 6 4) 9 31) 3 32) 2 33) 2 34) 3 35) 2 36) 2
46. The ranks of the matrices in descending order 37) 2 38) 4 39) 3 40) 2 41) 4 42) 4
43) 4 44) 3 45) 4 46) 2 47) 3 48) 2
1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 49) 4 50) 4 51) 3
2 3 0 1 1 1
A. B. C. 2 3 4 SOLUTIONS
0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 2
1 1 1
1. aij 3i 2 j a11 , a12
1) A,B,C 2) A,C,B 3) B,C,A 4) C,A,B 2 2 2
47. The system of equations and a21 2, a22 1
2 x 6 y 11 0 , 6 y 18 z 1 0
a a
6 x 20 y 6 z 3 0 A aij 11 12
a21 a22
22
1) is consistent 2) has unique solution
3) is inconsistent 4) cannot be determined 1/ 2 1/ 2
A
48. The value of 'a' for which the equations 2 1
3 x y az 1 , 2 x y z 2 , 2. Equating corresponding elements
x 2 y az 1 fail to have unique 2 3
solution is 3. 2 X
2 5
1) 7/2 2) -7/2 3) 2/7 4) -2/7
49. The system of equations 3 x 2 y z 6 , 2 4
4. 2 A 4 B
3 x 4 y 3 z 14 and 6 x 10 y 8 z a , has 6 0
infinite number of solutions, if a is equal to 3 3
(EAM-2020) 2 A 3B subtract and find B.
1 1
1) 8 2) 12 3) 24 4) 36
50. If x, y, z not all zeros and the equations c os 0 0 sin
5. C
x y z 0 , (1 a ) x (2 a ) y 8 z 0 , 0 cos sin 1
x (1 a ) y (2 a ) z 0 have non-trivial I cos B sin
solution then a = 6. possible order of the matrices are 1×13 or 13×1
7. AB, BA exists and not equal
19
25. put 0
a 2b 2 a 2 b 2 ab3 ab3
8. A 2
3 0 26. Put a=1, b=2, c=3
a b a b a 2b 2 a 2b 2
3
27. expand
A3 A. A2 0 and An 0 , for all n 2 lo g e 2 lo g e 3 log e 1 2 3
9. A4 81I 27 A 3 lo g e 3 lo g e 4 lo g e 2 3 4
28. (log e)3
3 lo g e 4 lo g e 5 lo g e 3 4 5
1 2 2 9 8 8
A 2 1 2 A 8 9 8
2 R2 R2 R1 , R3 R3 R2
10. ,
2 2 1 8 8 9 29. It is square of
5 0 0
det adj A det A 11
n 1 2 2 2
114
A 4 A 0 5 0 5 I 3
2 = 14641
0 0 5 30. 2 x 3 x 4 = 24
31. put a b c 1 find
32. x y z 1
11. find aI , bE
33. put A B C 600
12. find AB
13. put n = 3 34. expand
n 1
1 0 3 1 0 1 0 35. adjA A 52 25
14. A ,A An
2
2 1 3 1 n 1 36. A( AdjA) A I
n 1 0
n 0
B A1 AB
1
, n 1 I
1
nA 37.
n 1
n n 0
38. x n 1, y n 1 , z 1
2
1 0
nA n 1 I An n 1
n 1 39. AdjA A
15. Tr 4 A 4Tr A 40. A adjA A .I
16. Tr ( AB ) Tr ( A).Tr ( B ) 41. AdjkA kA
n 1
( k n A ) n 1
17. Find BA
42. vertify with AA1 I
18. Verification
43. A2 5 A 6 I 0
T
19. find 3 A 4 BT and adding
5I A
5 A A2 6 I A 1
20. A T A 6
44. All 2 × 2 sub matrices are singular
A AT
21. Q 45. Rank of I is its order
2 46. Rank of the matrixof order 3 × 3
22. A2 A 47. Rank ( A) Rank ( AD )
48. Rank ( A) Rank ( AD ) 3
24 25 26 49. Rank ( A) Rank ( AD ) 3
R2 R2 R1
1 1
23. we get 1 1
R3 R3 R2 1 1 0
24. put a = 1, b = 1, c = 2 verify option
20
I A
n
1 1 1 I A A2 A3 ... Am 1 , then
1 a 2 a 8 0 n is equal to
50.
1 (1 a ) (2 a ) 1) 0 2) m 3) -m 4) -1
k k 1
a 1 1 6. If AK then
k 1 k
1 b 1 0
51.
1 1 c A1 A2 .... A2015
1) 0 2) 2015 3) (2015) 2 4) (2015)3
EXERCISE - II 6 11
7. Matrix A is given by A then the
2 4
1 3 4 determinant of A2015 6 A2014 is
4
1. A 1 3 and A2 I then 1) 22016 2) 11 22015
1 3 4
3) 22015 7 4) 9 22014
1) 0 2) 1 3) 1/2 4) -2
0 0 x
xn x n2 x n3
A 0 x 0 , A100 yn y n2 y n3
2. [EAM -2017] 8. If
x 0 0 zn z n2 z n3
0 0 x100 x100 0 0 1 1 1
x y y z z x then
0 x100 0 0 x100 0 x y z
1) 100 2)
x 0 0 0 0 x100 value of n is
1) -1 2) -2 3) 1 4) 2
o x100 o o x100 o 9. If x, y, z are integers in A.P lying between 1
100
o o x100 x o o and 9 and x15, y 41 and z 31 are three digit
3) x100 o
o 4)
o x100 numbers,then the value of
o
5 4 3
0 0
3. If A= then the value of x51 y 41 z 31
1 1 is:
x y z
A A2 A3 ...... An
1) x y z 2) x y z
1) A 2) nA 3) n 1 A 4) 0
4. The number of 2 2 matrices that can be 3) 0 4) x 2 y z
formed by using 1,2,3,4 when repetitions are 10. If the entries in a 3 3 determinant are either
allowed is
0 or 1, then the greatest value of their
1) 24 2) 12 3) 6 4) 256 determinants is
5. A square matrix A is said to be nilpotent of
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 9
index m. If Am 0 now, if for this A,
21
11. If a, b, c are the pth, qth, rth terms in H.P. then
15. The value of the determinant
bc p 1
ca q 1
= sin cos sin 2
ab r 1
2
cos 2 sin 2 4
sin
1) 1 2) 0 3) abc 4) a 2 b 2 c 2 3 3 3 is
2 cos 2 sin 2 4
sin
12. If [ . ] denotes the greatest integer less than
3 3 3
or equal to the real number under
consideration, and 1 x 0 ; 1) 0 2) sin
0 y 1 ; 1 z 2 , then the value of the 3) cos 4) sin cos
cos 1 0
x 1 y z
f 1 2 cos 1
determinant x y 1 z is
16. If then
0 1 2 cos
x y z 1
range of f is
1) x 2) y 3) z 4) x y z 1
1) 0,1 2) 1,0 3) 1,1
4) 0,
2
1 n n 17. If A is orthogonal matrix of order 3 then
Dk 2k n2 n 2 n2 n det adj 2 A
13. If and
2k 1 n 2
n n2
2
1) 4 2) 16 3) 27 4) 64
18. A is an involutary matrix given by
n
D k 48 , then ' n ' equals 0 1 1
A 4 3 4 A
k 1
then the inverse of will be
1) 4 2) 6 3) 8 4) 10 3 3 4 2
1 cos 1 sin 1
A1 A
A 1 cos 1 sin 1 0, 1) 2A 2) 3) 4) A2
14. If then 2 2
1 1 1
2 6 4
1)
19. If the product of the matrix B 1 0 1
2) n , n being any integer 1 1 1
3) / 2 4) / 2
1 0 1
with a matrix A has inverse C 1 1 3
2 0 2
then A1
3 5 5 3 5 5
1) 0 9 14 2) 0 0 9
2 2 6 2 14 16
22
3 5 5 3 3 5 1 1
0 9 0 9 2 0 6 6
2
3) 4) 1 0 0
2 14 6 2 14 16 1 1 1 0 1 0
3) 3 6 2 4)
1 1 1
0 0 1
a b a b
2 3 6
b c b c 0
20. If and is not 25. If the trivial solution is the only solution of
a b b c 0
the system of equations x ky z 0 ,
a root of ax 2 2bx c 0 ,then kx 3 y kz 0 , 3 x y z 0 . Then the set
1) a, b, c are in A.P 2) a, b, c are in G.P of all values of k is
3) a, b, c are in H.P 4) a, b, c are in A.G..P 1) 2, 3 2) R 2
2cos x 1 0 3) R 2, 3 4) R 3
26. If the system of equations ax y z 0 ,
21. If f ( x) x 2cos x 1 , then
2 x by z 0 , x y cz 0( a, b, c 1)
0 1 2cos x has a non trivial solution then
f 1 ( ) 1 1 1
[EAM-2019]
1 a 1 b 1 c
1) 0 2) 2 3) 4) 6 1)1 2)1- 3)2 4)-2
2
27. The system of equations x y z 6 ,
cos 2 x cos x sin x sin x x 2 y 3 z 10 , x 2 y z k is
22. Let ( x ) cos x sin x sin 2 x cos x inconsistent if ....., k .......... [EAM -
sin x cos x 0 2018]
1) 3,7 2) 3,10 3) 7,10 4) 10,3
/2
28. Let and be real. The set of all values of
( x) ( x) dx
1
then equals
0 for which the system of linear equations
1) / 3 2) / 2 3) 2 4) 3 / 2 x sin y cos z 0,
1 2 1 x cos y sin z 0 ,
23. If A 1 1 2 then det adj adjA is
2 1 1 x sin y cos z 0
has a non trival solution is [EAM-2020]
1) 14 2) 14 3) 14 4) 14
4 3 2 1
1) 0, 2 2) 2, 0 3) 2, 2 4) 1, 2
0 1 1
24. If A 2 1 3 ,then [ A( adjA) A1 ] A
3 2 1
KEY
01) 1 02) 2 03) 2 04) 4 05) 4 06) 3
07) 2 08) 1 09) 3 10) 2 11) 2 12) 3
3 0 0 6 0 0
0 6 0 13) 1 14) 2 15) 1 16) 3 17) 4 18) 1
1) 2 0 3 0 2) 19) 3 20) 2 21) 2 22) 2 23) 1 24) 1
0 0 3 0 0 6
23
25) 3 26) 1 27) 2 28) 3 1
SOLUTIONS p 1
bc p 1 a
1. A2 = I equating 1st row x 1st column eleme 1 1
nts on both sides ca q 1 q 1 0
abc b
ab r 1
0 0 x x100 0 0 1
r 1
A 0 x 0 A100 0 x100
0 c
2.
x 0 0 0 0 x100 12. [ x ] = - 1, [y] = 0 , [z] = 1
3. A2 A3 A4 ........ A 0 0 1
1 1 1
4 4 Det = = 1 = [z]
4. 1 0 2
4 4
n n n
5. Let B I A A2 .... Am 1 13. 1 n , 2k n(n 1), (2k 1) n 2
k 1 k 1 k 1
B I A I A A2 ... Am 1 Exp =
I A 1 Am I n n n
B I A n 1
1 n(n 1) n n 2
2
n n
2
48
n 2
n 2
n n2
2
6. Ak 2 K 1
By C2 C2 - C1
2014
7. A 2015
6A 2014
A A 6I C3 C3 C1 , n ( 2n + 4 ) = 48 n = 4
0 11 14. Expanding the det, we get
22 22014 11 2
2015
22014 sin( ) 0
2 2
8. Order of determinant is n ; n Z
n n 2 n 3 3n 5 15. Applying R2 R2 R3
Order of R.H.S = 1+1+1-1=2
3n 5 2 3n 3 n 1 .
sin cos sin 2
9. Put x = 5, y = 4, z = 3
10. Keep least of given values in principal diagonal, sin cos sin 2 0
highest of given values in other places.
0 1 1
sin 2
3
cos
2
3
sin 2
4
3
1 0 1 2 16.. f cos 3 range of f is 1,1
1 1 0
adj 2 A 43 A 64 1 64
n 1
17
1 1 1 1
11. , , are in A.P , A ( P 1) D 1 1
18. A2 I A A1 also KA A
1
a b c a
K
1 1
A (q 1) D , A (r 1) D 1
b c 1 1
Hence A 2 A 2 A
2
19. BA C 1 , A B 1C 1
24
1 0 1 2 6 4 1 1 1: 6 1 1 1: 6
A1 CB 1 1 3 1 0 1
27..
A.B 1 2 3:10 0 1 2: 4
2 0 2 1 1 1 1 2 : k 0 0 3: k 10
20. C3 C3 C1 C2 R2 R2 R1 , R3 R3 R2
21. Expand
Given System is in consistent
22. Applying C1 C1 Sinx C3
C2 C2 Cosx C3 rank A rank B . Hence K 10, 3
1 0 Sinx 28. det A=0 sin 2 cos 2
x 0 1 Cosx
Sinx Cosx 0 Range of is 2, 2
applying R3 R3 SinxR1 CosxR2
1 0 Sinx
x 0 1 Cosx 1 EXERCISE - III
0 0 1
2 1 3 4
2 A 4 B 7C 24 52 28 0 1. If A ;B and
4 1 2 3
23. We know that
3 4
adj adjA A
n2
A , if A 0 ; provided C then
2 3
order of A is n
adj adjA A A as n 3 ABC A BC 2
tr A tr tr
2 4
det adj adjA A det A A
3 4
A B C 3
+ tr ......
1 2 1 8
A 1 1 2 14 1) 6 2) 9 3) 12 4) 15
But
2 1 1
x 3 2
det adj adjA 14 2. Matrix A 1 y 4 , if xyz 60 and
4
2 2 z
24. A(adjA)= A I 8 x 4 y 3 z 20, then A adjA is equal to
1 k 1 64 0 0 88 0 0
0 0 88 0
k 3 3 0 1) 0 64
2)
25. k2 k 6 0 0 0 64 0 0 88
3 1 1
68 0 0 34 0 0
k 3 k 2 0 k 2, 3 0
0 34 0
3) 0 68
4)
0 0 68 0 0 34
26. det A=0
25
3. If A, B and C are n n matrices and n n
det A 2, det B 3 and det C 5 , then 1) Di 1 2) D i 0
i 1 i 1
the value of the det A2 BC 1 is equal to 3) Di D j for all i, j 4) None of the above
6 12 18 24 ex sin 2x tan x2
1) 2) 3) 4)
5 5 5 5 9. If ( x) ln(1 x) cos x sin x A Bx Cx2 ......
cos x2 ex 1 sin x2
1 1
4 4
1 4
2 4 then B is equal to
.....
4. If 1 3 1 1 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
3 3
3 9
sin x cos ecx tan x
1) 1 2) -1 3) 0 4) f x sec x x sin x x tan x
5. The maximum and minimumvalues of 10. If then
x 2 1 cos x x 2 1
(3 3) determinant whose elements belong
to {0,1,2,3}is a
1) 9 2) 15 3) 54 4) 32 f x dx equals
a
a b c 1) 1 2) -1 3) 2a 4) 0
6. If A p q r and det A 6,
x y z r 1 n 6
(r 1) 2
2n 2
4n 2 n
Dr =
p x q y r z 11. Dr =
(r 1)3 3n3 3n 2 3n r 1
If B a x b y c z ,then
a p b q c r n(n 1) 2
1) nr 2) 0 3) r 4) 2n-n2
2
1) det B 6 2) det B 6
3) det B 12 4) det B 12 3 1
2 2 A 1 1
m b 12. If P , 0 1 and
7. If x a y b em , x c y d en , 1 , 1 3
n d
2 2
a m a b
and 2 and 3 ,then the Q PAPT and X PT Q 2015 P, then X is
c n c d
values of x and y are 1 2015 1 0
1)
1
2)
1 2 2 3 0 2015 1
1) and 2) and
3 3 1 1 2015 1 1 1
3) 0 1
4) 0 2015
1 2
3) log and log 4) e1 / 3 and e 2 / 3
3 3 2 2 1
[Link] D1 , D2 , D3 .....Dn be the set of all third order 13. If A 1 3 1
determinants that can be formed with the 1 2 2
distinct non-zero real numbers
then A1 A 5 I A I
2
a1 , a2 ,....., a9 then
26
4 2 1 4 2 1 1 1
1 1 = tr A tr A tr A ....
1 3 1 1 3 1 2 22
1) 5 2) 5
1 2 4 1 2 4 tr A
2tr A 2 2 1 6
1 1 / 2
4 2 1 4 2 1
1 1 2. [Link] A I
1 3 1 1 3 1
3) 3 4) 3
1 2 4 1 2 4 A xyz 8 x 3 z 8 2 2 2 y
A xyz 8 x 3z 4 y 28
1 0 0
60 20 28 68
14. Let A 2 1 0 if u1 and u 2 are column
3. A 2; B 3; C 5
3 2 1
2
1 A B 4.3 12
det A BC
2 1
A BC
2 1
matrices such that Au1 0 and C 5 5
0
1 1
1 .... 4 2 4
0 2 4
3 0
Au2 1 4. 1 1 3
then u1 u2 equal to [AIE-2012] 1 .... 3 2
0 3 9
5. Keep least of given values in principal
1 1 1 1 diagonal, highest of given values in other places.
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 0 3 3
0 1 0 1 3 0 3 54
15. If a, b, c are non zero real numbers and if the 3 3 0
equations a 1 x y z , 6. Consider the det B ,using R1 R1 R2 R3
b 1 y z x, c 1 z x y has a non a p x bq y cr z
trivial solution then ab bc ca equals B2 a x b y cz
1) a+b+c 2) abc 3)1 4) a+b-c a p bq cr
KEY Using R2 R2 R1 and R3 R3 R1
01) 1 02) 3 03) 2 04) 3 05) 3 06) 3
07) 4 08) 2 09) 1 10) 4 11) 2 a p x bq y cr z
12) 1 13) 2 14) 4 15) 2 p q r
SOLUTIONS x y z
3 4 3 4 1 0 using R2 R1 R2 R3
1. BC BC I
2 3 2 3 0 1
B 2 det A 2.6 12
A A 7.. Given that, x a y b em and x c y d e n
tr A tr tr 2 ...
2 2 a log x b log y m, and
27
c log x d log y n a
Using cramer’s rule, we have f x dx 0 .
a
m b a m
n d c n
log x and log y n(n 1)
a b a b n 6
2
c d c d n
n(n 1)(2n 1)
Dr
6
2n 2 4n 2
log x 1 and log y 2 11. r 1
3 3 n (n 1) 2
2
3n3 3n 2 3n
x e 1 / 3 and y e2 / 3 4
8..Total no. of third order determinants with distinct
n(n 1)
non-zero real numbers a1 , a2 ....a9 as elements is taking common from c1
2
9!. These determinants can be grouped into two
n
9!
groups each containing determinansts such that then c1 and c3 are proportional Dr 0
2 r 1
correpsonding to each determinant in a group there
is another determinant in the other group which is 12. Here P T .P I P T P 1
obtained by interchanging two consecutive rows
of the determinant in the first group. Q 2 PA2 PT Q 2015 PA2015 PT
Sum of the values of the determinants is 0. 1 2015
9. Differentiating w.r.t 'x' on both sides X A 2015 , X 0 1
B 2 C x ....
Put x = 0 13. A I 0 , i.e 5 1 0
2
1 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 adj A
A 5 I A I A1
2
B 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 ,
; det A
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
1
B = 0. 1
14. A u1 u 2 1 ; A 1 , But A A adjA
1
sin x cos ecx tan x 0
x tan x
10. f x sec x x sin x then
x 2 1 cos x x 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
u1 u2 A 1 2 1 0 1 1
1
sin x cos ecx tan x
0 1 2 1 0 1
f x sec x x sin x x tan x g x
x2 1 cos x x2 1 15. Rewritten the given equations are
a 1 x y z 0
sin x cos ecx tan x
assume g x sec x x sin x x tan x x b 1 y z 0 , x y c 1 z 0
x2 1 cos x x2 1 has a non trivial solution then
g x , g x g x a 1 1 1
1 b 1 1 0
g x f x is an odd function 1 1 c 1
28
a 0 1 JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
b b 1 C1 C1 C2
0
0 c 1 c C2 C2 C3
1 0 0
1 1 0
a b bc c 0 1 bc 0 1. Let A = and B = A20 . Then the sum of
1 1 1
b abc ca bc 0
the elements of the first colum of B is [2018]
ab bc ca abc
1) 210 2) 211 3) 231 4) 251
cos sin
2 . If A = then the matrix a 50 when
sin cos
[2019]
12
1 3 1 3
2 2 2 2
1) 3 1 2) 3 1
2 2 2 2
3 1 3 1
2 2 2 2
3) 1 3 4) 1 3
2 2 2 2
3. Let be a root of the equation x 2 x 1 0 and
1 1 1
1
A 1 2
t he matrix 3 then the matrix
1 2 4
A31 [2020]
1) A 2) I 3 3) A2 4) A3
29
x 1 1 sin 1
4. Let A x R and A aij if
4
sin 1
sin
1 0 9. If A = then for all
1 sin 1
a11 109 then a22 = [2020]
3 5
, A lies in the interval [2019]
2 2 1 0 4 4
5. If A and I then 10A1
9 4 0 1
[2020]
3 3 5 5
1) , 3 2) 0, 3) , 4 4) 1,
1) A AI 2) 6I A 2 2 2 2
3) A 6 I 4) 4I A
10. Let d R and
6. The number of all 3 3 matrices A, with enteries 2 4d sin 2
from the set 1, 0,1 such the sum of the diagonal A 1 sin 2 d 0, 2 fi
5 2sin d sin 2 2d
elements of A AT is 3 is
________________________ [2020] the minimum value of det(A) is 8 then a value of d is
7. Let A and B be two inventible matrices of order 1) -7
2) 2 2 2 3) -5
4) 2 2 2
3 3 If det ABA =8. det AB 8 then
T 1
11.
1 T
det BA B = [2020]
Suppose A is any 3 3 non-singular martrix
and (A-3I)(A-5I)=0 where I I 3 and 0 03 .If
1) 1/4 2) 16 3) 1/16 4) 1
A A1 4 I then is equal to [2018]
1 0 0 1)8 2)7 3)13 4)12
P 3 1 0
8. Let and Q qij two 3 3
9 3 1
x 4 2x 2x
2 x A Bx x A
2
q21 q31 2x x 4
12. If
matrices such that Q P 5 I 3 then
q32 = 2x 2x x4
[2019] then the order pair (A,B) = [2020]
1) (4,5) 2) (-4,-5) 3) (-4,3) 4) (-4,5)
1)15 2)9 3)135 4)10
30
13. If the system of linear equations 18. If the system of equations
x ay z 3, x 2 y 2 z 6, x 5 y 3 z b has
no solutions then [2018] x y z 5, x 2 y 3 z 9, x 3 y z has
1) a 1, b 9 2) a 1, b 9 infinitety many solutions then [2020]
3) a 1, b 9 4) a 1, b 9
19. The number of values of 0, for which
the system of linear equations x+3y+7z = 0, -x+4y+7z
= 0 sin 3 x cos 2 y 2 z 0
has a non trivial
14. If the system of linear equations x+ky+3z=0, solution is [2019]
3x+ky-2z=0,x+4y-3z=0 has a non-zero solutions (x,y,z),
xz 1) 2 2)1 3)4 4)3
then is equal to [2020]
y2
20. The set of all values of for which the system
1) 30 2) -10 3) 10 4) -30
of linear equations
x 2 y 2 z x, x 2 y z y x y z has
15. The number of values of K for which the system non-trivial solutions [2019]
of linear
equations, k 2 x 10 y k , kx k 3 y k 1has 1) Is an empty set
no solution is [2018] 2) contains more than two elements
3) Is a singleton
1) 1 2) 2 3)3 4) infinitely many
4) contains exactly two elements
16. The system of linear equations x+y+z = 2,
KEY
2x+3y+2z = 5, 2 x 3 y a 1 z a 1 [2019]
2
1) Infinitely many solutions for a = 4
1. 3 2.3 3.4 4.10 5. 3
2) a unique solution for a 3
6.672 7. 3 8.4 9.1 10.3
3) Is inconsistant when a 3
4) Is inconsistant when a = 4 11.1 12. 4 13.2 14. 3 15.1
16.3 17.4 18.1 19. 1 20. 3
17. If the system of equations
x 4 y 7 z g , 3 y 5 z h 2 x 5 y 9 z k is
consistant then [2020]
1) g 2h k 0 2) g h 2 k 0
3) g h k 0 4) 2 g h k 0
31
SOLUTIONS
3 1
,
cos 750 0
sin 750 0
A 50 1
cos 7500
2 2
sin 750 3
0
1
1 0 0
1 1 0 2 2
1. A= , now
1 1 1
3. Given equation x 2 x 1 0 . then roots w, w2 .
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 let w, 4 w4 w3 .w w
A A. A 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 0
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
1
A A.A 1 w w2 1 w w2 0 0 1
2
3
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 w2 w 1 w2 w 0 1 0
A A . A 2 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 0
3 2
3 2 1 1 1 1 6 3 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
A A .A 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 I 3
4 2 2
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
A A . A 3 1 0 1 1 0 4 1 0
4 3
A3 A28 . A3 A4 A3 I . A3 A3
7
6 3 1 1 1 1 10 4 1
x 1
1 0 0 4. Given A ,
1 0
A 20 1 0
20
similary
210 20 1 x 1 x 1 x2 1 x
A A. A
2
1 0 1 0 x 1
sum of elements of first column = 1+20+210=231
x x 1 x x x 1 x
x2 1 2 2 2 2
xx2 1
A A.A
4 2
cos sin x 1 x 1 x x2 1 x x2 1
2. Given A
sin cos
2
Given x 2 1 x 2 109
1 1 cos sin
A1 adjA
A 1 sin cos x 4 3 x 2 108 0
cos 50 sin 50
x 2
12 x 2 9 0 x 2 9
A 1 50
sin 50 cos 50 12 a22 x 2 1 9 1 10
32
2
1 T B
1 1
now BA B B B 1/16
T
2 2 A A 4/ 4
5. Given A characteristics equation of
9 4
matrix A is A I 0 8. Given
2 2
0 2 6 10 0 1 0 0 1 0 01 0 0 1 0 0
9 4
P 3 1 0, P2 PP
. 3 1 0
3 1 0 6 1 0
9 3 1 9 3 1
9 3 1 27 3 1
A2 6 A 10 I 0
A1 A2 6 A A 10 I A1 0
1 0 0
P 15 1 0
1
A 6 I 10 A 0 5
A 6 I 10 A1 135 15 1
6. Let A aij 33 it is given that sum of diagonal a21 15, a31 135 a32a2115
15, a31 135 a32 15
elements of AAT is 3 i.e t AA 3
T
q21 q31 15 135 150
Now 10
a112 a122 a132 a21
2
............. a33
2
3 q32 15 15
possible cases are
0, 0, 0, 0, 0,0,1,1,1 1 1 sin 1
0, 0, 0, 0, 0,0, 1, 1, 1 1 9. Given
A sin 1 sin
1 sin 1
0, 0, 0, 0, 0,0, 1,1,1 9 C6 38 84 8 672
0, 0, 0, 0, 0,0, 1,1, 1 3
1 1
A 2 1 0, 2 1, A 2,3
7. Given AB AT 8 A B AT 8 2 2
A2 B 8 ______________ 1
10. Apply R3 R3 R1 2 R2
AB 1 8
2 4d sin 2
1
A 8, A 8 B 2
A 64 B
2 A 1 2 sin d
B
1 0 0
sub in 1
A d 2 4d 4 sin 2
3
64 B 8
A d 2 sin 2
2
3 1 1
B B , A 4
8 2
33
13.
Given min of det(A) = 8 = d 2 1
2
1 2 2
d 2
2
9 1 5 3 1 5 3a 2 2 2 a 5 a 1
d 2 3 1 a 1
d = 1(or) d=-5
6 22
11. Given (A-3I) (A-5I)=0 1 6 5 3 6 53a 2(b9)2 ab15 2 9b1a
A2 8 A 15 I 0 3a 1
A 8 I 15 A1 0
1 15 1 6 2
4 I A A 1
2 2 2 1 6 3 1 b 9 6 2 2 3 b 9 b
1 3 1
1 15
Given 4 I A A ,
1
2 2
126
Now
1 15 16
8 5ab 23
3 1 5 b11 b 6 a5 15ab62b6a306a2bab21
2 2 2 1a3
For [Link] 0 and atleast one of 1 , 2 , 3
is non-zero a 1 b 9
12. Apply C1 C1 C2 C3 =
14. For non-zero solution 0
5x 4 2x 2x 1 2x 2x
5x 4 x 4 2x 5x 4 1 x 4 2x
5x 4 2 x x 4 1 2x x 4 1 k 3
3 k 2 01 3k 8 k 94 3122k 0
apply R2 R2 R1 , R3 R3 R1 2 4 3
4k 44 0, k 11
1 2x 2x
5x4 0 x4 5x4 x4 ABx xA
2 2
0
0 3 5
0 0 x4 2 40 42 0
2 5 9
A 4, B 5 hence the equations are
x 11y 3 z 0,3 x 11 y 2 z 0
5
and 2 x 4 y 3 z 0 let z t then x t
2
34
5 1 3k 5h 4 0 2h g 0 6 0
t t
t xz 2
10 3k 6 g 3h 0 2 g h k 0
and y now y 2 t2
2
4
18.
k2 10 k
15. For no solutions , 1 1 1
k k 3 k 1
1 2 3 1 2 9 1 3 1 3 2 0
k 2 k 3 10k 1 3
k 2 5k 6 0 5 0 5
k = 2,3 so k 2 become for k = 2 both lines are
identical so k = 3 only solution.
16. 1 1 5
1 2 9 0 1 2 27 1 9 5 3 2 0
1 1 1
1 3
2 3 2 1 3a2 3 6 1 2a2 2 4 1 0
2 3 a2 1 13 0
now 13 5 8
13
a2 3
1 3 7
for inconsistant 0 a 3 1 4 7 0
19.
sin 3 cos 2 2
17 .
1 4 7 1 87cos 3 27sin3 7 cos2 4sin3 0
0 3 5 1 27 25 4 0 10 7 0 6
4 sin 3 4 sin 2 3sin 0
2 5 9
1 3
sin 0 or 4 sin or sin
2 40 42 0 2 2
5
or 0, and
6 6
If system is consistant then 1 2 3 0
are satisfy the equation number of values of is 2
1 4 g
0 3 h 0 1
2 5 k
35
20. Given system of equations has non-trivial
1 2 2
1 2 1 0
1 1
1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 0
1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 0
1 2 2 1 0 13 0
1 is a singleton
******
36
ADVANCED LEVEL QUESTINS
5. If A aij 44 such that
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
QUESTIONS 2 when i j
aij then
1 0
1. If A
1 0
,I
0 when i j
and
1 7 0 1 d e t a d j a d j A
A 8 A I , then, the value of is
2
7
is (where
A) 7 B) 8 C) -7 D) -8 represents fractional part of x) is
1 2 a 0 1
2. Let A and B a, b N A) B) 2 7 C) 3 7 D) 9 7
3 4 0 b 7
then [IIT 2017] 6. If A A2 I then det (I+A) =
A) there exists exactly one B such that AB=BA A) 0 B) 1 C) -1 D) 2
B) There exists infinitely many B’s such that 7. Let P be a non-singular matrix and
AB =BA
I P P2 ....... Pn O then P 1 is
C) there cannot exist any B such that AB=BA
D) there exists more than one but finite number a) P n b) P c) P n 1 d) I
8. If 2ax - 2y + 3z = 0, x + ay + 2z = 0 and
of B’s such that AB=BA 2x + az = 0 have a non-trivial solution then
A) a = 2 B) a = 1 C) a = 0 D) a = -1
9. If the equation 2x + 3y + 1 = 0, 2x + y - 1 = 0
3. Let A is a 3 3 matrix and A aij 33 . If for and ax + 2y - b = 0 are consistent then
A) a - b = 2 B) a + b + 1 = 0
every column matrix X, if X T AX O and
a23 2009 then a 3 2 [IIT - 2016]
A) 2009 B) -2009 C) 0 D) 2008 KEY
4. If , , are the roots of the equation 1. C 2 .b 3. a 4. c 5.a 6 .a
x 3 12 x 2 47 x 60 0 and P , , lines 7..a 8.a 9 .a
in the plane 8x 4 y 3z 20 and
2
3
1 4 then A adjA
A=
2 2
64 0 0 34 0 0
0 64 0 0 34 0
A) B)
0 0 64 0 0 34
68 0 0 20 0 0
0 68 0 0 20 0
C) D)
0 0 68 0 0 20
37
SOLUTIONS 4. A 8 4 2 28
60 20 28
1 0 1 0 1 0
A2
product of roots 60
1.
1 7 1 7 8 49 =68 , 8 4 2 20 as p lines on the plane
8 0 0
8A I
8 56 0 5. A 24 16 adJ adJA 169
8 0
169 29 1 7 29 83 1
9
8 56
7 7 7 7 7
8 1
7
6. A2 I 0 ( A I )( A I ) 0
det A I 0 A I 0
1 2 a 0 a 2b
2. AB A I
3 4 0 b 3a 4b det ( A I ) 0
a 01 2
BA 7. I P P 2 P n 0
0 b3 4
P 1 I P P n 1 0
a 2b
AB BA a b p 1 I P P n 1 P n P n
3a 4b
2a 2 3
1 a 2 0
X1 8.
2 0 a
X X 2
3.. Let 2a3 - 4a - 8 = 0
X 3
a3 - 2a - 4 = 0
(a - 2) (a2 + 2a + 2) = 0
X 1. A. X 0
a=2
a11 X 12 a22 X 22 a33 X 32 a12 a21 X 1 X 2
a13 a31 X1 X 3 a23 a32 X 2 X 3 0 9. 2x + 3y + 1 = 0
2x + y - 1 = 0 on solving x = 1, y = -1
This is true X i If equations are consistent, then
a11 a22 a33 0 a(1) + 2(-1) - b = 0
a-b-2=0
a12 a21 0
a13 a31 0
a23 a32 0
a32 a23 2009 2009
38
MULTIPULE ANSWER 4. If A is symmetic and B is skew symmetric and
TYPE QUESTIONS A+B is non singular and also
C A B A B
1
then [IIT 2020]
cos sin cos 2 sin 2
1. Let A sin , B A) C T A B C A B
cos
sin 2 cos 2
B) C T A B C A B
where 0 then which of the following
2
C) C T AC A D) C T AC O
is(are) true [IIT 2016]
A) AB I B) AB AB C) BAB A1
2 1
5. Let Ak nn be a square matrix of order n x n,
D) The least positive value of for which
2 0, i j
BA4 B A1 is 3 such that aij 1 and Bk nn is its
k j ,i j
l1 m1 n1 inverse matrix, then which is/are true?
l m2 n2
2. If the matrix 2 is orthogonal then m
trace Bk n n 1
l3 m3 n3 Lt n 1
A) m m3 6
A) (l1 , m1 , n1 ), (l2 , m2 , n2 ), (l3 , m3 , n3 ) can be the
Dc’s of a line
10
B) The rays with Dc’s (l1 , m1 , n1 ), B) trace B 2 n n 320
n 1
(l2 , m2 , n2 ), (l3 , m3 , n3 ) are orthogonal
C) The rays are parallel m
trace Bk n n 1
D) The rays lie on the same plane Lt n 1
C) m m3 3
3. Which of the following statement (s) is/are
true about square matrix A of order n?
10
A) A is equal to A1 when n is odd only
1
D) trace B
n 1
2 n n 330
B) If An 0, then
I A A2 ..... An 1 I A
1
C) If A is a skew symmetric matrix of odd order
then its inverse does not exist
D) AT A1 holds always
1 T
39
6. Let A be the 2 x 2 matrix given by A aij
SOLUTIONS
where aij 0,1, 2,3, 4 such that
then which of the following
a11 a12 a21 a22 4 cos 2 sin 2
1. AB sin 2
statement(s) is /are true? cos 2
A) Number of matrices A such that the trace of A AB I
2
is equal to 4, is 5
B) Number of matrices A, such that A is invertible AB AB I A1 BAB
is 18
AB
1
AB
C) Absolute difference between maximum value
and minimum value of det(A) is 8 B 1 A1 AB
BB 1 A1 BAB A1 BAB
D) Number of matrices A such that A is either
symmetric (or) skew symmetric and det (A) is BA4 B A1 B 1 BA4 B B 1 A1
A4 B AB AB
1
divisible by 2, is 5
A4 A cos 4 cos ,sin 4 sin
2
4 2
3
KEY
2. Every row vector is unit vector and the vectors of
[Link] [Link] 3. BC [Link] any two rows are orthogonal.
2a 0 0
5. AD 6. ABCD SAS 0 2b 0
1
diagonal also
0 0 2c
Invertible
adj A
3. A
1
T
A
1 adj A adj A
n 1
1 A A
n
A1 n
given An 0 now
I A I A A2 ...... An 1 I An I
I A I A ..... An 1
1
40
4. A B C A B A B A B
1
1 0 3 0 2 0 4 0 0 0
6. a) 0 3 , 0 1 , 0 2 0 0 , 0 4
AB
CT A B A B
T 1 T
b)using 0,0,2,2 there are two matrices which
2 0 0 2
A B are invertible 0 2 , 2 0
1
A B
T T
using 0,0,1,3 there are four matrices which are
A B A B A B A B
T 1 1
invertible
CT A B C
using 0,1,1,2 there are twelve matrices which
A B A B A B A B -------1
1
are invertible
Taking transpose
using 0,0,0,4 and using 1,1,1,1 no matrix is formed,
CT A B CT A B
T T T
which is invertible
C T A B C A B ----------2 total 18
1 2 C T .2 A.C 2 A C T AC A c) 4 4 8
5. Bk nn is a matrix, such that d) there are five matrices, which are either
symmetric or skew symmetric and whose
bij 0, i j and bii k i
determinant is divisible by 2
n n n 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 1 1
trace Bk nn k i kn 2 , , ,
i 1
0 2 2 0 0 4 0 0 1 1
m km m 1 m m 1 m 2
trace B
n 1
k n n
2
6
10
2 10 11 10 11 12
trace B
n 1
2 n n
2
6
330
m
trace Bk n n 1
lt n 1
m m3 6
41
COMPREHENSION TYPE
QUESTIONS 3. If x y z 6, x 2y 3z 10, x 2y z
the values of and for which the system
Passage - 1 has infinitely many solutions is
a11x1 a12 x 2 ..............a1n x n b1 A) 3, 9 B) 3, 10
Let
a 21x1 a 22 x 2 ..............a 2n x n b 2 C) 2, 10 D) 10, 3
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Passage - 2
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
an 1x1 an2 x2 ................... ann xn bn be a 1 0 0
system of n linear equations in n unknowns. A 2 1 0
Let be a square matrix and
Then this can be written in the matrix form 3 2 1
as AX=B Where
C1 , C2 , C3 be 3 column matrices satisfying
x1 b1
x2 b2 1 2 2
x3 b3
AC1 0 , AC2 3 AC 3
and 3 of matrix B.
[ a ij ]n n , X . , B . 0 0 1
A= . . Then
. . 1
x b If the matrix C AB then
n n 3
(I) If |A| 0, the system is consistent, and 4. The value of sum of elements of B 1 is
has a unique solution given by X A1 B A) -1 B) 0 C) 4 D) 2
5. The ratio of trace of matrix A to the det of
(II) If |A| =0 and (adj A) B =0, then the
matrix B is
system is consistent and has infinitely many
A) 1 : 3 B) 2 :3 C) 1 : 1 D) 3 : 1
solutions.
6. The value of sin 1 A cos 1 C is (where
(III) If A = 0 and (adj A ) B 0, then the
system is inconsistent. A is determinant of A)
1. The system of equations
2 x y 3 z 1, x y 2 z 5, x y z 1 A) B) C) D) 1
2 3 4
has
A) a unique solution
B) infinitely many solutions KEY
C) no solution
D) finite number of solutions. 1.A 2. B 3.B
2 . Let 2 x y z 4, x 3 y 2 z 12, 4. B 5. C 6.A
3 x 2 y kz 10 . The value of k in the
above system of equations so that system
does not have a unique solution is
A) 2 B) 3 C) -1 D) -2
42
4,5,6
SOLUTIONS
1 0 0 a 1
2 1 0 b 0
1,2,3 3 2 1 c 0
2 1 3 a 1, 2 a b 0 b 2
A 1 1 2 3a 2b c 0 c 1
1 0 0 d 2
1 1 1 2 1 0 e 3
A 2 1 2 11 2 3 1 1 0 3 2 1 f 0
The solution is unique d 2, 2d e 3 e 1
. If the system does not have a unique solution
the value of the determinant of coefficients =0 3d 2e f 0 6 2 f 0 f 4
2 1 1 1 0 0 p 2
2 1 0 q 3
1 3 2 0 k 3
3 2 1 r 1
3 2 k
p 2, 2 p q 3 q 1
. The required conditions are A 0 and (Adj
A) B = 0 3 p 2 q r 1 r 3
1 2 2
1 1 1
B 2 1 1
1 2 3 0,
and 1 4 3
1 2
B 1 1 2 7 2 9 3
2 6 2 1 6 0
3 1 210 0 1 0 0 1 2 2
0 1 1 0 C 2 1 0 2 1 1
i.e., 2 6 3 0 0 and 0.6 - 10 + 3 2 1 1 4 3
0 1 2 2
1
3, 10 0 3 3 A 1, C 1
3
0 0 1
1 7 9
2 5 6
0 3 3
1 2 0
1
B 7 5 3
1
3
9 6 3
Sum of elements = 0
43
MATRIX MATCHING TYPE
KEY
01) A-S; B-R; C-Q; D-P
4a2
4a 1 f (1) 3a 3a
2
02) A-R; B-S; C-P, D-Q
2
4b 4b 1 f (1) 3b 2 3b
[Link] 2 where
4c 4c 1 f (2) 3c 2 3c
SOLUTIONS
f(x) is a quadratic function and 4a 2 f (1) 4af (1) f (2) 3a 2 3a
f ( x) ax 2 bx c whose maximum value 1.
4b 2 f (1) 4bf (1) f (2) 3b 2 3b
occurs at a point V say ( , ) . Let A be ______________________________
the point of intersection of y f ( x) with 4 f (1)(a 2 b 2 ) 4 f (1)(a b)
negative x-axis, say (p,o) and point B is such
3(a 2 b 2 ) 3(a b)
that the chord AB subtends a right angle at
V. Let B be (r,s). Let be the area enclosed 4 f ( 1)( a b) 4 f (1) 3( a b) 3
by y f ( x) and the chord AB. Then 4 f (1) 3 4 f (1) 3
f (2) 0
3 3
COL UM N-I COL UM N-I I f (1) , f (1) , f (2) 0
4 4
A) P) 125/3 4a 2b c 0
B) p Q) -7 3
a b c
C) r s R) -2 4
3
abc
4
1 tan x __________________
2. Let A
tan x 1 2b 0 b 0
COLUMN I 4a c 0
A) A1 3
ac
B) adjA 1 4
——————————
C) adj adjA 3 1
3a a
D) adj 2 A 4 4
COLUMN II 3 1
c 1
1 tan x 4 4
P) 1
tan x 1 f ( x) x 2 1
4
1 tan x ( , ) (0,1)
Q) 2
tan x 1 A ( 2, 0) P 2
1 1 cos 2 x sin x x2
4 1 1 x 8
1 cos 2 x
R) B (8, 15)
2 sin 2 x
x 2
1 cos x sin 2 x
S)
sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x
44
1 tan x INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
2. A
tan x 1
1 tan x 2 1
adj ( A) A
tan x 1 1. If
4 2
and if
adj A
A 1
I 2 A 3 A2 .......
A then
1 1 tan x numerical value of is
1 tan 2 x tan x 1
cos 2 x sin x cos x
2. The number of all possisble value of , where
sin x cos x cos 2 x 0 , for which the system of equations
1 1 cos 2 x sin 2 x ( y z)cos3 xyz sin3 ,
2 sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x 2 cos 3 2sin 3
x sin 3 ,
( A) R y z
1 tan x ( xyz ) sin 3 ( y 2 z ) cos 3 y sin 3 have
Adj AdjA A
tan x 1 a solution ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) with y0 z0 0, is
Adj AdjA
AdjA
1
AdjA 3. The values of k say k 1, k 2 and k1 k 2 for
which the planes kx 4 y z 0 ,
1 1 cos2x sin2x
2 x 2 y z 0 and 4 x ky 2 z 0
2 sin2x 1 cos2x
k k
intersect in a line and P k k then
2 1
B S ; and C P 1 2
1 tan x 1
det(P-1) = ….
2 A 2
1
24
tan x
(adj 2 A) 2 2 1 adj ( A)
1 tan x 4. Let , be the solutions of
2 D Q
tan x 1 6
1
4 2
n and
n 1
sin n 1 sin
4 4
determinant value of A where
sin sin
A is k then 8k 2
sin sin
45
KEY k 4 1
2 2 1
3. k 4 k 2 0
1. 2 2. 1 3. 2 4. 6 4 k 2
k 4, 2 p 12
SOLUTIONS 1 1
24 24 2
p
12
1. Let S I 2 A 3 A2 ......
AS A 2 A2 ......
_______________________ 6
n
4. cosec n 1 4 co sec
4
( I A) S I A A .....
2 n 1
I 3
I ( I A) 1 2 cot cot
2
IA
1 0 2 1 cot tan 4 150 or 750
I A
0 1 4 2 sin 2 sin 2
3
2
1 1
5 3
( I A) 1
S
IA
1 3 1
( I A) 1
2 5 1
( I A) 1
2
1 3 1 3 1
4 5 1 5 1
1
1
1 4 2 2
4 10 4 5
1
2
2
2. from the equations we get y cos 3 y sin 3 0
tan 3 1( y 0) / 4 n 3
5 9
, , are the solutions.
12 12 12
46
MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
SYNOPSIS (i) nth term t n a n 1 d r n 1
Principle of Finite Mathematical (ii) Sum of n terms
Induction: a dr 1 r n 1
a n 1 d r n
Sn
For n N , let P(n) be a statement in terms of 1 r 1 r
2
1 r
n. If P(1) is true and P(k) is true P(k + 1) is
true, then P(n) is true, for all n N . (iii) Sum of Infinite terms
Principle of Complete Mathematical a dr
S where r 1
Induction: 1 r 1 r 2
For n N , let P(n) be a statement in terms of SOME IMPORTANT POINTS
n. If P(1), P(2), P(3),.... P(k-1) are true P(k) i) Sum of first n natural numbers i.e.
is true, then P(n) is true, for all n N .
n n 1
a , a d , a 2 d , ... form an A.P.. n 1 2 3 ......n 2
, n N
then ii) Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers
(i) nth term tn a n 1 d , Where a is the first is
term and d is the common difference. n n1 2n1
n
n 1 2 3 ...n
2 2 2 2 2
6
,nN
(ii) Sum of n terms S n 2a n 1 d
2 iii) Sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers is
n2 n 1
2
n
a l
2 n 1 2 3 ... n 4
3 3 3 3 3
Where a = first term, l = last term
n , nN
2
\ a , a r , a r 2 , . .. form a G.P then
(i) nth term tn a.r n 1 , Where a = first term
r = common ratio
iv) 14 2 4 34 ...... n 4 n4
(ii) Sum of n terms Sn a
r;
n
1
n n4 1 n n 1 3n2 n 1
r 1 5 6
(iii) In an infinite G.P, Sum of Infinite terms is v) Sum of the first ‘n’ odd +ve integers =
a 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n-1) n 2
S where r 1
1 r vi) Sum of the first ‘n’ even +ve integers =
a a d r a 2d r 2 ... 2 + 4 + 6 + ............ + 2n n n 1
...... a n 1 d r n 1 n n
2
form A.G.P. then vii) 2
... etc.,
1
n n 1 n 2 For a sequence T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 ,...., the difference
viii) n n 1 3 of two consecutive terms
n n 1 n 2 n 3 T2 T1, T3 T2 , T4 T3... are in A.P or G.P then
ix) n n 1 n 2 4 nth term of given series are in the form of
x) 1 2 3 4 5 6 ..... ‘n’ terms
2 2 2 2 2 2
an 2 bn c or a.r n b where a,b,c to be
n n 1 n n 1 determined
; if n is even ; if n is odd SOME IMPORTANT POINTS
2 2
i) The sum of cubes of three consecutive natural
n 3
2 n 3
xi) 2 numbers is always divisible by 9
xii) The sum in the nth bracket of ii) For all positive integral values of n , x n y n is
divisible by x y .
n n 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 ... is iii) For all positive integral values of n,
2
x 2 n 1 y 2n 1 is divisible by x y .
k 1
n
1 iv) For all positive integral values of n,
xiii) k 1 n2
k 1 n x 2 n 1 y 2 n 1 is divisible by x y .
The inequality
v) P n 1 P 1
2 n 1
is divisible by
i) 2n n ! is true for all n 4
ii) 2n 2n 1 is true for all n 3 P 2 P 1, n 2
vi) n p n is divisible by P n 2 where P is
iii) 2n n 1 ! is true for all n N
prime.
iv) 2n 3 2n 2 is true for all n 5
vii) n is any odd integer then n n 2 1 is divisible
cos cos cos 2 ... by 24.
viii) The product of “n” consecutive natural
cos n 1 numbers is always divisible by n!.
If x,y,m are positive integers then x is said to
2 cos n 1
sin n be congruent of y modulo m if x y is
sin
divisible by m and is denoted by
2
2 x y mod m
cos .cos 2 .cos 4 ...cos 2 n 1 EXERCISE - I
sin 2n 1. 13 23 33 43 ..... 93
2n sin 1) 425 2) -425 3) 475 4) -475
1 1 1
3 5 7 2n 1 2. ..... n terms
1 1 1 ... 1 2 2.5 5.8 8.11
1 4 9 n
n n
2 1) 2)
n 1 6n 4 3n 2
2
n 1 n3 3n 2 1
3) 4) 1) 2n3 - 2n2 2)
4n 6 2(2n 3) 6
3. 2+7+14+......+ (n + 2n - 1) =
2
3) 2n 3 2n 4) 2n3-n2
n(2n 2 9n 1) 2 n 2 9n 1
1) 2) 1 1 1
6 6 10. ..... upto n terms =
4.7 7.10 10.13
2 n 2 9n 1 2 n 2 9n 1
3) 4)
12 24 n n
1) 4 4n 3 2) 4 6n 1
n 1n nn 1
4. 1+3+6+10+ ........+
2 2
n n
nn 1n 2 n 1n 2 3) 4 3n 4 4) 4 3n 4
1)
3
2)
6
nn 1n 2 n 2n 12 11. n N , 49n 16n 1 is divisible by
3) 4)
6 3
5. 3.6+6.9+9.12+.......+ 3n (3n+3) = 1) 64 2) 49 3) 132 4) 32
n( n 1)( n 2) 12. n N ,72n 3n1.23n 3 is divisible by
1) 2) 3n (n+1) (n+2)
3
1) 50 2) 25 3) 2425 4) 2550
(n 1)(n 2)(n 3) ( n 1)(n 2)(n 4)
3) 4) 13. n N ,32 n 7 is divisible by
3 4
6. 1.6+2.9+3.12+.......+ n(3n+3) = 1) 8 2) 16 3) 24 4) 64
1) n(n 1)(n 2) 2) (n 1)(n 2)(n 3) 14. For every natural number n, 32 n 2 8n 9 is
3) (n 2)(n 3)(n 4) 4) (n 1) n(n 1) divisible by
7. 13+12 + 1+23 + 22 + 2+33 + 32 + 3 + .... 3n 1) 16 2) 128 3) 256 4) 512
terms =
n(n 1)(n 2 12n 5) KEY
1)
12 01) 1 02) 1 03) 1 04) 3 05) 2 06) 1
n(n 1)(3n 7n 8)
2 07) 2 08) 3 09) 1 10) 3 11) 1 12) 2
2) 13) 1 14) 1
12
n(n 1)(n 2)(n 2 5n 6) SOLUTIONS
3)
12 9
1. n 3
2 23 43 63 83
(n 1)(n 2)(n 3) n 1
4)
4
92 9 1
2
1 1 1 24 13 23 33 43
8. ......(n-3) terms 4
1 .3 3 .5 5 .7
81 100 4 4 4 1
2 2
n n 1 n3 n 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 2
n2 nn 5 2n 5 n(2n 3) 11 4
9. 2.4+4.7+6.10+.......(n-1) terms = 8100 6400 1700
425
4 4
3
Put n = 2, 34 + 7 = 88 , G.C.D. of 16 & 88 = 8
1 1
2. Given n terms 14. 32 n 2 8n 9, n N
2.5 5.8
put n 2 take two terms put n 2 , f 2 704, divisible by 16
1 1 5 1
L.H .S
2.5 5.8 40 8
n 2 1
EXERCISE - II
option
6n 4 16 8
3. Put n = 2 and verify the options.
1. n n n
3 2 2
if
4. Put n = 2 and verify the options 1) n = 3 2) n = 1 3) n 2 3 4) n= -1
5. Put n = 2 and verify the options. 2. Sum of nth bracket of
6. Put n = 2 and verify the options. (1) + (2+3+4)+(5+6+7+8+9) +........ is
7. Put n = 2 and verify the options.
1) (n 1)3 n3 2) (n 1)3 8n 2
1 1 1
8. Given n 3 terms n 1n 2 n 3n 2
1.3 3.5 5.7 3) 4)
6 12
put n 3 1 n 4 in option
3. S n 13 23 33 ........ n3 and
1 1
L.H .S Tn 1 2 3 4.......n [Eam-2007]
1.3 3
1) Sn Tn 2) Sn Tn2 3) Sn Tn 4) Sn Tn3
3 2
n3 43 1
option (3)
2n 5 8 5 3 4. 1 1 3 1 3 5 ... n brackets =
9. Put n = 2 and verify the options.
n n 1 n 2
1 1 1 1)
10. Given upto n terms 6
4.7 7.10 10.13
multiply and divide by 3
2)
n n 1 3n 2 23n 46
1 3 3 3 3 12
3n 1 3n 4
3 4.7 7.10 10.13
n 27n3 90n2 45n 50
3)
1 1 1 1 1 1 4
1 4 7 7 10 10 13
3 1 1
n n 1 2n 1
4)
3 n 1 3 n 4 6
5. If 2 3 4 3 6 3 ..... 2n 3 Kn 2 n 12
1 1 1 1 3n n then k =
3 4 3n 4 3 4 3n 4 4 3n 4 1) 1/2 2) 1 3) 3/2 4) 2
1
6. If a k k k 1 for k = 1,2,3,... n, then
11. Put n = 1 and verify the options.
12. Put n =1, 2 and verify the options.
13. Put n = 1, 32 + 7 = 16
4
n
2 13. n N , 52 n 2 24n 25 is divisible by
ak
k 1
1) 576 2) 25 3) 24 4) 50
14. The remainder left out when 82 n 62
2 n 1
is
n n2 n4 n6
1) 2) divided by 9 is
n 1 n 12 3) n 14 4) n 16 1) 2 2) 7 3) 8 4) 0
7. 12 (12 2 2 ) (12 2 2 32 ) + ....+ n 15. n N ,
brackets = 1) |sin (nx)| < |sin x | 2) | sin (nx) |<n|sinx|
3) | sin (nx)| n|sinx| 4) sin (nx) sin n
n(n 1) 2 (n 2) 2 n(n 1) 2 (n 2)
1) 2) KEY
12 12
01) 2 02) 1 03) 3 04) 4 05) 4 06) 2
n 2 (n 1)(n 2) (n 1) 07) 2 08) 3 09) 3 10) 3 11) 1 12) 2
3) 4)
12 2 13) 1 14) 1 15) 3
n n SOLUTIONS
8. If tn n, then t n tn
|
1 1 1. Put n = 1 and verify the options.
2. Put n = 2 and verify the options.
n n 1 n n 3
1) 2) 3. Put n = 2 and verify the options.
2 2 4. put n 2 take two terms
n n 1 n 2 n n 4 L.H.S 1 3 1 4 5
3) 4)
6 3
n n 1 2n 1 2 3 5
9. Let the statement m 100 , the statement
2
Option (4) 5
6 6
P k 1 will be true if
1) P 1 is true 2) P 2 is true
3 3
3 3 3
5. 2 1 2 3 ... n kn 2 n 12
1
3) P k is true 4) none of these 6. Given ak k k 1 for k 1, 2, 3, n
1 1 1
10. 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 ... 1 1
2 3 4 ak
upto 20 terms is k k 1
1) 110 2) 111 3) 115 4) 116 1 1
k k 1 1 1 1 1 1
n n
1 1 1
11. If ......n \ ak 1 1 3 4 5 n n 1
2 4 4 6 68 k 1 k 1
1
2 2
kn
' c// terms 1 n
n 1 1
then k [Eam-2012] n 1 n 1
2
1 1 1 n n2
1) 2) 3)1 4) k a
4 2 8 k 1 n 1
2
12. If 10 n 3.4 n x is divisible by 9 for all
7. Put n = 2 and verify the options.
n N ,then least positive value of ‘x’ is
n 1
8. tn n n
2
1) 1 2) 5 3) 14 4) 23
1 2
5
9. P r is true
r 2 100 r 2 2r 1 100 2r 1 EXERCISE - III
r 1 100 P k 1 is true.
2
1. 7 77 777 ...... (777......7 n times) =
P k 1 is true when every P k is so. 7 7
1)
81
10n 1 9n 10 2)
81
10n 9n 10
1 2 3 ... n 1 n 1
1 n n 1
10. tn
n n 2 2 7 7
n
n 1 1 n n 1 n
3)
81
10n 1 9n 10 4)
81
10n 1 9n 10
Now find
2 2 2
Sn
2
1
2. n N , 1 2 x 3 x 2 .... n.x n 1
now put n 20
( x R, x 1 )
kn 1 1 1
...n terms
11.
n 1 2.4 4.6 6.8 1 n 1 x n n.x n1 n 1 x n
1) 2)
1 x 1 x
2 2
1 4 2 6 4 8 6 1
...
2 2.4 4.6 6.8 2n 2n 2 1 n 1 x n n.x n 1 n 1 x n
3) 4)
1 x 1 x
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
...
2 2 4 4 6 6 8 2n 2n 2
1.22 2.32 3.4 2 .... n(n 1) 2
3.
1 1 1 n 1 12.2 2 2.3 32.4 .... n 2 (n 1)
k
2 2 2 n 1 4 n 1 4 3n 1 3n 5
1) 2)
12. n = 1 10 3.4 x 9m x 5 3n 5 3n 1
13. Put n = 1 and verify the options. 3n 5
3) (3n 1)(3n 5) 4)
14. Given 82n n 62
2 n 1
2n 1 is divided by 9 3n 7
4. For any n N , the value of the expression
64 62
4 2 n1
2 2 2 ...ntimes is
63 1 63 1
n 2 n1
nc0 nc1 63 nc2 63
2
1) 2 cos n 1 2) 2 sin n 1
2 2
2n 1c0 2n 1c1 63 3) 2 cos 2n 1 4) 2Cos 2n
4n 2 3n
1 n 63 nc2 63 1
2 5. If the sum to ‘n’ terms of an A.P. is ,
4
2n 1 63 then the nth term of the A.P. is
2 63 some integer 5n 1 8n 7 3n 2 2 7n 8
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 4 4 4
2 divided by
6. 1 x nx 1 is divisible by (where n N )
n
Remainder 2
1) 2x 2) x 2 3) 2x 3 4) all of these
15. sin nx 1 n sin x
6
1 the series
7. If tn n 2 n 3 for n = 1, 2, 3... 12 2.2 2 32 2.42 52 2.62 ...... is
4
n n 1 n n 1
2 2
1 1 1 1
then t t t ........ t 1) 2)
1 2 3 2003 3 4
4006 4003 4006 4006 n n 1 n 2 n 1
2
1) 2) 3) 4) 3) 4)
3006 3007 3008 3009 2 2
8. T he value of the sum in the 50 bracket of
th
13. If S1 2 , S2 3, 6 , S3 4,8,16 ,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 .... is
1) 62525 2) 65225 3) 56255 4) 55625 S4 5,10, 20, 40 ,....... then the sum of
9. n N, x R,
numbers in the set S15 is
x x
tan 1 2
tan 1 2 +..........+ 1) 5 215 2) 16 215 1
1 . 2 x 2 .3 x
1 x 3) 16 216 1 4) 15 215 1
tan 2=
n(n 1) x 14. The sets S1 , S 2 , S3 ,.... are given by
1 x 1 x 2 3 5
1) tan tan S1 , S 2 , ,
n n 1 1 2 2
1 x
2) tan x tan
1 4 7 10 5 9 13 17
S3 , , , S4 , , , , ...then
n 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
3) tan 1 n 1 tan 1 x 4) tan-1[x] the sum of the numbers in the set S 25 is
1 1 1 1) 322 2) 324 3) 325 4) 326
10. Tan 2
Tan 1 2 15. Sum of the series
111 1 2 2
S 12 2 2 32 4 2 .... 2002 2 20032 is
1 1) 2007006 2)1005004
.... Tan 1 2 =
1 n n 3) 2000506 4) none
2n 1
1) Tan 1 n 1 2) Tan n 1
1
k 1 2
4 16. 1 k
k 1
3) Tan 1
n 1 4) Tan
1
n 1 1) n 1 2n 1 2) n 1 2n 1
4
1 x 1 x 1 x
tan tan ... n tan n 3) n 1 2n 1 4) n 1 2n 1
11.
2 2 4 4 2 2 17. When 2301 is divided by 5, the least +ve
1 x 1 x remainder is
1) cot n 2) cot n cot x
2 n
2 2 n
2 1) 4 2) 8 3) 2 4) 6
1 x x KEY
3) n
cot n cot x 4) cot n cot x
2 2 2 01) 1 02) 1 03) 2 04) 1 05) 2 06) 2
3) n 1 2 n 4) n 1 2 n 07) 4 08) 1 09) 2 10) 4 11) 3 12) 3
12. If n is even, then the sum of first ‘n’ terms of 13) 2 14) 4 15) 1 16) 1 17) 3
7
1. Put n = 1 and verify the options.
1 1 2003 4006
2. Put n = 2 and verify the options. 4 4
3. Put n = 2 and verify the options. 3 2006 3 2006 3009
4. Put n=2 8. First term of 50 th bracket
49 50
1 cos 2 cos 2 1 2 3 4 49 1 1 1226
4 8 2
2 sum of 50 th brack is
1
2 1 2cos 8 50
2 s50 2 1226 50 11
2
2 2 2 cos 25 24 52 49 25 25 01 6 25 25
8
9. Put n = 1 and verify the options.
4n 2 3n
5. Given Sn 1 1
tan 1 n 1 tan 1 n
4 10. tan 2
1 n n
4 n 1 3 n 1
2
1 1
sn 1 tan 1 2
tan 1 2
4 111 1 2 2
4 n 2 1 2n 3n 3
tan 1
1
2
4 1 n n
tan 1 n 1 tan 1 1 tan n 1
1
4n 2 11n 7
4
4
11. Put n = 1 and verify the options.
We know tn sn sn 1 12. Put n=2
Take two terms
4n 2 3n 4n 2 11n 7 8n 7
L.H.S 12 2.22 1 8 9
4 4
n n 1 2 2 1
2 2
6. Put n 2, and x 3
Option (3) 9
not divisible by 6, 54 but divisible by 9. 2 2
1 13. Given s1 2 , s2 3, 6 , s3 4,8,16
7. Given tn n 2 n 3 for n 1, 2, 3
4 s4 5,10,15, 20
1 4 1 1
s15 16,32, 64 are in G.P
4
tn n 2 n 3 n2 n3
2
1 1 1 1 Sum of s15 16 32 64
Now t t t t
1 2 2 2
1 2 3 2003
1 1 1 1 1 1
4
3 4 4 5
2005 2006
16
2 15
1
16 215 1
1
2
8
26 51 76
14. s25 , ,
25 25 25
1
Sum s25 26 51 76 25 terms
25
1 25
25 2
2 26 24 25
26 300 326
15. We can write S as
S 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 4 ...
2001 2002 2001 2002 20032
1 2 3 4 ... 2002
1
20032 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 3 2 2 0 0 7 0 0 6
2
16. 12 22 32 42 52 62 ...... 2n 12
= 12 22 32 ...... 2n 12
2 22 42 ..... 2n
2
2n 1 2n 2 4n 3
=
6
8.n n 1 2n 1
n 1 2n 1
6
17. 301
2 is divided by 5
2301 22
150
21 2 1 5
150
2 150c0 150c1 5 150c2 5
2
2 1 150 5 150c2 5
2
2 5 someinteger
2 divisible by 5
Remainder=2
9
FUNCTIONS
SYNOPSIS Many-one function: (i) Let x1, x2
Function or mapping : domain of f . If x1 x2 f x1 f x2 for
A relation ‘f’ from a set A to a set B is said
every x1 , x2 in the domain,then f is one-one
to be function or mapping if every element of
set A has associated with unique element in ,other wise many-one.
set B. It is denoted by f : A B . (ii) Consider any two points x1 , x 2 X . Take
Image and Pre-Image: If ‘f’ is a function f x1 f x 2 and solve the equation if we
from A to B and (a, b) f, then f ( a ) b , where get x1 x2 only then f is one-one other wise it
‘b’ is called the image of ‘a’ under f and ‘a’ is is many -one .
called the pre-image of ‘b’ under ‘f’. (iii) Horizontal line test : If any straight line
Note: The number of functions from A to B is parallel to x-axis intersects the graph of the
{n( B )}n ( A) function atmost at one point then the function
is one-one, other wise it is many-one.
Domain, codomain, Range : Let f : A B (i.e., intersects the graph of the function in
be a function then A is called the domain and atleast two points).
B is called the co-domain of the function f. (iv) All even functions are many-one
(v) If the function is continuous and entirely strictly
If f : A B is a function, then f A , the set
increasing or strictly decreasing in the domain,
of all f-images of elements in A, is called the then f is one - one, other wise many-one .
range of f (vi) All periodic functions are many one.
The range of a function f denoted by f ( A) ,and Onto function (Surjection) :
f ( A) B . f : A B is called an onto or a surjection if
One-one function (Injection) : every element of B has atleast one pre-image
in A.
A function f : A B is one-one (injection) if If f : A B is onto (a surjection) then the
distinct elements of A have distinct images in B. range = codomain of ‘f’ i.e., f ( A) B .
Let a1 , a2 A and a1 a2 f a1 f a2 The condition for a function f : A B to be a
(or) a1 , a2 A and f a1 f a2 a1 a2 surjection from A to B is n( A) n( B ) .
only. If n(A) = n( 2) , n(B) = 2 then the number of
onto functions from A to B 2n 2
Let n( A) r and n( B ) n then the condition
to define an injection from A to B is r n and If n( A) r and n( B ) n ( 2) . Then the
the number of such injections is n Pr . number of surjections from A to B is
n r n C1 (n 1) r n C2 (n 2)r n C3 (n 3)r
Note: If r n then the number of injections
is 0. .... ( 1)n 1.n Cn 1.
1
Note: If n( A) n( B) then the no. of onto Constant function: A function f : A B
functions is zero. is a constant function if the range of f contains
Into function : If f : A B is not onto only one element.
then it is called an into function. i.e., there is The number of constant functions from A to B
no pre-image for atleast one element of B in A is n(B).
then f is into function. The graph of constant function is a line parallel
to x-axis.
Working Rule for checking w h e t h e r
Range of any constant function is a singleton
the function f : A B is onto or into: set.
(i) Let y B and y f x and from this find x Identity function: Let A be a non - empty
in terms of y. y B if there exists atleast set then f : A A defined by f (x) = x , x A
is called the identity function on A and it is
one x A, then f is onto. Otherwise into. i.e.,
denoted by I A .
if range of f B, then f is onto, other wise
The graph of identity function is a straight line
it is into.
passing through origin and inclined at an angle
(ii) Horizontal line test : If every straight line
parallel to x-axis from points in the codomain of 450 with x-axis.
intersects the graph of the function at atleast E.g: Let A 1, 2, 3, 4 , then the identity
one point then f is onto. If the line does not
function on A is I A 1,1 2, 2 3,3 4, 4
cut the graph of y f x then f is into.
Composite function: If f : A B and
Bijection (or) one-one & onto
g : B C are functions then gof : A C is
function:
If f : A B is both an injection and a defined by gof ( x) g f ( x) x A is
surjection then f is said to be bijection or one called the composite function of f & g .
to one and onto from A to B.
Inverse function: A function f : X Y is
i) If A,B are finite sets and f : A B is a defined to be invertible if there exists a
bijection then n A n B . function g : Y X such that gof IX and
ii) Identity function on any non empty set A is fog IY .The function g is called the inverse of
bijection.
f,and is denoted by f 1 .
iii) If A,B are finite sets and n A n B then If f is invertible then f must be bijective i.e
number of bijective functions defined from A one-one and onto.
to B is n A ! If the inverse of a function exists then it is said
to be invertible. The inverse of a function if
iv) A constant function is bijection if n(A)= n(B)=1 exists then it is unique.
v) Horizontal line test: If every straight line
parallel to x-axis from the points in codomain Graph of y f x and y f 1 x are
intersects the graph of the function at only one symmetrical about y x and intersects on the
point then f is bijection.
line y x , and also f x f 1 x x when
Equality of Functions: The functions f
ever graph intersects.
and g are said to be equal if,
Working Rule to find the inverse of a
i) the domain of f = the domain of g
function
ii) f x g x for every x in domain.
Let f : X Y be a bijection function.
2
put f x y . Solve the equation y f x to Note: (i) The graph of an odd function is
symmetric about origin ( symmetrical in
obtain x in terms of y.. Interchange x and y
opposite quadrants)
to obtain the inverse of f .
(ii) If x, y is a point on an odd function graph
Properties of composite function :
i) If f: A B, g: B C are one-one then then x, y is also a point on the same odd
gof : A C is also one-one. function graph.
ii) If f : A B, g:B C are onto then gof:A C Important points of odd and even
is also onto.
functions :
iii) If gof: A C is one-one then f is one-one.
iv) If gof:A C is onto then g is onto. (i) A function which is even or odd, when even
power is always even function.
v) If f : A B is a function then
(ii) The derivative of an odd function is an even
foI A I B of f . function and derivative of an even function is
vi) If f : A B and g : B C are bijections an odd function.
(iii) Every function can be uniquely expressed as
then gof : A C is a bijection & the sum of an even and an odd function. i.e.,
gof
1
f 1
o g 1 . 1 1
vii) If f : A B is a bijection then
f x
2
f x f x f x f x
2
= {even function} + {odd function}
fof 1 I B , f 1of I A .
Note: (i) A function may be neither even nor
viii) If f : A B and g : B A are functions such
odd. for example f x sin x x2 is neither
that g of I A and f og I B then g f 1 .
even nor odd.
ix) If f : A A is a bijection then
(ii) f x 0 is the function which is both even
f of 1 f 1
of I A .
and odd.
x) In general f og g of .
(iii) f x c is an even function
xi) If f: A B, g: B C and h:C D are
functions then ho(gof)=(hog) of. (iv) Every even function y f ( x) is not one-one
Even & odd functions : x D f .
f:A R,A R is said to be an even function Polynomial function : If f: f : R R is
if f x f x , x A . defined by
f ( x) a0 x n a1 x n 1 a2 x n 2 .. an 1 x an ,
E.g: y x , y x 2 , y cos x are some even
functions. a0 0, a1, a2 ..... an R , n is a non-negative
Note: (i)The graph of an even function is integer is a polynomial function of degree n in x
symmetric about Y-axis. E.g: (i) x 4 x 2 is a polynomial function.
(ii) If x, y is point on the even function then (ii) x 4 x 2 is not a polynomial function
x, y is also point on even function. Rational Function : A function of the form
f:A R, A R is said to be an odd function f x
g x where f(x) and g(x) are polynomial
if f x f x x A .
E.g: y x , y x 3 , y sin x are some odd functions and g x 0 is called a rational
functions. function.
3
Algebraic functions: A function f is said Modulus function(Absolute value
to be an algebraic function if it arises due to a function) :
finite number of fundamental operations like The absolute value or numerical value or the
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division modulus of real number x denoted by | x | is
and root extraction etc, on polynomial defined as
functions.
x if x0
Transcendental function: The functions
x 0 if x0
which are not algebraic are called x
transcendental functions. if x0
E.g: i) Exponential functions Thus we have x 0 and | –x | = | x |
ii) Logarithmic functions
The graph of f x x is
iii) Trigonometric functions
iv) inverse trigonometric functions
E.g: f x x3 3 x 2 x 2 x 3 x is an
algebraic function where as g x x sin 1 x.
h x ex .cosh 1 x are transcendental functions.
Algebra of real valued functions :
Definition : Let f : A B is a function and
i) if A R then f is called a real variable The domain of x is R and range is [0, )
function. Properties of modulus function :
ii) if B R then f is called a real valued function. (i) x 2 | x |2 | x 2 |
iii) if A R , B R then f is called a real function. (ii) | xy || x || y |
Properties: If f and g are real valued functions x | x|
with domain A and B respectively, then both f (iii) , provided y 0
y | y|
and g are defined on A B when A B .
(iv) x a a x a; a 0
Let f : A R & g : B R then (v) x a x a and x a; a 0
(i) f g x f x g x , x A B (vi) | x y || x | | y | and if xy 0 then
| x y || x | | y |
(ii) fg x f ( x).g ( x), x A B Step function(Greatest integer
f f (x) function) (or) floor function :
(iii) g x g ( x ) , x A B & g ( x ) 0
The function f : R R defined by f(x) = x
(iv) f k ( x) f ( x) k , k R is called the greatest integer function, where
(v) (kf )( x) kf ( x ), k R x equal to integral part of x or greatest
integer less than or equal to x. (or) If x is any
(vi) f n ( x) f ( x) , n 0
n
real number then there exist integers n and n+1
such that n x < n+1 . Then the integral part of
(vii) f ( x) f ( x) , x A
x is defined as n . It is denoted by [ x ] .
4
x x1 x2 xn1
(xii) .... x ,nN
4 n n n n
n 1
x x
3 1 2
(xiii) x ... x nx
n n n
2
Fractional Part of x:
1
For x R , the function f(x) = x - [x] is called
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 fractional part of x , it is denoted by ]x[ or
-2
{x} . and is defined by x f if x n f
-3 where n I and 0 f 1
-4 Eg : {2.7} = 0.7, {-3.6} = 0.4, {3} = 0
From the definition of x ,we have
(i) x 1, for 1 x 0
(ii) x 0, for 0 x 1
(iii) x 1,for 1 x 2
(iv) x 2,for 2 x 3 Domain of x is R and Range of x is
[0,1)
The domain of x is R and range is Z
The function x is neither even nor odd
Properties of greatest integer function :
(i) If f(x) = [x + n]= x n , where n I and [.] x 2, 2 x 1
denotes the greatest integer function x 1, 1 x 0
(ii) x – 1 < [x] x
x x, 0 x 1
0 if x I x 1,1 x 2
(iii) x x 1 if x I
x 2, 2 x 3
(iv) [x + y] [x] + [y].
(v) x k x k , where k Z Properties of fractional part function :
(vi) x k x k 1, where k Z
i) x n x ; n I
(vii) x k x k 1, where k Z
ii) x 0; x I
0; x I
(viii) x k x k , where k Z iii) x x
1; x I
(ix) x x x 1
0; x I
(x) x y x y if either x (or) iv) x x
2 x 1; x I
y (or)
both are integers
(xi) x x
v) x 0
5
1 denoted by D f . The set of images of the
vi) If f x x then D f R I elements of the domain (out comes) is called
R f 1, the range of f x and is denoted by R f .
Signum Function: The signum function or Study of range is very important. There are no
fixed methods to find range. Some of the
signature function is defined as
methods to find the range are given as follows.
x Type (1) Usage of AM . GM . H.M on the
if x 0
x given positive quantities
Sgn x
Type (2) The range of y ax 2 bx c is
0 if x 0
4ac b 2 4ac b 2
, (or) ,
1 if x 0 4a 4a according
i.e Sgn x 1 if x 0 as a > 0 or a < 0
0 if x 0 Type (3) To find the range of a function whose
domain is , , we proceed as follows. Let
y f x
Now express ‘ x ’ interms of ‘y’ i.e, x g y
(if possible )
Now find ‘y’ for which ‘ x ’ is defined.
Type (4) To find the range f . f x in a, b , find
The domain of Sgn( x) is R and its f x and put f x 0 x , , ,......
Range is -1, 0,1 accept these values if they line in a, b find these
Properties of signum function : images and also find f a , f b . The least,
i) sgn Kx sgn x ; K N greatest values thus obtained are called Max,
ii) [Link] x | x | Min. values of f x in a, b
iii) | x | .sgn x x To find range of f x in a, b follow the
above procedure is
iv) [Link] x .sgn x x
Periodic function : A function f(x) is said f x 0 x , , ,.....
to be periodic function if there exists a positive If m, M are the least, greatest values.
real number T, such that f(x + T) = f(x),
If Lt f x and Lt f x both are
x D f , where the least positive real number x a x b
T is called its fundamental period. greater than ‘m’ then ‘m’ is least value.
Range: Similarly, if Lt f x and Lt f x
x a x b
The set of values of ‘ x ’ for which f x is both are less than ‘M’, then M is the greatest
value. Otherwise we cannot decide the least,
defined is called the domain of f x and is greatest values.
6
P x 15. cosec x R n : n Z R 1,1
Type (5) To find the range of f x Q x , where
16. sec x R (2 n 1) : n Z
2
R 1,1
degree is ‘2’ then y Q x P x we have
a quad. equation in ‘ x ’ 0 ( ‘ x ’ is real) 17. cot x R n : n Z R
range will come
Type (6) If various functions of different natures 18. Sin 1 x [-1,1] 2 , 2
are present in the given problem, then find the
common domain and have the range. 19. Cos 1 x [-1,1] [0, ]
Type (7) If f x is strictly increasing function in
20. Tan 1 x R ,
a, b then its range f a , f b 2 2
If f x is strictly decreasing in a, b then its 21. Cosec 1 x R 1,1 2 , 0 0, 2
range f a , f b
22. Sec 1 x R 1,1 0, 2 2 ,
Note : If a 2 b 2 c 2 k , then range of
k 23. Cot 1 x R (0, )
ab bc ca is 2
, k
c a2 b2 ,c a2 b2
24. acosx+bsinx+c R
Domain and range of some standard
25. sinh x R R
functions : 26. cosh x R [1, )
[Link] Function Domain Range 27. tanh x R (-1,1)
1. a2 x2 [-a,a] [0,a] 28. cosech x R 0 R 0
1 1 29. sech x R (0,1]
2. (-a,a) a ,
a x R 0 R 1,1
2 2
30. coth x
3. x2 a2 R a, a [0, ) 31. sinh 1 x R R
1 32. cosh 1 x [1, ) [0, )
4. R a, a (0, )
x2 a2 33. tanh 1 x (-1,1) R
5. ax,(a>0, a 1) R (0, ) 34. cosech 1 x R 0 R 0
6. ex R (0, )
35. sech 1 x (0,1] [0, )
7. log a x (0, ) R
a 0, a 1 36. coth 1 x R 1,1 R 0
8. x R [0, )
Functional equations: If f(x) is a function
such that
9. [x] R Z
10. { x} = x-[ x ] R [0,1) i) f x y f x f y then f x k x
11. x [0, ) [0, ) k R
12. sin x R [-1,1] ii) f x y f x f y then f x kx
13. cos x R [-1,1]
iii) f xy f x f y then
14. tan x R ( 2 n 1) : n Z R
f x k loga x a 1,a 0
2
7
iv) If f(x) is a polynomial function such that 13. If f x is periodic with period T then
1 1
f x f f x f
x
x
then f x 1 x .n
cf x , f x c , f x c are also periodic
v) If f(x) is a function such that with the period T where ‘c’ is any constant
f x y f x y 2f x f y then
14. Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.
But here by restricting the domain , we can have
k x k x inverse
f x or f x cos x
2 15. Strictly increasing and strictly decreasing
Some more points to observe : functions are non-periodic
1. Any function , which is entirely increasing or 16. If the given problem is a combination of two
decreasing in its whole domain , is said to be or more functions, then find their periods
one-one function separately and take their L.C.M ( if L.C.M is
2. If any line parallel to the X-axis cuts the graph possible). Here L.C.M is the period. IF L.C.M
of the function at one point , then the is not possible , then period does not exist
function is one-one 17. L.C.M of
3. Any function which is neither increasing nor
decreasing in whole domain , then f(x) is many- a c e L.C.M of a, c, e
, , ,
one. (OR) any continuous function f(x) which b d f H .C.F of b, d , f
has atleast one local maxima or local minima ,
is many-one 18. L.C.M of a rational number with irrational
4. Every odd continuous function passes through number is not posssible
the origin and it is symmetrical in 19. If h x f1 x f 2 x where T1 and T2 are
[Link]
5. sin n x, cos n x,secn x, cos ec n x periodic the periods of f1 x and f 2 x
functions with period 2 or according as Now period of h x L.C.M of T1 , T2
‘n’ is odd or even
1
6. tan n x, cot n x are periodic functins with period L.C.M of T1 , T2 if f1 x and f 2 x
2
, if ‘n’ is even or odd
are even and pair wise complementary
7. | sin x |, | cos x |, | tan x |, | cot x |, | sec x |,
functions.
| cos ecx | are periodic functions with the
period 20. The graphs of f(x) and its inverse f 1 x are
8. Algebraic functions i.e , symmetrical about the line y=x
x 2 , 2 x 2 5 x 4, x , etc are not periodic 21. Every even function is many-one
9. Every constant function is always periodic with EXAMPLES
no fundamental period 1. f : R R defined by
10. A function can have infinite periods , but
among them the least positive value is called f x x 1 x 2 x 3 then f x is
the fundamental period Sol:
11. If f(x) is the periodic function with the period
T, then the function f(ax+b) is periodic with
T
the period
|a|
12. If f(x) is periodic with T , then
1
and f x are also periodic with the
f x
same period T
8
Graphically, y f x x 1 x 2 x 3 , 6:
Identify whether the function
which is clearly many - one and onto.
2: f x xg x g x tan sin x is odd or
f : R [0, ) , f x x is an onto function even.
Sol: Sol: f x x g x . g x tan sin x
xg x g x tan sin x f x
Hence f x is an odd function.
7:
Solve the equation 4 x x x
3: Sol. 4 x x x x
f :R R , f x x is an into function 2 2
Sol:
x x 0 x 1
3 3
3
0 x
2
2 5
x 0, x 0,
3 3
8:
4: Find the domain and range of
1) State whether f x x; g x x 2 aree
f x sgn x 2 1
identical or not Sol:
Sol. D f Dg R but R f R where
1; x2 1 0
Rg 0, f x g x
f x sgn x2 1 1; x2 1 0 Not possible
2) State where
f x sgn x 2 1 and
0; x 1 0 Not possible
2
g x sin 2 x cos 2 x are equal (or) not
f x 1, x R D f R ; R f 1
Sol. D f R Dg and f x 1 x 1 0 2
9:
g x 1 f x g x The period (if periodic) of the function
5: f x x x b , b R ( . denotes the
f : R ,1 given by f x 1 2 . x
greatest integer function) is
Then f 1 x is Sol: f x x x b
Sol: Here f x is both one-one and onto x b x b b = b x b
x x
Let y 1 2 or 2 1 y or -x = log2(1-y)
So, f x has period 1. Period x is1
f 1 x g x log 2 1 x
9
14:
10:
The range of f : A B wheree
The domain of f ( x) sin 1 (log 2 x) is
A={1,2,3,4} and f x is defined as
Sol: sin (log 2 x ) 0 and 1 log 2 x 1 and
1
f ( x) x 2 x 1 is
x0 Sol. f(1) = 1+1+1 = 3
log 2 x 0 & log 2 x 1& x 0 . Similarly f 2 7, f 3 13, f 4 21
0 log 2 x 1 , x 0 Range = {3,7,13,21}
20 x 21 x 1, 2 ii) If the domain of y f x is R(i.e. the
11: set of real numbers) or R-{some finite
1 points}or an infinite interval, express x in terms
Find the range of x of y. From this,
x
(a) find y for x to be defined or real, or
Sol. Let x 0, A.M G.M (b) If a quadratic equation is formed in terms
1 of x then apply the condition of real roots.
x
x x. 1 x 1 2 0
2 x x
15:
Let x 0, Let x y where y 0 The range of the function
y
1 1
2 x 2 f x 6 x 3x 6 x 3 x 2 is
y x
Sol: 6 x 6 x 2 6 x.6 x = 2
1
x 2
x 3x 3 x 2 3x.3 x = 2
Range = , 2 2, f x 6 3 6 3 2 2 2 2 ,
x x x x
12:
f x 6
x2 2x 3
Find the range of y
x range of f x is 6,
Sol.
x2 2 y x 3 0 EXERCISE - I
0 2 y 4 3 0
2
4 y 2 4 y 12 0 y 2 4 y 8 0 1. A function whose graph is symmetrical about
y , 2 2 3 2 2 3, the y axis is given by
13:
1 1
2
1) f x sin log x x 1
The range of f ( x) sin x tan x is
sec4 x cos ec 4 x
Sol: Domain of f x is 1,1 2) f x
x 3 x 4 cot x
3) f x y f x f y x, y R
sin 1 x , , tan 1 x ,
2 2 4 4
4) f ( x) x 2
sin 1 x tan 1 x 2. Let f :{(1,1),(2,3),(0,-1),(-1,-3)} be a function
2 4 2 4
from z to z defined by f(x) = ax+b,for some
3 3
f x integers a,b then (a,b) =
4 4
10
1) (-1,2) 2) (2,-1) 3) (3,-2) 4) (0,3) mean of f x, y and f y, x is
10 x 1) x 2) y 3) 0 4) xy
3. If e
f ( x)
, x (10,10)
10 x 11. I f f(x) = ax5 + bx3 + cx + d is odd then
200 x 1) a = 0 2) b = 0 3) c = 0 4) d = 0
and f ( x) k . f 2 then k =
x x
100 x
12. Let f x x 1 , then f is
1) 0.5 2) 0.6 3) 0.7 4) 0.8 e 1 2
1) an odd funciton 2) an even function
cos 2 x sin 4 x
4. If f x for x R then 3) both odd and even 4) neitheer odd nor even
sin 2 x cos 4 x 13. Which of the following is an even function
f 2016 = ax ax ax 1
1) f x 2) f x
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 ax ax ax 1
5. If f 2, 4 , 0,6 , 2,8 and
3) f x x
ax 1
a 1
4) f x log 2 x x 1
2
g 2, 1 , 0,3 , 2,5 , then
x
14. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 2}then the number of
2 f 3g functions from A to B are
0 1) 6 2) 8 3) 9 4) 32
3g 2 f
1) 1/12 2) 25/12 3) 5/12 4) 13/12 15. Let A 1, 2,3 and B a, b, c . If l is
6. If f = {(-1,3), (0,2), (1,1)} then the range of number of funcitons from A to B and m is
f 2 1 is number of one-one functions from A to B,
1) {0, 8} 2) {0,3,8} 3) {0,1,3} 4) {0,2,8} then
1) l is 9 2) m is 9 3) l is 27 4) m is16
7. If f(x) = sin x x 2 then the value of 16. The number of one-one functions that can
3
be defined from A = 4,8,12,16 to B is 5040,
then n(B)=
f is
3 1) 7 2) 8 3) 9 4) 10
17. The number of non-bijective mappings that
3
1) 1 2) -1 3) 0 4) can be defined from A = 1,2,7 to itself is
4
1) 21 2)27 3) 6 4) 9
8. If f a , 1 , b , 2 , c , 3 , 18. The number of constant functions possible
g a , 2 , b , 0 , c , 1 from R to B where B = 2,4,6,8,....24 aree
1) 24 2) 12 3) 8 4) 6
then f 2 g 2
19. If B = 1,2,3 and A = 4,5,6,7,8 then the
1) a, 1 , b, 2 , c, 4 number of surjections from A to B is
2) a,3 , b, 2 , c, 2 1) 81 2) 64 3) 48 4) 150
20. If n (A) = 4 and n(B) = 6, then the number of
3) a, 4 , b, 4 , c,9 surjections from A to B is
1) 46 2) 64 3) 0 4) 24
4) a,5 , b, 4 , c,10 21. The number of possible many to one functions
from A = {6, 36} to B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is
1 1
[Link] function y = f(x) such that f x x
2
x x2 1) 32 2) 25 3) 5 4) 20
1) 2 - x2 2) x2 - 2 3) x2 + 4 4) 4x2 - 2 22. The number of non-surjective mappings that
can be defined from A = 1,4,9,16 to
10. If f x y, x y xy then the arithmetic
11
B = 2,8,16,32,64 is 3) bijective
4) neither injective nor surjective
1) 1024 2) 20 3) 505 4) 625
23. If f(x) = 2x + 1 and g (x) = x + 1 then go(fof)(2)
2 31. f : (0, ) [0, ) defined by f x x 2 is
= 1) one-one but not onto
1) 112 2) 122 3) 12 4) 124 2) onto but not one-one
3) bijective 4) neither one-one nor onto
24. If f x x , g x x x then which of
32. f : Z Z defined as f(x) =[x] then f is
the following functions is a zero function 1) not a function
1) f g x 2) fg x 2) many-to-one function
3) into function 4) identity function
3) f g x 4) fog x
x
Kx 33. f :R R defined by f x , x R is
x 1
2
25. Let f x x 1 then the value of K
x 1 1) one - one 2) onto
for which fof x x is 3) bijective
4) neither one one nor onto
1) 1 2) 1 3) 2 4) 2 34. f : ( , ) (0, 1] defined by
1
1
26. If f x a x n n then fof x is f ( x) is
x 1
2
1 1) one-one but not onto
1) x 2) a x 3) x n 4) x n 2) onto but not one-one
3) bijective
x 4) neither one-one nor onto
27. If f(x) = then fofof (x) =
1 x2 35. The function f : R R defined by
f x 4 x 4 is
x
x x
1) 2)
1 3x 2 1 x2 1) One - one and into 2) Many - one and into
3) One - one and onto 4) Many-one and onto
2x x
3) 4) 36. Period of f x ecosx sin x is ( and
1 2x 2
1 x 2
denote the greatest integer function and
fractional part function respectively)
28. If f : 1, B defined by f(x) = x2 - 2x + 6 is
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4) 2
a surjection then B =
1) 1, 2) 5, 3) 6, 4) 2, 37. The period of f x x x is
29. f : ( , ) (, ) is defined by 1) no fundamental period
1
f x ax b, a, b R a 0 then f is 2) 3) 1 4) 2
2
1) injective but not surjective
2) surjective but not injective 38. Let f x be periodic and k be a positive
3) bijective real number such that f x k f x 0
4) neither injective nor surjective
30. f : Q Q is defined by f(x) = 15x + 7 is for all x R . Then the period of f x is
1) injective only 2) surjective only 1) k 2) 2k 3) 4k 4) 8k
39. The period of x cos x is
12
51. Range of 9 x 2 is
1) 2 2) 3) 4) non periodic
2 1) [0, 3] 2) [–3, 3] 3) [–3, 0] 4) R
x 2 2x 1 1
40. The domain of f x 52. Range of f x is
x2 x 6 1 2 cos x
1) R – {3, –2} 2) R – {–3, 2} 1 1
1) ,1 2) 1,
3) R – {3, –2] 4) R – (3, –2) 3 3
1 1 1
41. The domain of f(x) = log x is 3) (, 1] , 4) ,1
3 3
1) R 0 2) R 0,1 x2
53. f {(x , ) : x R} ,be a function R into
x2 1
3) R - {-1, 0, 1} 4) ( , ) R,range of ‘f’
42. The domain of the function f(x) = log16 x 2 1) [0,1) 2) (- , ) 3) (0, )4) R
is 54. Range of the function f x x x is
1) x = 0 2) x 4 3) x 1 4) x 2 1) R 2) 1 3) 0 4) 0,
1
43. The domain of f ( x) 55. If f : 1, 2, 3,..... 0, 1, 2,.... is defined
x x is
1) R 2) Z 3) R - Z 4) Q-{0} n / 2 if n is even
1
44. The domain of f(x) = x2 by f n n 1
log( 4 x ) 2 if n is odd
is
1) 2, 2) ,4 then f 1 100 is
3) 2,3 3,4 4) 3, 1) 100 2) 199 3) 201 4) 200
56. If f ( x ) Sin 3 ( x 6)
1 4 1/ 3 1
45. The domain of log a sin x is (a>0, a 1 ) then f ( x)
1
1) 0 < x 1 2) 0 x 1
1) 6 3 sin x 2) 6 3 sin x
4 3 4 3
3) 0 x < 1 4) 0 < x < 1
46. The domain of f(x) = log ( x 3)(6 x) is
3) 6 3 sin x 4) 6 3 sin x
4 4
1) 3, 2) 3,6 3) 0, 4) ,
57. f : R R is a function defined by
47. The domain of f(x) = x 2 is
f x 10 x 7. If g f 1 then g x
1) 0, 2) (,0) 3) 0 4) 1,
1 1x7 x7
x4 1) 2) 4) 3)
48. Range of is 10 x 7 10 x 7
10 10
x4
58. If the function f : R R be such that
1) R – {4} 2) R 3) {–1, 1} 4) R – {–1, 1}
49. If x is positive, the values of f x x x , where x denotes the
f x 3 cos 3 x x lie in the intervel
2
greatest integer less than or equal to x then
1) [ -1, 3] 2) [-3, 3] 3) [0 , 3] 4) [-3,0] f 1 x is
sin [x 2 1]
50. The range of f (x) is, where [.] 1
x4 1 1) x x 2) x x
is greatest integer function
1) R 2) [-1,1] 3) {0,1} 4) {0} 3) not defined 4) x x
13
i.e., f x f x f x is odd.
59. If f x y f x f y and f 5 32 then f 7
2. G i v e n
7
1) 35 2) 36 3)
5
4) 128 f : 1,1 2, 3 , 0, 1 , 1, 3 f x ax b
60. If f x is a function such that f x ax b
f xy f x f y and f 2 =1 then f x f 1 a 1 b 1
1) x 2 2) 2 x 3) log 2 x 4) log x 2 a b 1__________ 1
61. If f satisfies the relation f 2 a 2 b 3
f (x y) f (x y) 2 f (x).f (y) x, y R 2a b 3 __________ 2
and f (0) 0; then f (10) f ( 10)
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3 1 2 a 2
62. If f x is a polynomial in x 0 satisfying a 2, b 1 s
the equation
f x f 1/ x f x . f 1/ x and 10 x
3. Given e f x 10 x
f 2 7 , then f 3
1) 26 2) 27 3) 28 4) 29 10 x
f x log e
KEY 10 x
1) 4 2) 2 3) 1 4) 1 5) 2 6) 2
7) 3 8) 4 9) 2 10) 3 11) 4 12) 2 200 x
13) 3 14) 2 15) 3 16) 4 17) 1 18) 2 200 x 10 100 x 2
f 2
log
19) 4 20) 3 21) 3 22) 4 23) 2 24) 4 100 x 200 x
10
25) 2 26) 1 27) 1 28) 2 29) 3 30) 3 100 x 2
31) 1 32) 4 33) 4 34) 2 35) 1 36) 1
37) 3 38) 2 39) 4 40) 1 41. 3 42) 3 2
43) 3 44) 3 45) 1 46) 2 47) 3 48) 3 100 x 20x
2
10x 2log 10 x
loge = 2 loge e
49) 2
55) 3
50) 4 51) 1 52) 3 53) 1
56) 2 57) 3 58) 3 59) 4
54) 3
60) 3
100 x 20x 10x 10 x
61) 1 62) 1
1 200 x
SOLUTIONS f x f
2 100 x 2
1. A funciton whose graph is symmbrical about the
y-axis must be even since sinx and 1
k
log x x 2 1 are odd function.
2
cos 2 x sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x
4. f x
2
Therefore sin log x x 1 must be odd sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x
1
2 f 3g 2 f 0 3g 0 25
sec 4 cos ec 4 x 5. 3 g 2 f 0 3 g 0 2 f 0 =
Also, 3
x x 4 cot x
is an odd function Now,, 12
6. Range of f – 1 = {3 – 1, 2 – 1, 12 – 1}
2 2 2
let f x y f x f y x, y R
2
f 0 0 f 0 f 0 f 0 0 7. / 3 1 f x sin x
3
f x x f x f x or 0 f x f 1 8. f 2 g 2 a,1 4 , b, 4 0 , c,9 1
14
1 1
2
....+(-1)n1.n Cn 1 where n( A) r & n( B ) n
9. f x x 2
x x 20. If n(A) < n(B) then the no. of surjections from A
10. Let x y p, x y q . Then to B = 0
p q p q p2 q2 21. No. of many-one functions from A to B
f p, q . n(B)
2 2 4 = n(B)n(A) – Pn(A)
x2 y2 y2 x2 22. 54 - 0 = 625
f x, y and f y , x
11. f ( x) f ( x)
4 4
23. g f f 2 =g f 5 = g(11) = 121+1 = 122
x x fog x f g x f x x
12. Given f x 1 24.
e 1 2
x
f x x 0, sin 0 x 1
x x xe x x kx
n o w f x 1 1 25. Given f x and fof x x
e x 1 2 1 ex 2 x 1
xe x x x x x x f f x x
1 x x 1
1 e x
2 e 1 2
kx
x x f x
f x x f x x
e 1 2
kx
k
f x is even function x 1
x k 2 kx x 1 k 1
kx
1
x 1
ax 1
13. f x a now n n
1
ax 1 26. fof x f f x f a x x
f x x
ax 1
x
1 a x a x 1 f x
x
27. f f .........n times
ax 1 1 ax ax 1
f (x) is even function 1 nx 2
28. x 2 2x 1 5 x 1 5 5
2
n A
14. n B
15. The no. of functions from A to B = 33 = 27 29. f x1 f x 2 x1 x 2 f is one-one
16. Given A 4,8,12,16 given one-one functions yb
let f (x) y ax b y x R
from A to B is 5040 a
y R f is onto
n B P 5040 n B P 10 9 8 7 10 P4 30. f(x1) = f(x2) x1 = x2 f is one-one
4 4
y7
n B 10 Let f(x) = y 15x + 7 = y x Q
15
17. 33 – 3! y Q f is onto
18. The no. of constant functions from A to B is n(B).
31. f x1 f x 2 x12 x 22 x1 x 2 f is
19. The number of surjections from A to B is
one-one
n r n C1 (n 1) r n C2 (n 2) r n C3 (n 3) r
15
Range of f 0, not equal to codomain 42. x 0 and x 2 1 x 1
32. f(x) = [x] = x x R , f is identity function 43.
1 1
33. f 2 f , f(1) has no pre image. f x
2 x x is define if x x 0 x x
34. f(-1) =f (1) f is not one one domain R - Z
range = codomain f is onto
1
35. Since for different x, 4 x and 4 x are different 44. f x x 2 log 4 x is define if
postive numbers
f is one one also, f is not onto as its range x 2 0 and 4 x 1, 4 x 0
0, is a proper subset of its co domain. x 2 and x 3 x 4
36. Given f x e
cos x
sin x period of x domain of f(x) is 2,3 3, 4
45. sin–1x > 0 0 x 1
i.e. of x x is
46. (x – 3)(6 – x) > 0
period of f (x) is 1
47. f x defined f x 0 .
37. f x x period is one
48. x 4 then f x 1 ; x 4 then f x 1
38. We have, f x k f x 0 ...(1) for all
49. Range of cos x = [–1, 1]
x R . Putting x k for x, weget
50. x 2 1 is an integer
f x 2k f x k 0 ...(2) sin n 0x R f (x) 0x R
2 1 f x 2 k f
51. substitute domain values
x 0
52. 2 2cos x 2 , 1 1 2cos x 3
f x 2k f x 53. x x 1 2
2 2 x2
0,1
x 1
The shows that f x is periodic with period 2k. 54. Domain of x = z, [x] – x = 0 x z
39. no value of T exist such that f x T f x
55. Take f–1(x) = y
x 2x 1
2
40. f x is define if x 2 x 6 0 x6
x2 x 6 x f y 5x 6 y f 1 x
5
x 2 3x 2 x 6 0 Let f 1 100 x f x 100
x x 3 2 x 3 0 x 1
100 x 201
2
x 2 x 3 0
56. y f x x f 1 y
x 2 or x 3
domain R - 2, 3
y sin 1 3 x 6
4 1/ 3
41. log x 0 and x 0 x 0, 1, 1
sin y 3 x 6
4 1/ 3
16
sin 3 y 3 x 6 x 6 3 sin 3 y n 3 f x 1 x
4 4 3
x 6 3 sin 3 y
1/ 4
f 3 1 33 1 27 26
EXERCISE - II
x y x f y sin 3 y 6
1 1 4 1/3
f y y
1. If f 2 x 8 , 2 x 8 xy, then
f 1 x 6 4 3 sin 3 x
f 1 x 6 4 3 sin 3 x . f m, n f n, m 0
1) Only when m = n 2) Only when m n
57. Let f 1 x y x f y 10y 7
3) Only when m = - n 4) For all m and n
x7
y f 1 x g x 2. Let g x be a function defined on 1,1 . If
10
the area of the equilateral triangle with two
58. x x 0 for all integral values of x . Therefore, of its vertices at 0, 0 and x, g x is
the function is many one-and, therefore, not
defined. 3 / 4 , then the function g x is
1) g x 1 x 2 2) g x 1 x 2
y2 xy 1 0
59. Take f(x) = kx 3) g x 1 x 2 4) g x 1 x 2
60. Take f(x) = logax 1
61. If y = x then f (2x) f (0) 2[f (x)]2 3. If f : R R is defined by f x x x
2
if y = -x then for x R , where x is the greatest integer
f (2 x) f (0) 2 f ( x ). f ( x ) 1
2.[ f ( x)] 2. f ( x). f ( x) f ( x) f ( x)
2 not exceeding x , then x R : f x
2
f ( x ) f ( x ) 0 f (10) (10) 0 . 1) Z 2) N 3) 4) R
4. Suppose f : 2, 2 R is defined by
62. f x f 1/ x f x f 1/ x and
1 for 2 x 0
f 2 7 take f x 1 x n f x
x 1 for 0 x 2
f 2 1 2n 7
then the {x 2, 2 : x 0 and f x x}
2 82
n 3
1) 1 2) 0 3) 1/ 2 4)
2 x
x sin x 1
5. If f x 2 then f x is
x x x 1
1) an even funciton 2) an odd function
3) a periodic function
4) neither odd nor even
17
cos x g f x sin x , then the function g x
6. f x
2 x 1 , where x is not an 1) x 1 2) x 3) x 1 4) x
2
14. If f : R R and g : R R are given by
integral multiple of and denotes the f x x and g x x for each x R ,
greatest integer function is
1) an odd function 2) even function then x R : g f x f g x
3) neither odd nor even 4) both even and odd 1) Z , 0 2) , 0 3) Z 4) R
7. Let f x x 2 x 3 x 4 and 15. Let g : R R be given by g x 3 4 x . If
g x f x 1 . Then g x is g n x gogo....og x , and g n x A Bx
1) an even function 2) an odd function then A and B are
3) neither even nor odd 4) periodic 1) 2n 1 1, 2n 1 2) 4n 1, 4n
8. If f x sgn x (where
. denotes the 3) 3n ,3n 1 4) 5n 1,5n
fractional part of x), is
1) even function 2) odd function 16. If f(x) = x 1 x 2 x 3 when 2<x<3 is
3) neither even nor odd 4) constant function 1) one one function only
9. If f x log a x and F x a x , then 2) an onto function only
3) into function 4) identify function
F f x is
17. Let A = [-1,1]= B then which of the following
1) f F x 2) f F 2 x function from A to B is bijective function
x
3) f F 2 x 4) F x 1) f ( x)
2
2) g ( x) x
10. Let g x 1 x x and 3) h( x) x 2 4) k ( x) sin
x
2
1, x0
0, if x is rational
18. f x
f x 0, x 0,
then for all x, f g x x, if x is irrational
1, x0
0, if x is irrational
g x
1) x 2)1 3) f x 4) g x x, if x is rational
Then f g is
11. If f : R R and g : R R are defined by 1) one-one and into
2) neither one-one nor onto
f x 2 x 3 and g x x 2 7, then the
3) many one and onto 4) one-one and onto
values of x such that g f x 8 are. 19. Which of the following function is not periodic
1) 1,2 2) -1,2 3) -1,-2 4) 1,-2 2x
1) 2) sin 1 x
12. If f x and . g x are two functions with 2
x
1 1
g x x and fog x x 3 3 , then f x = 3) sin
1
cos x 1
4) sin cos x
2
x x x
1 1 3 20. Let f x nx n nx n tan, where
1) x3 3 x 2) x 2 3) 1 2 4) 3x 4
2 2 2
x x x x is the greatest integer x and n N . It
13. If f x sin 2 x and the composite functions is
1) a periodic function of period 1
18
2) a periodic function of period 4
3) not periodic 1. 0, 2. 2n 1 ,nZ
4) a periodic function of period 2 2
21. If f is periodic, g is polynomial function and n
3. 0, 4. R , n Z
f g x is periodic and g 2 3, g 4 7 2
then g 6 is 1
29. Domain of
1) 13 2) 15 3) 11 4) 21 x x 2
2
22. period of
n n 1 1) R / 1,3 2) , 3 3,
f x x 2 x 3 x ... nx x,
2 3) 2, 4) , 3
where n N is
1 tan 2
1) n 2) 1 3) 4) 2 30. If (0, ), then x2 x is
n 2 x2 x
23. Let f x cos 3 x sin 3x . Then f x is always greater than or equal to ( x 0, 1 )
1) a periodic function of period 2 1) 2 2) 1 3) 2 tan 4) 2Sec 2
2) a periodic function of period 3 1 1 2
3) not a periodic function 31. The range of f x Sin x is
2
4) a periodic function of period denotes greatest integer function)
x x co s x co s 2 x ... co s n x
24. If f x e
1) , 0, 2) 0,
then the period of f x is 2 2 2
1 2
1)1 2) 3) 4) no fundamental period 3) 4) 0,
n n 2
25. If f x and g x are periodic functions with 32. The range of x2 4 y 2 9z 2 6 yz 3xz 2 xy is
period 7 and 11, respectively. Then the period 1) 2) R 3) [0, ) 4) (- ,0)
x x
of F x f x g g x f is
33. The range of
5 3 f x sin 1 x cos 1 x tan 1 x is
1) 177 2) 222 3) 433 4) 1155
26. T he domain of f (x) = logx (9-x2) is 3
1) 0, 2) ,
1) (-3,3) 2) 0, 4 4
3) 0,1 1, 4) 0,1 1,3 3
3) , 4) 0,
4 4 4
27. The domain of f x 1 1 1 x 2 is
2
34. The range of f(x) = 8 2 sin x2 is
1) 0,1 2) 1,1 3) , 4) 1,1 16
1) [-1,1] 2) [0, 1] 3) [0,8] 4) [0,4]
28. The domain of the function
1 x4
f x 35. The range of f(x) = is
1 x8
sin x sin x where
1
denotes the fractional part, is 1) 0, 2) 0 , 2 3) [0, 1] 4) ( , )
36. I f a + b + c =1 then the range of ab+bc+ca is
2 2 2
19
KEY
1) 1,
1
2) ,
2 1) 4 2) 2 3) 3 4) 3 5) 2 6) 1
1 1 7) 3 8) 1 9) 1 10) 2 11) 3 12) 1
3) ,1 4) ,1
2 2 13) 2 14) 4 15) 2 16) 4 17) 4 18) 4
37. If f(x)=1+x+x2+x3+.... for x 1 then f 1 x 19) 4 20) 4 21) 3 22) 2 23) 3 24) 1
25) 4 26) 4 27) 2 28) 4 29) 1 30) 3
x 1 x 1 x x 1 31) 2 32) 3 33) 2 34) 3 35) 2 36) 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
x 1 x x 1 x 37) 4 38) 3 39) 2 40) 2 41) 1 42) 4
38. Let f x sin x cos x, g x x 2 1. Then SOLUTIONS
g f x is invertible for x y y
1. Let 2x and 2x , then
8 8
1) 2 , 0 2) 2 ,
x and y 4 Given
4
3) , 4) 0, y y
2 4 2 f 2 x , 2 x xy f , 2 2
39. Let ‘f’ be an injective function with domain 8 b
{x, y, z} and range {1,2,3} such that exactly f m, n f n, m m2 n 2 n 2 m2 0
one of the follwowing statements is correct for all m,n
and the remaining are false f (x) 1,
2. Side of the triangle with vertices 0, 0 and
f (y) 1, f (z) 2 the value of f 1 (1) is
1) x 2) y 3) z 4) x or z
x, g x is a x 2 g x . Area of
2
40. If the function f : 1, 1, is defined
3 2
by f x 2 then f 1 x is
x x 1
equilateral triangle, whose side a is a .
x x1
4
1
1)
2
2)
1
2
1 1 4 log 2 x
3 2
x g x
2 3
x2 g x 1
2
4 4
1
3) 1 1 4 log 2 x
2
1
4) 1 1 4 log 2 x
2
g x 1 x 2 . Thus g x 1 x 2
41. f is a function defined as
1 1 1
n 3. 0 x x 1 x x
f a k 16 2 n
1 and f x y f x . f y 2 2 2
k 1 1 1 1
and f(1) = 2 then integral value of a f x f x x
1) 3 2) 0 3) 2 4) 1 2 2 2
42. A function f : R R satisy the equation 1
x R : f x
f (x )f ( y) f (xy) x y for all x, y R 2
and f(y)>0, then 4. By verification ,
1 x
1) f (x) x 2) f (x) 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 f f 2 2 1 2
x 2
3) f (x) 1 4) f x x 1
2 hence f x x.
5. Here, f x x x , x 1
x
x 2 sin , 1 x 1 , x x , x 1 .
2
Let k 0 . Then
20
and f 1 k 1 k 1 k 1 k .
2
11. g f x 8 or g 2 x 3 8
Therefore, f 1 k f 1 k 2 x 3 7 8 2 x 3 1 1, 2.
2
f 1 k 1 k sin
2
1 k
13. gof x sin x and f x sin 2 x
g sin 2 x sin x g x x
2
1 k sin 1 k f 1 k f 1 k
2
2 14. g f x f g x g x f x
f x f x for all x . Also, none of the x x this is true for x R..
pieces of definition are periodic. 15. Since g x 3 4 x
cos x cos x
f x g 2 x gog x g g x g 3 4 x
6 2x 1 2x 1
1 2
2 3 4 3 4x 15 42 x 42 1 42 x
(as x is not an integral multiple of ) g 3 x gogog x g g 2 x g 15 4 2 x
cos x
f x f x 3 4 15 4 2 x 63 43 x 43 1 43 x
2x 1
2
similarly , we get g n x 4n 1 4n x
f x is an odd function
16. f(x) = x when 2 < x < 3 f is a Identify function
7. g x f x 1 x 1 x 2 x 3 . (Bijection)
If x 1, g x x 1 x 2 x 3 3x 6 x1 x2
17. sin sin x1 x 2 f is one-one
If1 x 2, g x x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 2 2
If 2 x 3, g x x 1 x 2 x 3 x 18. f g x f x g x
If x 3, g x x 1 x 2 x 3 3 x 6 0 x x, if x is rational
x 0 x if x is irrational
Clearly f g x is one-one and onto.36.
8. 1
fog x x3 ,
x3
9. F f x F log a x a a x
log x
3
1 1 1
f x x 3 x
f F x f a x log a a x x log a a x. x x x
10. Here g x 1 n n 1, x n Z 1
let x t , f t t 3 3t
x
1 n k n 1 k, x n k
(where n Z , 0 k 1 ) Thus f x x3 3 x, f ' x 3x 2 3.
1, g x 0 2x
19. Period of x is 1. period of sin 1 x is 1. period
Now f g x 0, g x 0 2
1, g x 0
of sin 1
cosx is 2 where as sin 1 cos x 2
Clearly g x 0 x .so, f g x 1 x is non -periodic.
21
x x
20. nx n nx n has the period 1/n and tan
2 T2 period of g x f 3 11 21 231
period
has the period i.e, LCM of 1/n, 2 is 2.
/2 of F x LCM T1 , T2 LCM 385, 231
21. From the given data g x must be linear function. 7 11 3 5 =1155.
Hence, g x ax b 26. f x log x 9 x 2 is define
Also g 2 2a b 3 and g 4 4a b 7 9 x 2 0, x 0 and x 1 x 2 9 0
solving, a 2 and b 1 x 3 x 3 0, x 0 and x 1 domain
Hence, g x 2 x 1 Then, g 6 11 0,1 1,3 9 – x2 > 0, x > 0 and
f x x 2 x 3 x ... nx x 1
22.
x 2 x 3 x ..nx arcsin
27. f x 1 1 1 x 2 is define
x 2 x 3x ... nx
1 x 2 0 , x 2 1 0 , x 1 x 1 0
1 1 1
period of f x L.C .M 1, , ,... 1 Domain of f x is 1,1
2 3 n
2 1
23. cos 3x has the period and sin 3x has the 28. f x sin x sin x
3
2
1
period . sin x sin x
3
2 2 0 sin x is an integer
As and do not have a common Now sin x sin x 1 sin x is not an integer
3 3
multiple, f x is not periodic For f x to get defined
1 2 1 sin x sin x 0
24. Period of cos n x '
2 n n sin x integer
period of cos x is half of that of cos x ] n
sin x 1, 0 x ,n I
1 1 1 2
L.C.M of 1,1, , ,... is 1]. n
2 3 n
Hence, the domain is R- / n I
2
25. The period of f x is 7 The period of
x x 2 0 x 1 x 2 0
2
29.
x 7
f is 21
3 1/ 3 x 1 or x 2
The period of g x is 111 The period of 4 x2 0 & x 2 0
30. A.M . G.M .
x 11
g is 55 , Hence, T1 period of 31.
3 1/ 5
1
x
f x g 7 55 385 and
f x sin 1 x 2
5 2s i
1 1
0 x 2 1 x 2 0,1
2 2
22
1 1
Range of f x sin 0, sin 1 0,
2
40. y 2 x y 1 x x 1 log 2 y
1 1 4 log 2 y
32. x2 (2 y)2 (3z)2 (2 y)(3z) ( x)(3z) x(2 y) 0 x 2 x log 2 y 0 x
2
33. Domain 1,1 1 x 1 tan 1 x
4 f 1 x
1
2
1 1 4log 2 y x 1
f x 41.G iven
4 4 2 2 4
n
f x
3 2 ak
16 2n 1 f x ax
k 1
4 4
2 f 1 a1 2
34. x 0 x2
4 4 16 4
8 2 sin
2
x 2 0, 8 29 21 22 .....2 n 16 2 n 1 f x 2 x
16
2 a 1 1 2 22 ....2 n 1 16 2 n 1 above
4
x
35. y yx 8 x 4 y 0 and x is real.
1 x 8
series is a G.P r 2, a 1
k
36. If a2 + b2 + c2 = k then ab bc ca , k 2 a 1
.1
2 n
1
16 2n 1 ,
2
2 1
1 2a 1 24 a 1 4 a 3
37. Let f x y f–1(y) = x
1 x
42. Take f x x 1 and verify
y 1
x f y 1
y
38. By defination of composition of functions
g f x sin x cos x 1
2
g f x sin 2 x
We know sin x is bijection only, when
x ,
2 2
Thus g x is bijection if
2x x .
2 2 4 4
39. Suppose f(x)=1, then f(y)=1, f(z)=2 f is not
an injection.
Suppose f (y) 1, then
f (z) 2, f (y) 3, f (x) 1 A contradiction
Suppose f (z) 2, then
f (y)=1, f (z)=3, f (x)=2 this is true f 1 (1) y
23
JEE MAINS QUESTIONS
5. Let f : 1, 3 R beafunction defined by
1 1 1 5
1. The domain of the function f x sin 2 x x
x 1 f x where x denotes the greatest
1 x2
is , a a, then a is equal to [2020] integer x then the range of ‘f’ is [2020]
1 17 17
1) 2) 1 1 3 7 2 1 3 4
2 2 1) 0, , 2) , ,
2 5 5 5 2 5 5
17 1 17
3) 4) 2 4 1 2 4
2 2 3) 1 1, 4) 0, ,
5 5 3 5 5
2. Suppose that a function f : R R satisfies
f x y f x f y for all x, y R and 6. Let f : R R be defined by
n x
f 1 3 .If f i 363 then n = f x x R . Then the range of ‘f’ is
i 1
1 x2
[2020] [2019]
1 1 1 1
1) , 2) R ,
3. If g x x 2 x 1 and 2 2 2 2
5 3) 1,1 0 4) R 1,1
gof x 4 x 2 10 x 5 then f is equal to
4
[2020]
7. The number of functions ‘f’ from
1) 1/2 2) -1/2
1, 2,3 20 on to 1, 2, 20 such that
3) -1/3 4) 1/3
f k is a multiple of 3 ,when ever k is a multiple of
4 is [2019]
8 2 x 8 2 x
4. Let f x 2 x 2 x then inverse of f x is --
8 8 1) 65 15! 2) 56 15
---------- [2020]
3) 15! 6! 4) 5! 6!
1 1 x 1 1 x
1) log 8 2) log 8 8. Let F be a differentiable function such that
4 1 x 2 1 x
f x 2 and f 1 x f x x R .If
1 1 x 1 1 x h x f f x ,then h1 1
3) log 8 4) log 8 [2019]
4 1 x 2 1 x
24
12. Let f : A B be a function defined as
1) 4e 2) 2 e 2
x 1
3) 4 e 2 4) 2e f x where A R 2 and B R 1 ,
x2
then f is [2018]
9. Let A x R : x is not a positive int eger de-
2x 3 y 1
fine a function f : A R as f x 1) Invertible and f y
1
then f is
x 1 y 1
[2019]
2 y 1
2) Invertible and f y
1
1) Not injective y 1
2) Susjective but injective
3) injective but not susjective 2 y 1
3) Invertible and f y
1
4) neither injective nor susjective y 1
4) not invertible
10. Let N be the set of natural numbers and two
functions ‘f’ and ‘g’ be defined as f , g : N N such KEY
that
1) 1 2) 5 3) 2 4) 1 5) 2
n 1
n if n is odd 6) 1 7) 3 8) 1 9) 3 10) 4
f n
n and 11) 4 12) 2
if n is even
2
SOLUTIONS
g n n 1 then fog is
n
[2019]
1 1 5 11 5
1. f x sin 1 2 1 2 1
x 1 x 1
1) Neither one-one nor onto
2) onto but not one-one x 2 1 1 4 0
3) Both one-one and onto
4) one-one but not on to 1 17 1 17
1 1 11 0
2 2
11 .Let f x 210 x 1 and g x 310 x 1 .If
fog x x then x is equal to [2018]
x ,
1 17 1 17
,
2 2
310 1 210 1
1) 10 2) 10
3 210 2 310
1 310 1 210
3) 4)
210 310 310 210
25
3. g x x 2 x 1 g f x 4 x 2 10 x 5 x
1 x 2 x 1, 2
f x
f x f x 1 4 x 2 10 x 5
2
5. 2x x 2,3
1 x 2
f 5 / 4 f 5 / 4 1 4 5 / 4 10 5 / 4 5
2 2
f x is a decreasing function
2
5 5 25 50
f f 1 5 2 1 6 4
4 4 4 4 y , ,
2
5 2 10 5
5 5 5
f f 1 2 1 3 4
4 4 4 the range of f x is , ,
2 2 5 2 5 5
5 5 1 5 1
f f 0 f 0
4 4 4 4 2
x
6 .Given f x x R let
5 1 5 1 1 x2
f 0 f
4 2 4 2 x
y y yx 2 x
1 x2
2. f x y f x f y x R, f 1 3 yx 2 x y 0 1 4 y 2 0 x R
n
f x 3x f i 3i f i 363 332 33 3n 363 1
i1 y2 0
4
3n 1 2 2
3 1
n 1 1
y ,
363 3 1 242
n
3 2 2
2
3n 35
n=5 7. k 4,8,12,16, 20 f k can take value from the
set 3, 6, 9,12,15,18 this can be done in 6c5 5 6
82 x 82 x 1 82 x 82 x ways for remaining elements 15 so total
4. Given y f x ap
82 x 82 x y 82 x 82 x
number of functions 6 15
ply componendo and divideno
1 y 82 x 82 x 82 x 82 x 1 y
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 84 x
1 y 8 8 8 8 1 y
1 y 1 1 x
4 x log8 , f 1 x log 8
1 y 4 1 x
26
11. fog x x f g x x
8. f 1
x f x log f x x c
f x e x c f x k e x f 1 ke k
2
f 310 x 1 x x 210 310 x 1 1x 210310 1 210 1
e
2 2
f x ex , f 1 x ex
e e
210 1 1 2
h x f f x h x f 1 1
f x f x
1 x 10
2 3 1 3 210
10 10
2
h1 1 f 1 f 1 f 1 1 f 1 2 . e
e
12. f x is bisectible function of invertible function
2
h 1 e 2 .2 4e
1
x 1
e y xy 2 y x 1
x2
x y 1 2 y 1 y f x
2x 2
9. f x f x 2 2 y 1
x 1 x 1 x x f 1 y
y 1
2
f 1 x 0 x R
x 1
2
2 y 1
f 1 y
y 1
hence f x is strictly decreasing function . f x is
one-one
2x y
y xy y 2x x y 2 y, x
x 1 y 2
given that x R : x is not a+ve integers if y = 3 then x =
3 A f is not susjection
2
10. If n = 1 then fog 1 f g 1 f 2 1
2
11
if n 2 then fog 2 f g 2 f 1 2
1
4
If n = 3 then fog 3 f g 3 f 4 2
2
fog is not one-one but it is onto
27
6. If for nonzero x, af (x) bf 5,
1 1
EXERCISE - III
x x
1. If f x y f x . f y for all real x, y where a b , then f (2) =
and f 0 0 , then the function 3 2b 3a 3 2b 3a
f x
1) 2 a 2 b 2
2) 2 a 2 b 2
g x is
1 f x
2
3 3a 2b 6
1) even function
3) 2 a 2 b 2
4)
ab
2) odd function 1
7. If f x 64 x
3
and a,b are the roots of
3) odd if f x 0 x3
4) neither even nor odd 1
4x 3 , then
x
2 x sin x tan x
2. Let f x x 21
, x n , 1) f a 12 2) f b 11
2 41
3) f a f b 4) f a f b
then f is (where [ . ] represents greatest 9x
integer function) 8. If f (x) then
9x 3
1) an odd function
2) an even function 1 2 1995
f f .......... =
3) both odd and even 1996 1996 1996
4) neither odd nor even 1) 997 2) 997.5 3) 998 4) 998.5
3. If the real valued function 9. If [x] stands for the greatest integer function,
then
a x 1
f x n x is even, then n = 1 1 1 2 1 999
x a 1 2 1000 2 1000 .... 2 1000
1) 498 2) 499 3) 500 4) 501
2 1
1) 2 2) 3) 4) 3 10. If f : R R is a function satisfying the
3 4
4. Let f :[ 3, 3] R wheree property f 2 x 3 f 2 x 7 2, x R ,
then the period of f x is
x2 2
f (x) x sin x
3
be an odd 1) 2 2) 4 3) 8 4) 12
a
11. The period of the function f x x x is
function then the value of a is (where [ . ]
represents greatest integer function) 1) 1 2) 2
1) less than 11 2)11
3) greater than 11 4)12 3) Non periodic 4) 4
5. If f is an even function defined on the 12. If the period of the function
interval 5, 5 then find the total number f x sin n x where [n] denotes the
of real values of x satisfying the equations greatest integer less than or equal to n is 2 ,
x 1 then
f (x) f aree 1) 1 n 2 2) 1 n 2
x2
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 8 3) 1 n 2 4) 0 n 1
28
13. If f (x) is an odd periodic function with period 19. If b 2 4ac 0, a 0, then the domain of
2, then f (4) =
y log[ax 3 (a b)x 2 (b c)x c] is
1) 4 2) 4 3) 2 4) 0
b
14. The domain of the function 1) R 2a
f(x) logxx2 1 is 2) R b x : x 1
2a
1) 2, 2) 0, 3) 1, 4) R b
3) R x 1
15. If f x 3 x x 2 and g x sin x , 2a
b
then domain of fog x is 4) R 2a
1) 2n /2 , nz 20. The range of f x log e 3 x 2 4 x 5 is
7 11 11
11
2) 2n ,2n , nZ 1) , log e
3
2) log e ,
3
6 6
7 11 11
3) 2n , nZ 3) log 3
, log 3
e 4) 1,
6 e
7 11
4) 2n ,2n 2m ; n, mZ 21. The range of f (x) x
2 1
is
6 6 2 x 1 2
16. The function
3
2) [2, ) 3) [ , ) 4) R
f x cot 1 x 3 x cos 1 x 2 3x 1 1) [1, )
2
2
is defined on the set S, then S is equal to x
22. If x R and P 4 , then P lies
x 2 x2 4
1) 3, 0 2) 3,0 interval
3) 0,3 4) 3,0 1 3 4 1 1
1) 0, 2) , 3) 0, 4) 0,
2 4 5 3 4
x 1 e x x 2 x 3
2
17. Domain of
23. If f : R R is defined by f x 2 x 2 x
1) 2, 3 2) ( 2, 0]
for x R , where x is the greatest integer
3) ( , 2] 0, 3 4) , 2 0, 3 not exceeding x , then the range of f is
18. If f x is defined on 0,1 , then the domain 1) x R : 0 x 1 2) 0,1
of f sin x is 3) x R : x 0 4) x R : x 0
1) 2n , 2n 1 , n Z 1 2 1 1 2 1
24. The range of sin x 2 cos x 2 ,
2) 2n 1 , 2n 3 ; n Z where . denotes the greatest integer
2 2
function, is
3) n 1 , n 1 , n Z
4) n , 2n 1 n Z 1) 2 , 2) 3) 2 4) 2 ,
29
25. The range of
x a x b
f x sin x cos x tan x sec x , 32. If f x and
x
x 0, / 4 , where . denotes the greatest f x f y
integer function x, is x y x z y z y x
1) 0,1 2) 1, 0,1 3) 1 4) 0 f z k
26. The function f : R B is defined by z x z y xyz then k
1) a 2) b 3) ab 4) 3ab
f(x) x x where [ .] is G.I.F is
surjective then B = KEY
1) 1 2) 1 3) 4 4) 3 5) 3 6) 2
1) R 2) 0, 1 3) 1, 0 4) 1, 0 7) 3 8) 2 9) 3 10) 2 11) 3 12) 1
27. If f x ax 7 bx 3 cx 5 ( a , b , c are real 13) 4 14) 1 15) 4 16) 1 17) 3 18) 1
19) 3 20) 2 21) 1 22) 1 23) 2 24) 2
constants) and f 7 7, then the range of 25) 3 26) 4 27) 1 28) 1 29) 2 30) 2
31) 1 32) 3
f 7 17 cos x is
SOLUTIONS
1) 34,0 2) 0,34 3) 34,34 4) 34,34
1. Given f x y f x f y . Put x y 0 ,
28. If f (x) sin 2 x sin 2 (x / 3)
then f 0 1 . Put y x , then
cos x cos(x / 3) and g(5 / 4) 1
1
then (gof )(x) f 0 f x f x f x
f x
1) 1 2) 0
f x
Now, g x
3) sinx 4) cos x
1 f x
2
29. If f : (4, 8) (5,9) is a function defined by
x 1
f ( x) x [ ] where [.] is G.I.F then
4 f x f x
g x
1 f x 1
2
f 1 ( x) 1
f x
2
1) 1 x 2) x 1 3) x 3 4 )
3 x f x
g x
f : 2, 1, is 1 f x
2
30. If the function
defined by f(x) x 2 4x 3 then f 1(x) =
2. The denominator is
1) 2 x 1 2) 2 x 1
x 21 x
2 41 2 21 41
2 x 1 2 x 1
3) 4)
5 5 x x
2 21 41 2 1
31. Let f (x) x x 1, x 1/ 2, then the
2
solution of the equation f 1 (x) f (x) is x sin x tan x
f x
x
1 2
1) x 1 2) x 2 3) x 4) x= 0
2
30
x sin x tan x 9. if 1 x 500 1 if 500 x 999
f x
x 1 GE 0 0 ... 111 ... 1(500 times) 500
2
10. Wehave
x sin x tan x x sin x tan x f 2x 3 f 2x 7 2 ______ 1
f x Replance x by x + 1,
x 1 x 1
1 2
2 f 2x 5 f 2x 9 2 ______ 2
Replace x by x + 2
ax 1 ax 1
f x f x f 2x 7 2 2x 11 2 ______ 3
3. x a 1 x n a x 1
n x
From (1) and (3)
1 We get f 2x 3 f 2x 11 0
1 n 3
1
n
i.e., f 2x 3 f 2x 11 T 4
x2 2 f x is periodic with period 2k.
4. f (x) x sin x
3
a 11. Let n x n 1
x 2 Then, f x x, n where n changes with x
2
f ( x) x 3 sin x
a clearly no constant k > 0 is possible for which
Now f ( x) f (x) given, f x f x k corresponding to all x.
f (x) f ( x) 0
f x is a non periodic function.
x2 2 12. Sin x is a periodic function with period 2 ,
0 1, 3 x 3 a 1 1
a
(maximum of x2 2 in 3 x 3 is11)
therefore sin n x is a periodic function
5. f x f x
with period
n
1
6. Replace x by then solve. But the period of f(x) is (given)
x
1 1
7. We have, f a 64 a 3 4 a 3
3 3 2 n 1 n 1 1 n 2
a a n
f x 2 f x
3
1 1 1 13. f ( x) f (x) ;
4a 3.4a. 4a
a a a
14. log ab is defind for a , b > 0 and b 1
3 12.3 27 36 9
3
15. We have,
1 f x 3 x x 2 and g x sin x
[since a, b all roots of 4 x 3,
x
fog x 3 sin x sin x 2
1
4a 3]
a 1
1 sin x
Similarly f b 9, f a f b 9 2
7 11
9x 91 x x 2n ,2n 2m , n, mZ
8. f (x) f (1 x) x 1 x 1 6 6 2
9 3 9 3
31
16. For the two components to be meaningful, we 24. Thus, from domain point of view,
must have x x 3 0 and 0 x 2 3x 1 1 2 1 2 1
x 2 0, 1 x 2 1, 0
Hence, x 3 x 0 i.e., x 0, 3
f x sin 1 1 cos 1 0
S 3, 0
17. f (x) 0 or sin 1 0 cos 1 1 f x .
18. Since the domain of f is (0,1] 25. f x sin x cos x tan x [sec x
0 sin x 1 2n x 2n 1 , n Z
19. y log[ax 3 (a b)x 2 (b c)x c] sin p , where
= log [(ax 2 bx c)(x 1)] p cos x tan x sec x
b
since a > 0 y is defined if x and sin x p, (as p is an integer)
2a
b sin x cos x tan x sec x
x 1 x R x 1
2a
sin x cos x tan x sec x
20. f x is defined if 3 x 2 4 x 5 0 , x R Now, for
11
16 12 5 e y 0 12e y 44 e y 1
x 0, / 4 ,sin x 0,
1
, cos x ,1 ,
3 2 2
11
11
f log 3
. tan x 0,1 ,sec x 1, 2
y log e 3 Range of e
sin x 0, cos x 0
1
21. x 2 tan x 0 and sec x 1
x
x2 x2 The range of f x is 1.
p 0
22. We have, x 4 2 x 2 4 x 2 12 3 x 2 x a 0 1 4a 0 a 1/ 4
26. verify by taking integer& decimal number.
1 1 1
p
4
2
27. f 7 f 7 10 f 7 17
Also, x2 2 2 2
x 2
x2 x
f 7 17 cos x 17 17 cos x which has
1
p 0, the range 34, 0
2
23. x R n Z n x n 1
28. f(x) sin x (sinxcos cosxsin ) cosx
2 2
x n 2n 2 x 2n 2 2 x 2n or 3 3
2n 1 2 x 2 x or (cos x cos sin x sin )
3 3
2 x 1 2 x 2 x 0 or
sinx 3cosx cos2 x 3
sin2 x cosxsinx
1 f x 0 or 1 range 0,1
2 2 2 2
32
sin 2 x 3 3
ADVANCED QUESTIONS
sin x
2
cos 2 x
4 4 2 SINGLE ANSWER
1. Let f : R R be a function defined by
cos2 x 3
sin x cos x
2 2 x2 2x 5
f x
5 5 x 2 x 1 is
cos x sin x (sin 2 x cos 2 x) a) one-one and into b)one-one and onto
4 4
c) many-one and onto d)many-one and into
[gof ](x) g[f (x)] g(5 / 4) 1
2. f : R R, f x x3 3x 2 6 x 5 is
29. f(x) x 1
30. Let f(x)=y a)one-one and onto
b)one-one and into
3 1 c)onto but not one-one
31. f 1 x x
4 2 d)neither one-one nor onto
3. f : R R is a function defined by
32. Put y a, z b . Then f y 0, f z 0
e| x| e x
f x k 1 k f x x x then f is
k ab e e
x a x b xab x xab a) a bijection b) an injection only
c) surjection only
d) neither injection nor surjection
4.
f x ln x 1 x 2 is
a) even function b) odd function
c) Neither even nor odd d) Constant function
5. If f x is a function that is odd and even
simultaneously then f 3 f 2 is
a)1 b) -1 c) 0 d)2
6. The entire graph of y x kx x 9 is
2
strictly above the X-axis if and only if
[ADV- 2019]
a) K<7 b) 5 K 7
c) K 5 d) K > 7
cos x
f x
7. x 1 ( where x is not an integral
2
multiple of and [.] is G.I.F) is
a) even function b) odd function
c) Neither even nor odd d) cannot decide
8. Let f : 10,10 R wheree
33
x2
n 3
f x sin x where [.] is G.I.F be an
n 1times
10
a 1010
10
, 1010
,
c) d)
odd function then a
a) (-10,10)- 0 b) 0,10 16. The function
c) [100, ) d) 100, f x cot 1
x x 3 cos 1 x 2 3x 1
1 1 is defined on the set S , where S is
9. The domain of f x x 2 x
1
sin
is
x2 a) 3, 0 b) 3, 0 c) 0,3 d)
a) 0, b) , 0 c) 1,3 d)
17. The domain of f x sin 1 2 4 x 2
log 2 x 3 ( where [.] is G.I.F ) is
10. The domain of f x is
x 3x 2
2
3 3 3 3
a) 2 , 2 b) , 0
a) 3, b) 3, 2 2
3 3
c) 1, d) 3, {1, 2}
c) 2 , 0 0, 2 d)
11. The domain of f x ln |x|1 x 2 4 x 4 is 18. The domain of
a) 3, 1 1, 2 f x cos sin x log x x ( where {.}
is fractional part of x ) is
b) 2, 1 [2, )
a) [1, ) b) 0, 2 [1, )
c) (, 3] (2, 1) 2,
d) c) 0, 1 d)(0,1)
2
12. The domain of f x sin 1 log 2 x is 19. The range of f x sin 2 x 5sin x 6 is
a)[1,2] b)[-1,1] c)[0,1] d)(1,2) a) 10, 0 b)[-1,1]
13. The domain of f x cos 1
x 49
( where [.] is G.I.F ) is c) 0, d) , 0
4
a)[-1,1] b)[0,1] c)[-1,2] d)[-1,2)
x x
log 0.3 | x 2 | 20. The range of f x 1 x x
14. The domain of f x is
|x|
( where [.] is G.I.F ) is
a)[1,2] b)[2,3] c) [1, 2) (2,3] d) 0,3
1 1 1
15. The domain of a) 0, b)[0,1] c) (0, ] d) [0, )
2 2 2
f x log10 log10 log10 log10 x 21. If f : R S defined by
(‘ log ’ n times) is f x sin x 3 cos x 1 is an onto
n2 times
function, then S=
10 ,
10
a) 101010
, b)
n2 a)[1,3] b) [-1,3] c)[0,1] d)[-1,1]
34
22. The range of f x 7 x P x3 is 16 5 5
a) 0, b) 1, c) 0, d) [-1 1 ]
5 3 16
a) 1, 2,3, 4,5 b) 3, 4,5
| x|
c) 1, 2,3 d) 1, 2,3, 4 29. If f x log x1 , where[.] is G.I.F
x
x2 x 1 then domain and range are
23. The range of f x 2 is
x x 1 a) 2, , 0,1 b) [3, ),0
1 1 c) [3, ),0,1 d) ; 0
a) , 3 b) , 2
3 2
30. If f x x3 3x 2 4 x a sin x b cos x
c 0,1 d)[-1,1]
x R is an injection then the greatest
1
24. The range of f x sin x is ( where{.}
value of a 2 b 2 is
a)1 b)2 c) 2 d) 2 2
is fractional part and [.] is G.I.F )
31. If f x sin x cos x, g x x 2 1 then
a) 1, 1 b) 0 c)N d)Z
g f x is invertible in the domain
tan x 2 x
25. The range of f x [ADV 2018]
1 sin cos x
( where [.] is G.I.F ) is a) 0, b) , c) , d) 0,
2 4 4 2 2
a) 0, b) 0,1 32. If the function f x sin x cos ax is
2
periodic , then ‘a’ is
a) any real unmber b) any integer
c) 0 d) ,
2 2 c)any rational number d) no such ‘a’
26. If f x x 2 2 bx 2 c 2 and g x x 2 2 cx b 2 33. The period of
such that minimum of f(x)> maximum of | sin 4 x | | cos 4 x |
g(x) then [IIT 2003] is
| sin 4 x cos 4 x | sin 4 x cos 4 x
a) | c || b | 2 b) | c || b | 2
c) | c || b | d)None a) b) c) d)
4 2 8
27. The sum of the maximum and minimum
values of 34. If f x cos x x where
. is fractional
f x sin 1 2 x cos 1 2 x sec1 2 x is part function then the period of f x is
3 a) 2 b) 1
a) b) c) 2 d)
2 2
28. If a,b,c,d ,e are +ve real numbers such that c) d) Does not exist
2
a b c d e 8 and
a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e 2 16 35. Period of f x sin cos x x is
then the range of ‘e’ is a) Does not exist b)
35
f x y kxy f x 2 y 2 , where ‘k’ is
c) d) 2
2 some constant then f(x) is
36. The period of a) x 2 b) 3x 2 c) 2x 2 d) 4x 2
x x|cos x||cos 2 x||cos n x|
f x e 42. If f x y f x f y x , y R and
( where [.] is G.I.F ) is f x
f 0 0 then F x is
1 f x
2
1 1
a) 1 b) c) d) 1 / 5
2 4 a)an even function b)an odd function
37. If ‘f’ is periodic , ‘g’ is non-periodic , f g x
c)both
d)Neither even nor odd function
is periodic and f 2 3, g 4 7 43. For x R , the function f(x) satisfies
2 f x f 1 x x 2 then the value of f(4) is
then g 6 is
a) 13 b) 15 c) 11 d) 0 13 43 23 23
a) b) c) d)
3 3 3 4
38. The period of f x x 2 x 3x 4 x 44. If [x] and {x} represent the integral and
fractional parts of x respectively, then the
n n 1
............. nx x ( where n N ) is
2
2000
x r
value of 2000
is
a) n b) 1 c) 1 / n d) 5 r 1
39. Consider the real valued function a) x b) x c) x
satisfying 2 f sin x f cos x x , then d) x 2001
1 45. Total number of solutions of
f
2 2 x 3x 4 x 5 x 0 is
a) 0 b) 1
a) 1 b)2 c)0 d) 4
c) 2 d) infinitely many
40. Let f x be defined for all x>0 and be 46. Let R be the set of real numbers and
continuous . Let f(x) satisfy the relation f : R R be such that for all
x x, y R, | f x f y || x y | then f x
3
f f x f y for all ‘x’ and ‘y’ and
y is [ADV
f(e)=1 then [IIT - 1995] 2020]
a) a quadratic function b)constant function
1
f 0 c)a cubic function d) linear function
a) f x is bounded b) x
as x 0 47. Let A 1, 2,3, 4,5 . If ‘f ’ is a bijective
function from A to A , then the number of
x f x 0
such functions for which f k k ,
c) d) f x ln x
as x 0 k=1,2,3,4,5 is
41. A function ‘f’ well defined x, y R is such a) 55 b)120 c) 44 d) 55 120
that f(1)=2 ,f(2)=8 and 48. If f : R R , f x x 3 3 x 2 10 x 2 sin x
36
then the range of the function is given by 5. Clearly f x 0
a) , b) [0, ) c) ( , 0] d)
6. f x 0 x 2 k 1 x 9 0 Disc 0
KEY
k 1 4 9 0
2
1) d 2) a 3) d 4) b 5) c 6) b
7) b 8) d 9) d 10) d 11) c 12) a k 2 2k 1 36 0
13) d 14) c 15) a 16) d 17) c 18) d k 2 2k 35 0
19) a 20) d 21) b 22) c 23) a 24) c
25) c 26) b 27) c 28) a 29) b 30) a k 5, 7
31) b 32) c 33) c 34) d 35) d 36) a
cos x cos x
37) c 38) b 39) c 40) d 41) c 42) a f x f x
7. x 1 x 1
1
43) c 44) c 45) b 46) b 47) c 48) a 2 2
SOLUTIONS odd function
8. f(x) is an odd function
x 1
2
4 x2
f x 2
0 0x 10,10
1. 1 3 a
x
2 4
x2
range codomain 0 1 a 100
a
f x is int o
1
9. Domain of is R 0
clearly f 1 x 0 is possible for some ‘x’ x
f x is many-one 1
is x 2 0
Domain of x 2
2. f 1 x 3x 2 6 x 6 3 x 2 2 x 2 0 x2
Disc <0 and leading coeff>0 Domain of 2sin
1
x
is 1,1
f is one-one
No common region
f(x) is odd degree polynomial , f(x) is onto
3. Clearly f x 0 for all x 0 and f x 0
10. x 3 0 and x 1 x 2 0
for all x 0 x 3, 1, 2
Neither one-one nor onto 11. Case(i) 0< x -1<1 1< x <2 x (-2,2) and
4.
f x ln x 1 x 2 x , 1 1, ......(1)
x2 4x 4 1 x2 4 x 3 0
1 x2 x
ln
1 x x2
1 x 2 x
-3 x -1...........(2)
from (1)and(2)
x (-2,-1)
1
ln Case(ii) x -1>1 x >2
x 1 x
2
then x 2 4 x 4 1 x 2 4 x 3 0
f x x -1orx -3
x , 3 2,
f(x) is an odd function
37
f is onto
x , 3 2, 1 2,
use
12. sin 1 log 2x 0 and
a sin x b cos x c c a 2 b 2 , c a 2 b 2
1 log 2 x 1
22. 7 x 0 and x 3 0 and
log 2x 0
7 x x 3 x 3, 4,5 is the domain
x 1
Now x 3 4 P0 1
1
log log log x 2
2
2
x
2
2
2 x 4 3P1 3 , x 5 2 P2 2
2
x0 23. Let
Df 1, 2 x2 x 1
y 2 yx 2 yx y x 2 x 1 0
x x 1
13. 1 x 1 1 x 2
y 1 x y 1 x y 1 0
2
log 0.3 | x 2 |
14. 0 and 1
| x| Now 0 y ,3
3
| x 2 | 1 x [1, 2) (2, 3]
15. Use the definition of lagarithum several times 24. 0 x 1
16. There is no intersectin of the values of ‘x’
x 0 is ruled out Now 0 x 1
17. 1 2 4 x 2 1
sin 0 sin x sin1
1 2 4 x 2 2
3 1 1
x2 1.18 , 1
4 sin x sin x
3 3
x , 25. Since Nr is of the form tan n which is zero
2 2
but at x=0 , f(x) is not defined 26. [Link] of f x 2c2 b2
18. cos(sinx) 0 is true for all x R; log{x}x 0 [Link] of g x b 2 c 2
case(i) 0<x<1 {x} 1 x (0,1), x 1
Now 2c 2 b2 b 2 c 2
and {x} 1 not possible
2
c 2 2b 2
5 49
19. f x sin x where | c || b | 2
2 4
1 1
27. Celarly D f is ,
2
9 5 49
sin x 2 2
4 2 4
1
x y f x is minimum when x
20. f x x 2
1 x 1 y
1
and it is f
y 1 2 2
0 1 y 0,
1 y 2
21. Here S = co-domain = onto
38
1 sin x T cos a x T
f x is maximum when x and it is
2
sin x cos ax
1 3 put x=0 and x=-T respetively
2 2
sin T cos aT 1
3 sove these euqations
2 sin T cos aT 1
2 2
28. As we know sin T 0 and cos aT 1
2
abcd a b c d
2 2 2 2
T n n z aT 2m m z
4 4 aT 2m 2m
, a rational number
( using tchebycheff’s inequality) t n n
2
8 e 16 e
33. Period of | sin 4 x | | cos 4 x | is
2
e 5e 16 8
4 4
Period of
16
e 0, | sin 4 x cos 4 x | | sin 4 x cos 4 x |
5
is
x 8
29. 0 and [x-1]>0 and [x-1] 1 period / 8
x
[x]>1 [x]-1 1 34. f x cos x x x
[x] 2 x [3, )
Here period of cosx is 2 and the period of
x
clearly =1 only range=log1=0 x x is 1
x
But L.C.M of 2 and 1 does not exist
30. f 1 x 3x 2 6 x 4 a cos x b sin x 0
35. f x 2 sin cos 2 x 2 x
leading coeff>0
3x 2 6 x 4 b sin x a cos x sin 2 x cos x sin x cos x f x
3x 2 6 x 4 a 2 b2 period of f x is 2
3 x 1 1 a 2 b 2
2 36. period of x x is1
[Link] of a 2 b 2 is 1
period of | cos x | is 1
31. g f x sin x cos x 1 sin 2 x
2
1
period of | cos x | is .......
Clearly g f x is invertible in 2
1 1 1
L.C.M of 1, , ,..... is 1
2 , 2 x 4 , 4 2 3 n
37. From given data , g(x) must be linear function
32. Let T be the period of f(x) , then g x ax b
f x T sin x T cos a x T Also g 2 3 2a b 3; g 4 7
f x sin x cos(ax) 4a b 7 solving a 2, b 1
39
g x 2 x 1 g 6 11 42. f x y f x . f y 1
38. Conceptual
put x y 0 f 0 1 f 0 0
39. Given 2 f sin x f cos x x . ......(i)
put y x in 1 then
Replacing x by x in equation (i), f 0 f x . f y 1 f x . f x
2
we get 1
f x 2
f x
2 f sin x f cos x x
2 2 2
f x
Now F x
1 f x
2
or 2 f cos x f sin x x ......(ii)
2
Multiplying in equation (i) by 2, then f x
F x
4 f sin x 2 f cos x 2 x 1 f x
2
.....(iii)
Now subtraction Eq. (ii) from Eq. (ii), we
get 1
f x
3 f sin x 2 x x 3 x from 2
1
2 2 1
f x
2
or f sin x x
6
F x F is an even function
or f x sin x
1
6 43. 2 f x f 1 x x 2 1
Hence,
replace ‘x’ by ‘1-x’
f x sin x
1
x 1,1 . 2 1 x f x 1 x 2 2
6
40. By observation , it is easy to decide that
Now 1 2
f x ln x
4 f x 2 f 1 x 2 x 2
41. f x y kxy f x 2 y ; replace ‘x’ by ‘-
2
2 f x 2 f 1 x 1 x
2
x’ , then we get
f 0 kx 2 f x 2 x 2
3 f x 2 x 2 1 x
2
f x f 0 kx 2 2 x 2
x2 2x 1
put x 1 f x
3
f 1 f 0 k 2 2
f 4 23 / 3
f 2 f 0 4k 8 8
solving k 4 and f 0 0 2000
x r 2000 x x
44. 2000
2000 2000 2000 x
f x 2x2 r 1 r 1
40
2 3 4
x x x x 3 3 x 2 10 x
45. Let Let f x 1 ,
5 5 5 x 3 3 x 2 10 x 2 sin x
which is a decreasing function graph cuts
1 sin x 1
the X-axis at onlny one point
46. Since MULTIPULE ANSWER
TYPE QUESTIONS
| f x f y || x y |3 is true x, y R
x if x is rational
| f x f y | 1. f(x) = and
we have for x y, | x y |2 0 if x is irrational
|x y|
0 if x is rational
g(x) = then f – g is
f x f y Lt x if x is irrational
Lt
yx | | y x | x y |2
x y [IIT- 2005]
a) one–one and into
f x f y b) neither one–one nor onto
Ltyx | | 0 c) many one and onto
x y
d) one–one and onto
| f 1 x | 0 f x 0
1
2. If f(x) = cos[ 2 ]x cos[ 2 ]x ( where [x]
stands for the greatest integer function)then
f x is a constant function [IIT-1991]
47. Use derangement formula a) f / 2 1 b) f 1
c) f 0 d) f / 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
5 p5 44 3. The f : R R be any function. Define
0! 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
g : R R by g(x) = | f(x) | for all x then g is
48. as x 3 3 x 2 10 x is a cubic polynomial [IIT - 2000]
a) onto if f is onto
b) one–one if f is one-one
c) continuous if f is continuous
d) differentiable if f is differentiable
4. Let f x x x 1 3 wheree
2
x x then and f :RR
a) many-one b) one-one
c) onto d) into
1
f x
5. The domain of log1/2 x 2 7 x 13 is
a) (3,4) b) [ 3,4 ]
c) , 3 1, d)(1,3)
6. The domain of definition of
log 2 x 3
f(x) = is [IIT - 2001]
x 2 3x 2
41
a) R-{-1, -2} b) 2, 2
a) 0, 2 b) ,
c) R-{-1, -2, -3} c) 3, 1, 2 2 3
7. For the function f x log10 3 x 2 4 x 5
c) , d) ,
2 3 4 4
a) Domain is 0, b) range is R
14. All periodic functions are
11 a) one-one b) many-one
c) Domain is R d) range is log10 3 , c)invertible
d)invertible by restriciting the domain
| x|
8. For the function f x cos x and x
1
log x 15. If denote the fractional and
x
integral parts of ‘x’ and
( where [.] G.I.F )is
a) Domain is [1, ) b)Domain is [2, ) x 1 2 x 4 x 1 6 then x is
8
c)range is [0, ) d)range is a)1 b) c)0 d)-1
2 3
9. Range of the function 16. The domain of definition of the function f(x)
given by the equation 2x + 2y = 2 is
x2 x 2 [IIT - 2000]
f(x) = ; x R is [ADV - 2017]
x2 x 1 a) 0 x 1 b) 0 x 1
s) (1, ) b) (1, 11/7] c) x 0 d) x 1
c) (1, 7/3] d) [1, 7/5]
KEY
10. Let f : X Y , f x sin x cos x 2 2 is 01) d 02) a,c 03) c 04) a,d 05) a,c
invertible then 06) d 07) c,d 08) b,d 09) c 10) a,d
5 11) B 12) d 13) d 14) b,d 15) a,b
a) X , b) X , 16) d
4 4 4 2
SOLUTIONS
c) Y 1,1 d) Y 2, 3 2 1. We are given that
11. If f(x) = 3x - 5 then f -1(x) [IIT - 1998]
0, x rational
1 x5 f : R R s.t. f(x) =
a) is given by b) is given by x, x irrational
3x 5 3
c) does not exist because f is not one-one 0, x irrational
d) does not exist because f is not onto g : R R s.t. g(x) =
x, x rational
x
12. Let f(x) = , x 1 then the value of x if x rational
x 1 (f - g) (x) =
so that f( f(x)) = x is [ADV- x if x irrational
2016] Since f . g : R R for any x there is only one
a) 2 b) 2 c) 1 d) –1 value of (f(x) - g(x)) whether x is rational or
irrational. Moreover as x R, f(x) - g(x) also
13. Let f(x) = sin x + cos x and g(x) = x2 – 1 then
belong to R. Therefore (f - g) is one-one onto.
domain for which gof is invertible is
[IIT- 2004] (d) is the correct option.
2. (A, C)
f(x) = cos [ 2] x + cos [- 2]x
42
We know 9 < 2 < 10 and - 10 < - 2 < -9 Df = 3, 1, 2
[ 2] = 9 and [- 2] = -10
7. 3 x 2 4 x 5 0 is tue x R Disc 0 and
f(x) = cos9x + cos (-10x)
f(x) = cos9x + cos(-10x) f(x) = cos 9x + leading coeff 0
cos 10x Let f x y log10 3 x 2 4 x 5 y
9
(a) f = cos + cos 5 = -1 (True) 3 x 2 4 x 5 10 y 0
2 2
(b) f( ) = cos 9 + cos 10 = -1 + 1 = 0 As x is real ,
(False) 11 11
0 10 y y [log10 , )
(c) f(- ) = cos (-9 ) + cos (-10 ) = cos 9 3 3
+ cos 10 = -1 + 1 = 0 (True)
| x|
9 5 8. 0; x 0 and x 1
(d) f cos cos = x
4 4 2
x 0 x [1, ) x [2, ) domain
cos 2 0 (False) | x|
4 For x [2, ) log x log1 0
x
Thus (A) and (C) are the correct options.
3. Let h(x) = x then g(x) = f(x) h f(x)
cos 1 0
Since composition of two continuous function 2
is continuous, g is continuous if f is continuous.
range
4. Let f x x x 1 3 2
2
9. We have f(x) =
x x 2 x 2 x 1
2
x 2 x 2 (x 2 x 1) 1 1
1
Clearly f x 0 x x 1 x x 1
2 2 2
1 3
x
2 4
x 2 or x 1
We can see here that as x , f(x) 1 which
f is many-one and range contains only is the min value of f(x). Also f(x) is max when
integers range co domain f is into 2
1 3
x is min which is so when x = -1/2
5. log 1 x 7 x 13 0 and x 2 7 x 13 0
2 2 4
2 and then 3/4.
x 2 7 x 13 1 1 7
fmax = 1 + , R f = (1, 7/3]
3/ 4 3
x 2 7 x 12 0
x 3, 4
10. f x 2 sin x 2 2 (or)
4
x2 7 x 13 0
always true i.e x R 2 cos x 2 2 x
4 2 4 2
log2 x 3
6. For domain of f(x) =
x 2 3x 2 x
2 4 2 4
x 2 3x 2 0 and x 3 0
x 1, 2 and x 3 3 5
X , or X ,
4 4 4 4
43
Clearly Y 2,3 2 O x 1 0 3x 3 0 2 x 2 3
11. f(x) = 3x – 5 (given) x 1, 2 Now x 1 x 1
Let y = f(x) = 3x – 5
y5
x 2 x 8 / 3 from 1 and 2
y + 5 = 3x x =
3
. . . (1) 16. It is given that 2x 2y 2 x, y R
and y = f(x) x = f 1 y Therefore, 2x 2 2y 2 0 2x 2
. . . (2) Taking log for both side with base 2
From (1) and (2) log2 0 log2 2x log2 2
y5 x5 Hence domain is x 1 .
f 1 y f 1 x .
3 3
COMPREHENSION TYPE
x
12. f(x) =
x 1
, x 1 QUESTIONS
Passage - 1
x
x 1 f : A B is said to be injective if distinct
f f x x x =x elements in A have distinct images in B and
1
x 1 surjective if f(A)=[Link] answer the
2 x following.
x 1 x 2 1 2 x 0
1 x 1 1. If the function f : A B defined by
. . . (1) 1 cos 2 x
1 0 and 1 2 0 f x is injective then A can
2
As true x -1
be
Eq. 1 is an identity
1 . a) 0, b) ,
13. f(x) = sin x + cos x g(x) = x – 1 2
g f(x) = sin x cos x 1 sin 2x
2 c) , 0 d) , 0
2
Clearly g f(x) is invertible in 2x
2. If the function f : R B defined by
2 2
f x x 2 is surjective then B is
sin is invertible when - 2 2
a) ( ,0] b) [0, ) c) (0, ) d)R
3. The functions f : R B defined by
x .
4 4
f x x x ( where [.] is G.I.F ) is
14. Conceptual
surjective then B=
15. x 1 x 1 2 x 4 x 1 6
a)R b)[0,1] c)[-1,0] d) 1, 0
3x 5 x 2...........(1)
Passage - 2
3 x x 5 x 2 1 x
Let f x f xy f x, y R
3 x 2 x 2........(2) 2 y
but such that f 1 0, f 1 1 2 . Now answer
44
the following.
1 y
f x f y f y f xy f 2
4. 2 x
y x 1 x y
a) f b) f c) f 2 x d) f 2 y 1 2 f x f y f f
x y 2 y x
5. f 1 3 3
1 2 1 1 in 1 put x 1
a) b) c) d)
3 3 2 4
1 1
6. f e f 1 f y f 4
2 y
a) 2 b) 1 c) 3 d) 4
Passage - 3
1
Let f : R R is a function satisfying f 1 0 f y f
y
f 2 x f 2 x and f 20 x f x
x y
f f
x R . Now answer the following. y x
7. If f 0 5 then the minimum possible x
f x f y f
number of values of ‘x’ satisfying y
f x 5 for x 0,170 is
a) 21 b) 12 c)11 d)22 f x h f x
5. f 1 x hLt
h
8. The graph of y f x is symmetrical about
2
a) x 16 b) x 5 c) x 8 d) x 20 f 1 3
3
9. If f 2 f 6 then the period of f(x) is
2
a)1 b) may or may not be 1 6. f 1 x
x
c)can not be 1 d) Non periodic
KEY f x 2 log x c
01) c 02) b 03) b 04) b 05) b 06) a f 1 0 c 0 f x 2 log x
07) a 08) a 09) c
f e 2
SOLUTIONS
07,08,09.
1. f(x)= cos x which will be in ,0 f 2 x f 2 x 1
2
replace ‘x’ by ‘2-x’
2. f(x)= x B [0, )
f x f 4 x 2 Also given
3. [x]+[-x]=1; x Z
=0; x Z B {1, 0} f 2 x f x 3
1 x from 2 and 3 f 4 x f 20 x
4. f x f xy f 1
2 y Nowreplace ' x ' by '4 x ' f x f x 16
interchanging ‘x’ and ‘y’
Hence period of f x is 16
45
If 1 is a period then f x f x 1 x R COLUMN-II
p) 0 f x 1
f 2 f 3 f 4 f 5 f 6
which cantradicts the given hypothes is q) f x 0
f 2 f 6
r) f x 0
1 can not be the period
MATRIX MATCHING s) f x 1
TYPE QUESTIONS
KEY
1. Match the following functions with their 01) a-r, b-s, c-q, d-p
ranges 02) a-p,r,s; b-q; c-q; d-p,r,s
COLUMN-I
SOLUTIONS
a) f x log 3 5 4 x x 2
1. a f x log 3 5 4 x x 2
b) f x log 3 x 2 4 x 5
c) f x log 3 x 4 x 5
2
log3 9 x 2
2
d) f x log 3 4 x 5 x 2 Now 9 x 22 9 but for f(x) to get
defined
COLUMN-II
p) function is not defined 0 9 x 22 9
q) [0, )
r) ( ,2]
log 3 9 x 2 log 3 9
2
s) R
range(, 23 ]
x2 6x 5
2. Let f x b f x log 3 x 2 4 x 5
x2 5x 6
Now match the following [ IIT 2007 ]
COLUMN-I log3 x 2 9
2
a) if 1 x 1 then f x satisfies
but here 0 x 2 9 , f x
2
b) if 1 x 2 then f x satisfies
c log 3 x 2 4 x 5
c) if 3 x 5 then f x satisfies
d) if x 5 then f x satisfies log3 x 2 1 but x 2
2 2
1 [1, )
46
range [0, ) relation f x f x 3 0, x R is
d log 3 4 x 5 x 2 but x 2 4 x 5 cos sin nx
; n N is 6
is always Negative x
tan
disc < 0 and leading coeff < 0 6. If the period of n
then ‘ n’ is
x 5 x 1
2. Let f x x 2 x 3 if 1 x 1 then 7. If f x sgn x 2 2 x 3 then the value of
f x is
f x
ve ve ve p, r , s 8. If the range of the function
ve ve
f x
1 x x 1 x when
2 4
x 0 is
If 1 x 2 f x 0 q x3
[ K , ) then K is
If 3 x 5 f x 0 q
KEY
If x 5 f x 0 p, r , s
01) 5 02) 2 03) 1 04) 9 05) 6 06) 6
07) 1 08) 6
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
SOLUTIONS
1. If ‘f ’ is a polynomial such that 1 x
1. replace ‘x’ by , we have
1 x
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x
f f f f 1 1
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x f x. f f x f
x x
where x 0, 1 and f 3 28 then the
f x xn 1
1 10
value of
605 n1
f n 1 is
x x3 1 f 3 28
1 x
10 10
2. If f 2 x f x
1 x
3
[ x 1 and Now f n 1 n
n 1 n 1
3
325
f x 0 ] then the value of | f 2 | is 1
3025 5
( where [.] is G.I.F ) 605
f 3 x 3 f 2 x 3 f x 1 x6 1 x 3
3. If then the 2. f 2 x. f x 1
1 x
value of f 0 is
1 x
replace ‘x’ by
1 1 1 1 x
4. If f x x 3 3 4 x 2 2 13
x x x 3
1 x 1 x
f 2 f x 2
then the value of f 2 3 1 x 1 x
5. The period of the function satisfying the
47
from 1 and 2
1 x 4 x x5 x 2 x 6
8. f x
1 x
3 x3
f x x
3 6
1 x 1 1 1
3 x3 x x 2 2
x x x
1 x
f x x3
1 x 1 3 1 1
2 3
.x 2 x. 2 x 2 . 2 6
8 x x x
f 2 | f 2 | 2
3 1
use a 2, a 0
a
f x 1
3
3. x6
f x 6
f x x2 1 f 0 1
R f [6, ) .
1 2 1
4. If f x x 3 4 x 2 13
3
x x
1
3
1
2
1
x 3 x 4 x 2 13
x x x
f 2 3 9
5. f x f x 3 0
--(1)
replace ‘x’ by ‘x+3’
f x 3 f x 6 0 2
1 2 f x f x 6
period of f x is 6
6. Period of cos sin nx is and the period of
n
x
tan is n
n
Now L.C.M of , n is n n 6
n
7. b 2 4ac 0 .
48
5. f x f x 3 0
--(1)
replace ‘x’ by ‘x+3’
f x 3 f x 6 0 2
1 2 f x f x 6
period of f x is 6
6. Period of cos sin nx is and the period of
n
x
tan is n
n
Now L.C.M of , n is n n 6
n
7. b 2 4ac 0 .
1 x 4 x x5 x 2 x 6
8. f x
x3
1 1 1
3 x3 x x 2 2
x x x
1 3 1 1
2 3
.x 2 x. 2 x 2 . 2 6
x x x
1
use a 2, a 0
a
f x 6
R f [6, ) .
**********
49
PROPERTIES
OF TRIAGNLES
SYNOPSIS Mollweide’s Rule :
Relation between the sides and angles B C BC
sin cos
of a triangle : bc 2 bc 2
(i) ;
Notation: a A a A
cos sin
(i) In triangle ABC the sides BC, CA, AB are 2 2
denoted by a, b, c respectively. The angles (ii)
BAC,CBA, ACB are denoted by A,B,C
respectively. The semi perimeter of the triangle C A C A
Sin Cos
is denoted by ‘s’. The area of a triangle is ca 2 ; ca 2
denoted by . b B b B
Cos Sin
a bc 2 2
(ii) s
2
A B A B
sin cos
a b 2 ab 2
(iii) ;
c C c C
cos sin
2 2
Napier’s Formulae (Tangent rule) :
BC bc A bc BC
i) tan cot tan
2 bc 2 bc 2
C A c a B c a C A
ii) tan cot tan
2 ca 2 ca 2
Sine Rule :
a b c A B a b C a b A B
iii)tan cot tan
SinA Sin B Sin C = 2R 2 ab 2 ab 2
a = 2R Sin A, b = 2R Sin B, c = 2R Sin C Projection formulae :
( R is circumradius of triangle ABC) . (i) a = b Cos C + c Cos B
Cosine Rule : (ii) b = c Cos A + a Cos C
(i) a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc Cos A (iii) c = a Cos B + b Cos A
(ii) b2 = c2 + a2 - 2ca Cos B Half-angle results :
(iii) c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab Cos C
A ( s b) ( s c )
b2 c2 a2 (i) sin
(i) Cos A = , 2 bc
2bc
B ( s c)( s a)
c2 a2 b2 (ii) sin
(ii) Cos B = 2 ca
2ca
a b2 c2
2 C ( s a )( s b)
(iii) Cos C = (iii) sin
2ab 2 ab
1
In a triangle ABC
A s(s a)
(i) Cos = b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
2 bc (i) CotA , (ii) CotB
4 4
B s ( s b)
(ii) Cos a2 b2 c2
2 ca (iii) CotC
4
C s( s c) a2 b2 c2
(iii) Cos (iv) Cot A + Cot B + Cot C =
4
2 ab
2 2
A ( s b)( s c) ( s b)( s c) (i) Sin A = s( s a)( s b)( s c)
(i) tan = bc bc
2 s(s a)
2 2
(ii) Sin B = s( s a)( s b)( s c)
rr1 r1 r ca ca
= = = r2 r3
s(s a ) r2 r3 2 2
(iii) Sin C = s( s a)( s b)( s c)
ab ab
B ( s c)( s a ) ( s c)( s a ) Circles related with the triangle :
(ii) tan
2 s ( s b) (i) Incircle : The point of concurrence of the
internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle is
rr2 r r called the incentre and is denoted by I. It is
= = 2
s ( s b) r1r3 r1 r3 equidistant from the sides. The circle with
centre I and the length of the perpendicular
C ( s a)( s b) ( s a)( s b) from I to any side of the triangle as radius
(iii) tan = touches the sides of the triangle internally and
2 s( s c)
this circle is known as Incircle. The radius of
r3 r
the incircle is called inradius and is denoted
rr3
= = by ‘r’.
s( s c) r1r2 r1 r2
A B C
A s s a r 4 R s in s in sin
(i) Cot , s 2 2 2
2 A B
s a ta n s b ta n
B s s b
2 2
(ii) Cot C
2 s c ta n
2
C s ( s c)
(iii) Cot a b
2
B C C A
Area of Triangle : cot cot cot cot
2 2 2 2
1 1
= 2 bc Sin A = 2 ca Sin B c
A B
cot cot
1 2 2
= ab Sin C = s ( s a )( s b)( s c)
2 (ii) Ex-circle: The point of concurrence of internal
bisector of the angle A and externalbisectors
abc
= 2R2 Sin A Sin B Sin C = of the angles B and C is called the excentre
4R
opposite to A and is denoted by ‘ I1 ’.
2
The circle with centre I1 and the perpendicular In a le ABC If excircle opposite to A touches
distance r1 from I1 to any one of the three sides
the sides BC, CA, AB at G, K, H respectively.
as radius is called the excircle opposite to A.
Its radius r1 is called the ex-radius. The Centres r1
Then Area of leGHK is
of the remaining two excircles opposite to B 2R
and C are denoted by I2, I3 and their radii are If 0 is the Area of 1e formed by contact
denoted by r2, r3.
points of in circle with sides of a 1e
A C
(i) r1 s tan ( s b) Cot ABC 1 , 2 , 3 , be the Area as of 1es formed
sa 2 2
by contant points of Ex circles opposite A ,
B
( s c) Cot B , C repectively with the sides then
2
1 2 3 0 2
a A B C where is area of 1e ABC
4 R Sin Cos Cos
B C 2 2 2
tan tan In an equilateral triangle ABC, P is any point
2 2
inside the triangle ABC such that PA x,
B A PB=y PC=z then the side of the equilateral
(ii) r2 s tan ( s c) Cot
s b 2 2 triangle is x 2 z 2 2 zx cos(60 )
C
( s a ) Cot x2 z 2 y 2
2 where cos
b A B C
2zx
4 R Cos Sin Cos Lengths of medians of a triangle :
C A 2 2 2
tan tan
2 2 1
(i) AD 2b2 2c 2 a 2
C B 2
(iii) r3 s tan ( s a ) Cot
sc 2 2 1 2 2
b c 2bc cos A
A 2
( s b) Cot
2 1
(ii) BE 2c 2 2 a 2 b 2
2
c A B C
4R cos cos sin 1
A B 2 2 2 2a 2 2b 2 c 2 .
tan tan (iii) CF
2 2 2
DEF is the triangle formed by joining the point (iv) Area of triangle in terms of lengths of medians
of contact of the in circle with the sides of the m1 , m2 , m3 is
triangle ABC then
4
(i) Sides of le DEF are m m m1 m m2 m m3
3
A B C m1 m2 m3
2r cos , 2r cos , 2r cos where m
2 2 2 2
A B C Lengths of altitudes :
(ii) Angles of le DEF are , , Length of the altitude from
2 2 2 2 2 2
r 2r1r2 2r3r 2
le
(iii) Area of DEF (i) C to AB = r r or r r
2R 1 2 3 c
3
2r1r3 2r2 r 2 ii) Vertical angles of le I1I 2 I 3 are respectively
(ii) B to AC = r r or r r
1 3 2 b I 1 9 0 A / 2 , I 2 90 B / 2 , I 3 90 C / 2 .
2r2 r3 2r1r 2 iii) The circum radius of le I1I 2 I 3 is 2R.
(iii) A to BC = r r or r r c
2 3 1 iv) The sides of excentral triangle are
Lengths of angular bisectors : I1I 3 4 R cos A / 2 , I1I 3 4 R cos B / 2 ,
(i) In triangle ABC if ‘AD’ is internal angular
I1I 2 4 R cos C / 2
bisetor of angle ‘A’ meet BC at D, then
2bc A v) Area of le I 1 I 2 I 3 is
AD cos
bc 2
1 8R 2 cos A / 2cos B / 2cos C / 2 = 2Rs.
(ii) Length of external angular bisector through the
angle A meets BC produced at D1 is If S is the circumcentre O is orthocentre, I is
incentre, I1, I2, I3 are the ex-centres of triangle
2bc ABC then
AD1 sin A / 2
bc (i) AI = rcosec(A/2);
Concept of Pedal triangle : BI = rcosec(B/2); CI = rcosec(C/2)
Let ABC be any triangle and AD,BE,CF be (ii) AI1 = r1cosecA/2; BI2 = r2cosec(B/2);
perpendiculars from A,B,C to the opposite CI3 = r3 cosec(C/2)
sides of the triangle. Let T be the orthocentre, (iii) II1 = a sec(A/2); II2 = bsec(B/2);
the triangle DEF is called pedal triangle of II3 = c sec(C/2)
triangle ABC. (iv) I2I3 = a cosec(A/2); I3I1 = bcosec(B/2);
(i) TB=2RcosB, TA=2RcosA, TC=2RcosC. I1I2 = c cosec(C/2)
(ii) TD=2RcosBcosC, TE=2RcosCcosA, (i) In a triangle circumcentre, centroid,
TF=2RcosAcosB orthocentre are always collinear.
(iii) Sides of pedal triangle DE=ccosC, (ii) Centroid divides circumcentre and orthocentre
DF=bcosB, EF=acosA. internally in the ratio 1:2.
(iv) EDF 180 0 2 A, DEF 180 0 2 B , (iii) Orthocentre divides the circumcentre and
centroid externally in the ratio 3:2.
DFE 1800 2C . (iv) Distance between circumcentre(O) and
(v) Area of pedal triangle = orthocentre O ' is given by
2 cos A cos B cos C
(vi) Radius of circumcircle of pedal triangle=R/2. OO ' = R 1 8 cos A cos B cos C
(vii) Radius of incircle of pedal triangle DEF (v) Distance between circumcentre (O) and
2 R cos A cos B cos C incentre(I) of the triangle ABC is
EXCENTRAL TRIANGLE OI 2r 2 4 R 2 cos A cos B cos C
Definition: If I1 , I 2 , I 3 are centres of excircles (vi) Distance between orthocentre( O ' ) and
opposite to vertices of A, B, C of incentre (I) is
le ABC Then le I1 I 2 I 3 is called Excentral A B C
O' I R 1 8 sin sin sin R 2 2 Rr
triangle. 2 2 2
i) The Pedal triangle of le I1 I 2 I 3 is le ABC (vii) Distance between excentres and orthocentre is
and Incentre of le ABC is Ortho centre of A B C
O' I1 R 1 8 sin cos cos R 2 2 Rr1
le I1 I 2 I 3 . 2 2 2
4
A B C Case(ii): When A, B and side C are given.
O ' I 2 R 1 8cos cos sin R2 2Rr2 C 180 A B
2 2 2
C
c 2 R sin C R a 2 R sin A, b 2 R sin B .
A B C 2 SinC
O' I3 R 1 8 cos cos sin R2 2Rr3
2 2 2 Case(iii):When two sides and their included angle
Nine point circle : are given.
Acircle passing through the feet of the Suppose b, c and A are given.
perpendiculars drawn from the vertices to the a can be found by cosine - rule.
opposite sides of a triangle ABC, midpoints of a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A .
sides AB,BC,CA and the midpoints of the
segments joining the vertices to the orthocentre
of triangle ABC is called the nine point circle.
The centre of the nine point circle is called the
nine point [Link] nine point centre N of
triangle ABC is collinear with the circumcentre Once a is known. Then B, C can be found by
O and the orthocentre O ' and bisects the a 2 c2 b2
cos B
joining them. 2ac
Radius of the nine point circle of a triangle is
half the radius of the circumcircle. a2 b2 c2
cos C
R
2ab
(i) NA 1 8 cos A sin B sin C Case-iv : When two sides and angle other than
2
included angle is given.
R Suppose a, b, A are given.
(ii) NB 1 8 sin A cos B sin C
2
Then a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A .
R
(iii) NC 1 8 sin A sin B cos C c 2 2bc cos A b 2 a 2 0
2
Solutions of triangles (Ambiguous 2b cos A 4b 2 cos 2 A 4 b 2 a 2
c
Cases) : 2
(i) The sides a, b, c and angle A, B, C are called
c b cos A a 2 b2 sin 2 A
6-elements of a triangle.
(ii) Solution of a triangle: When any 3 - elements c does exist only if a 2 b 2 sin 2 A
(Except - 3 - angles) are given, the process of a b sin A .
finding other 3 - elements is called solving a c - has two values
triangle. The values of other 3 - elements called If a b sin A 2 solutions exist
solution of triangle. c - has only one value
(iii) Different cases of solution of triangles: If a b sin A 1 solution exist
Case (i) : When 3-sides a, b, c are given. The c- has no value
solution is A, B, C angles which can be found If a bsin A 0 solution.
by cosine rule.
This is called ambiguous case.
a 2 c2 b2 b2 c2 a2 m-n theorm: If D is a point on the side BC of
CosB , CosA
2ac 2bc a triangle ABC such that [Link]m:n, let
ADC ,
a 2 b2 c2
CosC BAD , CAD then
2ab
5
(i) (m n) cot m cot n cot (ii) Length of diagonal
(ii) (m n) cot n cot B m cot C
AC
ac bd ad bc
Stewart Theorem: ab cd
In a triangle ABC, BC = a, AC = b, AB = c,
CD = d, where D is a point on AB in to two
BD
ab cd ac bc
segments BD=m and DA=n then ad bc
a n b m c d mn .
2 2 2
(iii) Circum radius
Proof: Let CE h 1 ab cd ac bd ad bc
ED p BD m p R
4 s a s b s c s d
(iv) Ptolemy’s theorem
AC BD AB CD BC AD
When a quadrilateral not necessarily inscribed
in a circle then
(i) Area of quadrilateral =
In le BEC
s a s b s c s d abcd cos2
2 B D or A C
a 2 h 2 m p .................(1)
2
(ii) Area of a quadrilateral which can be
In le CED d 2 h 2 p 2 ............(2)
circumscribed about a circle is abcd sin .
a d p m p
2 2 2 2
(iii) The area of a quadrilateral which can be
inscribed in a circle and circumscribed about
a 2 d 2 m 2 2 pm ............(3)
another circle is abcd .
Similarly In le CEA.
(iv) Radius of circle inscribed in a quadrilateral
h 2 p n b 2 .............(4)
2
2 abcd
r .
and In le CED h 2 p 2 d 2 ...........(2) abcd
4 2 b2 d 2 p 2 h p
2 Concept of regular polygon :
A polygon is said to be regular polygon if all
b 2 d 2 h 2 2np ...........(5) its sides are equal in measure (length) and the
measure of all the angle are same
3 n 5 m a 2 n b 2 m (i) sum of all angles of a regular polygon
d 2 m n mn m n
= (2n-4) radian.
a n b m cd mnc
2 2 2 2
Quadrilaterals : (2n 4)
(ii) measure of each angle = radian
If ABCD is a quadrilateral with AB = a, BC = n 2
b, CD=c, AD = d and the quadrilateral inscribed (iii) r = radius of incircle of polygon
in a circle of radius R. Then a
(i) Area of ABCD = r cot
2 n
s a s b s c s d (iv) R = radius of circum circle of polygon
a
abcd cos ec
where s 2 n
2
6
(v) area of regular polygon of n sides A B C
1 a (i) If Cot , Cot , Cot are in A.P. then a,b,c
n a cot 2 2 2
2 2 4 are also in A.P.
na 2 (ii) If cot A, cot B, cot C are in A.P. then a2,b2,c2
cot nr 2 tan R 2 sin 2
4 n n 2 n are also in A.P.
(vi) In a regular polygon, centroid, circumcentre
and incentre are coincide A B C
(iii) If sin2 , sin 2 , sin 2 are in H.P. then a,b,c
Some standard results : 2 2 2
In a triangle ABC are also in H.P.
1 1 1 1 (i) If a cos B b cos A then the triangle is
(i) r r r r , isosceles.
1 2 3
(ii) rr1r2r3 = 2 (ii) If a cos A b cos B then the triangle is
(iii) r1r2+r2r3+r3r1 = s2 isosceles or right angled.
(iv) r(r1 + r2 + r3) = ab + bc + ca - s2
(iii) If a 2 b 2 c 2 8 R 2 then the triangle is right
In a triangle ABC
angled.
A A
(i) r1 - r = 4R sin2 , r2 + r3 = 4R cos2 ; (iv) If cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2 C 1 then the
2 2
(ii) r2 - r = 4R Sin2 B/2, r1 + r3 = 4R Cos2B/2 triangle is right angled.
(iii) r3 - r = 4R Sin2 C/2, r1 + r2 = 4R Cos2C/2 sin B
In a triangle ABC (v) If cos A then the triangle is isosceles.
2sin C
(i) r1 + r2 + r3 -r = 4R
(ii) r - r1 + r2+r3 = 4 R cos A a b c
(vi) If then the triangle is
(iii) r + r1 - r2+r3 = 4 R cos B cos A cos B cos C
(iv) r + r1 + r2 - r3 = 4 R cos C equilateral .
In a triangle ABC
(vii) If cos A cos B cos C 3 / 2 then the triangle
ab r1r2 is equilateral.
(i) r
r3
3 3
(ii) r 2 r12 r2 2 r32 16 R 2 ( a 2 b 2 c 2 ) (viii) If sin A sin B sin C then the
2
(iii) a 2 (r1 r )(r2 r3 ). triangle is equilateral.
In a triangle ABC
(ix) If tan A tan B tan C 3 3 and the triangle
r
(i) cos A cos B cos C 1 is acute then the triangle is equilateral .
R
s (x) If cot A cot B cot C 3 then the triangle is
(ii) sin A sinB sin C
R equilateral .
(iii) a cot A 2(r R) ab
In a triangle ABC Eg 1: In ABC if SinASinB 2 then C =
c
A B C
(i) If cot : cot : cot k : l : m then
2 2 2 a b
Sol: c
2
[Link] l m:m k :k l .
SinA SinB
(ii) If kr1 lr2 mr3 then
(2 RSinC ) 2 2 R.2 R C 900
[Link] l m:m k :k l
7
Eg 2:
If b=20, c=21, and sin A
3
5
then a=
EXERCISE - 1
4 sin( B C )
Sol: We have cos A then using cosine rule 1. In ABC , =
5 bc
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A. a 13. 1) 2) s 3) 0 4) s2
(substitute b,c cosA values & simplify) 2. In ABC , a 3
sin( B C ) =
Eg 3:
1) a 3b 3c 3 2) 3abc 3) 3a 2 b 2 c 2 4) 0
The sides of triangle are 4,5,6 then area is
3. In ABC , a3cos (B-C) =
a b c 15
Sol: s , 1) abc 2) 2abc 3) 3abc 4) 0
2 2
4. In ABC ,b2 sin 2 C + c2 sin 2 B =
15
s ( s a )( s b )( s c ) 7 sq .units 1) 2) 2 3) 4 4) / 2
4
Eg 5: 1 2 sin B sin C
5. In ABC , 2 a
sin A
bc ca ab
In AB C ,
r1 r2 r3 1) 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
bc (b c)(s a) 2
6. In ABC , if a cos A + b cos B + c cos C =
Sol: r k
1
then k =
1 1) r 2) R 3) s 4) R2
s (b c ) a ( b c ) 0
7. If a = 5 , b = 6, sin A = 5/6, then B =
Eg 5: 1) 2) /2 3) /3 4) /4
If r12 r1r2 r2 r3 r3r1 then the triangle is 8. If the angles of a triangle ABC are in
A.P., a = 2,c = 4, then b =
2 A
Sol: r1 s r1 s s tan s A 90
2 0
1) 2 3 2) 21 3) 8 4) 14
2
triangle is rightangled triangle 9. The sides of a right angled triangle are inA.P.,
Eg 6: then they are in the ratio
1) [Link] 2) [Link] 3)[Link] 4)[Link]
If R r r3 th e n C
10. In a ABC , If a is the arithmetic mean and
C b, c(b c ) are the geometric means between
Sol: r3 - r = R, 4RSin
2
= R C = 600
2 any two positive real numbers then
Eg 7: sin 3 B sin 3 C
If r1 2, r2 3, r3 6 then a sin A sin B sin C
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
1 1 1 1 11. In a triangle ABC if tan A + tanB+ tanC = 3
Sol: Using r r r r We get r =1.
1 2 3 3 , then the triangle is
1) isosceles 2) right angled
then a (r1 r )(r2 r3 ) 3 .
3) equilateral 4) scalene
8
12. If the angles of a ABC are 300 , 450 and 21. In ABC , If tan A, tan B, tan C are in H.P.,.,
the included side is 3 1 ,then the then a 2 , b 2 , c 2 are in
remaining sides are 1) H.P 2) G..P 3) A.P 4) A.G. P
1) 2, 2 2) 2, 2 3 3) 4) 2, 4 3
2, 4 22. In a ABC , a = 2b and |A - B| = , then C is
3
b c
13. In ABC , If A 60 then
o
ca a b 1) 2) 3) 4)
6 4 2 3
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
14. If the angles of the ABC are in A.P., then 23. In ABC if the angle A, B, C are in A.P. then
a2+c2-ac = ac
=
1) bc 2) b2c 3) abc 4) b2 a ac c 2
2
63 AC AC
15. If a = 26, b = 30, cos C then c = 1) Cos 2
2) 2Cos 2
65
1) 8 2) 25 3) 24 4) 6 AC A C
16. In triangle ABC, a = 4, b = 3 and A 60 0 . 3) 2Sin 2 4) 2Cos 2
Then c is a root of the equation 24. In a ABC
(AIEEE-2002)
BC
A
1) c 3c 7 0
2 2) c 3c 7 0
2
(b c) tan 2 tan 2
3) c 2 3c 7 0 4) c 2 3c 7 0
17. If the sides of a triangle are in the ratio 1) a 2) b 3) c 4) 0
25. If in a triangle ABC, in the usual notation,
x:y: x 2 xy y 2 ,then the greatest angle is BC
2 a cos b c and B C , then the
1) 90o 2) 120o 2
1 x y measure of the angle A is
3) Cos 4) 30o
x y
1) 2) 3) 4)
1 1 3 3 4 6 2
18. If in a ΔABC,
ac bc abc A bc
26. In ABC , If cot , then the triangle
then C (EAM-2013) 2 a
is (EAM-94)
1) 2) 3) 4) 1) isosceles 2) equilateral
3 4 2 6
3) right angled 4) scalene
19. Two sides of a triangle are given by the roots
of the equation x 2 5 x 6 0 and bc A bc A
27. cot tan
bc 2 bc 2
the angle between the sides is / 3 .Then the
perimeter of the triangle is 1) 2 sin( B C ) 2) 2 cos ec ( B C )
1) 5 2 2) 5 3 3) 5 5 4) 5 7 3) 2 tan( B C ) 4) 2 cot( B C )
20. In ABC , If sin A and sin B are the roots of 28. In ABC , if a (b cos C + c cos B) = 2ka2,
then k =
the equation c 2 x 2 c(a b) x ab 0 then
1
sin C 1) 0 2) 1 3) 4) 2
2
1) 0 2) 1/2 3) 1/ 2 4) 1
29. In ABC , (b+c) cos A =
9
1) s 2) 2s 3) 2(s-a) 4) 4 s 25
3
30. In a ABC , 1) 75 2)
3) 4) 25 3
25 3
a(cos 2 B cos 2 C) cos A(c cos C b cos B) 39. In ABC if a=30, b=24, c=18 then =
(EAM - 2005) 1) 16 2) 216 3)
216 4) 17
1) a 2) b 3) c 4) 0
40. In ABC , If a =2, B = 120o , C = 30o, then the
C C
31. In ABC , (a-b)2cos2 (a b) 2 sin 2 = area of the triangle is
2 2
1) c 2) c/2 3) 2c 4) c 2 3
1) 2 3 2) 3 3) 4) 4 3
2
A B
32. In ABC , ( a + b + c) tan tan = 41. If a 2 (b c)2 , is the area of the
2 2
A B triangle ABC , then tan A
1) 2 c cot 2) 2 c cot 1) 1/16 2) 8/15 3) 3/4 4) 4/3
2 2
42. In a ABC , If
C C
3) 2c cot 4) 2c tan A B C
2 2 cot : cot : cot 1: 4 :15 ,
2 2 2
A then the greatest angle is
33. In ABC , If a, b, c are in A.P., then Cot ,
2 1) / 3 2) / 4 3) / 6 4) 2 / 3
B C A B C
Cot , Cot are in 43. In a ABC , If tan , tan , tan are in
2 2 2 2 2
1) A.P. 2) G.P. 3) H.P. 4) A.G.P H.P., then a ,b,c are in
34. In ABC , If a, b, c are in A.P. then 1) H.P. 2) G .P 3) A.P 4) A.G.P.
A C 44. In a ABC , If A 600 , then the value of
Cot Cot =
2 2 a b c a
1 1
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 c c b b
P Q 1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0
35. In ΔPQR, R , Tan
, Tan are the 45. If , , are the lengths of the altitudes of
4 3 3
roots of the equation ax bx c 0 then
2 ABC , then
1) a b c 2) b c 0 1 1 1 2ab C
cos 2
3) a c 0 4) b c (a b c) 2
B C 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2s 4)
36. In ABC , if b + c = 3a then cot .cot 46. If , , are the lengths of the altitudes of
2 2
(EAM-2003) cos A cos B cos C
ABC , then =
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
s a s b s c 1) 2) 1/ 3) R 4) 1 / R
37. In a ABC , , 47. If p1 , p2 , p3 are respectively the
11 12 13
2 A
perpendiculars from the vertices of ABC
then tan = to the opposite sides, then
2
1) 143/432 2)13/33 3) 11/39 4) 12/37 1 1 1
38. If the length of each side of an equilateral (i) p p p
1 2 3
triangle is 10 cm, then its area is
10
1 1 1 1 55. In ABC if r1 r r2 r3 , then
1) 2) r 3) r 4) r 1) A = 900 2) B = 900 3) C = 900 4) A = 45o
r 1 2 3
56. If a,b,c are in A.P., then r1, r2, r3 are in
1 1 1 1) A.P. 2) G.P. 3) H.P. 4) A.G.P
(ii). p p p
1 2 3 57. If the area of the triangle ABC is
1 1 1 1 a 2 (b c) 2 ,then its circumradius R =
1) 2) r 3) r 4) r
r 1 2 3 1) (a / 6) sin 2 ( A / 2) 2) (a / 6) cos ec 2 ( A / 2)
cos A cos B cos C 3) (b /16)sin 2 ( B / 2) 4) (c /16)sin 2 (C / 2)
(iii)
p1 p2 p3 58. In triangle ABC, if a = 13, b = 14, c = 15, then
1 1 r1 =
1 1
1) 2) 3) r 4) r 1) 21/2 2) 14 3) 65/8 4) 4
r R 1 3
(iv) p1p2p3 = 59. In triangle ABC,if r1 = 3, r2 =10, r3 =15,
then c =
abc a 2b 2 c 2 1) 5 2) 12 3) 13 4) 13/2
1) 2)
8R 2 8R 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
a 2b 2c 2 a 3b 3 c 3 60. In triangle ABC, r r r r r r
3) 4) 1 2 3
8R 3 8R 2
48. In triangle ABC, if rr1 = r2r3, then the triangle abc
is 1) 2) 0 3) 4Rr 2 4) 1/r
3
1) equilateral 2) isosceles 61. In ABC , if sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2 C , then the
3) right angled 4) scalene
triangle is
49. In a triangle ABC, if (r1 + r2) (r2 +r3)(r3 + r1=
1) equilateral 2) right angled
4RK then K=
3) isosceles 4) scalene.
1) s 2) 3) 2 4) s2
62. In ABC , If
50. If ABC is right angled at A then r2 + r3 =
tan B tan C tan C tan A tan A tan B
1) r1 - r 2) r1 + r 3) r - r1 4) R
51. In an equilateral triangle r : R: r1 is 3 tan A tan B tan C then the triangle is
1) 1 : 1 : 1 2) 1: 2 : 3 1) isosceles 2) equilateral
3) right angled 4) right angled isosceles
3) 1 : 2 : 3 4)2 : 3 : 3
52. If r : R : r1 = 2: 5 : 12, then A = 63. In triangle ABC, if
1) 45o 2) 60o 3) 30o 4) 90o sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2 C 9 / 4 , then the
53. In a triangle ABC, if r1 2r2 3r3 then triangle is
1) isosceles 2) right angled
a b c 3) equilateral 4) scalene triangle.
(EAM - 2008)
b c a
KEY
75 155 176 191
1) 2) 3) 4) 01) 3 02) 4 03) 3 04) 3 05) 1 06) 2
60 60 60 60
07) 2 08) 1 09) 3 10) 3 11) 3 12) 1
54. (r1 - r) (r2 - r) (r3 -r ) =
13) 1 14) 4 15) 1 16) 4 17) 2 18) 1
1) 4Rr 2) 4Rs 3) 4R 4) 4Rr2
19) 4 20) 4 21) 3 22) 4 23) 2 24) 4
25) 1 26) 3 27) 2 28) 3 29) 2 30) 1
11
31) 4 32) 3 33) 1 34) 3 35) 1 36) 2 x y
37) 2 38) 4 39) 2 40) 2 41) 2 so a and b xr , c xr 2then y xr 3
2
42) 4 43) 3 44) 1 45) 1 46) 4
sin3 B sin3 C b3 c3 2r 1 r
3 3
47) i-1,ii-4, iii-2. iv-3 48) 3 49) 4 50) 1
Now sin Asin B sin C abc 3 2
51) 3 52) 4 53) 4 54) 4 55) 1 56) 3 r 1 r3
57) 2 58) 1 59) 3 60) 1 61) 2 62) 2
63) 3 11. A B C 600 .
SOLUTIONS 12. Let B 300 C 450 A 1050
1. A = B = C = 600 , a = b = c = 1
3 1 b ( 3 1)sin 300
2. A = B = C = 600 , a = b = c = 1 b
sin1050 sin 300 sin1050
3. A = B = C = 600 , a = b = c = 1
c 2
2 and 0 c 2.
3 sin 40 sin 300
4. A = B = C = 600 , a = b = c = 1,
4 13. Given A 600
3 b2 c2 a2
5. A = B = C = 600 , a = b = c = 1, We know cos A
4 2bc
1 3 1 b2 c 2 a 2
6. R , A = B = C = 600 ,
3 4 2 2bc
5 bc b 2 c 2 a 2
7. Given a 5, b 6 sin A
6 b 2 c 2 a 2 bc
using sine rule
a
b b c b a b c c a
sin A sin B Now c a a b
c a a b
a sin B b sin A
5 ab b 2 c 2 ac
5sin B 6
6 ac bc a 2 ab
ab a 2 bc ac
sin B 1 sin 1
2 ac bc a 2 ba
14. 2 B A C B 600
B
2 c 2 a2 b2
8. Angles of triangles are in AP cos B
2ac
B 600 b 2 a 2 c 2 2ac cosB 15. c 2 a 2 b 2 2 ab cos C
b2 3 16. Given a 4 , b 3 and A 60o
9. Let c be the hypotenuse. We know a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
a,b,c are in A.P.,
16 9 c 2 [Link] 60o
b (a c) / 2 ; a 2 b 2 c 2
1
a 2 [(a c) / 2]2 c 2 16 9 c 2 6c.
2
5a 2 2ac 3c 2 0 c 5a / 3, b 4a / 3 c 2 3c 7 0
10. Let x and y be two given positive real numbers,
12
17. x = y =1, x 2 y 2 xy 3 ; 2B A c
a 2 b2 c2 3B A B C 180o
CosC
2ab B 60o
abc abc b a a 2 c 2 b2
18. 3 1 1 3 cos B
ac bc ac bc 2ac
a b
1 a2 b2 ab c2 C ac a 2 c 2 b 2 b 2 a 2 c 2 ac
bc ac 3
ac a c sin A sin C
19. x 2 5 x 6 0 ( x 2)( x 3) 0 Now
a 2 c 2 ac b sin B
x 2, 3 a 2, b 3.
c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos C 2sin
A C cos A C
2 2 B 60o
4 9 12 cos( / 3) 7 c 7
sin B
c ( a b) a b
20. sin A sin B
c2 c
2 cos
AC AC
60o
ab ab 2 2
c 2 R.
2R c A BC
21. Given, tan A, tan B, tan C are in H .P 24. (b c) tan 2 tan 2
cot A, cot B, cot C are in A.P A bc A
( b c ) tan
2 bc
cot
2
2CotB CotA CotC
a 2 , b2 , c 2 arein A.P (b c) 0.
B C bc
22. Given a 2b and A B 25. 2Cos ’ Use mollweide rule
3 2 a
using tangent rule A bc
26. Given cot
A B a b c 2 a
tan cot
2 ab 2 A sin B sin C
cot
b c 2 sin A
tan 30o cot
3b 2
B C cos B C
1 1 c cot A 2sin
cot 2 2 2
3 3 2 sin A A
2sin cos A
2 2
2
c
cot 3 cot
2 6 A B C
cos cos
2 2
C
3
23. Given A,B,C are in A.P
13
A BC 2s 3b
3
2 s 2b b
AC B
A B C 2B
3
2 B 180o 35. P Q R P Q
4 4
B 90o
P Q
TanTan
P Q 3 3 1
BC
90 A 3 3 4 P Q
2 2 1 Tan Tan
3 3
Sin
B C cos A
2 2 b
1 a b c
ac
ABC is right angle triangle
36. b+c = 3a a+b+c=4a s=2a
27. Use tangent rule
28. a = bCosC+cCosB sa sb s c
37. Given k
29. Expand and use projection rule 11 12 13
30. a cos 2 B cos 2 C cos A c cos c b cos B s a 11k , s b 12 k , s c 13k
s a s b s c 36k
a cos 2 B a cos 2 c c cos A cos c b cos A cos B
s 36k , a 25k , b 24k , c 23k
cos B a cos B b cos A cos C a cos c cos A Now
c cos B b cos c A s b s c 12k 13k 13
a tan 2
2 s s a 36k 11k 33
C C
31. a 2
b2 2ab Cos 2
2
a2 b2 2ab Sin2
2 3 2
38. a
4
a 2 b 2 2abCosC
A 39. s( s a)( s b)( s c)
32. a+b+c=2s, tan ,
2 s(s a) 2 b
40. A 30 ,
0
0
and then use
B sin 30 sin1200
tan
2 s ( s b) 1
ab sin C .
33. a,b,c are in AP, s-a,s-b,s-c are in AP 2
34. Given a,b,c are in A.P
41. a 2 (b c) 2 (a b c)(a b c)
2b a c
3b 2s s ( s a)( s b)( s c) 2( s a)(s b)
A c s s a s s c ( s b)( s c) 1 A 1
Now cot cot . tan .
2 2 s( s a) 4 2 4
s 2 s a s c s A B C
42. Given cot : cot : cot 1: 4 :15
s s a s b s c s b 2 2 2
s s a s s b s s c
: : 1: 4 :15
14
s a : s b : s c 1: 4 :15 3 R 1
49. r1 r2 r3 ,
sa sb s c 2 3
k
1 4 15 r1 r
s a k , s b 4k , s c 15k 50. r r 1
2 3
s a s b s c 20k
1 1 3
s 20k 51. : :
2 3 3 2
a 19k , b 16k , c 5k
.
52. Given : R : 1 2 : 5 :12
b 2 c 2 a 2 256k 2 25k 2 361k 2
cos A R 1
2bc 2 16k 5k k say
2 5 12
80k 2
1 r 2k , R 5k , 1 12k
2 80k 2
2
Now 1 10k 2 5k
A 120 o
1 2R
43. G .E , , are in H.P
s(s a) s(s b) s(s c) A
We know 1 4 R sin
2
a,b,c are in A.P.. 2
44. Given A 600 . 1 1
sin 2 A sin A
2 2 2 2
a b c a
Then 1 1
c c b b
A
45o A 90o
( a b c )(b c a ) 2
bc 53. Given 1 2 2 3 3
2s(2s 2a) s(s a) 3 1
4. 3 2 say
bc bc sa s b s c k
1 1 1 2ab C s a k , s b 2 k , s c 3k
45. cos2
(a b c) 2 s a s b s c 6k
a b c 2ab s ( s c) s 6k
2 2 2 2 s ab a 5 k , b 4 k , c 3k
a b c 2( s c) 2( s c) 2( s c) a b c 5 4 3
0. Now
2 2 b c a 4 3 5
3 75 80 36 191
46. 60 60
2
3 1
47. A B C 600 , p1 p2 p3 3
2 54. r , r1 r2 r3
2 3 2
rr1 2 A A 2 A
48. r r tan 2 55. r1 r 4 R sin
2
, r2 r3 4 R cos
2 3 2 2
15
56. a, b, c are in A.P then r1 , r2 , r3 are in H.P c2 are in
1) A.P. 2) G.P. 3) H.P. 4) A.G.P.
57. a 2 (b c) 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc
a 2 b2
b c a
2 2
2bc
2 2. In ABC , If C = 90 theno
sin (A-B)=
cos A a 2 b2
2bc 2bc 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
a A a a cos ec2 A / 2 3. In ABC , If [Link] = [Link], then sin A : sin B :
1 CosA 2sin2 R sin C =
8R 2 8R 16
1) 3: 4 : 5 2) 9 : 16 : 25
R (a /16) cos ec 2 ( A / 2). 3) 9 : 8 : 7 4) 7 : 9 : 8
58. s 21, 21 8 7 6 84, 4. If the angles of a right angled triangle are in
A.P., then ratio of its sides is
84 21
r1 1) 1: 3 : 2 2) 1 : 1 : 2
sa 8 2
1 30 3) 2 : 3 : 13 4) 1 : 2 :3
r 2,
59. 1 1 1 10 3 2 5. If the perimeter of a triangle is six times the
3 10 15 arithmetic mean of the sine angles and the
side ‘a’ is unity, then A =
c (15 2)(3 10) 13.
1) 2) 3) 4)
r1 r r2 r r3 r 6 4 3 2
60. rr rr rr
1 2 3
6. In a triangle ABC, B , C
and D
3 4
2 A 2 B 2 C
divides BC internally in the ratio 1:3. Then
4 R sin 4 R sin 4 R sin
2 2 2
sin BAD
r 3 r1r2 r3 is equal to
sin CAD
4 Rr 2 abc / abc 1 1 1 2
3 .
r 22 2 1) 2) 3) 4)
6 3 3 3
61. Given ,
7. If the sides a,b,c of a triangle are in G..P. and
sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2 C a 2 b 2 c 2 largest angle exceeds the smallest by 600 ,
C 900 . then cos B =
62. tan B tan C tan C tan A tan A tan B
13 1 1 1 13
3 tan A tan B tan C 1) 1 2) 3) 4)
4 2 4
1 1 1 8. If in a triangle ABC sines of angles A and B
3.
tan A tan B tan C satisfy the equation
63. A B C 60 0 4 x 2 2 6 x 1 0 ,then cos( A B )
1) 0 2) 1/2 3) 1/ 2 4) 3/2
EXERCISE - II 9. In ABC , if A
, B
5
4 12
SinA Sin( A B)
1. In ABC , If then a2, b2, then a 2c
SinC Sin( B C )
1) b 2) 2b 3) b/2 4) 3.b
16
10. If the angles A, B,C of a triangle are in A.P 18. In ABC , if
and sides a,b,c are in G.P, then a 2 , b 2 , c 2 aree c 4 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 a 4 a 2b 2 b4 0
in
1) A.P 2) H.P 3) G.P 4) A.G..P then C =
1) 300 2) 450 3) 600 4) 750
1 a b
19. If b + c : c + a : a + b = 11 : 12 : 13, then
1 c a 0 cos A : cos B : cos C =
11. In ABC , if , then
1 b c 1) 7 : 9 : 11 2) 14 : 11 : 6
3) 7 : 19 : 25 4) 8 : 6 : 5
sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2 C is equal to
20. The roots of x 2 2 3 x 2 0 represent two
4 9 sides of a triangle. If the angle between them
1) 2) 3) 3 3 4) 1
9 4
is , then the perimeter of the triangle is
12. If a, b and A are given and c1 , c2 are two 3
values of the side c in the ambiguous case,
1) 2 3 6 2) 2 3 6
then c c2 2c1c2 .cos 2 A
1
2 2
3) 3 2 6 4) 3 2 6
1) 4a 2 cos 2 A 2) 4a 2 sin 2 A 21. The base of a triangle is 80 and one of the
3) 4a 2 4) 4a 2 cos 2 A . base angles is 600 .If the sum of the lenghts
13. In triangle ABC, of the other two sides is 90, then the shortest
(a 2 b 2 c 2 ) tan A (a 2 b 2 c 2 ) tan B side is
1) 15 2) 17 3) 19 4) 21
1) (a 2 b 2 c 2 ) tan C 2) (a 2 b 2 c 2 ) tan C 22. In ABC , If
3) (b 2 c 2 a 2 ) tan C 4) 0 bca cab abc
, then
14. If in a triangle ABC , 4 3 2
4 sin A 4 sin B 3sin C , then cos C = Cos A=
1) 1/3 2) 1/9 3) 1/27 4)1/18 5 3 2 1
15. If 6, 10, 14 are the sides of a triangle then its 1) 2) 3) 4)
7 7 7 7
obtuse angle is 23. In triangle ABC ,
1) 1100 2) 1200 3) 1350 4) 1150
16. If in a triangle ABC, bc cos A ca cos B ab cos C
cot A cot B cot C
a 2 b 2 c 2 ca ab 3 , then the triangle is
1) equilateral 1
1) 2) 2 3) 4)
2
2) right angled and isosceles 2
3) right angled with one of the acute angles bc
24. If in ABC , A=B-C= 60 0 , then
measuring bc
3
4) obtuse angled 1 1 1
17. If one angle of a triangle is 300 and the lengths 1)1 2) 3) 4)
2 3 4
of the sides adjacent to it are 40 and 40 3 , 25. If one side of a triangle is double that of an
then the triangle is other and the angles opposite to these sides
1) equilateral 2) right angled differ by 600, then the triangle is
3) isosceles 4) scalene 1) isosceles 2) right angled
17
3) equilateral 4) right angled isosceles 1) -1 2) 0 3) 1/4 4) 1/2
26. In triangle ABC , A B C
35. In ABC , If cot : cot : cot = 3 : 7 : 9,
a(b c ) cos A b(c a ) cos B
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
c(a 2 b 2 ) cos C then [Link] =
1) 3abc 2 2) 2a 2bc 3) 3abc 4) 3ab 2 c 1) 7 : 9 : 11 2) 14 : 11 : 6
3) 7 : 19 : 25 4) 8 : 6 : 5
27. In triangle ABC , a = 5, b = 4 and
36. If AD, BE , CF are internal bisectors of the
31
cos( A B ) . In this triangle , c = angles of ABC , then
32
cos A / 2 cos B / 2 cos C / 2
319 =
1) 6 2) 36 3) 6 4) AD BE CF
2
28. In a triangle ABC, abc 2s
1) 2)
a b c b c a = bc if 2s abc
1) < 0 2) >0 3) 0< <4 4) >4 ab bc ca abc
3) 4)
29. I n ABC , If (a-b)(s-c)=(b-c)(s-a) then r1, r2, abc abc
r3 are in 37. In a triangle ABC ,
1) A.P. 2) G.P. 3) H.P. 4) A.G.P. cot( A / 2) cot( B / 2) cot(C / 2)
A C cot A cot B cot C
30. In ABC , If 3Tan .Tan 1 , then a,b,c are
2 2
( a b c) 2 a 2 b2 c 2
in 1) 2 2)
1) A.P 2) G.P 3) H.P 4) A.G.P. a b2 c2 ( a b c) 2
3) s 4)
A B C
31. If [Link]=[Link], then cot :cot : cot 38. In ABC , area of incircle : area of ABC =
2 2 2
1) [Link] 2) [Link] 3) [Link] 4) [Link] A B C
1) : Tan Tan Tan
32. In a triangle ABC , if the sides of a = 3, 2 2 2
B B A B C
b = 5 and c=4, then sin cos is equal to 2) : Cot Cot Cot
2 2 2 2 2
3) 1 : 1 4) : r.
3 1 3 1 39. If p1 , p2 , p3 are the lengths of the altitudes of
1) 2 2)3) 4) 1
2 2
a tringle from the vertices A, B, C , then
33. In a triangle ABC if
1 1 1
A B B C 2
2 2
cot .cot c, cot .cot a and p1 p2 p3
2 2 2 2
2ab cos2 C / 2 1
C A 1 1 1 1) 2)
cot .cot b then ( a b c ) R
2 2 sa sb s c
1) -1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2 cot A cot B cot C
3) 4) 2R
34. The area of a triangle ABC is given by
A
40. I f 2R + r = r 1 , then
a 2 (b c )2 then Tan 1) A = 900 2) B = 900
2
3) C = 900 4) A = 60o
18
41. In ABC , if C = 900, then R + r = 1) c1 c2 2 6 2) c1 c2 4 6
a b bc 3) c1 c2 4 4) c1 c2 6
1) a+ b 2) 3) b + c 4)
2 2
50. If A, A1 , A2 , A3 are areas of excircles and
42. If the diameter of any excircle of a triangle is
equal to its perimeter, then the triangle is incircle of a triangle, then
1) equilateral 2) isosceles 1 1 1
3) right angled 4) scalene A1 A2 A3
43. In ABC , if 3 r + a = 3 r + b = s then the 2 3 1 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
triangle is A A A A
1) right angled 2) isosceles
rr2
3) equilateral 4) scalene 51. In triangle ABC , (r3 r1 )
44. In ABC , r = 1, R=4, = 8 then the value of r3 r1
ab + bc + ca = 1) a 2) b 3) c 4) 0
1) 18 2) 81 3) 72 4) 27 r1 r1
52. In triangle ABC , If 1 r 1 r 2 ,
2 3
45. The equation whose roots are radii of escribed then the triangle is
circles is 1) isosceles 2) equilateral
1) x3 2 x 2 r R s 2 x s 2 r 0 3) right angled 4) scalene.
53. In a triangle ABC ,
2) x3 x 2 r 4 R s 2 x s 2 r 0
A B C
cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
3) x x r 4 R s x s 0
3 2 2 2
2 2 2
4) x3 4 Rrx 2 s 2 x sr 0 1 1 r r r
1) 2) 1 3) 2 4) 1
r 2R R 2R 2R
r r1 r2 r3
46. =
2 Rr (sin A sin B sin C )
KEY
1) 1 2) 1 / 3 3) 1 / 4 4) 1 / 2 01) 1 02) 1 03) 1 04) 1 05 1 06) 1
47. If r1, r2, r3 are the radii of the escribed circles 07) 2 08) 2 09) 2 10) 1 11) 2 12) 1
of a ABC and if r is the radius of its incircle 13) 4 14) 2 15) 2 16) 3 17) 3
then r1 r2 r3 - r(r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1) = 18) 3 19) 3 20) 3 21) 2 22 2 23) 1
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3 24) 2 25) 3 26) 2 27) 3 28) 4 29) 3
30) 1 31) 1 32) 3 33) 1 34) 4 35) 3
R 36) 4 37) 3 38) 1 39) 2 40) 3 41) 1
48. In ABC ,right angled at A, cos 1 is
r2 r3 42) 2 43) 3 44) 3 45) 2 46) 2 46) 4
47) 1 48) 2 49) 3 50) 3 51) 2 52) 3
1) 30 0 2) 60 0 3) 90 0 4) 45 0 53) 3
49. In an ambiguous case of solving a triangle
SOLUTIONS
sin A sin A B
when a 5, b 2, A and the two 1. Given sin C sin B C
6
possible values of third side are c1 and c2 then
sin 180 B C sin A B
sin 180 A B sin B C
19
sin B C sin B C sin A B sin A B sin A sin B 6 / 2 and sin A sin B 1/ 4.
Let A > B [ A B].
sin 2 B sin 2 C sin 2 A sin 2 B
sin 2 A sin 2 B 2 1 / 4 6 / 4 .
b2 c 2 a 2 b2
sin A cos B B 900 A
4R2 4R2
b2 c 2 a 2 b2 A B C 900
Also sin A sin B cos B sin B 1/ 4
2b 2 a 2 c 2
a 2 , b 2 , c 2 are in A.P sin 2 B 1/ 2 2 B 300 or 1500
2. Given C 900 B 150 or 750 B 150 and A 750
Then A B 900
9. C , a 2c 2 R (sin A 2 sin C ) .
sin 2 B sin 2 A 1 3
Now 3 1
2 R 2b .
a b
2 2
sin A sin B2 2
sin A B sin A B 2
a b
2 2
sin 2 A sin 2 B
10. Given A,B,C are in A.P and a,b,c are in G.P
1 2B A C
sin A B
sin A B sin A B 3B A B C 180o
1 B 60o and b 2 ac
1
sin 90o Using consine rule
3. SinA : SinB : SinC = a : b : c
4. A =300, B = 600, C=900 b 2 a 2 c 2 2a cos B
b 2 a 2 c 2 ac
6 sin A sin B sin C
5. Given 2s b2 a 2 c2 b2
3
s sin A sin B sin C 2b 2 a 2 c 2
a b c 2S a 2 , b 2 , c 2 arein A.P
s
2R 2R 11. a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ac 0
R 1 a b c A B C 60 0
a 1 9
Using sin rule sin A Required value =
2R 2 4
12. G.E. (c1 c2 ) 2c1c2 2c1c2 cos 2 A
2
A 30o
6 4b 2 cos 2 A 4(b 2 a 2 ) cos 2 A
sin BAD sin 600 sin CAD sin 450 13. The Given expression is equal to
6. and 2bc cos A tan A 2ac cos B tan B
1 AD 3 AD
7. a, b, c are in G.P sin A sin B
2abc 0
b 2 ac sin 2 B sin A sin C a b
Sin A Sin B Sin C
2 sin 2 B cos( A C ) cos( A C ) 14.
3 3 4
2(1 cos 2 B ) cos 600 cos(1800 B ) a 3 k , b 3 k , c 4 k then find CosC
8. We have
20
a 2 b2 c2 1
15. a = 6, b = 10, c = 14; CosC Cos B (by cos ine rule )
2ab 2
16. a 2 b 2 c 2 a(c b 3) smallest side is 17
5k 7k
1 3 22. a , b 3k , c
2 2
= 2a 2 .c b 2
23. G..E.
17. b 2 c 2 a 2 2caCosB 1 b2 c 2 a 2 c2 a 2 b2 a 2 b2 c2
2 (a 2 b 2 c 2 ) / 4
c a b 2a c 2b c 2a b a b
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
18.
4
2
2
a b c 2 2 2
a b 2 2
2
19. Given b c : a c : a b 11:12 :13 B C bc A
bc ac ab 24. tan Cot
k say 2 bc 2
11 12 13 25. b=2a B A 600
b c 11k , a c 12k , a b 13k
B A ba C
2 a b c 36k tan Cot
2 ba 2
a 7 k , b 6k , c 5k 26. Required value
b 2 c 2 a 2 36k 2 25k 2 49k 2
ab (b Cos A a Cos B ) 3abc
cos A
2bc 2 6k 5k a 2 b 2 c 2 31 319
12k 2
1 27. Cos C c
2 ab 32 2
2
60k 5
28. Given a b c b c a bc
c 2 a 2 b 2 25k 2 49k 2 36k 2 2s 2s 2a bc
cos B
2ac 2 5k 7 k
38k 2
19 s s a
10 7k 2
35 bc 4
A
a 2 b 2 c 2 49k 2 36k 2 25k 2 cos 2
cos C 2 4
2ab 2 7 k 6k
2
We know 0 cos 2 A, 1
60k 5
0 4
12 7k 2
7
29. ( s b) ( s a) ( s c) ( s c) ( s b) (s a)
cos A : cos B : cos C 7 :19 : 25
Dividing on both sides (s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
A c
20. b 3 1 , c 3 1 30. 3 tan tan 1
2 2
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bcCosA , A 3 s b s c s a s b
3 . 1
21. a 80, b 73, c 17
3 s a s b s c
2
1
s s a s b s c
21
3 s b s A B c s s a s s b s s c
cot cot cot
2 2 2
2s 3b
s
a b c 3b
35 a b c
a c 2b
a,b,c are in A.P s2
31. a = 3k, b = 4k, c =5k Dr:
s 6k and required ratio = cos A cos B cos C
cot A cot B cot C
s a : s b: s c. sin A sin B sin C
B ( s a)( s c) b 2 c 2 a 2 c 2 a 2 b 2 a 2 b2 c 2
32. Find s and use sin ,
2 ac 2bc 2ca 2ab
a b c
B s ( s b) 2R
cos 2R 2R
2 ac
b2 c 2 a 2 c2 a 2 b2 a 2 b2 c 2
s s a . s s b c R
33. abc
s
c ,
1
c
R
a 2
b2 c2
a 2 b2 c2
sc sc s 4 R 4
34. Given a 2 b c
2
Nr a b c
2
L.H.S=
a b c a b c Dr a 2 b 2 c 2
2 s 2b 2s 2c abc
s
2
1 s b s c
abc
38. r :
2
4 and
4R
tan A
s b s c 1 1
A B C A A
2 r 4 R sin sin sin , a 4 R sin cos
4 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C 2 2 2
35. Cot : Cot : Cot = l : m : n 39. p1 , p2 , p3 .
2 2 2 a b c
then a : b : c = (m+n) : (l+n) : (l+m) 1 1 1 cot A cot B cot C
2 2
2bc A 2ca B p1 2
p2 p3
36. AD cos , BE cos ,
bc 2 ca 2
40. 2R r1 r
2ab C
CF cos . c C
ab 2 41. C 900 , R , r s c tan
2 2
A B
cot cot cot c A
37. 2 2 2 42. 2r1 2 s tan 1
2
cot A cot B cot C
43. Through verification (equilateral properties)
N.r
22
3 1 50. A r 2 , A1 r12 , A2 r2 2 , A3 r32
a = b = 1, s r
2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
A1 A2 A3 r12
r2 2
r32
44. r r1 r2 r3 ab bc ca s
2
and simplify.
c1 c2
2
r1 r2 r3 r 4 R . 51. c1 c2 4c1c2 4
45. We know r1 r2 r3 4 R r
rr2 B B
r1r2 r3 r2 r3 r1 s 2 r3 r1 4 R cos2 tan
r1r3 2 2
2 B
r1r2 r3 4 R sin cos B
2 2
The equation whose roots r1 , r2 , r3 is 2 R sin B
x3 x 2 r1 r2 r3 x r1r2 r2 r3 r3r r1r2 r3 0 b
r1 r1
2 1 1 2
x x 4R r x s
3 2
0 2 52.
r2 r3
r
rs s b s c
1 1 2
x3 x 2 4 R r s 2 x s 2 r 0 . s a s a
(b a )(c a ) 2( s a )2
1 3
46. r , r1 r2 r3 , A B C 600 b2 c 2 a 2 A 900 .
2 3 2
1 cos A 1 cos B 1 cos C
3 r 1 53.
47. r1 r2 r3 , 2 2 2
2 2 3
3 1
48. Given A 90o [cos A cos B cos C ]
2 2
A
We know r3 r3 4 R cos
2
3 1 r r
2 [1 ] 2 .
2 2 R 2R
1
4R 2R
2
1 R
Now cos
1 1
cos 60
o EXERCISE - III
2R 2 3
2
49. Given a 5, b 2 A 30o 1. In a triangle ABC , A ,
6 3 bc 3 3
We know a b c 2bc cos A
2 2 2
9 3 2
5 4 c 2c 3
2 and cm then a=
2
c 2 2c 3 1 0 1 1) 6 3 cm 2) 9cm 3) 18cm 4) 6cm
Let c1 , c2 are the roots of (1)
2. In le ABC , if a,b and A are given then theree
c1 c2 2 3 c1c2 1
23
are two triangles are formed with third side arcs of length 3, 4 and 5 units, then area of
c1 and c2 such that then the value of the triangle is equal to
c1 c2 c1 c2
2 2
tan 2 A
1)
9 3 1 3 2)
9 3
3 1
1) 4a 2 2) 4b 2 3) a 2 4) b 2 2 2
3. The number of triangles ABC that can be
formed with sin A = 5/13, a =3 and b = 8 is
3)
9 3 1 3 4)
9 3
3 1
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0 2 2 22
4. If AD, BE and CF are the medians of a tri- 11. If x, y, z are respectively perpendiculars from
angle ABC, then
the circumcentre on the sides of the ABC ,
AD 2 BE 2 CF 2 : BC 2 CA2 AB 2 is equal
to a b c abc
the value of is
1) 4:3 2) 3:2 3) 3:4 4) 2:3 x y z 4xyz
5. If in a triangle ABC, a 2 Cos 2 A b 2 c 2 , then 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) -1
12. If , , are lengths of internal bisectors of
1) 0 A 2) A angles A, B, C respectively of ABC, then
4 4 2
1 A
3) A 4) A cos is
2 2 2
6. In a ABC, medians AD and BE are drawn. If 1 1 1
1) a + b + c 2)
a b c
AD = 4, DAB and ABE then the 1 1 1
6 3 3) 2 4) 2(a b c)
a b c
area of ABC is 13. In a triangle ABC, D and E are the mid-points
64 8 16 32 of BC, CA respectively. If AD=5, BC=BE=4,
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 then CA =
2 1) 5 2) 7 3) 2 7 4) 5 5
7. In a triangle ABC , A , and
3 bc 3 3 14. In ABC, if AD is the altitude and O is the
orthocentre of ABC then AO : OD =
9 3 2 1) Tan A : Tan B + Tan C
cm then a=
2 2) Tan B + Tan C : Tan A
1) 6 3 cm 2) 9cm 3) 18cm 4) 6cm 3) Cos A : Cos B + Cos C
8. If length of the sides of a triangle ABC are 4 4) Cot A : Cot B + Cot C
cm, 5 cm and 6 cm, O is point inside the tri- 15. The two adjacent sides of a cyclic quadrilat-
angle ABC such that OBC = OCA = eral are 2 and 5 and the angle between them
OAB = , then value of cot is is 600. If the third side is 3, the remaining
fourth side is
11 7 4 7 2 1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
1) 2) 3) 7 4) 7
15 5 3 16. The alternate vertices of a regular hexagon
9. In a ABC if a2 sin (B-C) + b2 sin (C-A)+c2 are joined to form another regular hexagon.
sin (A-B)=0, then triangle is The ratio of the sides of two hexagons is
1) right angled 2) obtuse angled 1 1 1 1
3) isosceles 4) None of these 1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 3 3
10. A triangle is inscribed in a circle. The verti-
17. In ABC, if r1 = 2r2 = 3r3 and D is the mid
ces of the triangle divide the circle into three
24
point of BC then cos ABC = 1 2b 2c a 2c 2a b 2a 2b c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1) 7/25 2) 24/25 3) -7/25 4) -24/25 4.
4 a2 b2 c 2
18. The sides of triangle are in A.P. and the
greatest angle exceeeds the least by900. The b2 c2 a2
5. CosA
sides are in the ratio 2bc
1) [Link] 2 2) 1: 3 :2 a 2Cos 2 A a 2 a 2 Sin 2 A
= 0
3) 7 +1: 7 : 7 –1 4) 3 [Link] 3 1 2bc 2bc
19. In ABC, if a=7, b=8, c=9 then the distance
A
from the vertex B to the centroid is 2
6. AG = 8/3
7
1) 14 2) 3) 7 4) 14
3 3
sin
20. In ABC, the line joining the circumcentre 3 sin / 6 BG 8 X 1 X 2 8
and incentre is parallel to BC then the value 8/3 BG 3 2 3 3 3
of cosB + cosC=
1) 1/2 2) 3/4 3) 1 4) 3/2 1 8 8 32
Area of AGB X X X1
21. If for ABC, cotA cotB cot C > 0 then the 2 3 3 3 9 3
triangle is 32 32
1) right angled 2) acute angled Area of ABC 3 X
9 3 3 3
3) obtuse angled 4)all al
22.)In ABC the lengths of the sides AC and AB 1
[Link] bc by using bcsin A now use consine
are 12cm & 5cm respectively. If the area of ABC 2
is 30cm 2 and R and r are respectively the radius rule
of circumcircle and incircle of ABC then the 8. cot cot A cot B cot C ,
value of 2R+r (in cm) is equal to____(Mains2021) s s a s b s c
KEY
[Link]
1) 2 2) 1 3) 4 4) 3 5) 3 6) 4
10. Given, arc AC=3, arc AB=4 and arc BC=5. Let r
7) 2 8) 1 9) 3 10) 1 11) 1 12) 3
be the radius of the circle.
13) 3 14) 2 15) 1 16) 3 17) 3 18) 3
19) 1 20)3 21) 2 22)15cm
.
SOLUTIONS
1
1. Find bc by using bcsin A now use consine
2
rule
2. a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
c 2 2b cos A b 2 a 2 0 Then AC r , BC r, AB r
c1 c2 2b cos A
3 4 5
, ,
c1c2 b a
2 2
r r r
6 1
3. use sine rule Now, 3 4 5 2r r
r 6
25
ABC OAC OAB OBC
A 90o
1 2 3 4 5
r sin sin sin BC 13cm
2 r r r 13
BC 2 R 13 R cm
1 36 2 5 2
sin sin sin
2
2 2 3 6 30
r 2cm
s 15
18
1
3 1 9 3 1 3 2 13
2R r 2 15cm
2 2 2 2 2
11. x R cos A, y r cos B, z r cos C
2bc A 1 A bc
12. cos cos
bc 2 2 bc
13. Conceputal
14. AO 2R cos A,OB 2R cos B cos C
1
15. c 4 25 2 X 2 X 5 X 19
2
2
and then a 2 b 2 c 2 2bcCosA
1
19 9 c 2 2 X 3 Xc
2
c 3c 10 0 c 5c 2c 10 0
2 2
c (c 5) 2(c 5) 0
c2
16. Conceptual
17. lr1 mr2 nr3 a : b : c m n : n l : l m
18. Conceputal
19. Conceptual
r r
20. cos A ,cos A cos B cos C 1
R R
21. Out of cot A, cot B,cot C two values should not
be -ve
22.
1
5 12 sin A 30
2
sin A 1
26
ADVANCED QUESTIONS c, A, B and C is given by
(A) (b + c) sin ((B + C)/2) = a cos (A/2)
SINGLE ANSWER (B) (b – c) cos (A/2) = a sin ((B – C)/2)
(C) (b – c) cos (A/2) = 2a sin ((B + C)/2)
1. In a triangle ABC If the angles are in AP and (D) (b – c) sin ((B – C)/2) = a cos (A/2)
9. Three circular coins each of radii 1 cm are
b:C= 3 : 2 then A kept in an equilateral triangle so that all the
(A) 600 (B) 750 (C) 150 (D) 900 three coins touch each other and also the
2. In a triangle ABC, AD is altitude from A, sides of the triangle. Area of the triangle is
abc (A) (4 2 3)cm 2
b > c, C 230 . AD 2 2 then B
b c
(B) (1/ 4) (12 7 3) cm 2
(A) 700 (B) 1130 (C) 1230 (D) 1030
3. If D is mid point of the side BC of a triangle (C) (1/ 4) (48 7 3) cm 2
ABC and AD is perpendicular to AC then
(D) (6 4 3)cm 2
a c
2 2
10. The sides of a t riangle are inAP and its area
=
b2
3
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 is th of area of equilateral triangle of same
4. If the median of a triangle ABC passing 5
through A is perpendicular to AB then perimeter then ratio of sides
tanA + 2tanB= (A) 3 : 4 : 5 (B) 7 1: 7 : 7 1
(A) 1 (B) -1 (C) 0 (D) None
5. If the sides of a triangle are in A.P and 6 2
(C) 3: 5 : 7 (D) 3 : 2 :
greatest angle exceeds the least angle of the 2
triangle by 900 . Then ratio of the sides. 11. In a triangle ABC if
cosAcosB+sinAsinBsinC=1 then [Link]=
(A) 3: 4 : 5 (B) 7 1: 7 : 7 1
(A) [Link] (B) [Link] 2
(C) 2 : 3 : 7 (D) 3 : 7 : 2
6. Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle. No two (C) 2 :1:1 (D) 1: 2 :1
of them are equal and R. If the roots of 12. In a triangle ABC, the median to the side BC
the equations, 1
x2 + 2(a + b + c)x + 3(ab+ bc + ca) = 0 are is of length and it divides A into
11 6 3
real, then
(A) < 4/3 (B) > 5/3 the angles 300 and 450 . then length of side
(C) (1/3, 5/3) (D) (4/3, 5/3) BC is
7. Let ABC be a triangle such that ACB / 6 (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
and let a, b and c denote the lengths of the 13. In a triangle ABC, D, E are t wo points on
side opposite to A, B and C, respectively. The the side BC such that BD = DE = EC.
values of x for which a = x2 + x + 1, b = x2 – 1 BAD , DAE , EAC then
and c = 2x + 1 is (are)
Sin . Sin
(A) (2 3) (B) 1 3
Sin .Sin
(C) 2 3 (D) 4 3
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
8. If a, b, c denote the lengths of the sides of a 14. If O is the point inside the triangle ABC such
triangle opposite angles A, B, C of a triangle
that OBC A / 2 , OCA B / 2 ,
ABC, then the correct relation among a, b,
27
2. C 230
OAB C / 2 then
Sin ( A C / 2) Sin B C / 2 .Sin C B / 2
SinA / 2. SinB / [Link] / 2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
15. S is the circumcentre of le ABC and
R1 , R2 , R3 are radii of circum circle of AD
b
SinC
le SBC , le SCA, le SAB then
abc
b sin c
a b c b c2
2
R1 R2 R3
SinA SinC
SinC
abc abc abc abc Sin 2 B Sin2C
(A) (B) (C) (D) 2
R R3 R 3
R SinA SinC
SinC
Sin B C Sin B C
SinA
1
KEY SinA sin B C
01) B 02) B 03) C 04) C 05) B 06) A Sin B C 1
07) B 08) B 09) D 10) C 11) B 12) B
13) D 14) A 15) B B C 900 B 90 230 1130
3. BAD A 900 , BD=DC
BAD 90 C
SOLUTIONS
1. A, B, C are in A.P
2B A C = B
B
3
3
Sin B: Sin C = given
2
Apply Sinc rule in ABD
3 3
a C
2SinC 2
2sin A 90 Cosc
0
1
SinC
2 a C
C 45 0
2CosA Cosc
A 1800 600 450 750
2abc 2abc
2
2 b c a a b c
2 2 2 2 2
2b 2 2 a 2 c 2 b 2 a 2 c 2
28
a2 c2 from (1) and (2)
a c 3b
2 2 2 3
b2 2a d a d
a d 2a d
4. DAC A 90, CDA 90 B a 4d 4d a
Apply Sinc rule in ADC a d 4d 2 3ad a 2
a d 4d 2 3ad a 2
Apply componendo and dividedo
d a 2 4d 2
a 3ad
a
3d 2 a 2 4d 2 d
7
a b
a a
2 cos A cos B ad :a:ad a :a:a
7 7
tan A
tan B 7 1: 7 : 7 1
2
6. a,b,c are sides of a triangle and a b c.
tan A 2 tan B
| a b || c | a 2 b 2 2ab c 2
tan A 2 tan B O
Similarly, we have
5. Let a d , a, a d are the sides of traingle let
b 2 c 2 2bc a 2 and c 2 a 2 2ca b 2
ABC Given BAC 90 On adding, we get
a 2 b 2 c 2 2 ab bc ca
a 2 b2 c2
2 (1)
ab bc ca
Since the roots of the given equation are real,
therefore
a b c 3 ab bc ca 0
2
(2)
From (1) and (2), we get
4
ad ad 3 2 2
Apply sine rule : sin 90 sin 3
7. Using cosine rule of C , we get
ad ad
-------(1) 3 ( x 2 x 1) 2 ( x 2 1) 2 (2 x 1) 2
cos sin
2 2( x 2 x 1) ( x 2 1)
a 2 (a d ) 2 a d
2
a 4d
Cos 2x2 2x 1
2a a d 2a d 3
x2 x 1
Cos 90 sin ( 3 2) x 2 ( 3 2) x ( 3 1) 0
a2 a d a d
2 2
a 4d (2 3) 3
2 a d --- (2) x
2a a d 2( 3 2)
29
x (2 3), 1 3 x 1 3
3a 2
as (x > 0). Area of with same perimeter =
4
bc Area of given tringle =
8. Let us consider , which is involved in three
a
of the options aa a a 3 3a 2
3 d d
22 2 2 5 4
b c sin B sin C
a sin A 3a 2 a 2 2 9 3a 4
d
B C B C 4 4 25 16
2 cos sin
2 2
9a 2
2sin A / 2 cos A / 2 a 2 4d 2
25
B C 16a 2 2a
sin A / 2 sin 4d 2 d
2 25 5
sin A / 2 cos A / 2
3a 7a
ad :a:ad :a:
B C 5 5
sin
2 = [Link]
cos A / 2 1 cos A cos B
11. Sinc 1
B C sin A sin B
b c cos A / 2 a sin
2 1 cos A cos B sin A sin B
A 1 cos A cos B sin A sin B
cos A B 1
C1
cos A B 1
P
9. C2 C3 A B 0
1
300 AB
B x P Q x C
For the circle with centre C2, BP and BP ' are 1 cos 2 A Sin2 A
Sinc 1
two tangents to the circle, therefore BC2 must be Sin 2 A Sin 2 A
the bisector of B. But B 600 ( as ABC is C 900 A B 450
an equilateral triangle) 1 1
a: b: c = Sin A: Sin B: Sin C = : :1
C2 BP 300 2 2
[Link] 2
1
tan 30 0
x 3 AD a
x 12. Sinc 2S in 300
BC BP PQ QC x 2 x 2 2 3
AD
Sinc
3
a
2
Therefore, area of ABC 22 3 AD
4 C
SinA
3 1 3 2 3 4 3 6 sq. units
10. Let the sides be a d , a, a d ; Perimeter=3a
30
SinB 2Sin1
SinC Sin 2 3 -------(2)
from (1) and (2)
4Sin1Sin3
1
Sin 1 2 Sin 2 3
a AD Sin 1 2 Sin 2 3
=4
2 Sin 45 0
SinB Sin1 Sin 3
2 AD b 2AD 14. In OAB
SinB
a Sin A
1
But AD 2 b 2 c 2 a 2
2
4 AD 2 AD
2 2
4 AD
2
a2
Sin 2 A Sin 2 A
6 AD
2
4 AD
2
a 2
2 OB OA
Sin A
C A
6 4Sin 2 A 3 1 Sin Sin B
a AD SinA 2 2
2
Sin A 2 2
A
1
11 6 3
4 11 6 3 OA
Sin B
2
----------(1)
OB c
= 4 =2 Sin
2
13. Apply sine rule in ABE and ACE
B
Sin C
OB 2
Similarly OC A -------(2)
Sin
2
C
Sin A
OC 2
------(3)
OA B
Sin
AE a AE 2a 2
;
SinC Sinr SinB 3sin Multiplying (1), (2) and (3)
SinC 2sin A C B
--------(1) Sin B Sin A Sin C
SinB Sin( ) 2 2 2
1
Apply sine rule in ABD and ADC A B C
Sin Sin Sin
2 2 2
AD 2a AD a
; 15. ‘S’ be the circumcentre of ABC
SinC 3sin B Sin B 3sin
CD=R Sin A
31
MULTIPLE ANSWER
1. If H is the orthocentre of triangle ABC, then
AH is equal to
(A) 2R cos A (B) 2R sin A
2abc
(C) a cot A (D) cos A
2. Internal bisector of an angle A of triangle
ABC meets side BC at D. A line drawn through
D perpendicular to AD intersects the side
AC at E and the side AB at F. If a, b, c
represent the sides ofABC then
(A) AE is H.M. of b and c
2bc
(B) AD cos( A / 2)
bc
4bc
(C) EF sin( A / 2)
bc
(D) The triangle AEF is isosceles
3. If the sines of the angles A and B of a triangle
ABC satisfy the equation
c 2 x 2 c a b x ab 0 , then the triangle
a) is acute angled b) is right angled
c) is obtuse angled
a b
d) satisfy sin A +cosA=
c
4. In a triangle ABC with fixed base BC, the
vertex A moves such that cos B + cos C = 4
sin 2 (A/2). If a, b, c denote the lengths of the
sides of the triangle opposite to the angles A,
B and C, respectively, then
(A) b + c = 4a (B) b + c = 2a
BC A
(C) cos 2 sin
2 2
(D) locus of point A is a pair of straight lines
5. If the tangents of the angles A and B of
triangle ABC satisfy the equation
abx2 – c2x + ab = 0, then
(A) tan A = a/b (B) tan B = b/a
(C )cos C = 0
(D) sin2 A + sin2B + sin2C = 2
32
KEY A
2bc cos
01) A, C 02) A, B, C, D AD 2
03) B, D 04) B, C 05) A, B, C, D bc
A
SOLUTIONS Also, AD AE cos
2
1. Referring to AHB, we have
2bc
AH c AE H .M . of b and c
bc
sin (90 A) sin( A B)
c cos A A
4bc sin
AH Again EF 2 DE 2 AD tan A 2
sin(180 C )
2 bc
c cos A c 3. sinA and sinB are the roots of
=
sin C
2 R cos A sin C 2 R
A c 2 x 2 c a b x ab 0
ab
Then sin A sin B
B
c c
-
90°
ab
-A And sin A sin B
90
° H c2
B C a b ab
so that (1) is correct while (2) is not correct. Also,
abc abc 2R 2R c
AH 2 R cos A 2. cos A cos A
4 2 a b ab
And 2
a 2R 2R c
and AH 2 R cos A .cos A a cot A
sin A
c 2 R 2 R sin C 2 R
so that (3) is correct, while (4) is not correct.
sin C 1
2. By simple geometry, in AFE , we get AF = AE.
A C 90o
A A A B 90o
2 2
B 90o A
ab
sin A sin B
E c
B
D
C
sin A sin 90o A ab
c
F
ab
sin A cos A
Therefore, AFE , is an isosceles triangle c
Now area ABC are ABD area
1 1 A 1
ADC bc sin A cAD sin b
2 2 2 2
A
AD sin
2
33
A
4. cos B cos C 4 sin
2
2 A
c
c b b
B a C
B C
a
Therefore, triangle ABC is right angled at C.
BC B C A Hence, tan A = a/b, tan B = b/a, cos C = 0
2 cos cos 4sin 2
2 2 2 sin A = a/c, sin B = b/c and sin C = 1.
So,
B C BC A BC
cos 2cos sin cos
2 2 2 2 sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2 C
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
B C 1 1 11 2
cos c2 c2 c2
2 2
BC [ a2 + b2 = c2]
cos
2
By componendo and divideno, we get COMPHERENSION TYPE
BC BC
cos cos Passage - 1
2 2 3
B C BC 1 If r 1, R 3, 7 then
cos cos
2 2 1. a 2 b 2 c 2
B C A) 72 B) 144 C) 60 D) 21
2 cos
cos
2 2 3 2. a 3 b 3 c 3
B C A) 192 B) 392 C) 288 D) 144
2sin sin
2 2
3. a 4 b 4 c 4
B C 1 sa 1 A) 392 B) 192 C) 2200 D) 1982
tan tan
2 2 3 s 3
3s s 3a Passage - 2
b c 2a Circum circle of a le ABC is a circle passing
AB AC BC through the vertices, Nine point circle is
circum circle of pedal triangle and its centre
Therefore, locus of A is ellipse N is midpoint of circum centre and ortho
centre of le ABC then
[Link] the given equation, we get
tan A + tan B = (c2/ab) and tan A tan B = 1 4. If the circum circle and nine point circle cut
tan A tan B orthogonally then cos 2 A
Since tan( A B ) 1 tan A tan B , we have
1
A) 0 2) 3) 1 4) 1
2
A B and hence C
2 2
34
P R2
4. SN R
2 2
5. If nine point circle touches circum circle then
4
Cos 2 A = 2
SH 5 R
2
1 2 4
A) 0 B)C)-1 D)1
2 R 2 1 8sin A sin B sin C 5 R 2
6. If circum circle passes through N then
4 4
C o s 2 A 1 8cos A cos B cos C 5
1 8cos A cos B cos C 4 .............(1)
A) 0 B) C) 1 D) 1
2 cos 2 A cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2C
KEY 2 cos A B cos A B 2cos C 1
01) A 02) B 03) C 04) D 05) C 06) B
2 cos C cos A B cos C 1
SOLUTIONS 2 cos C cos A B cos s A B 1
assage - 1 4cos A cos B cos C 1
r 1, R=3, 7 1
4 1
2
r S 7 a b c 14 .....(1) 2 1 1
S r
5.
Now s s a s b s c
7 7 7 a 7 b 7 C .
73 49 a b c 7 ab bc ca abc 7
ab bc ca 62
Nine point circle touches circumcircle.
1. a 2 b2 c2 a b c 2 ab bc ca
2
SN R R / 2 R / 2
196 24 72 (A) is correct.
2
SH R2 2
R 1 8cos A cos B cos C R 2
2. a 3 b3 c3 3abc a b c 2 4
8sin A sin B sin C 1
a 2
b 2 c 2 ab bc ca
1
3 84 14 72 62 cos 2 A 4 1 3 / 2
8 2
392 (B) is correct.
3. a 4 b 4 c 4 a 2 b 2 c 2
2
2 ab bc ca 2abc ab bc ca
2
72 2 62 2 84 14
2 2
5184 2984 2200
35
6.
SN R
SH
R
2
SH 2 4 R 2
R 2 1 8cos A cos B cos C 4 R 2
8cos A cos B cos C 3
2 cos 2 A 4 cos A cos B cos C 1
3
4 1
82
3 1
1 (B) is correct.
2 2
****
36
HIGHTS & DISTANCES
SYNOPSIS The Law of sines :
Angle of Elevation : a b c
In ABC , 2 R where R
If the position of the object is above the position SinA SinB SinC
of the observation then the angle made by the is the radius of the circumcircle of the ABC.
line joining object and observation point with R is called circum radius of the triangle.
the horizontal line drawn at the observation
Note: In any triangle other than right angled
point is called angle of elevation.
triangle we can use the sine rule.
P=Position of object
The law of cosines :
b2 c2 a2
In ABC , CosA ,
2bc
= Angle of elevation
O = Observation point
X
or a 2 b2 c 2 2bc CosA
Angle of Depression : Length of the median :
If the position of the object is below the
position of the observation then the angle made In ABC , let AD,BE,CF be the medians then
by the line joining the object and observation 1
point with the horizontal line drawn at the (i) AD 2b 2 2c 2 a 2
2
observation point is called angle of depression.
O=Point of observation 1
=Angle of depression ii BE 2a2 2c2 b2
2
1
iii CF 2a2 2b2 c2
P = Position of object `2
Note: (i)Angle of elevation and depression are
1
always acute angles. (i) Area of the sector = r 2 lr
(ii)Any line perpendicular to a plane is 360 2
perpendicular to all lines lying in the plane. (ii) Length of the arc l = r
In a triangle ABC, the angles are denoted by
the capital letters A,B,C and length of the sides (iii) perimeter P r 2 l 2r
opposite to these angles are denoted by a,b,c
respectively. l
A
r r
c b
B a C
37
The m - n Theorem: Some results in a circle :
(i) The angle subtended by any chord at the
(i) m n cot n cot B m cot C
centre is twice the angle subtended by the same
(ii) m n cot m cot n cot on any point on the circumference of the circle.
A
O
B C
(ii) If two secants AB and PQ of a circle meet at
point ‘O’, then [Link]=[Link]
B
Some geometrical properties of
triangle : A
(i) In a triangle ABC, the exterior angle is equal
to the sum of interior opposite angles Q
O P
A
(iii) Angles in the alternate segments of a circle are
equal.
=+ A
B C
(ii) In an Isosceles triangle the median is
perpendicular to the base. P
B
A
AB=AC
C
BP is a chord and CP is a tangent. A is any
point on major arc.
Bearings of a point :
B D C The acute angle which OA makes with NS is
(iii) In a triangle the internal bisector of an angle called the bearing of the point A from O.
divides the opposite side in the ratio of the The bearing of a point indicated by giving the
arms of the angle. size of the acute angle and specifying whether
A it is measured from ON or OS and whether to
A A
the East or West.
2 2 N
c b A
W O E
B c D b C
(iv) In similar triangles the corresponding sides
are proportional. S
38
(i) OA is in t he direction 400 East of North and (iii) The angles of elevation of the top of a tower
the bearing of A is written as N400E. from the bottom and top of a building of height
(ii) OB is in the direction 300 west of North and ‘d’metres are and respectively. The height
bearing of B and is written as N300W. of the tower is
(iii) OC is in the direction 600 West of South and d sin cos d cot
h= metres (or) h
bearing of C is written as S600W. sin( ) cot cot
(iv) OD is the direction 750 east of south and
bearing of D is written as S750E.
N
B A
o o
N30 W o N40 E
30o 40
W E (iv) The angle of elevation of a cloud from a height
o o ‘d’ metres above the level of water in a lake is
o
S60 W 60 75 S75 E
o
'' and the angle of depression of its image in
C D
the lake is . The height of the cloud from the
S
Standard models : water level in metres is
(i) The angle of elevation of the top of a tower, d sin d tan tan
standing on a horizontal plane, from a point A h (or) h
sin tan tan
is . After walking a distance ‘d’ metres
towards the foot of the tower, the angle of Cot Cot
elevation is found to be . or hd
Cot Cot
d sin sin
The height of the tower h =
sin( )
d
(or) h Where AB d
cot cot
(v) The angle of elevation of a hill from a point A
is '' . After walking to some point B at a
distance ‘a’ metres from A on a slope inclined
at ' ' to the horizon, the angle of elevation was
(ii) If the Points of observation A and B lie on either
found to be
side of the tower, then height of the tower
d sin sin d a sin sin
h = Where Height of the hill h sin
sin( ) cot cot
AB d
39
(vi) A balloon is observed simultaneously from the OA
three points A, B, C on a straight road directly
0
From ΔOAT , Cot30 = OA=100 3
OT
beneath it. The angular elevation at B is twice
that at A and the angular elevation at ‘C’ is OB 100
thrice that at A. If AB=a and BC=b then the
0
From ΔOBT , Cot60 = OB=
OT 3
height of the balloon ‘h’ in terms of a and b is,
Distance travelled by a car = AB = OA-OB =
a
h . 3b a a b 100 200
2b 100 3 = mts
3 3
Eg 2:
The angle of elevation of the top of a tower
from the top and bottom of a building of
hight ‘h’ are 300 and 450 respectively if the
tower and building stand at the same level
then the height of the tower is
(vii) A flag staff stands on the top of a tower of Sol: In triangles PCB and POA
height h metres. If the tower and flag staff BC OA
subtend equal angles at a distance ‘d’ metres Cot300 = ,Cot450 =
PC OP
from the foot of the tower, then the height the
BC=OA PC Cot300 =OP Cot450
d 2 h2
h
flag - staff in metres is d 2 h2 P
0
B 30 C
h h
0
45
A O
Eg 1: h
A man from the top of 100 metres high tower PC. 3 OC CP PC 3 h PC PC
3 1
sees a car moving towords the tower at an
angle of depression of 300 . After some time
Thus OP h
h
3h
=
h 3 3
the angle of depression becomes 600 . The 3 1 3 1 2
distance travelled by the car during this time Eg 3:
is _____ metres
If a flag of 6 metres high placed on the top
Sol: Let OT be the tower and A, B be the positions
of the car. of a tower throws a shadow of 2 3 metres
along the ground then the angle (in degrees)
that the sun makes with the ground is
Sol: Let OA and AB be the shadows of tower OP
and flag staff PQ respectively on the ground.
Suppose the sun makes an angle ' ' with the
ground.
O Let OA = x
40
Q
100 sin1500 100
2h h
6 sin150 3 1
P
h
50
3 1 mts
Eg 5:
O x A 23 B
h A bird is perched on the top of a tree 20 mts
In triangles OAP and OBQ, we have tan
x high and its elevation from the point on the
h6 h h6 ground is 450. It flies off horizontally straight
tan away from the observer and in one second
x2 3 x x2 3
the elevation of the bird is reduced to 300.
h 6 The speed of the bird is (JEE-MAINS 2014)
2 3h 6 x 3 tan 3
x 2 3
Thus 600 B M
Eg 4:
20m
At the foot of the mountain the elevation of
its summit is 450 After ascending 100 mt 20m
Sol: o
45
towards the mountain up a slope of 300 30o
O D N
inclination is found to be 600 . The height of
the mountain is
Let the bird flight at B, the top of the tree BD,
and ‘O’ be the observer. Then BOD 450 and
BD = 20 mts. Now the bird flying horizontally
reaches M in 1 second.
100m
MON 300 where MN perpendicular to ON
Sol: Height of mountain MN = h mts A,B are points Now BD = MN = 20 mts. From ΔBOD ,
of observation. Angle of elevation at
A=450 and at B=600 . Let AB = 100 mt BD 20
Tan450 OD 20 mts from
XBA = BAM =30 , NBX 180 60 120
0 0 0 0
OD OD
NBA=1200 +300 =1500 and
MN 20
BNA=1800 - 1500 +150 =150 MON , Tan300
ON 20 DN
0
From ΔMNA,Sin45 =
h
AN= 2h
DN 20 3 1
AN
AN AB = 20(0.732) = 14.64 mts = BM
From NBA, sin1500 sin150
Speed of bird = Distance/Time = 14.64 m/s
41
EXERCISE - I a (3 2 3)
1) 2) a (4 2 3)
2
1. The angle of elevation of the top of a
flag - staff when observed from a point, a (2 3) a (2 3 3)
3) 4)
distance 60 metres from its foot is 300 the 2 2
height of the flag-staff in metres is 7. A man standing on a level plane observes
1) 20 3 2) 10 3 3) 60 3 4) 30 3 the anlge of elevation of top of pole to be
2. From the top of a tree, a man observes the ' ' . He walks a distance equal to double the
angle of depression of a point which is at a height of pole towards it and finds that the
distance of 40 metres from the foot is 750 . elevation is 2 then =
The height of the tree is
1) 2) 3) 4)
12 4 6 3
1) 40 3 mts 2) 21 3 mts 8. The shadow of a tower standing on a level
3) 40 2 3 mts 4) 3 21 mts
plane is found to be 60 mt longer when the
sun’s altitude is 300 than when it is 450 .
3. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower
Then the height of the tower in metres.
from a point on the same level as foot of
1) 30m 2) 60 3 m
tower is 150 if the point is at a distance of
6 2 3 metres from the foot of tower then
3) 30 3 1 m 4) 60 m
9. From the top of a light house the angle of
height of tower is --- depression of boats on opposite sides of the
1) 6 mts
2) 6 2 3 mts light house observed to be 300 and 450 if the
distance between the boats is 20 metres then
3) 12 2 3 mts
4) 10 2 3 mts the height of the light house is
4. The tops of two poles of heights 24 mt and 1) 10 3 1 m 2) 20 3 1 m
20 mt are connected by wire. If the wire
makes an angle 450 with the horizontal, then 3) 20 3 1 m
4) 10 3 1 m
the length of wire is 10. If the angle of elevation of the top of a tower
from a point is 600 and 40 metres vertically
1) 8 3 mt 2) 8 2 mt above this point the angle of elevation is 450.
3) 8 5 mt 4) 4 2 mts The height of the tower in metres is
5. From a point on the level ground, the angle 1) 64.64 2) 94.64 3) 54.64 4) 74.64
11. Two pillars of equal height stand at a
of elevation of the top of a pole is 300 on mov-
distance of 100 metres. At a point between
ing 20 metres nearer, the angle of elevation them the elevation of their tops are found to
is 450 . Height of the pole in metres is ---- be 300 and 600. Then height of the each pillar
1) 10 3 1 2) 10
3 1
in metres is
1) 25 3 2) 20 3 3) 50 3 4) 35 3
3) 20 4) 15 12. There are two stations P,Q due north, due
6. The angle of elevation of an electric pole south of a tower of height 15 metres. The
from a point A on the ground is 600 and from angle of depression of P and Q as seen from
a Point B towards the pole on the line joining
1 12 3
the foot of the pole to the point A, is 750. If top a tower are cot , Sin 1 .
5 5
the distance AB = a, then the height of the The distance between P and Q is -----
pole is 1) 48 2) 56 3) 65 4) 25
42
13. If from the top of a tower of 60 metre heigh, the 19. An aeroplane flying horizontally 1 km above
angles of depression of the top and floor of a the ground is observed at an elevation of
house are and respectively and if the 600 . After 10 seconds the elevation is
60sin observed to be 300 then the uniform speed
height of the house is , then x =
x per hour of the aeroplane is
1) sin sin 2) cos cos
3) sin cos 4) cos sin 1) 235 5 km 2) 235 3 km
14. Two towers are standing on a level ground.
From a point on the ground mid-way 3) 240 3 km 4) 240 2 km
between them, the angles of elevation of their
20. Two pillars are 120 ft a part and the height
t ops ar e 600 and 300 respectively. If the
of one is double that of the other. From the
height of the first tower is 100 metres, the
middle point of the line joining their feet,
height of the second tower is
an observer finds that the angular elevations
1) 5/3 2) 100/3 3) 80/3 4) 135/3
of their tops are complementary. The
15. The upper 3/4th portion of a vertical pole
height of the longer tower is ------- feet.
subtends an angle tan 1 (3/5) at a point in
the horizontal plane through its foot and at 1) 35 2 2) 60 2 3) 50 2 4) 40 2
a distance 40m from the foot. A possible
21. A ballon is observed simultaneously from
height of the vertical pole is
1) 40 m 2) 60 m 3) 80 m 4) 20 m the 3 points A,B,C on a straight road directly
16. A flag staff of height 10 metres is placed on beneath it. The angles elevation at B is twice
the top of a tower of height 30 metres. At that at A and the angular elevation on at C
the top of a tower of height 40 metres, the is thrice that at A. If AB = 20, BC = 40 then
flag staff and the tower subtend equal angles the height of the ballon is
then the distance between the two towers in
metres is 1) 3 15 2) 5 15 3) 8 15 4) 15 5
1) 10 2 2) 20 2 3) 30 2 4) 40 2
22. The height of a hill is 3300 mts. From the
17. From a point at a height of 27 metres above
a lake the angle of elevation of the top of a point P on the ground the angle of elevation
tree on opposite side is 300 and the angle of of the top of the hill is 600 . A balloon is
depression of the image is 450 . The height moving with constant speed vertically
upwards from P. After 5 minutes of its
of the tree from water level is -- mts
movement a person sitting in it observes the
1) 10 2 3
2) 10 2 3 angle of elevation of the top of hill as 300 .
3) 27 2 3 4) 27 2 3
The speed of balloon is
18. The angle of elevation of the top of the tower 1) 2.64 km/hr 2) 26.4 km/hr
is 450 on walking up a slope inclined at an 3) 22.4 km/hr 4) 2.24 km/hr
angle of 300 to the horizontal a distance 20
metres, the angle of elevation of top of tower
KEY
is observed to be 600. The height of the tower
is 01) 1 02) 3 03) 1 04) 4 05) 1 06) 1
1) 10
3 1 m 2) 20 3 1 m 07) 1 08) 3 09) 1 10) 2 11) 1 12) 2
13) 4 14) 2 15) 1 16) 1 17) 4 18) 1
3) 100 3 m 4) 50 3 3 m 19) 3 20) 2 21) 2 22) 2
43
SOLUTIONS 6. Height of the pole CD= h mts, AB=a mts
h xa
1. Height of tower AB=h mts tan300= 0
From ACD, Cot 60
60 h
h 60 tan 30
2. B is the top of tree AB of height ‘h’ mts 0 x
From BCD, Cot 75
h h
From APB, Tan75
0
40 h(Cot 600 Cot 750 ) a
B X D
75o
h h
o o o
75 75 60
A 40 P C x B A
a
3. Height of the tower AB = h mts 7. Height of pole CD = h mts, , 2
Tan150 2 3 d = AB = 2h mts
4. BE = 24- 20 = 4 mts
d sin sin
from BED , Sin 45
4
4 0 height of pole h sin
BD x
B D
x
h
0
45 D
E
24
C B A
x 2h
20 8. Let S be position of sun length shadow BC=x
0
45 mts, when sun altitude is 450 . Length of shadow
A G CA=(x+60) mts ,when sun altitude is 300 .
C
5. As in standard model (1) d = 20, d=AB=60 mts
300 , 450 s
s
Height of pole CD =
d
20
cot cot cot30 cot 450
0
10 3 1 D
D h
o o
45 30
h
C B A
60
45o 30o d 60
h 30( 3 1)mts
C B A Cot Cot 3 1
x 20
44
9. From HB2 L, Cot 450 B2 L B2 L h(1) h respectively and .
h
XTP TPA
B1L
From HB1L, Cot300 B1L h 3 YTQ PQT
h
B1B2 20 h 3 1 h 20
3 1
10
3 1 mts Cot 1
12
15
12
Cot ,
5
H
X Y 3 3
Sin 1 Sin
o o
45 30
5 5
PA
h C o t P A 3 6 m ts
15
45o 30o
3 4 AQ
B2 L B1 Sin Cot AQ 20 mts
20m 5 3 15
10. As in standard model (3)
T
d = 40 mts , 450 , 600 X Y
d cot
Height of tower = h
cot cot
15
40 cot 450
cot 45 cot 60
0 0
40 3
3 1
20 3 3 1
= 20 30 3 = 94.64 mts P A Q
Distance PQ =PA+AQ=36+20=56 mts
1 4 13. D is the point of observation
100 h 3 h
3 3 Height of house=AB=x mts =d
11. Let B and D be tops of pillars AB and CD
of eqaul height h mts. AC = 100 mts. dCot
Height of tower CD=60=
Cot Cot
AC AP PC h cot 300 h cot 600
1 4 60(Cot Cot ) 60 Sin( )
100 h 3 d
h Cot Sin Cos
3 3
D
h 25 3 mts X
B D
60
h h
E B
300 600 d
A P C
C A
12. If height of tower AT=15 mts . Angles of
Thus x Sin C os
depression of P and Q from T are
45
14. P is mid point of BC Height of first 10 40 2 tan
tower=100 mts, Tan , tan 2 and tan 2
d d 1 tan 2
Height of second tower = h mts
d 10 2 mts
AP 0
From APD; Cot 60 17. As in standard formula (4)
100
PC d = 27 mts, 300 , 450
0
From PCD; Cot 30
h Height of the tree above water level =
B cot cot
h= d
cot cot
D
100
h 3 1 27 4 2 3
60
o
30
o
h 27
3 1
2
27 2 3 m
A P C
100 18. As in standard formula (5)
AP PC 100Cot 600 hCot 300 h
3 a = 20 mts, 450 , 600 , 300
h
15. From APC ; Tan (1) Height of the tower
40
a sin sin 20 sin [Link] 300
h/4 h h
From APB; Tan (2) sin sin150
40 160
given Tan
1 3 3
Tan (3) h 10
3 1 mts
5 5
From (1),(2)&(3) Tan Tan 0
19. From ΔA1PN;Cot60 =
PN
PN=
1
kms
1 3
h h
PM
3 PM= 3kms
40 160 3 120h
0
From ΔA 2 PM;Cot30 =
5 1 h . h , find h. 1
5 6400 h 2
40 160 A1 x A2
16. Length of flag staff BC = 10 mts
Height of tower AB = 30 mts
1 1
Height of tower PQ = 40 mts. o
Distance between towers AP = d 60
o
30
C d Q
P N x M
10m Distance travelled in 10 sec
B 40m 1 2
= 3 kms
30m 3 3
Speed of aeroplane =
A d P
2
AQB BQC 360 2 120 3 240 3kmph
3
46
20. 1100 3 3300 x 3 x 2200 mts
B
speed of the ballon
2200
D = 60 2200 12 mt / hour
2h 5
h 2200 12
= 26.4 km / hr
90- 1000
A P C
120 EXERCISE - II
Let heights of towers AB and CD be 2h and h
respectively. 1. At a particular instant the height of the
Let P be midpoint of AC AP = PC = 60 ft tower is equl to the length of its shadow af-
ter some time the length of the shadow is
At P, APB and CPD 90
AP PC AP 3 times of the height of the tower, then the
Cot , Cot 90 time lapsed between the two observations
2h h h
AP AP in hours is
Cot .Cot 90 .
2h h 1 1
60.60 1)1 2) 3) 4) 24
1 h 2 1800 h 30 2 2 4
2
2h 2. A tower of height 50 metres stands on a level
Height of longer tower = 2h = 60 2 ft ground. A flag-staff standing on the tower
21. As in standard formula (6) -1 1
AB = a = 20, BC = b = 40 subtends an angle of Tan at a point 100
3
Height of the ballon is
metres away from the tower on the ground.
a
h 3b a a b The length of the flag-staff in metres is
2b 1) 50 2) 75 3) 100 4) 125
h
1
4
100 60
10
4
2 15 = 5 15 mts 3. At a certain point the angle of elevation of
1 3
Q a tower is found to be Cot . On walk-
5
ing 32 metres directly towards the tower its
h 1 2
angle of elevation is Cot . The height
5
3 2 of the tower in metres is
P x C b B a A 1) 32 2) 160 3) 320 4) 340
4. A pole of height h stands at one corner of a
22. Distance travelled in 5 minutes = PQ = 5 mts park in the shape of an equilateral triangle.
Height of hill AB = 3,300 mts If is the angle which the pole subtends at
AP the midpoint of the opposite side, the length
from ABP, cot 60
0
of each side of the park is
3300
1 3 2
AP 3300 1100 3 1) 2 h cot
3 2) h cot
3
BPX , cot 300 3
3 2
BX
3300 x 3 BX 3) 2 h tan 4) h tan
3300 x 3
47
5. Three vertical poles of heights h1, h2 and h3 10. A sphere of radius ‘a’ subtends an angle 600 at
at the vertices A, B and C of a ΔABC a point P. Then the distance of P from the
subtend angles , and respectively at the centre of the sphere is.
cicumcentre of triangle. If cot , cot and a a 3 2a
1) 2) 2a 3) 4)
cot are in A.P. then 3 2 3
11. A person in a balloon, who has ascended
h1 , h2 , h3 are in vertically from flat land at the sea level, ob-
1) A.P. 2) G..P. 3) H.P. 4) A.G..P. serves the angle of depression of a ship at
6. At a point, the angle of elevation of top of a anchor to be 300 . After descending vertically
600 metres, he finds the angle of depression
1 5
tower is found to be tan on walking to be 150. The horizontal distance of the ship
12 from the foot of ascent in metres is
240 metres nearer the tower, the elevation
1 3
1) 300 3 3
2) 300 3 2 3
is found to be tan . The height of the
4 3) 150 3 2 3 4) 150 3 2 3
tower in metres is
3
1) 175 2) 225 3) 275 4) 300 12. The upper th portion of a vertical pole
4
7. A flag-staff 20 metres long standing on a wall 1 3
10 metres high subtends an angle whose tan- subtends an angle tan at the point in
5
gent is 0.5 at a point on the ground. If is the horizontal plane through its foot. The
the angle subtended by wall at that point tangent of the angle subtended by the pole
then tan = at the same point is
1) 1 or 2 2) 2 or 3 3) 3 or 4 4) 4 or 1
1) 1 only 2) 1/3 only 3) 1 or 1/3 4) 2
13. A vertical tower stands on a declivity which
8. ABC is a triangular park with is inclined at 150 to the horizon. From the
AB=AC=100cm A clock tower is situated foot of the tower a man ascends the decliv-
at the midpoint of BC. The angles of eleva- ity from 80feet and then finds that the tower
tion of the top of the tower at A and B
subtends an angle of 300 . The height of the
are Cot -1 3.2 and Cosec-1 2.6 The height of the
tower is
tower is
1) 25 mt 2) 50 mt 3) 100 mt 4) 50 2mt
1) 40 6 2 2) 20 6 2
9. A tower stands at the top of a hill whose 3) 40 6 2 4) 10 6 2
height is three times the height of the tower. 14. A tower leans towards west making an angle
The tower is found to subtend an angle of with the vertical. The angular elevation
1 of B, the top most point of the tower is as
Tan -1 at a point 2 km away on the hori-
7 observed from a point C due east of A at a
zontal throught the foot of the hill. Then the distance d from A. If the angular elevation
height of the tower is of B from a point due east of C at a distance
1 1 1 2 2d from C is ,then 2 tan can be written
1) km or km 2) km or km as
2 3 3 3
2 1 3 1 1) 3cot 2 cot 2) 3cot 2 cot
3) km or km 4) km or km
3 2 4 2 3) 3cot cot 4) cot 3cot
48
15. A flag-staff stands on a tower which is on level AD h cot
ground. The total height of the flag-staff and
tower taken together is 300 metres. The flag- 3 2
a h cot a h cot
2 3
-1 1
staff subtends an angle of Tan at a point
5
P on the level ground at a distance 300 metres h1
from the foot of the tower. The heightof the
tower is
1) 100 metres 2) 200 metres
3) 250 metres 4) 300 metres
KEY h2
5. h3
01) 1 02) 1 03) 2 04) 2 05) 3 06) 2
07) 3 08) 1 09) 3 10) 2 11) 1 12) 4
13) 3 14) 3 15) 2
SOLUTIONS
R R
1. The difference in altitudes of sun = 150 Since h cot similerly h cot
1 2
3600 24H there fore for a lapse of 150
time taken = 1 Hr R
and h cot where ‘R’ is the circumradius
1 50 1
2. Tan , Tan 3
,
3 100 2 since cot , cot , cot are in A.P
h 50
Tan apply Tan 1 1 1
100 , ,
1 3 3 2 h1 h2 h3 are in A.P and h1 , h2 , h3 are in H.P
3. Cot Cot , Cot 1
5 5 5 5
1 1 3
d 6. α = Tan , β = Tan
As in standard model (1) h 12 4
cot cot
4. d
d = 240. Height of tower h =
P
cot cot
h
1 10
A 7. Tan 0.5 .........(1) , Tan ........(2)
2 d
a 30
Tan , Apply Tan formula
d
8.
B D C
A
Let ABC be the triangular park, AP be the pole
at A,D be the midpoint of BC, Let each side of
the equalilateral triangle ABC be ‘a’ then
100 100
a 2 3a 2 y
AD =AB BD =a =
2 2 2 2
4 4
P
3
AD= a C
2 B D
and since AP = h and ADP we have y 2 AD 2 1002 BD 2 10000 x 2
49
D
cot 1 (3.2) , cos ec 1 (2.6)
3h/4
cot (3.2) & cos ec (2.6)
C
y
cot y h cot (3.2)h 12. h/4
h
x A B
cot x h cot
h
3 h
Tan 1 , Tan
5 4x
x h 2.6 1 2.4h
2
h
tan
x
x 2 y 2 1002 h 2 2.4 h 2 3.2 1002
2 2
tan tan 4 x tan
4 tan
h 2 16 1002 h 25 1 tan tan x
13. Let BC be the declivity and BA be the tower.
C Using sine rule in ABC ,
h BC AB
we have
B sin 75 0
sin 300
A
9. 3h 0
75
P A
300 C
1 3h 4h
tan ; tan , tan 2h
7 2 2 750 0
15
tan tan B
2h , find ‘h’
80sin 300 40 2 2
1 tan tan
AB
sin 750
3 1
40 6 2
B B
a
30
o E
O o P
30
10. a
14.
A
W A d C 2d D
OP
cos ec30
d 2d cot d cot 2d cot
0
, OP = 2a
OB
2
600 x 3cot cot 2 tan
11. Tan30
0
d 2 tan 3cot cot
x
x d tan 30 600 (1) 15. Tan ; Tan 1
300
x x 1
tan150
, x d tan150 (2) 300 5 1; x 200 mt
d
x
from (1) and (2) find ‘d’ 1
1500
50
6. An obsercver finds that the angular eleva-
EXERCISE - III tion of a tower is . On advancing a metres
1. AB is a vertical pole, The end A is on the towards the tower the elevation is 450 and
level ground. C is the mid point of AB. P is an advancing ‘b’ metres nearer the eleva-
the point on the level ground. The portion tion is 900- then the height of the tower in
CB subtends an angle at P. If AP = [Link] metres is
then tan = ab ab 2ab 2ab
1) 2) 3) 4)
n n ab a b ab a b
1) 2 2) 2 1
n 1 2n 1
7. A vertical pole subtends an angle tan-1 2
n n
3) 4) at a point P on the ground. The angle sub-
n2 1 2n 2 1
tended by the upper half the pole at p is
2. A ladder rests against wall at an angle to
the horizontal. Its foot is pulled away from 1 1 2 2
1)tan -1
2) tan 3)tan 3
-1 -1
4)tan 9 -1
the wall through a distance ‘a’ so that it 4 8
slides a distance ‘b’ down the wall making
8. A tower MPQ surmounted by a spiral QR
an angle with the horizontal, then tan stands on a horizontal plane. At the extrem-
ity ‘A’ of a horizontal line AM it is found
( ) = that MP and QR subtend equal angles. if
2
MP = 3 m ,PQ = 28 m and QR = 5 m then
1) b/a 2) a/b 3) 2/ab 4) 2a/b
MA =
3. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower
standing on a horizontal plane from the two 1) 36 93 2) 18 93
points lying on a line passing through the
foot of the tower at distances a and b re- 3) 34 36 4) 34 93
spectively are complementary angles. if the 9. The length of the shadow of vertical pole of
line joining the two points sutends an angle height h, thrown by the sun’s rays at three
at the top of the tower, then sin is different movements are h,2h,3h. The sum
ab a b ba a of the angles of elevation of rays at these
1) 2) 3) 4) three moments is equal to
a b ab ab b
4. A flag staff of the height (a-b) stands on the
top of a tower subtends the same angle at 1) 2) 3) 4)
2 3 4 6
the point on the horizontal plane through
10. A vertical tower stands on a triangular field
the foot of the tower which are at distant a
. Angle of elevation of the top of the tower
and b from the tower. The height of the
tower is from each of the vertex is . If the length of
1)b 2)a+b 3)a 4)a-b the sides of the field are 30 m, 50 m and 70
m. The height of the tower is
5. The angle of elevation of a cloud from a
point h meters above a lake is . The angle 70
of depression of its reflection in a lake is 450. 1) 70 3 tan 2) tan
3
The height of the cloud is
1)h tan (45+ ) 2)h cot (45+ ) 50
3) tan 4) 75 3 tan
3)h tan (45- ) 4)h tan 3
51
11. The angle of elevation of a top of a tower from 16. PQ is a vertical tower, P is the foot, Q the top
a point A due south of it is tan –1 (6) and that of the tower, A, B, C are three points in the
from B due to west of it is tan–1 (7.5). If h is horizontal plane through P. The angles of el-
the height of the tower and AB = h then evation of Q from A, B, C are equal and each
is equal to . The sides of the triangle ABC
2 are a, b, c and the area of the triangle ABC is
21 42 41 52 , the height of the tower is
1) 2) 3) 4)
700 1300 900 1100 1) abc tan / 4 2) abc cot / 4
12. The angular elevation of a tower OP at a
3) abc sin / 4 4) abc tan / 2
point A due south of it is 600 and at a point B
due to west of A, the evaluation is 300. If AB 17. Two ships leave a port at the same time. One
= 3 m , the height of the tower is goes 24 Km per hour in the direction N 450
E and other travels 32 Km per hour in the
3 3 3 6 direction S 750 E. The distance between the
1) 2 3m ` 2) 2 6m 3) m 4) m ships at the end of 3 hours is _______Km
2 4
1) 86.4 2)96.4 3)66.8 4)98.4
13. A lamp post is sittuated at the middle point
18. On one side of a road of width ‘d’ meters
M of the side AC of a triangular plot ABC
there is a point of observation P at a height
with BC = 7 m CA = 8 m and AB = 9 m. ‘h’ meters from ground. If a tree on the
Lamp post subtends an angle 150 at the point other side of the road, makes a right angle
B. The height of the lamp post is at P, height of the tree in meters is
1) 7(2 + 3 ) m 2)7(2 – 3)m h2 d 2 h2 d 2
1) 2)
3)14(2 – 3 ) m 4)14(2 + 3 ) m h h
14. A tower ABCD stands on a level ground with
d 2 h2 2d 2 h 2
foot A. At a point P on the ground the por- 3) 4)
h h
tion AB,AC and AD subtends angles , ,
respectively. If AB=a, AC = b, AD= c, KEY
01) 2 02) 2 03) 2 04) 1 05) 1 06) 2
AP = x and =1800 then (a+b+c) x2=
07) 4 08) 2 09) 1 10) 2 11) 3 12) 4
1) abc 2) a + b + c 13) 2 14) 1 15) 2 16) 1 17) 1 18) 2
3) a + b – c 4) a - b - c
15. A pole is slightly inclined towords the east. SOLUTIONS
At two points due west of it at distance ‘a’ B
and b, the angles of elevation of the top of
the pole are and respectively. The in-
x
clination of the pole to the horizon is C
1 ab 1.
1) Tan
b cot a cot
A nx P
1 ba Let AB x AP n. AB nx
2) Tan b cot a cot
x 1 x 1
tan ; tan
2nx 2n nx n
a b
3) cos 1 tan tan
b cot a cot
tan tan
1 ab
4) sin 1 tan tan ; simplify
b cot a cot
52
D E
b
h (a-b)
Q
B
2.
x h
4. h
A y L a P A C D
Length of ladder LD PQ h b
a
Let AQ x, AL y, LP a and QD b
BCE BDE B, C , D, E are concyclic
b x y
from ALD ; sin , cos [Link] [Link]
h h
h a b b a b h b
x ya
from A P Q ; sin , cos 5. As in standard model (4):
h h
d h, , 450
cos cos a a
tan height of cloud
sin sin b 2 b
tan tan
B d h tan 450
tan tan
E
h
3.
90- h
C D b A 6.
a
h h
tan , tan 90 cot 90- 450
b a D x C b B a A
Height of tower DE h mtrs.
h2
tan cot 1 h ab Let CD x mtrs.
ab
h
tan
a b x a b x h cot
ab a ....(1)
Thus tan
b b h
tan 450 b x h ....(2)
90 2 900 b x
h
cos 2 cos 900 sin tan 90 cot ....(3) x h tan
x
1 tan 2 from (1) and (2) a h h cot
sin cos 2
1 tan
2
from (2) and (3) b h h tan
a h ah h2 h2
b h h b
1 b a b
ah ah
1 a a b ab
b ab bh ah h
ab
53
B
h B
2
C
h
7. h
2 9.
A x P A C D E
Height of the pole AB h h
2h
1 h 1 3h
Let APB given tan B is top of tower AB of height h mtrs.
2 x 2
lengths of shadows are h, 2h and 3h when sun
h 1
CPA tan altitude is , ,
2x 4
h
tan tan 1 from ABC , tan 1
h 4
1 tan tan 2 h 1 1
from ABD, tan tan 1
2 tan 2 tan 1 tan tan 2h 2 2
h 1 1 1
1 1 2 from ABE , tan tan
2 tan 1 tan tan 3h 3 3
2 4 9
1 1
23
R tan 1
5 4 1 1 . 1
2 3
Q
tan 1 1
28 4 2
T
8. A
P
3
A x M c = 70 b = 50
Let MAP QAR and QAM 10.
36 P
Let AM x from AMR , tan
x B a = 30 C
3 31 In ABC , a BC 30 mtrs.
tan , tan
x x b CA 50 mtrs. C AB 70 mtrs.
tan tan 30 50 70
tan s 75
1 tan tan 2
3 31 s s a s b s c
36
x x x 2 18 93
x 1 3 31 75 45 25 5 25 15
2 2
3 375 3
x x
angle of elevation of top of tower T from each
vertex
54
So, tower is at circumcentre f triangle A
BP h cot circum radius 4
T
abc 30 50 70 70 h
4 4 375 3 3 c=9 M
13. 150 4
70 1 70
height of tower h tan mts.
3 cot 3 B C
a=7
T Let M be foot of the tower MT of height h mtrs.
h BC a 7 mtrs., AC b 8 mtrs.,
AB c 9 mtrs.
P A
BM
BM h cot150 h
cot150
11.
2 a2 c2 b2
2
2 3
B
Height of the tower PT h mtrs 2 49 81 64
angle of elevation at A tan 1 6
h
2
2 3
h h D
tan 6 AP
AP 6
angle of elevatin at B tan 1 7.5 C
15 h 2h
tan BP 14. B
2 BP 15 a
h 2
4h 2
AB h 2 h 2 A x P
36 225
AB a, AC b, AD c, AP x mtrs.
N
a b c
tan , tan , tan
P x x x
h 180 tan tan tan
W E a b c abc
tan tan tan 3
30
0
x x x x
12. O 60
0
abc
B a b c , a b c x 2 abc
3 A x2
B
S
h
OA h cot 600 , h
3
OB h cot 300 3h
15.
h2 M
OB 2 OA2 AB 2 3h 2 9 Q P A x
3 a
b
27 3 3 3 6 x
h2 , h cot ....(1)
8 2 2 4 h
55
a x
cot a x h cot ....(2) JEE MAIN , EAMCET QUESTIONS
h
bx 1. A tower stands at the center of a circular park.
cot b x h cot ....(3)
h A and B are two points on the boundary of
(2) b - (3) a the park such that AB a subtends an angle
b a x h b cot a cot of 600 at the foot of the tower, and the angle
ba h of elevation of the top of the tower from A or
tan B is 300 . The height of the tower is (JEE
b cot a cot x
MAIN 2007)
16. AP BP CP h cot 2a a
P is circumcentre of ABC . 1) 2) 2a 3 3) 4) a 3
3 3
Q 2. The angle of elevation of the top of a vertical
A h tower from a point A, due east of it is 450 .
The angle of elevation of the top of the same
C
P tower from a point B, due south of A is 300 .
If the distance between A and B is 54 2 m,
B then the height of the tower (in metres), is :
abc (JEE MAIN 2016)
AP BP CP R
4 (1) 36 3 (2) 54 (3) 54 3 (4) 108
abc tan 3. Let a vertical tower AB has its end A on the
h
4 level ground let C be be the midpoint of AB
N and P be a point on the ground such that
s1
AP 2 AB . If BPC then tan is equal
to (JEE M AIN-2017)
0
45
W E
O
0
15
17. 75 0
s2 1 2 4 6
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 9 9 7
S 4. A man on the top of a vertical tower
s1s2 os1 os2 2 os1 os2 cos 600
2 2 2
observes a car moving at a uniform speed
towards the tower on a horizontal road. If
72 96 72 96
2 2
it takes 18 min, for the angle of depression
72 96 72 96 , find s1s2
2 2
of the car to change from 300 to 450 ; then
C after this , the time taken (in min) by the car
to reach the foot of the tower , is:
(x-h)
1) 9 1 3
2)18 1 3
x
18.
P
D
3)18 3 1 9
2
4)
3 1
h h
5. If the angle of elevation of a cloud from a
A B
d point P which is 25 m above a lake be 300
from APB, PB h d 2 2 2
and the angle of depression of reflection of
from PDC , PC 2 x h d 2
2 the cloud in the lake from P be 600, then the
height of the cloud ( in meters) from the sur-
from PBC , BC 2 PB 2 PC 2 face of the lake is:(MAINS-2019)
1) 45 2) 42 3) 50 4) 60
x2 h2 d 2 x h d 2
2
56
6. A man is walking towards a vertical pillar in a
straight path, at a uniform speed. At a cer- 11. AB is a vertical pole, The end A is on the level
tain point ‘A’ on the path, he observes that ground. C is the mid point of AB. P is the point
the angle of elevation of the top of the pillar on the level ground. The portion CB subtends
is 300 . After walking 10 minutes from A in an angle at P. If AP = [Link] then tan =
the same direction, at a point B, he observes (JEE MAINS-2017)
that the angle of elevation of the top of the n n n n
1) 2 2) 2 3) 2 4) 2
pillar is 600 . Then the time taken (in min- n 1 2n 1 n 1 2n 1
utes) by him, from ‘B’ to reach the pillar is___ 12. AB is vertical pole with B at ground level
and A at the top. A man finds that the angle of
(1) 10 (2) 20 (3) 5 (4) 6 elevation of the point A from a certain point
7. If the angles of elevation of the top of a tower C on the gr ound is 600. He moves away from
from three collinear points A, B and C on a the pole along the line BC to a point D such
that CD = 7 m . From D the angle of elevation
line leading to the foot of the tower, are
of the point A is 450 then the height of the pole
300 , 450 & 600 respectively, then the ratio is (MAIN-2008)
AB : BC is_____ 1)
7 3
2
3 1 2)
7 3
2
3 1
(1) 3 :1 (2) 3 : 2 3) 1: 3 (4) 2 : 3
7 3 7 3
8. ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD 3) 2 3 1 4) 2 3 1
are parallel and BC CD . If ADB ,
BC p and CD q , then AB is equal to 13. Let 10 vertical poles standing at equal
distances on a straight line, subtend the same
p 2
q 2 sin p 2 q 2 cos angle of elevation at a point O on this line
1) 2) p cos q sin
p cos q sin and all the poles are on the same side of O.
If the height of the longest pole is ‘h’ and the
p2 q2 p 2
q 2 sin
distance of the foot of the smallest pole from
3) 4)
p sin q cos
p cos q sin O is ‘a’; then the distance between two
9. PQ is a vertical tower, P is the foot, Q the top consecutive poles, is : (JEE MAIN- 2016)
of the tower, A, B, C are three points in the h sin a cos h cos a sin
horizontal plane through P. The angles of (1) (2)
elevation of Q from A, B, C are equal and 9 sin 9 cos
each is equal to . The sides of the triangle h cos a sin h sin a cos
ABC are a, b, c and the area of the triangle (3) (4)
9sin 9 cos
ABC is , the height of the tower is 14. An aeroplane flying at a constant speed
1) abc tan / 4 2) abc cot / 4 parallel to the horizontal ground, 3 km
above it, is observed at an elevation of 600
3) abc sin / 4
4) abc tan / 2
from a point on the ground. If, after five
10. Consider a triangular plot ABC with sides seconds, its elevation from the same point,
AB= 7 m, BC= 5m and CA =6m. A vertical is 300 , then the speed(in km / hr) of the
lamp-post at the mid point D of AC subtends aeroplane, is: (JEE MAINS-2018)
an angle 300 at B. The height (in m) of the 1) 1500 2) 1440 3) 750 4)720
lamp-post is:(MAINS-2019)
3 2
1) 2 21 2) 21 3) 7 3 4) 21
2 3
57
15. A tower T 1 of height 60 m is located exactly SOLUTIONS
opposite to a tower T2 of height 80 m on a 1. OAB is equilateral.
straight road. From the top of T1 , if the
angle of depression of the foot of T2 is twice
the angle of elevation of the top of T2, then
the width (in m ) of the road between the T
feet of the towers T1 and T2 is: (MAINS- O
2018)
a a
1) 10 2 2) 10 3 3) 20 3 4) 20 2 30°
16. PQR is a triangular park with PQ=PR=200m.
A T.V. tower stands at the mid-point of QR. If B a A
the angles of elevation of the top of the tower
at P,Q and R are respectively 450 , 300 and OA OB AB a
300 , then the height of the tower (in m) is( h a
MAINS-2018) tan 300 h
a 3
1) 50 2 2) 100 3) 50 4) 100 3
17. A bird is perched on the top of a tree 20 mts P
high and its elevation from the point on the
ground is 450. It flies off horizontally straight
away from the observer and in one second h
the elevation of the bird is reduced to 300. 2.
The speed of the bird is -----
(JEE MAINS-2014)
O
KEY
0
45
0
30
01) 3 02) 2 03) 2 04) 1 05) 3
B A
06) 3 07)10.00 08) 1 09) 1 10) 4
h h
11) 2 12)1 13) 3 14) 2 15) 3 Tan 450 , Tan30
0
oA oB
16) 2 17)14.64
OA2 AB 2 OB 2
54 2 h 2 54 h 54
2 2 2
h2 h 3
h
2
3.
h
2
P
A 2h
1
From APC ; tan
4
58
1 D
from APB ; tan
2
1
tan
4 1 h
1 2 8 tan 4 tan
1 tan 2
4
9 tan 2 300 600
4. Let length of tower h 6. A dm B x C
d 3
AC ' AB h AC AB cot 300 3h h d sin 60 0
2
CC '
3 1 h
x h cot 60 0
d 3
d
2 2
Time taken by car to C to C ' 18
for d: Time taken = 10 mts
So, time taken by car to reach the foot of the for d/2 : time taken = 5 mts
18
tower
3 1
min 9 3 1 min E
7.
0 0
30
0
45 60
A B C D
5. AB h cot300 cot 450 h 3 1
8. BD p 2 q 2 , ABD BDC
DAB
h 50
x 3h tan 60
0
3x h 5 3 3h h 50
p
h 25 tan ,
q ABD
59
AB BD BD
1 2 2 2
sin sin sin Median mB= 2a 2c b 28
2
BD sin BD 2 sin h 1 28 2 21
AB tan 300 h cm
sin BD sin BD 3 3 3
BD 2 sin B
BD sin cos BD cos sin
p 2
q 2 sin x
q sin p cos C
11.
9. AP BP CP h cot
P is circumcentre of ABC . A nx P
Q Let AB x AP n. AB nx
A h
x 1 x 1
tan ; tan
2nx 2n nx n
C
P tan tan
tan tan 1 tan tan ;
simplify
B
A
abc
AP BP CP R
4
abc tan
h h
4
12.
60° 45°
10.
B C 7 D
d 7 mtrs, 45, 60
d
height of the pole h
cot cot
7
1 7 3
1
3 3 1
60
2
Therefore, 2=5 v v kms 1
B 5
2
3600kmh 1 2 720 1440 kmh 1
13. h 5
O
a d d d d d d d d A
d
h
Tan
a 9d
15.
Sin h
Cos a 9d
asin 9d sin h cos Now, ADE
DE 20 60
tan , tan 2
h cos a sin AE x x
d
9 sin 2 tan 60
3
14. From given data we draw the figure below (1 tan ) tan 20
2
2 1
1 tan 2 tan 2
3 3
1
tan
3
Therefore,
20
tan x 20 cot 20 3
x
16. Let ST=h(height of tower)
Height of plane is DE=BC= 3
3
tan 600 AE 1
AE
Now In ACB
3 ST
tan 300 AB 3 PT=ST=h tan 300
AB QT
Distance travelled by plane in 5 seconds is : QT h 3 Now PT 2 QT 2 2002
CD=CE=3-1=2km 4h 2 200 2 h 100
61
B M
20m
20m
17.
45°
30°
O D N
Let the bird flight at B, the top of the tree BD,
and ‘O’ be the observer. Then BOD 450 and
BD = 20 mts. Now the bird flying horizontally
reaches M in 1 second.
MON 300 where MN perpendicular to ON
Now BD = MN = 20 mts. From ΔBOD ,
BD 20
Tan450 OD 20 mts from
OD OD
MN 20
MON , Tan30
0
ON 20 DN
DN 20 3 1
= 20(0.732) = 14.64 mts = BM
Speed of bird = Distance/Time = 14.64 m/s
******
62
HYPEBOLIC FUNCTIONS
SYNOPSIS Hyperbolic Identities :
If x is any real number then (i) cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1, x
x x 2 x3 xn (ii) sech 2 x tanh 2 x 1, x
e 1 ... .... is called
x
1 2 3 n (iii) coth 2 x cos ec h 2 x 1, x 0
the exponential series . Properties of Hyperbolic Functions :
x x 2 x3 n x
n
(i) sin h ( x) = -sin h x
e x 1 ........... 1 .... .
1 2 3 n (ii) cosh ( x) = cosh x
The function e x can be written as (iii) tanh ( x) = -tanh x
e x e x e x e x (iv) coth ( x) = -coth x
e
x
for all x ;
2 2 (v) sech ( x) = sech x
(vi) cosech ( x) = -cosech x
e x e x
(i) sinh x
2 (i) sinh x y sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y
x x3 x5
.... , x (ii) cos h x y cos h x cos h y sin h x sin h y
1 3 5
tanh x tanh y
(iii) tanh x y
e e
x x
1 tanh x tanh y
(ii) cosh x
2 coth x coth y 1
(iv) coth x y
x2
x 4
coth y coth x
1 ..... , x
2 4 2 tanh x
(i) sinh 2 x 2sinh x cosh x
sinh x 1 tanh 2 x
(iii) tanh x
cosh x x
,
1 tanh 2 x
(ii) cosh 2 x cosh x sinh x
2 2
1 1 tanh 2 x
(iv) sec hx
cosh x x
,
2 tanh x
(iii) tanh 2 x
1 1 tanh 2 x
(v) cos echx , x 0
sinh x 1 tanh x
(iv) sinh 2 x cosh 2 x
cosh x 1 tanh x
(vi) coth x , x 0
sinh x (i) sinh3 x =3sinh x+4sinh3 x
Hyperbolic functions are not circular functions (ii) cosh3 x = 4cosh3 x - 3 cosh x
and hence are not meant to use trigonometric 3 tanh x tanh 3 x
identities. (iii) tanh 3 x
1 3 tanh 2 x
1
sin h ( x y ) sin h ( x y ) sin h 2 x sin h 2 y Similarly we have
cos h ( x y ) cos h ( x y ) cos h 2 x sin h 2 y
1 x 1
iv) coth-1( x ) = log for x 1
2 x 1
(cos h x sin h x)n (cos h (nx) sin h (nx)) enx
1 1 x2
(cosh x sin h x)n (cosh(nx) sin h (nx)) enx
v) sech-1( x ) log e x
for x (0,1]
n
1 tanh x
cosh 2nx + sinh 2nx =
1 tanh x 1 1 x2
vi) cosech ( x ) = e
-1 log for x 0
cosh x, sech x are even functions. x
sinh x, cosech x, tanh x and coth x are odd
functions. 1 1 x 2
None of the six hyperbolic functions are = log e for x < 0
x
periodic.
sinh x, tanh x ,coth x and cosech x are one - Domain and Range of inverse
one functions but cosh x and sech x are not Hyperbolic Functions:
one one functions as Function Domain Range
cosh x cosh x and sec h x sec h x Sinh-1 x R R
Cosh-1 x [1, ) [0, )
for all x
Tanh-1 x (-1,1) R
sinhx + coshx, sinhx - coshx are bijective
Coth-1 x R 1,1 R - {0}
functions
Domain and range of hyperbolic Sech-1 x (0,1] [0, )
functions : Cosech-1 x R - {0} R - {0}
Function
Sinh x
Domain
R
Range
R
sinh-1( x ) = co sh 1 x2 1
Cosh x R [1, ) 1
cos ech 1
x
Tanh x R 1,1
x
Coth x R - {0} R-[-1,1] tanh 1
1 x
2
Cosech x R - {0} R - {0}
Sech x R (0,1]
Since hyperbolic functions are defined in terms
cosh 1 x sinh 1 x2 1
of exponential functions. Therefore Inverse
1 1 x2 1
hyperbolic functions can be expressed in terms sec h 1 tanh
x x
of logarithmic functions.
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions in Euler’s Formula :
Terms of Logarithmic Functions: eix cos x i sin x x R
i) sinh x log e x x 1 x
-1 2
e ix cos x i sin x x R
Hyperbolic Functions Using Euler’s
ii) cosh (x)= log e x x 1 forx 1
-1 2
Formula :
sinh (i x ) = i sin x
1 1 x cosh (i x ) = cos x
iii) tanh-1(x) = log for x 1,1 tanh (i x ) = i tan x
2 1 x
2
coth (i x ) = -i cot x
cosech (i x ) = -i cosec x
sech (i x ) = sec x
EXERCISE - I
sin ix i sinh x , cos ix cosh x 1. sinh 3 -cosh 3 =
tan ix i tanh x
1) e 3 2) e 3 3) e3 4) e3
cot ix i coth x , sec ix sec hx
cosh x sinh x
n
cos ecix i cosec h x 2.
sinh 1 x i sin 1 ix 1) cos h n x - sin h n x 2) 2cos h n x
3) 2sinhn x 4) cos h n x + sin h n x
cosh 1 x i cos 1 x
tanh 1 x i tan 1 ix 3
3. If sinh x = then sinh 2x =
Eg 1: 4
sinh x 3 / 4 then cosh x 5 15 7 17
Sol: cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1 cosh 2 x 1 sinh 2 x 1) 2) 3) 4)
8 8 8 8
9 5 3
1 cosh x 4. If tanh x = then sinh (2 x ) =
16 4 5
Eg 2:
15 15 18 17
tanh x 3 / 5 then cosh 2x 1)
8
2)
17
3)
17
4)
8
1 tanh 2 x 34 17 5. cosh 4 x sinh 4 x =
Sol: cosh 2 x
1 tanh 2 x 16 8
1) cosh x 2) cosh2 x 3) sinh x 4) sinh2 x
Eg 3:
5
tanh x 1 then tanh 3x 6. If cosh x = then cosh 3x =
2 4
3 tanh x tanh 3 x 13 61 63 61 65
Sol: tanh 3x 1) 2) 3) 4)
1 3 tanh 2
x 14 16 16 63 16
Eg 4: 7. The domain of cos ech x is
Show that f x cosh x is an even 1) , 2) , 0 0,
function
3) 0, 4) , 0
ex e
x
ex ex
Sol:
f x cosh
x f x 8. The range of coth x is
2 2
Eg 5: 1) , 1 , 1, 2) 1,1
If sinh x 3 . Then x = .... 3) , 4) , 1
Sol: sinh x 3 x sinh 3 log 3 3 1
1 2
9. sinh 1 2
= log 3 10
1) log e 2 5
2) log e 2 7
Eg 6:
If cosh x 3 then x = ..... 3) log 3 10
e 4) log 5 26
e
Sol: cosh x 3x cosh 3 log 3 3 1 log 3 8
1 2
10. cosh-1 1=
3
1) 2
2) 3 3) log e 1 2 4) 0
1) secθ 2) cosecθ 3) sinθ 4) cosθ
20. sinh ix =
-1 1
11. tanh = 1) isinx 2) sin ix 3) -isinx 4) isin(ix)
2
1 1 KEY
1) log e 3 2) log e 2 01) 2 02) 1 03) 2 04) 1 05) 2 06) 4
2 2
07) 2 08) 1 09) 1 10) 4 11) 1 12) 2
3) log e 3 4) log e 5
13) 2 14) 3 15) 4 16) 3 17) 3 18) 1
-1 1
19) 1 20) 1
12. tanh +coth 4 =
-1
4 SOLUTIONS
1 5 5
1) log e 2) log e 1. Given x log e tan
2 3 3 4 2
3) log e 5 4) log e 3
1 tan 2
e tan
x
4 2 1 tan
-1 1
13. sech = 2
2
1 tan
1) log e 2 1 2) log e 2 1 e x
1 tan
2
2
3) log e 3 1 4) log 3 1
e Now
1 1
14. 2 Tanh = e x e x 1 1 tan 2 1 tan 2
2 cos hx
2 2 1 tan 1 tan
2 2
1) 0 2) log e 2 3) log e 3 4) log e 4
2 2
15. If sinh x log e 5 26 then x =
1
1 1 tan 2 1 tan 2
2 1 tan 2 / 2
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4)5
1 y
16. If x tanh y then log e
1
1 2 1 tan / 2
2
1 y sec
(EAM-1998) 2 1 tan 2 / 2
1) x 2) 4 x 3) 2 x 4) 3 x
n
17. If cosh k log e 3 2 2 then k
1 e x e x e x e x
cos h x sin h x
n
2 2
1)1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
2. e x e x e x e x
e
sinh 1 cot x n
18. e =
2
1) cot +cosec 2) cot cos ec
3) secθ-tanθ 4) secθ+tanθ e nx
e nx e nx e nx enx
π θ cos hx sin h nx e nx
19. If x=loge tan + then coshx= 2
4 2
4
3
3. Given sin h x
4
1
2
5
3 3
log e log e 5 log e 5
3
we know cos h 2 x sin h 2 x 1
1
1 1 x2
cos h x 1 sin h x
2 2
13. sech x log x
9 25
cos h 2 x 1
16 16 1 1
14. 2 Tanh log 3
5 2
cos hx
4 1
15. sinh x log 5 5 1
2
sin h 2 x 2sin h x cos hx
x 5
3 5 15
2 16. x Tanh 1 y
4 4 8
3 2 tanh x 1 1 y
4. Tanh x sinh 2 x x log
5 1 tanh 2 x 2 1 y
5. cosh 4 x sinh 4 x cosh 2 x
6. cosh 3 x 4 cosh x 3cosh x
3
17. cosh k log k k 1
1 2
cot 2 1
7. The domain of cosechx is , 0 0, 18. elog cot
8. The range of cothx is , 1 1, =cotθ+cosecθ
1 Tan / 2
9. We know sin h x log e x 1 x
1 2
19. e
x
1 Tan / 2 cosh x sec
20. Sinh ix =isinx
sin h 1 2 log e 2 1 4
log e 2 5 EXERCISE - II
10. cosh-1 1=log 1=0
1. cosh2x+sinh2x=
1 1 x
1
11. We know tan h x log 1 tanh x 1 tanh x
2 1 x
1) 1 tanh x 2)
1 tanh x
1 1
1 1 2 tanh x 1 1 tanh x
tan h 1 log
2 2 1 1 3) 4)
2 tanh x 1 tanh x 1
1 cosh 2 1
log e 3 2. The value of
sinh 2
is equal to
2
1) cosh 2) tanh 3) cos ech 4) sech
1
1 1
1
4 1
3. If tanh 2 x cos then cosh 2 x
tan h cot h 4 log
1 1 4
12. log
4 2 1 1 4 1
4
5
2 2 x
1) tan 2) cot y log e tan then cosx. coshy =
2 2 4 2
2 2
1) 0 2) -1 3) 1 4) 2
3) sec 4) sin
2 2 11. sinh cosh 1 x
2 x 1
4. If cosh x sec then tanh 1) 2)
2 x 1
2
x2 1
2 2 1
1) tan 2) cot 3) x 2 1 4)
2 2 x2 1
3) tan 4) cot
2 2
12. log e x 1 x 2 x , x 2 is equal to
2
2 2
5.
tanh x
tanh x
1) sinh 1 x 1 2) cosh 1 x 1
sech x 1 sech x 1
1) cos echx 2) 2cosechx 3) sinh 1 x 1 4) cosh 1 x 1
3) -cosechx4) -2cosechx KEY
cosh x sinh x 01) 1 02) 2 03) 2 04) 1 05) 4
6. 1 tanh x 1 coth x
06) 4 07) 4 08) 1 09) 2 10) 3
11) 3 12) 2
1) sinh x coth x
SOLUTIONS
2) tanh x coth x
3) tanh x coth x 1. cosh 2 x sinh 2 x
4) sinh x cosh x 1 Tanh 2 x 2 Tanh x
1 Tanh x 1 Tanh 2 x
2
7. If sin x sinh y cos and cosh 2 1
2. Tanh
sinh 2
cos x cosh y sin then cosh2 y cos2 x
1) -1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2 1 Tanh 2 x
3. cosh 2 x
1 Tanh 2 x
k 1 k 2 1 4. Given cos h x sec
2
8. sec h 3 log e then k
1
k
1 tan h 2 x
cos h x 2
= We know x
1) 2 2) 3 3) 5 4) 6 1 tan h 2
2
9. If sinx coshy = cos , cos x sinh y sin
1 tan h 2 x
then sinh 2 y sec
1 tan h 2 x
1) cosh 2 x 2) cos 2 x 3) cosh 3 x 4) sinh 2 x
10. If x is an acute angle and x x
sec c sec tan h 2 1 tan h 2
2 2
6
x
1 sec
sec c 1 tan h 2
2
EXERCISE - III
x 1 cos 2sin 2 e5
tan h2 tan 2 1. 2 sinh 2 sinh 3 sinh 5 5
2 1 cos 2 cos 2
2 e 1
tan hx tan hx tan hx sec h x 1 sec hx 1 a be 2 ce3 de5 then a+c+b+d=
5.
sec x 1 sec h x 1 sec h 2 x 1 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
tan hx 2 sec hx 2. sinh 1 x cosh 1 x y then sinh y
2 cos ec hx
tan h 2 x
1) x 2 x 4 1 2) x 2 x 4 1
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 3) x 2 x 4 1 4) x 2 x 4 1
6.
cosh x sinh x sinh x cosh x
3. sinh 1 2 2 cosh 1 then
7. sin 2 x sinh 2 y cos 2 x cosh 2 y 1 1) 2 2 4 2) 2 2 4
1 cos 2 x 1 cosh 2 y cos 2 x cosh 2 y 1 3) 2 2 4 4) 2 2
ke x ekx
4. If sinh x cosh x
3 3
8. then k =
1 k
1 1 x2
sech 1 x log 1) -1 2) 0 3) -3 4) 2
x
x x
9. Given sin x cos hy cos 5. If tan coth 1 then cos x cosh x
2 2
cos x sin hy sin 1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) -1
Squaring and adding
2 1 1
6. sec h tanh cos ec h coth 3
2 1
sin 2 x cos h 2 y cos 2 x sin h 2 y cos 2 sin 2 2
1 cos x cos h
2 2
y cos 2 x cos h 2 1 1 35 43 35 43
1) 2) 3) 4)
cos h y cos x cos h y cos x cos h y cos x 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
9 4 4 9
cos h 2 y 1 cos 2 x a ib
7. The value of tan i log is
sin h 2 y cos 2 x a ib
ab ab 2ab 2ab
x 1) 2 2) 2 2 3) 2 2 4) 2
1 Tan a b
2
a b a b a b2
ey 2
10. x
1 Tan
2 8. sin h1 2
3
2
11. Sinh cosh-1 x = x 2 -1
1) log e 2 18
2) log e 3 8
12. log x 1 x 1 1 cosh 1 x 1 3) log 3 8
2
4 ) log e 8 27
e
7
KEY 1
1 Tanh 2 Tanh 1 coth 2 coth 1 3 1
01) 4 02) 1 03) 3 04) 3 05) 1 06) 3 2
07) 3 08) 2
7. By using the formula Tan ix i Tanh x
HINTS
1. 2
e 2 e 2 e 3 e 3 e 5 e 5 e 5
e5 1
8. sin h 1 2 log 2
3
3
23 1
2
log e 8 3
e e e 1
2 3 5
a=1,b=1,c=1,d=1
2. sinh 1 x cosh 1 x y
y log x x 2 1 x x 2 1
ey x x 1 x
2
x2 1
3. log 2 4 1 2 log 1
2 2
2
2 4 2 1 2 1
after simplification 2 2 4
4. sinh 3 x-cosh 3 x=
sinhx-coshx cosh 2 x+sinh 2 x+coshxsinhx
x x
5. Tan Tanh
2 2
x
1 Tan
2
cos x cosh x 2 cosh x
x
1 Tan 2
2
= [Link]
2 1 1
cos ech coth 3
2 1
6. sech Tanh
2
8
EAMCET QUESTIONS 7. If cosh = sec cos , sin h = cosec
sin , then sin h 2 = (TS EAM-2018)
1) sin cos 2) cos 2
1 3) sin 2 4) sin cos
1. tanh 1 coth 1 3 (AP EAM-2018)
2 3 5
1) log 6 2) log 6 3) log 6 4) –log 6 8. If sinh x and cosh y , then x + y =
4 3
2. If sec cosh y cosec x and cosec sinh y = (TS EAM-2018)
1) log2 2) log6 3) log3 4) log5
sec x, then sinh 2 y (AP EAM-2018)
2
1) cos x 2) cos x 3) sin 2 x 4) sin x
1
9. coth 3 tanh
1 1
3
cosech 1 3 =
(TS EAM-2018)
3. If x log e cot and ,
2
4 4 4
then consider the following statements 1) log e 2) log e 2 3
3
I. cosh x = sec 2 II. sin h x = –tan 2
(AP EAM-2018) 3) 0 4) log e 3 3
1) I is true and II is false 1 2
2) I is false and II is true
1 1
10. sin h 2 cos h 2 tanh coth 1 2
3
3) Both I and II are true
4) Both I and II are false 4 2 3 2 5 15
1) log 15
2 1 1
cosech cot h 3 =
2 1
4. sec h tanh 4 3 5 15
2
(AP EAM-2018) 2) log 15
35 3 25 35
1)
9
2)
2
3)
4
4)
4 3) log
2 3 2 5 5
1 3
1 1
5. If x , sinh x cosech x
2
4) log
2 3 2 5 3
(AP EAM-2018) 5
73 5 3 5 11. The solution of the equation
1) log e 2) log e
2 2 2 cosh 2 x 10sinh 2 x 5 is(TS EAM-2019)
3) log e
5 1 2 3
1 3
1) log
1
2) log
4
2
2 5 2 3
1 5 1 5
3) log 4) log
4) log e
5 1 2 3
2 4 2 3
2 12. If sinh
1
8 sinh
1
24 , then
sinh (TS EAM-2019)
14 1) 6 6 10 2 2) 6 6 10 2
6. If cos h x , sinh x = cos and
3
3) 16 6 4) 16 6 4 2
, then sin =(TS EAM-2018) x y
2 13. If y log e tan then tan h
1 2 1 2 4 2 2
1) 2) 3) 4) x x
3 3 3 3 1) cot 2)tan x 3) cot h x 4) tan
2 2
9
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
SYNOPSIS Domains and Ranges of Inverse
Inverse of a function : trigonometric functions:
Function Domain Range
f : A B is bijective f 1 : B A exists Sin 1
x 1,1
2 , 2
and it is also bijective. All trigonometric
functions are not bijective functions. By Cos 1 x 1,1 0,
restricting the domains of the functions,we Tan x 1 R
2 ,2
make them bijective
Cot 1 x R 0,
1
( , 1] [1, )
The function f : , 1,1 defined
Sec x
0, 2 2 ,
2 2
Co sec1 x ( , 1] [1, )
2 , 0 0, 2
by f x sin x is a bijection.
Then f 1 : 1,1 , is also a
2 2 Graphs of inverse circular functions :
bijection. This function is called inverse sine
function and it is denoted by Arc sine x or 1. y = Sin 1 x, | x | 1, y 2 ,
2
S in 1 x
The function f : 0, 1,1 defined by
f x cos x is a bijection.
Then f 1 : 1,1 0, is also a bijection.
This function is called inverse cosine function
and it is denoted by Arc cos x or C os1 x 2. y = Cos 1 x , | x | 1, y [0, ]
The function f : , R defined by
2 2
f x tan x is a bijection.
Then f 1 : R , is also a bijection.
2 2
This function is called inverse tangent
function and it is denoted by Arc tan x or
Tan 1 x
1
Properties of inverse trigonometric
3. y = Tan 1 x , x R, y 2 ,
2 functions:
1 1
i) Sin x C os ec , x 1,1 , x 0
1
x
1 1
1
ii) Cos x Sec , x 1,1 , x 0
x
1 1
C ot x , x 0
iii) Tan x
1
C ot 1 1 , x 0
x
Some useful periodic graphs :
4. y = Cot 1 x , x R, y (0 , )
3
x, 2 x
2
x,
x
2 2
1. y Sin sin x
1
x, 3
x
2 2
3 5
2 x, x
2 2
y is Periodic with period 2and y ,
2 2
5. y = Sec 1 x,x 1, y 0 , 2 2 ,
x, x 0
x, 0 x
y Cos 1 cos x
2. 2 x, x 2
6. y=Cosec1x,x1,
y , 0 0 , 2 x, 2 x 3
2 2
y is periodic with period 2 and y 0,
2
3
x , 2 x
2 x, x 0, ,
2 2
x,
x 3 3
6. y Sec sec x 2 x, x , ,2
1
3. y Tan 1 tan x 2 2
x , 3 2 2
x
2 2 and so on
3 5
x 2 , x
2 2
y is periodic with period 2 and y 0,
y is periodic with period and y ,
2 2
Some useful non-periodic graphs :
4. y = Cot1(Cot x) = x, x(0,) and so on. 1. y = Sin(Sin 1 x) = x, x[ 1 , 1], y[ 1 , 1]
y is periodic with period and y 0,
1
-1
0 1
-1
2. y = Cos(Cos 1x) = x, x [ 1 , 1], y[ 1 , 1]
x, x ,0 0, 1
2 2
3 -1
5. y Co sec cos ecx x, x , ,
1
2 2 0 1
and so on
-1
3. y = Tan (Tan–1x) = x, x R, y R
y is periodic with period 2and y ,
2 2
3
4. y = Cot (Cot–1x) = x, x R, y R
iii) 0, then Tan cot
1
iv) , then Cot 1 tan
2 2 2
v) , 0 0, then
2 2
5. y cos ec cos ec1 x x , | x | 1, | y | 1,
Sec 1 cos ec
2
1
vi) 0, , then
-1 2 2
0 1
Co sec 1 sec
2
-1
6. y = Sec(Sec–1x) = x, | x | 1, | y | 1
Cos 1 1 x 2 if 0 x 1
i) S in 1 x Cos 1 1 x 2 if 1 x 0
1
450 x
Tan 1 if x 1,1
-1 1 x2
0 1
-1 S in 1 1 x 2
1
if x 0,1
ii) C os x
S in 1 1 x 2 if x 1, 0
Important Results :
i) S in -1 -x = -Sin -1 x , x 1,1
1 x
S in for x 0
ii) C o s -1
-x = π -C os -1
x , x 1,1 1 1 x2
iii) T an x 1
iii) T a n -1 -x = -T a n -1 x , x R C os 1 for x 0
1 x2
iv) Cosec -1 - x =-Cosec -1 x , x R 1,1
v) C o t -1 -x = π -C o t -1 x , x R 1 1
i) S in x C os x , x [-1,1]
2
vi) Sec -1 -x =π-Sec -1 x , x (, 1] 1, )
ii) T an 1 x C ot 1 x / 2 , x R
i) 0, then Sin cos
1
2
iii)
ii) , then Cos sin
1
2 2 2 S ec1 x C os ec1x , x(, 1] 1, )
2
4
(ii) T an 1 x1 T an 1 x 2 ......T an 1 x n
Sin1 x 1 y2 y 1 x2
S S S ....
T an 1 1 3 5
0 x, y , x y 1 or
2 2
1 S2 S4 S6 ....
1 x, y 1, xy 0 and x2 y2 1
where S1 = sum of values , S 2 = sum of product
Sin1x Sin1 y Sin1 x 1 y 2 y 1 x2
of taken two elements at a time and so on..,
if 0 x, y 1 and x2 y2 1 S n = product of values.
Sin1 x 1 y2 y 1 x2
Transformation of Inverse functions
by elementry substitution and their
if -1 x,y<0 and x2 y 2 1 graphs :
2 Tan 1 x x 1
2x
1
Sin1 x 1 y2 y 1 x2 i) Sin–1 = 2Tan x 1 x 1
1 x2 2Tan 1 x
x 1
0 x, y 1 and x2 y2 1 or
1 x, y 1, xy 0 and x2 y2 1
Sin x Sin y Sin1 x 1 y2 y 1 x2
1 1
if 0 x 1, 1 y 1and x2 y2 1
Sin1 x 1 y2 y 1 x2 2 Tan 1 x x 0
1 x2
if 0<y 1,-1 x<0 and x2 y2 1 ii) Cos –1
= 1
1 x2 2 Tan x x 0
C os1 xy 1 x2 1 y2
if 1 x, y 1and x y 0
C os1 x C os1 y
2 C os1 xy 1 x2 1 y 2
if 1 x, y 1and x y 0
2 Tan 1 x x 1
C os1 xy 1 x2 1 y2
iii) Tan–1
2x
=
1
2 Tan x 1 x 1
if 1 x, y 1, x y 1 x2
1 1 2 Tan x
1
x 1
C os x C os y
C os1 xy 1 x2 1 y2
if 1 y 0,0 x 1and x y
(i) If x, y , z have same sign and
xy yz zx 1 then
x y z xyz
Tan 1 x Tan 1 y Tan 1 z Tan 1
1 xy yz zx
5
i)
3Sin1x if 1 x 1/ 2
1
Sin 2 x 1 x if 1 x 2
2 1
Sin1 3x 4x3 3Sin 1x
3Sin1x
if 1/ 2 x 1/2 i) 2Sin1 x Sin1 2 x 1 x 2 if
1
2
x
1
2
if 1/ 2 x 1
1
Sin 2x 1 x
2 1
if
2
x 1
C os 1 2 x 2 1 if 0 x 1
ii) 2C os x
1
2 C os 2 x 1
1 2
if 1 x 0
-3/2 -½
½ 3/2 iii)
1 2x
Tan 1 x 2 if 1 x 1
3cos1 x 2 if 1 x 1/2
2x
ii) Cos1 4x3 3x 2 3Cos 1 x if 1/2 x 1/ 2 ; 2Tan 1 x Tan 1 2
if x 1
1 x
3C os1 x if 1/2 x 1
1 2x
Tan 2
if x 1
1 x
1 2x
Sin 1 x 2 if x 1
1 1 2x
iv) 2Tan x Sin 2
if 1 x 1
1 x
1 2x
Sin 2
if x 1
-3/2 -½ ½ 3/2 1 x
1 1 1 1 x
2
1
3Tan x if - x C os if x 0
3 3 1 x2
v) 2 T an x
1
3x x3
1 C os 1 1 x if 0 x
2
iii) Tan1 2
3Tan1 x if x 2
1 3x
3 1 x
1
3Tan x if x
1
Some important facts :
3
1) Tan 1 x Tan 1 y Tan 1 z , if xy yz zx 1
2
2) Tan 1 x Tan 1 y Tan 1 z ,
/2
if x y z xyz (EAM-2014)
-3 -1/3 1/3 3 1 a b
3) Tan Tan1 ,then x ab
x x 2
-/2 1 a b
4) Sin Sin1 , then x a 2 b 2
x x 2
6
1 p 1 q p
5) Tan Tan ii) a 2 x2 , put x a tan , ,
q q p 4 2 2
1 1 x 1 iii) x 2 a 2 , put x a sec , 0,
6) T an tan x if x 1
1 x 4 Range of some special inverse
1 1 x 1
Trigonometric Functions :
7) T an tan x if x 1
1 x 4 3 7 3
Sin 1 x Cos 1 x
3 3
i)
1 1 32 8
8) If Tan x Tan y then xy=1.
2 2 5 2
Sin 1 x Cos1 x
2 2
ii)
1 1 8 4
9) Cot x Cot y then xy=1
2 2 3 2
Cos 1 x Sin 1 x
2 2
10) If Cos1 x Cos1 y Cos1 z 3 iii)
4 4
then xy yx zx 3
1 3
1 1
EXAMPLES
11) If Sin x Sin y Sin z
2 1 1 1
1. Cos 1 2Sin 1 3Cos 1
then xy yx zx 3 2 2 2
12) If Sin1 xSin1 y then Cos1 xCos1 y
4Tan 1 1 (EAM-2009)
13) If Cos1 x Cos1 y then Sin1 x Sin1 y
1 1 1 1 1 1
14) If aSin 1 x bC os 1 x c then Sol: Cos 2Sin 3Cos
2 2 2
ab c a b
a Sin1 x b Cos1 x 1 1
a b 4Tan1 1 Cos 2
2 6
1 x 1 y
15) If Cos Cos then 1
4Tan 1
a b 3 Cos 1 1
2
x 2 2 xy y2
cos Sin2
a 2
ab b 2
3 4
x y 3 3 4 4
16) If Sin
1
Sin 1 then
a b 3 43
3
x2
2 xy y 2
3 4 12
2
cos 2 Sin 2
a ab b 2:
1 1 1 1 The value of x , where x 0 and
17) Tan 1 x( x 1) Tan 1 ( x 1)( x 2) ....
1
Tan Sec 1 Sin Tan 1 2 is (EAM-2007)
1 x
Tan1 Tan xn Tan x,nN
1 1
1 xn1 xn 1 1
Sin Tan 2
1
If an expression contains Sol: Tan Sec
x
i) a 2 x 2 , put x a sin , ,
2 2
7
1 x2 2 4 1
Tan Tan 1 Sin Sin 1
Sin 1 2Tan 1 (EAM-05)
x 1 2
2 5 3
1 4 1
x Sol: Sin 2Tan 1
T a n x Sin
1 1
5 3
1 x
2
1
1 x2 2 2 2Tan1x
5 1 x 2 4 x 2 1 4 1 3
x 5 Sin Tan 2 x
5 1 2 Tan1 2
1 3 1 x
5 5
x2 x
9 3
4 3
3: Sin 1 Tan 1
5 4
1
If x 1 then
2 4 4 1
Sin 1 Cos 1 Tan 1 x Cos 1
x 1 5 5 1 x
2
Cos 1 3 3x 2 Cos 1 x is equal to
2 2
Sin x Cos x 2
1 1
(EAM-2012)
2
1 x 1 1
Sol: Cos x Cos 2 2 3 3x
2
6:
The set of values of x such that
1 3 Sin1 x Cos1 x 0 aree
Cos 1 x Cos 1 x . 1 x 2
2 2 1
Sol: Sin 1 x Cos1 x 0 Sin x
1 1 4
Cos 1 x Cos 1 Cos 1 x Cos 1 =
2 2 3 1
x ,1 as x 1
4: 2
1 15 2 7:
The value of Cot Co sec 3 Tan 3
The sum to the n terms of the series
(AIE-2008)
Co sec 1 10 Co sec1 50 Co sec 1 70 .....
1 5 1 2 1 3 1 2
Sol:Cot Co sec 3 Tan 3 Cot Sin Tan
5 3 ... Co sec1 n 2
1 n2 2n 2 is
3 2 x Sol: Let y Co sec 1 n 2
1 n 2 2 n 2
Cot Tan1 Tan1 Sin x Tan
1 1
4 3 1 x2
Co sec 2 y n 2 1 n 2 1 2n 1
3 2 17 n 2 1 2n n 2 1 n 2 1
2
Cot Tan1 4 3 Cot Tan1 12
1 3 2 1 n2 n 1 1
2
4 3 2
cot 2 y n 2 n 1
2
cos ec 2 cot 2 1
17 17 6
cot cot 1 cot tan 1 n 1 n
6 6 17 1
Tany
n n 1 1 n 1 n
2
5:
8
n 1 n Now Tan 2 6 Tan6 Tan 6
y Tan 1
1 n 1 n Tan1 Tan 6 Tan 1 Tan 2 6 2 6
y Tan1 n 1 Tan 1n
Thus sum of n terms of the given series EXERCISE - I
y Tan 1 2 Tan 11 Tan 1 3 Tan 1 2
1 2x 1
Tan 1
4 Tan 1 3 ...... Tan 1 n 1 Tan 1n 1. The domain of Sin
3
is
1. (-2, 1] 2. [-2, 1] 3. R 4. [-1, 1]
Tan 1 n 1 Tan 11 Tan n 1
1
4
8: 2. The domain of Sin 1 x Cos 1 x is
Sin 1 sin 5 1) , 2) [ 1,1] 3) 0, 2 4) ,
Sol: Here 5 rad , Clearly it does not lie between
3. The range of Tan 1 x is
and . But 2 5 and 5 2 both lies
2 2
1) R 2) 0, 3) 0, 4) ,
2 2
between and .
2 2 1 2
4. The principal value of Sin Sin is
Sin 5 2 Sin 2 5 Sin 2 5 Sin5 3
Sin 1 Sin5 Sin1 Sin 5 2 5 2 2 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 3 3 3
9:
5
Cos 1 cos10 is equal to....
1
5. The principal value of Sin (Tan( )) is
4
Sol: We know that Cos 1 cos if 0
1) 2) 3) 4)
Here 10 rad , clearly, it does not lie between 4 4 2 2
0 and . But 4 10 lies between 0 and 1 7
6. The principal value of Cos cos is
Cos 1 cos10 Cos 1 cos 4 10 4 10 6
10: 7 5 5 13
1) 2) 3) 4)
Tan1 Tan 6 is equal to..... 6 3 6 6
3
1
7. Sin ( ) Tan 1 ( 3) is
Sol: We know that Tan Tan if1
2
2 2
Here 6 rad , does not lie between 2
1) 2) 3) 4) 0
3 3 6
and
2 2 -1 13 -1 2
8. cot Sin - sin Tan =
17 3
But 2 6 lies between and
2 2
9
2 2 2 x2 x3 x4 x6
1) - 2) 0 3) 4) 18. I f Sin-1(x- + -…)+Cos-1(x2- + -...)
13 13 3 13 2 4 2 4
9. sec2(cot-1 ½ ) + cosec2(tan-1 1/3) =
1) 5 2) 10 3) 15 4) 50 = for 0 x 2 then x =
1 4 7
10. Find the value of Sin Sin Sin 1 1) 1/2 2) 1 3) - 1/2 4) -1
5 25
1 a 1 b
119 117 118 113 19. Tan ( ) Tan ( ) then x
x x 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
125 125 125 125
1) ab 2) ab 3) a 2 b 2 4) a 2 b2
11. Tan (2) + Tan (3) =
-1 -1
3a 2 x - x 3 x
3 5 20. If Tan-1 ( 2 )=k Tan a then k =
-1
1) - 2) 3) 4) 3
a - 3ax
4 4 4 4
1) 2 2) 3 3) - 2 4) 4
m mn
12. Tan ( ) Tan 1 (
1
)
n mn x2 - 1
2x
21. If Tan ( 2 ) + Cos 2
-1
= then x = -1
3 x -1 x +1 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 3 4 4 1) 2 - 3 2) 3 - 2 3)2 + 4) + 2
3
1 1 x-1 x+1
13. 2 Tan-1 + Tan-1 = 22. If Tan-1 ( ) + Tan-1 ( )= then x=
3 7 x-2 x+2 4
3
1) 2) 3) 4) 1) 2) ± 3) ± 4)
2 4 4 2 2 3 3
1 1
14. The numerical value of tan 2 T an 5 4 is 2
23. A value of Tan 1 sin C os 1 is
3
7 7
1) 1 2) 0 3) 4)
17 17
1) 2) 3) 4)
1 3 4 2 3 6
15. sec [Tan 5 + Tan -1 -1
- Tan -1
]=
5 4 24. The equation 2Cos1 x Cos 1 2 x 2 1 is sat-
1) 3/ 5 2) 5 / 3 3) 4 / 5 4) isfied by
2
1) 1 x 1 2) 0 x 1
12 13 3) x 1 4) x 1
16. If Sin-1( ) + Sec-1 ( ) = then x =
13 x 2
1 2
1) 12 2) 13 3) 11 4) 5 25. Sin x 1 x x 1 x
3 4 1) sin 1 x sin 1 x 2) sin 1 x sin 1 x
17. If Sin-1( ) + Sin-1( ) = then x =
x x 2 3) sin 1 x sin 1 x 4) 0
(EAM-2008)
n
n n
1) 6 2) 7 3) 8 4) 5
26. If n N, Sin xk
1
2
then xk =
k 1 k 1
10
k (k 1) n(n 1) 1 7 5 5
1) n 2) k 3) 4) 6. Cos [Cos( )] Cos1[cos(2 )]
2 2 6 6 6
n 3 2
n
7. Sin 1 ( ) Tan 1 ( 3)
27. If Cos 1
xr 0 , then xr equals to 2 3 3 3
r 1 r 1
1 13 1 2
n( n 1) n 8. cot sin sin tan
1) 0 2) n 3) 4) 17 3
2 2
2y 13
28. If Tan-1x,Tan-1y, Tan-1z are in A.P. then = Let sin 1 A
1-y2 17
x - z x + z
1) 2) 3) x + z 4) xz 13
1 + xz 1 - xz sin A
29. If Tan 1 a, Tan 1 b and ab=-1 , then 17
is equal to : 2
cot A
13
1) 0 2) 3) 4)
4 2
1 2 2
Let tan B tan B
3 1 3 3
30. If sin 1 sin 1 and
2 3
3 1 2
cos 1 cos 1 then sin B
2 3 13
1) 2)
Now cot A sin B 0
3) 4) 2
KEY
01) 2 02) 2 03) 4 04) 2 05) 4 06) 3 9. sec2 tan 1 2 cos ec 2 cot 1 3
07) 2 08) 2 09) 3 10) 2 11) 3 12) 3
1 tan 2 tan 1 2 1 cot 2 cot 1 3
13) 3 14) 4 15) 2 16) 1 17) 4 18) 2
19) 2 20) 2 21) 1 22) 2 23) 4 24) 2 1 4 7
25) 2 26) 1 27) 2 28) 2 29) 3 30) 3 10. sin sin sin 1
5 25
SOLUTIONS
We know
2x 1
1. Sin 1 x domain [-1, 1] 1
3
1
sin 1 x sin 1 y sin 1 x 1 y 2 1 x 2 y
2. Domain =[-1, 1]
4 49 16 7
3. Range of Tan-1x=( , ) sin (sin 1 1 1
2 2
5 625 25 25
1 2 1
4. Sin ( Sin Sin [ Sin( )] 4 24 3 7 96 21 117
3 3
5 25 5 25 125 125
1 5 1
5. Sin [Tan ] Sin ( 1)
4
1 1 1 x y
11. Tan x Tan y Tan ( ),
1 xy
11
x>0,y>0 xy>1 formula
5
1 x y
1 1 1 12 1
12. Apply Tan x Tan y Tan ( ), formula tan tan
1 xy
5
1 1
21
1 1 1 1
13. 2 tan tan
3 7 5 12 7
1 1 2 x
12 5 17
we know 2 tan x tan 2
1 x 1 1 1 3
15. see tan 5 tan tan 1
2. 1 5 4
tan 1 3 tan 1 1
1 1
7 3 3
9 see tan 1 cosec tan 1
2 4 4
2 3
1 Let tan 1 A
tan 3 tan 1
1
4
8 7
9
3
3 1 3
tan 1 tan 1 tan A
4 7 4
3 1 5
47 cosec A
1
tan 3
1 3 . 1 1 1 1
4 7 16. Sec x Cos
1 1
and Sin x Cos x
x 2
21 4 1 a b
17. Apply Sin Sin1 then x a 2 b 2
x x 2
tan 1 28 tan 1 1
28 3 4 2
18. Put x x x(x 1) 0 x 0 (or) 1
28
1 1 a x
21 19. Apply Tan x Cot x x ab
1 1 1 5 2 x b
14. tan 2 tan 5 4 tan tan 1 1 tan 1
1
25
1 3a x x
2 3
x
20. Given tan 3 2
k tan 1
1 1 2k a 3ax a
2 tan x tan (
1 x2
1 x
put x a tan tan
2 a
tan tan 1
5 tan 1
1
24 3a3 tan a 3 tan 3
25 1 x
tan 1 K tan
a 3a tan
3 3 2
a
5
tan tan 1 tan 1 1
12 3 tan tan 3 1 x
tan 1 K tan
1 3 tan
2
a
12
x
tan 1 tan 3 K tan 1
x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2 1
a x 2 x 2 x 1 x 1
x x2 x 2 x2 x 2 x2 4 x2 1
3 K tan 1
a 2 x 2 4 3
x x 2x2 1
3 tan 1 k tan 1
a a 1
x2 1 x
k 3 2 2
2 1 1
1 x 1
1 1
)] Tan 1 ( )
2
2x
1 23. Tan [ Sin( Sin
21. Given tan 2 cos 2 3 3 6
x 1 x 1 3
24. Given equation satisfied for 0 x 1
put x tan
25. Sin1[x 1 x x 1 x2 ] Sin1[x 1 x x 1 x2 ]
2
tan 1 x
2 tan 1 tan 1 2
2
= Sin 1 x Sin 1 x
tan 1 cos
tan 1 tan 1 3
2 2
26. Put x1 x2 x3 ........ 1
2
tan 1 tan 2 cos 1 cos 2 n
3 xk 1 1 1 ........ 1(n time) n
k 1
2
tan tan 2 cos cos 2
1 1
3 27. Cos 1x1 Cos 1x2 ......... Cos 1xn 0
2 x1 x2 ............. xn 1
2 2
3 n
2 xr n
4 r 1
3
28. 2Tan 1 y Tan 1 x Tan 1 z
4
3
2y x z
Tan 1 ( ) Tan 1 ( )
1 y 2
1 xz
12
Tan Tan a b
29. Tan ( )
1
tan x 1 Tan Tan 1 1
12
x tan 2 3 2
12
1 x 1 1 x 1 30. Given
22. tan tan
x2 x2 4
x 1 x 1
tan 1 x 2 x 2
1 x 1 . x 1 4
x2 x2
13
Sol:- Given expression
3 1 3 1
sin 1
sin 1 , cos 1 cos 1 2 2 2
2 3 2 3 tan 1 2 tan 1 tan 1 tan 1
9 25 49
3 1 3 1 General term
sin 1 sin 1 cos 1 cos 1
2 3 2 3
2 2 2
2n 1
2
4n 4n 1 1 4n n 1
2
2 2
1 1 2n 2n 2
Also sin 1 sin 1 1 2n 2n 2
3 3 3 2
As sin is increasing in 0, 2 2n 2n 2
Tn tan 1 tan 2 n tan 2n 2
1 1
1 2 n 2 n 2
Sum of the series
3 6 2
tan 1 2 tan 1 0 tan 1 4 tan 1 2
2 tan 1 6 tan 1 4 tan 1 2n tan 1 2n 2
tan 1 2n tan 1 0
tan 1 2n
* For x , ,If
2
7
cos 1 1 cos 2 x sin 2 x 48cos 2 x sin x
2
EXERCISE - II
x cos1 k cos x then k is 1. Range of Sin1 x Cos 1 x is
1)1 2)5 3)7 4)14 3 5
Key:- 3 1) [ , ] 2) [ , ]
2 2 3 3
Sol:- Let
3
7 3) [ , ] 4) [0, ]
y cos 1 cos 2 x 1 49 cos 2 x sin 2 x
1
2
2
2. Range of f ( x) Sin 1 x Tan 1 x Sec1 x is
y cos 1 7 cos x cos x 1 7 cos x
2
1 cos x
2
3 3
1) , 2) ,
y cos 1 cos x cos 1 7 cos x 4 4 4 4
x cos1 7 cos x 3
3) , 4) ,
4 4 2 2
k 7 3. Range of Sin–1x + Cos–1x + Tan–1x is
* The value of the expression
1 9 25 3 3
1) , 2) (0, ] 3) , 4) [0, ]
cot 1
2
cot 1 cot 1
2 2
upto n 4 4 4 4
term 4. The domain of Sin–1 [log2(x2/2)] is
1) [–2, –1] 2) [1, 2]
1) tan 1 2n 2) tan
1
2n 1
3) [–2, –1] [1, 2] 4) 2, 0
3) tan 1 n 4) tan 1 2 n tan 1 1
Key:- 1
14
1
5. The ascending order of A Sin log3 ,
2
12. 6Sin 1 ( x 2 6 x 8.5) , then x =
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 0
1
B Cos 1 log 3 , C Tan 1 log1/3 2 is 8
2 13. I f Tan -1 (x+1) + Tan-1(x -1) = Tan-1 then x =
31
1) C,B,A 2) B,A,C 3) C, A,B 4) B,C,A 1) 1 2) 1/2 3) -1/2 4) 1/4
6. The decreasing order of ,
1 1 a 1 1 a
1 3 1 1
14. Tan C os Tan C os
A Sin 1 B Cos , 4 2 b 4 2 b
2 2 2
1) b/a 2) a/b 3) 2a/b 4) 2b/a
3 1 b
C Tan 1 is 15. Tan[Tan-1( )+Tan-1( )]=
2 2 a+b a2 + ab + 1
1)B,A,C 2)B,C,A 3)C,A,B 4)C,B,A 1) a 2) 1/a 3) b 4) 1/b
10 35 16. In a ABC , If C is a right angle then
1 1
7. Cos cos Sin sin a b
7 11 Tan 1 ( ) Tan 1 ( )
bc ca
24 1 26
Tan 1 tan Cot cot is 5
13 5 1) 2) 3) 4)
3 4 6 2
4 2 4 2
1) 2)
7 55 13 7 55 13 x + 1 x - 1
17. If Tan-1( ) + Tan-1 (
)
4 2 4 2 x - 1 x
3) 4) = + Tan-1 (-7) then x = (Eamcet-
7 55 13 7 55 13
2008 )
1) 2 2) -2 3) 1
8. I f Sin-1(6x) + Sin-1(6 3 x) = - then the value
2 4) no solution
of x is (Eamcet- 2017 ) 18. The number of real solutions of
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4) Tan-1 ( x(x + 1) + Sin-1 (x 2 + x + 1) =
is
12 12 4 3 4 3
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4)
19. The number of solutions of the equation
9. If Tan-1(2x) + Tan-1(3x) = then x =
4
2 Sin 1 x 5Sin 1 x 2 0 is
2
1) 1/2 2) 1/4 3) 1/6 4) 6
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
1 - x2 1 - x2 2
10. If Cot ( -1
) + Cos ( -1
)= ; 1
2x 1 + x2 3 20. If < x < 1 then
x > 0 ; x 1 then x = 2
1 1 1 1 x 1 x2
Cos 1 x Cos 1
1) 2) ± 3)± 4) 2
2 2 3 3
1 1 2
2) 2Cos 1 x 3)
1
11. If Tan Tan 1 Tan 1 2 then x = 1) 2Cos 1 x 4) 0
1 2x 4x 1 x 4 4
2 21. Let a,b,c be a positive real numbers
1) 1 2) 0 3) -3 4)
3
15
a ( a b c) b(a b c) 1 1 11
Tan 1 Tan 1 27. The equation 2 Cos x Sin x has
bc ca 6
1) No solution 2) One solution
c (a b c ) 3) Two solutions 3) Three solutions
Tan 1 then tan
ab 28. If Cos 1 x Sin 1 x , then x belongs to the
1) 0 2) 3 3) 1 4) 4 interval
1 , where
1) ( , 0) 2) ( 1, 0)
1
1 1 1
22. If sin cos sin tan x 1 1
[] denotes the greatest integer function, 3) [0, ) 4) [1, )
2 2
then x 29. The least integral value of x for which
1) [tan sin cos1, tan sin cos sin1] Tan 1 x Cot 1 x is
2) (tan sin cos1, tan sin cos sin1) 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
3) [ 1, 1] 30. If x (3 - x) 2 then
Sin-1 (x) + Sin-1 (x2) + …...... + Sin-1 (x10) =
4) [sin cos tan1, sin cos sin tan1]
1 1
23. If Cot x Cos x 0 where x is non- 1) 2) 2 3) 5 4)10
2
negative real number and denotes the 1 1
31. If Cos x Cos y and
2
greatest integer function, then complete set
of values of x is Tan 1 x Tan 1 y 0 then x 2 xy y 2
1) (cos1, 1] 2) (cos1, cot1) 1 1 3
1) 0 2) 3) 4)
3) (cot1 1] 4) (0, cos1) 2 2 2
24. If 2 Tan
1
2 1 ,
32. If 0 x 1 , then
1 x 2 x cos(cot 1 x ) sin(cot 1 x 1
2
1 1
3Sin 1 1
Sin ( 2 ) and
2 x
1) 2) x
1 1 1 x2
Cos then (Eamcet-2019 )
3
3) x 1 x 2 4) 1 x 2
1) 2)
3) 4) 1 1 1 3
33. If Sin x Sin y Sin z then
2
25. The value of ' a ' for which
ax2 Sin1( x2 2x 2) Cos1( x2 2x 2) 0 x 201 y 201 x 402 y 402
( x 603 y 603
)(
x804 y804
) (Eamcet-
has a real solution, is
2017 )
2 2
1) 2) 3) 4) 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
2 2
1 1
26. For the equation Cos 1x Cos1 2 x 0 34. Tan-1 1 + (1) (2) + Tan-1 1 + (2 ) (3 ) +
the number of real solution is
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
16
1 x2 y2
……………+Tan-1 1 n 1 n = then
a2 b2
1 n 1 1 3 5
1) 0 2) 3) 4) Tan 1) 1 2) 3) 4)
4 2 n 1 4 4 4
n
41. If ' a ' is twice the tangent of the arithmetic
2m
35. Tan1 m4 m2 2 mean of Sin 1 x and Cos1 x , ' b ' is the geo-
m1
metric mean of tan x and cot x . Then
Tan 1 n n
2
Tan 1 n n
2
x 2 ax b 0 x
1)
n 2 n 2 2)
n 2 n 2
1) 2 2) 3 3) 1 4) 0
KEY
1 n n 2
2
3) Tan 2 4) 01) 1 02) 3 03) 3 04) 3 05) 3 06) 2
n n 4
07) 1 08) 2 09) 3 10) 4 11) 2 12) 2
1 1 1 13) 4 14) 4 15) 2 16) 2 17) 1 18) 3
36. If Tan x Tan y Tan z and
2 19) 2 20) 3 21) 1 22) 1 23) 3 24) 2
( x y ) 2 ( y z ) 2 ( z x ) 2 0 then 25) 4 26) 1 27) 1 28) 4 29) 2 30) 3
31) 4 32) 3 33) 4 34) 4 35) 1 36) 3
x2 y 2 z 2
37) 2 38) 3 39) 1 40) 4 41) 3
1) 0 2) 4 3) 1 4) 2
37. If , , are the roots of the equation SOLUTIONS
x 3 mx 2 3 x m 0 , then the general value 1 1
1. Let y Sin x Cos x 2Cos 1 x
of Tan1 Tan1 Tan1 is 2
3
n 0 Cos 1 x y
1) 2n 1 2) n 3) 2 2
2 2
4) dependent upon the value of m 2. Common domain = 1,1
38. If log 2x 0 then range = f 1 , f 1
2x 3. Domain of Sin 1 x Cos 1 x Tan 1 x is [-1,1]
log 1 {Sin 1 2
2Tan 1 x} (Eamcet-
1 x 1 1
Range is [ Tan (1), Tan (1)]
2016) 2 2
log 1 (4Tan 1 x) (
x2
) x2
1
1) 2) 0 3) -1 4) -2 4. 1 log2 2
1 2 2 1 x2 4
2
39. The value of Sin 1 (sin12) Sin 1 (cos12) 5. 0 A 900 , B 900 , C 0
1) 0 2) 24 2 3) 4 24 4) 8 6. A 0, B 900 , 0 C 900
1 x y 5
40. If Cos Cos 1 and 10
a b 12 7. cos–1cos 7 =
x y 4
Sin 1 Sin 1 10 4
a b 12 cos–1cos 2 7 = cos–1cos =
7 7
17
35 13
x2 6x
17 1
solve the equation.
sin–1 sin = sin–1sin 2 + It has
11 11 2 2
two values.
13 2
sin–1sin = sin–1sin 13. Apply Tan1 x Tan 1 y formula
11 11
1 a a
2 2 14. Put Cos 1 Cos 2
= sin sin =
–1
2 b b
11 11
2
2 4 2 Apply Tan( ) Tan( )
tan–1 tan = tan–1 tan 2 = 4 4 Cos2
13 13
1 1 1 a b a
2 2 15. Tan[Tan ( a b ) Tan (1 a b a )]
tan–1 tan = ]
13 13
1
26 1 Tan[Tan1 ( ) Tan1 (a b) Tan1a]
1
cot cot cot cot 5 = ab
5 5 5
1 1
8. Apply sin–1x + sin–1y formula = Tan[ Tan (a)]
2 a
9. Apply Tan1 x Tan 1 y formula
16. Applying Tan1 x Tan 1 y formula and
10. Put x Tan
substitude c 2 a 2 b 2
1 1 1 1 2 17. By verification x=2 satisfied
11. Given tan tan 1 tan 2
1 2x 4x 1 x 18. x(x+1) 0 and x² + x + 1 0
1
1 But sin
1
x domain [0, 1]
2
tan 1 1 2 x 4 x 1 tan 1 2 x(x+1) = 0 x = 0 or –1
1 1 1 x 19. Put sin–1x = a
1 2x 4x 1
1 1 1 1
4x 1 1 2x 2 20. Cos x Cos ( x. 1 x2 )
2 2 2
1 2 x 4 x 1 1 x 1 1 1
= Cos x Cos ( ) Cos 1 x
3x 1 1 2 4
2
8x 6 x x
2
x x
21. use Tan1x Tan1y Tan1z Tan1
3x3 x 2 8 x 2 6 x 1 xy
3x3 7 x 2 6 x 0
(or) Put a=b=c=1 verify option
x 3x 2 7 x 6 0
1 1 1 1
x0 22. 1 Sin Cos Sin Tan x
2
1 2 17
12. 6sin x 6 x Sin1 Cos 1Sin 1Tan 1 x 1
2
CosSin1 Sin 1Tan1 x Cos1
17 SinCosSin1 Tan1 x SinCos1
sin 1 x 2 6 x
2 6
TanSinCosSin1 x TanSinCos1
23. 0 Cot 1 x and 0 Cos 1 x
18
Cot 1 x and Cos 1 x 1 n
1
x (Cot 1, 1] Cos 1 Cot 1 34. tan 1
tan n tan 1
1 1
n 1 1 n 1 n
7
24. 2Tan ( 2 1) ,
1
, n
2m
4 12
35. tan 1 ( m4 m2 2 )
1 m1
Cos 1 ( )
3 4 n
(m 2 m 1) (m2 m 1)
tan ( 1
)
25. x 2 2 x 2 x 1 1 1 x 1 1 (m 2 m 1)(m 2 m 1)
2
m 1
n
a 0a [tan 1 (m2 m 1) tan 1 ((m2 m 1)]
2 2
m1
1 1
26. We have Cos x Cos 2 x which is
1
not possible as Cos 1 x and Cos 1 2 x never 36. Put x y z
3
take negative values 1 1 1
11 11
x2 y 2 z 2 1
1 1 1
27. Cos x (Cos x Sin x) Cos1x 3 3 3
6 2 6
37. Let Tan1 , Tan 2, Tan 3
4 1
Cos x which is not possible as
3
Tan(1 2 3 ) 1 2 3 n , n z
Cos 1 x [0, ]
38. log x 2 0 1, for
1
28. If 1 x Cos 1 x Sin 1 x 2x
2 x 1, Sin1 ( ) 2Tan1 x
1 x2
1
29. 2 Tan x . 39. Sin1(Sin12) Cos1(Cos12) 12 4 4 12 0
2
1 x y 5
30. Given 3xx2 2x2 3x20x 1(or) 2 40. Cos Cos 1 (1) and
a b 2
At x=2 sine is not defined
y x
So Sin 1 (1) Sin 1 (1) ......... 10 times Cos 1 Cos 1 (2)
b a 2
= ..... 10 times = 5 1 y y 1
2 2 (1)+(2) Cos
b 4 b 2
31. Tan 1 x Tan 1 y 0 x y
x x 3
1 1 1 (1)-(2) Cos 1
Cos x Cos y x a 6 a 2
2 2
x2 y2 5
1 1 x
32. Apply Cot x Cos ( ) and a2 b2 4
1 x2
Sin 1 x Cos 1 x
1 41. a 2Tan( ) 2(1) 2
Cot 1 x Sin 1 ( ) formulas 2
1 x2
b [Link] 1
1 1 3 1
33. Sin x Sin y Sin z x y z 1 x 2 ax b 0 x 2 2 x 1 0 x 1
2
19
8. Cot
1
cos Tan 1
cos x 0, then
EXERCISE - III sin x = (AIE-2002)
1. The value of 2
2) cot 3) tan 4) cot
2
1) tan
2 2 2
Sin1 cosCos1 cos x Sin1 sin x where
9. If y ( Sin1 x)3 (Cos 1 x)3 then
x , is
2 3 3
1) min y 2) min y
8 32
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 3 7 3
3) max y 4) max y
2. Sin–1(sin3) + Cos–1(cos7) – Tan–1(tan5) = 8 32
1) 1 2) 3) 3 1 4) 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 n n 1
10. Sin ( ) Sin ( ) .... Sin1( ) ....
3. The number of solutions of 2 6 n(n 1)
a 2 a3 3
Sin 1 1 b b2 .... Cos1 a ...
3 9 2 1) 2) 3) 4)
2 4 2
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4)
1 1 1 2 1 4
4. If x takes negative permissible value, then 11. Tan Tan Tan ......
3 9 33
Sin 1 x
1) Cos 1 1 x2 2) Cos1 1 x2 1) 2) 3) 4) 2
4 2
3) Cos1 x2 1 4) Cos1 1 x2 c1 x y c c c c
12. Tan1 ( ) Tan1 ( 2 1 ) Tan1 ( 3 2 )
c1 y x 1 c2c1 1 c3c2
1 1 2 x 2 1 x 1
5. Cos x 1 x 2
1 Cos Cos 1 x .... Tan 1 ( )
2 4 2 cn
holds for :
1 2x
1) x 1 2) x R 1) Tan y 2) Tan 1 ( xy )
3) 0 x 1 4) 1 x 0
x 1 y
6. The set of values of x from which the 1
3) Tan y 4) Tan
x
1 1 x 1
identity Cos x Cos 3 3x2
2 2 3 1 1 1 x
13. Value of Sec 2
4Cos1
holds good is 1 2x 2
1 1
1) [0,1] 2) [0, ] 3) [ ,1] 4) {1, 0,1} 1 x2
2 2 1
1) 2Tan 1 x 2) Tan 1 x
7. The number of solutions of the equation
Tan-1(x–1) + Tan-1(x)+Tan–1(x+1)=Tan-1(3x) is
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
20
1 x2
1 1) 2) 3) 0 4)
3) Cot 1 x 4) constant for all x 2 2
21. x n Tan 1 3 is a solution of the
14. The solution set of the equation
10
Tan 1 x Cot 1x Cos1 2 x is : equation 12 tan 2 x 1 0 if
cos x
1) 0,1 2) 1,1 3) 1,3 4) 1,3 1) n is any integer
2) n is an even integer
15. The number of solutions of the equation 3) n is a positive integer
4) n is an odd integer
3 Cos 1 x x 0
2 22. Point P(x, y) satisfying the equation
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) infinitely many
Sin–1x + Cos–1y + Cos–1(2xy) = lies on
16. If the equation 2
1) the bisector of the first and third quadrant
S in 1 x 2 x 1 C o s 1 x 1
2
2) bisector of the second and fourth quadrant.
3) the rectangle formed by the lines x = ± 1
has exactly two solutions, then can have
and y 1 .
the integral value.
4) a unit circle with centre at the origin.
1) 1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
23. The least integral value of k for which
1 n (k – 2)x 2 + 8x + k + 4 > Sin–1(sin 12) +
17. If Cot , n N then the maximum
6 Cos–1(cos 12) for all x R , is
value of ‘n’ is 1) – 7 2) – 5 3) – 3 4) 5
1) 6 2) 7 3) 5 4) 10 3 1
24. cos ec2 Tan 1 +
18. If Cot 1 x 7 Cot 1 x 10 0 , then x 2 2
2
lies in the interval 3 1
sec2 Tan 1
1) cot 5, cot 2 2) , c o t 5 c o t 2 , 2 2
1) ( )( 2 2 ) 2) ( )( 2 2 )
3) , cot 5 4) cot 2,
3) ( )( 2 2 ) 4) 0
19. The value of x for which
25 .
Cos 1 cos 4 3x 2 4 x is
1 2x 1 1 1 y
2
2 6 8 2 6 8 tan sin 1 2
cos 2
1) 0, 2) , 0 2 1 x 2 1 y
3 3
x y 2x
2 6 8 2 6 8 1)0 2)1 3) 4)
3) 2, 2 4) 3
,
3
1 xy 1 x2
20. If is the only real root of the equation
KEY
01) 4 02) 1 03) 4 04) 2 05) 3 06) 3
x 3 bx 2 cx 1 0(b c ) then the value of
07) 3 08) 1 09) 2 10) 2 11) 1 12) 3
1 13) 4 14) 3 15) 2 16) 2 17) 3 18) 4
Tan 1 Tan 1
19) 4 20) 2 21) 4 22) 4 23) 4 24) 3
25) 3
21
SOLUTIONS 1 1 1 x y
Apply tan x tan y tan
1. sin 1 cos x x / 2 1 xy
2. 3 7 2 (5 2 ) = 1 x 1 x 1 3x x
tan 1 1
tan
1 x 1 x 1 1 3x x
3. The given equation is valid if
a2 a3
1 1 b b2 .... 1, and a .... 1,1 2x 2x
3 9
1 x 1 1 3x2
2
a 2 a3
also 1 b b .... a ....
2
x0 1 3x 2 2 x 2
3 9
4x2 1
4. Let sin 1 x y x sin y 1 1
x2 x
4 2
1
since 1 x 0 therefore sin x 0 Number of solutions 3
2
8. cot 1 cos tan 1 cos x
y 0 2 tan 1 cos x
2
2
( y ) cos 1
1 x y cos
2 1
1 x 2
2 cos
tan 1 x
2 1 cos
1
1 2 cos
2 cos
x2
5. C os 1 x 2 1 x2 1 cot 1 cos x cot x
2
4
1 cos
1 cos
x 2 sin x tan 2 / 2
cos 1 x 1 x 2 1 x 1 cos
2 2 9. By standedformula
3 7 3
Sin 1 x Cos 1 x
3 3
1 1 2 x2
For Cos x 1 x 2
1 32 8
2 4
1 n n 1 n n 1
x1 10. Tn Sin Tan 1
Cos cos 1 x n(n 1) 1 n n 1
2
L.H.S > 0, hence R.H.S>0 Tan 1 n Tan 1 n 1
Cos 1
x
2
Cos 1 x 0
S Tan11Tan10 Tan1 2 Tan11 .......Tan1
Since Cos1 x is decreasing function
Tan 1 Tan 1 0
2
x x
x 0 x 0,1 11.
2 2
2n 1 n n 1
1 Tn tan 1 1 2 2
6. by verification x and 1 1 22n 1 tan
2 1 2n.2n 1
7. tan 1 x 1 tan 1 x tan 1 x 1 tan 1 3x tan 1 2 n tan 1 2n 1
tan 1 x 1 tan 1 x 1 tan 1 3x tan 1 x
22
S tan 1 tan 1 1 =
2 4 4
1 n n
17. cot 3 n 3
6
x 1 1 1 n 5.46
y c c c 1
Tan
1 1
Tan 1 2 ...... Tan1
1 Maximum value of ‘n’ is 5.
12. 1 x . 1 1 1 . 1 cn
cot x 7 cot x 10 0
1 2 1
yc c c 18.
1 1 2
cot x 2 cot x 5 0
1 1
1 x 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
Tan Tan Tan Tan .....Tan
y c1 c1 c2 cn Since Cot 1 x 5 is negative and does not
exits
x
x cot 2,
1
= Tan y cot 1 x 2
19. cos 1 cos 4 cos 1 cos 2 4 2 4
1
1 1 1 x
13. sec 4 cos 2 4 3x 2 4 x
1 2x
2
2
3x 2 4 x 2 4 0
1 x
cos 1 1 2 x 2 4 cos 1
2 2 6 8 2 6 8
x
3 3
1 x
cos 1 2 x 2 1 4 cos 1 -- (1)
2 20. Let f ( x ) x 3 bx 2 cx 1
put x cos then (1) can be written as f (0) 1 0, f ( 1) b c 0
lies between 1 and 0
cos 1 cos 2 4 cos 1 cos
2 1 1
0 tan( ) cot
2 2 which is constant for all x.
14. Since, tan 1 x and cot 1 x exists for all x R 1
tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 cot 1
and cos 1 2 x exists, if
1 2 x 1
2 2
1
tan x cot x cos 1 1
2 x is possible 21. x n tan 1 3
only, if 1 x 3 , thus the solution of given
tan 1 3 n x tan( n x ) 3
equation is [1,3] but at x = 3 given equation not
tan x 3 tan x 3
satisifed therefore x 1,3 .
2 tan x 3
tan 2 x and
1 2
1 tan x 4
15. cos x x has only one real root.
3 6
1 1
cos x
1 tan 2 x 10
16. x 2 x 1 x 1
x 0, 1 and 1 x 0 On substituting these value in the given equation
0 1 0 1
we find only cos x satisfies the equa-
10
23
tion. So that the given equation holds for values of
1
x for which tan x 3 and cos x
10 1
1 1 y
2
2x 1
25. tan sin 1 2
cos 2
Which is possible if x lies in the second quadrand 2 1 x 2 1 y
only and so n must be odd integer.
put x tan A, y tan B
22. cos–1y + cos–1(2xy) = – sin–1x = cos–1x A tan 1 x B tan 1 y
2
1 1 2 tan A 1 1 tan 2 B
tan sin B
cos cos 1 ( 2 xy) = cos cos 1 x cos 1 y 2 1 tan A 2 1 tan
2 2
1 y 2 x2 + y2 = 1 1 1
2xy = xy + 1 x 2 tan sin 1 sin 2 A cos 1 cos 2 B
2 2
23. sin–1(sin 12) = sin–1 sin(12 – 4 ) =
12 – 4 1 1
tan 2 A 2 B
cos–1(cos 12) = cos–1 cos(4 – 12) = 4 – 12 2 2
(k – 2)x2 + 8x + k + 4 > 0 tan A tan B x y
tan A B
if k = 2 then 8x + 4 > 0 (not possible) 1 tan A tan B 1 xy
if k > 2 then k – 2 > 0
and 64 – 4(k – 2)(k + 4) < 0
16 < k2 + 2k – 8, k2 + 2k – 24 > 0
(k + 6)(k – 4) > 0 k 5
3 1 3 2 1 1
24. cos ec 2 tan 1 sec tan
2 2 2 2
1 1
3 3
1 1 cos tan 1
1 cos tan
1 1
3 3
1 2 2 1 2 2
3 3
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 [( ) 2 2 ]
( )( 2 2 )
24
If 2 2 /sin x 2 a 2 2 /sin x 8a 0 for at
1 1
JEE MAINS QUESTIONS 8.
least one real x , then
1. If the domain of the function 1
1) a 2 2) a 2
8
f x 3cos 1 4 x is a, b , then the
1
value of 4a 64b is _____ 3) a R 2 4) a 0, 2,
8
2. If range of the function 9. If x, y, z are in A.P. And
tan 1 x, tan 1 y, tan 1 z are also in A.P. Then
f x tan 1 3 x 2 bx 3 , x R is 0, , [JEE MAINS 2013]
2
then square of sum of all possible values of 1) 2 x 3 y 6 z 2) 6 x 3 y 2 z
b will be: 3) 6 x 4 y 3 z 4) x y z
1) 0 2) 18 3) 72 1 43
10. The principal value of tan cot is
4) None of these 4
[JEE MAINS 2014]
3. Range of the function
3 3
1 1) 2) 3) 4)
f x tan 1
x x 2 x 2 is: 4 4 4 4
x
1 1 2 x
1 1 11. If f ( x) 2 tan x sin 2
, x 1,
1 x
1) , 2) 2,
4 4 then f (5) is equal to [JEE MAINS 2015 ]
1 1
3) , 2 4) ,2 1) 2) 3) 4 tan 1 (5) 4) tan 1 (5)
4 4 2
4. Solution set of sin 1 x cos 1 x , where 1 1 1 2 x
12. Let tan y tan x tan 2 , where
1 x
. denotes greatest intger function: 1
1 | x | . Then, a value of y
1) sin1,1 2) ,1 3
2 [JEE MAINS 2015]
3) cos1,sin1 3x x 3x x3
3
4) None of these
1) 2)
5. Range of y cot 1 x cot 1 x . 1 3x2 1 3x 2
3x x3 3x x3
2 2 2 3) 4)
1) 0, 2) 0, 4 3) 0, 4 4) 0, 4 1 3x 2 1 3x2
4 13. The value of
6. If xi 0,1 i 1,2,3,..., 28 then find the 1 x2 1 x2 1
1
maximum value of tan ,| x | , x 0 ,
1 x2 1 x2 2
sin 1 x1 cos 1 x2 sin 1 x2 cos 1 x3 is equal to [JEE MAINS 2017]
sin 1 x3 cos 1 x4 ... sin 1 x28 cos1 x1 1 1 2 1 1 2
1) cos x 2) cos x
4 2 4 2
1) 7 2) 6 3) 2 4) 4
1 2 1 2
7. If the equation x bx cx 1 0, b c ,
3 2
3) cos x
4
4) cos x
4
has only one real root , then the value of 14. A value of x satisfying the equation
sin[cot 1 (1 x )] cos[tan 1 x ] , is
2 tan 1 cosec tan 1 2 tan sec 2 is 1 1
1) 2) 0 3) -1 4) -
2 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2
25
y
1
21. If cos x cos
1
, where
1 2 1 3 3 2
15. If cos cos x , y
3x 4x 2 4 1 x 1, 2 y 2, x , then for all x,y
then x =_________ [ JEE MAINS 2019] 2
145 146 145 145 4 x 2 4 xy cos y 2 [ JEE MAINS 2019]
1) 2) 3) 4)
10 12 12 11 1) 2sin 2 2) 4cos2 2x 2 y 2
16. If x sin sin10 and y cos (cos10) ,
1 1
3) 4sin 2 4) 4sin 2 2x 2 y 2
then y-x equals to [JEE MAINS-2019]
1) 0 2) 10 3) 7 4) 1 12 1 3
22. The value of sin sin
19 1
n 13 5
17. The value of cot
n1
cot 1 2 p is [JEE MAINS 2019]
p 1
1 63 56
23 21 19 22 1) sin 2) sin 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 65 2 65
22 19 21 23
9 1 33
18. All x satisfying the inequility 3) cos 1 4) cos
2 65 65
cot x 7 cot 1 x 10 0 , lie in the
1 2
23. If f x tan 1 sec x tan x , x , and
interval [ JEE MAINS 2019] 2 2
1) ,cot 5 cot 2, 2) cot 5,cot 4 f 0 0 , then f 1 is equal to:
[JEE MAINS 2020]
3) cot 2, 4) ,cot 5 cot 4,cot 2 1 2 1 1
19. Considering only the principal values of 1) 2) 3) 4)
inverse functions, the set 4 4 4 4
24. Let f x x cos sin x , x 2 , 2 , them
1
A x 0 : tan 1 (2 x) tan 1 (3x)
4 which of the following is true?
[ JEE MAINS 2019] [JEE MAIN 2020]
1) is an empty set 2) Is a singleton set
3) Contains more than two elements 1) f is decreasing in 2 ,0 and increasing
4) Contains two elements
3 1 in 0,
20. If cos , tan , where
1 1
2
5 3 2) f is not differntiable at x 0
0 , , then is equal to
2 3) f 0
2
[ JEE MAINS 2019]
4) f is increasing in 2 ,0 and decreasing
1 9 1 9
1) tan 2) cos
5 10 5 10 in 0,
2
1 9 1 9
3) tan 4) sin 25. Let f x sin tan 1 x sin cot 1 x 1, x 1 . If
2
14 5 10
dy 1 d
dx 2 dx
sin 1 f x and
y 3 6 , then y 3 is equal to
[JEE MAINS 2020]
5 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
6 6 3 3
26
KEY 7. Let f x x3 bx 2 cx 1
01) 7 02) 1 03) 3 04) 1 05) 4
06) 1 07) 1 08) 4 09) 4 10) 3 f 0 1 0, f 1 b c 0
11) 2 12) 1 13) 2 14) 4 15) 3
16) 4 17) 2 18) 3 19) 2 20) 4 So, 1,0
21) 3 22) 2 23) 3 24) 1 25) 1 So, 2 tan 1 cosec tan 1 2sin sec 2
SOLUTIONS 1 1 2sin
2 tan 1 tan
sin 1 sin
2
1. f x 3cos 1 4 x 0
1
2 tan 1 tan sin
1
1 1 1
x , x sin
8 4 4
1 1 2
4 , 8 4a 64b 7 2
2 a 2 2 /sin
1 1
2. 3 x 2 bx 3 0 8. 2 2 /sin x x
8a 0
b 2 4ac 0 b 2 36 0
b 6, 5, 4,..,0,.., 4,5,6
2 /sin 1 x
4 2 /sin
1
x
2a 0
sum of all the values = 0 1
0, 4,
1
/sin x
Now 2
1 4
3. f x tan 1 x x 2 x
x2 /sin 1 x 1
for 2 0, . We have
Common domain = 2, 1,1, 2 4
1
Range = , 2
2 /sin 1 x
4 0 2 /sin
1
x
2a 0
4 1
4. sin x cos 1 x
1 or 0 a
8
sin1,1 cos1,1 sin1,1 Similarly, for 2 /sin x 4, , a 2 , we get
1
5. y cot 1 x cot 1 x 1
So, a 0, 2,
A.M G.M 8
6. E sin 1 x1 cos 1 x2 sin 1 x2 cos 1 x3 9. x, y, z are in A.P. 2 y x z (1)
sin 1 x3 cos 1 x4 ... sin 1 x28 cos 1 x1 tan 1 x, tan 1 y, tan 1 z are in A.P..
sin 1 xi 0 A.M G.M 1 1 x z
= 2 tan y tan
a 2 b2 1 xz
ab y 2 xz (2) From (1) and (2)
2
x yz
1 1
sin 1
x1 cos 1 x2
43 3
sin x1 cos x2 1 1
2 10. tan cot tan cot 10 4
..... and so on 4
1
sin x28 cos x1 1
sin 1
x28 cos 1 x1 tan 1 ( 1)
4
2
adding all, we get 2x
11. f ( x ) 2 tan 1 x sin 1 2
,x 1 =
1 x
28
sin 1 xi cos 1 xi 28
E
E
2 2 tan 1 x 2 tan 1 x
2
i 1
2 f ( x ) , So f (5) =
Emax 7
27
1 2 x 1
1 1
12. tan y tan x tan 2 ,
| x | . 1 1
19. tan (2 x) tan (3x ) ,x 0
1 x 3 4
3x x3 5x 1
tan 1 y tan 1 2 = 1 x So A is a singleton set.
1 3x 1 6x 2
6
3x x3 1 3 1 1
y
1 3x 2 20. cos , tan , where
5 3
1
1 x2 1 x2 4 1
0 , So, tan 1 tan 1
13. t a n 1 x 2 1 x 2 Put 2 3 3
9 9
x cos 2
2
tan 1 sin 1
13 5 10
1 tan 1
tan 1 = cos x
1 2
1 y
1 tan 4 2
1
21. cos x cos , where
2
14. sin[cot 1 (1 x )] cos[tan 1 x ] y
1 1 1 1 x 1, 2 y 2, x
= 2 x 2
x 2x 2 1 x 2
2 y y2
2 1 3 cos 1 x 1 x 2 1
c o s 1 2 4
15. cos
3x 4x 2
1 y2 xy
9 x 2 4 16 x 2 9 1 x2 1 cos
cos 1 2 4 2
2x 12 x 2 2
On squaring both sides
3 4 x 2 4 xy cos y 2 4sin 2
9 x 2 4 16 x 2 9 6 But x 4 144
12 3 1 12 9 3
22. sin 1 sin 1 sin 1 1
145 13 5 13 25 5 169
x=
12 33 33 56
sin 1 cos 1 1 cos 1
16. x sin 1 sin10 = -10 + 3 65 65 65
y cos 1 (cos10) = -10+ 4 56
sin 1
y-x = 2 65
19 n 23. f x tan 1 sec x tan x
17. cot cot 1 1 2 p
n1 x
p 1 1 sin x
f x tan 1 1
tan tan
cos x 4 2
19
= cot 1 n n 1
1
cot f x
x
n1 4
2 1
f 1 c 0
19 1 x2
f x x c 4
= tan 1 n n 1
1
cot 4 4
n1 24. f x is an odd function
1 n 1 n
19 21 Now, if x 0 , then f x x cos 1 sin x
cot
= tan
1 n n 1 = 19
n1
x sin 1 sin x x x
cot x 7 cot x 10 0
2
18. 1 1 2 2
= cot x 2 cot x 5 0
1 1
x
x 2 x ; x 0, 2
= cot 1 x 2 or cot 1 x 5 f x
Hence,
x x ; x ,0
cot 1 x (0, 2) x (cot 2, ) 2
2
28
ADVANCED LEVEL QUESTIONS
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
QUESTIONS
23 1
n
cot cot 1 2k is
25. f x sin tan 1 x sin cot 1 x 1
2
1. The value of
n 1 k 1
(ADV-2013)
2x dy 1 d 2x
f x , x 1 sin 1 2 23 25 23 24
1 x2 dx 2 dx 1 x 1) 2) 3) 4)
dy 1 25 23 24 23
for x 1
2. Let f : 0, 4 0, be defined by
dx 1 x 2
f x cos1 cos x . The number of points
y cot x c given y
1
3 6
x 0, 4 satisfying the equation
c 0 y 3 cot 1
3 56 f x
10 x
10
is ____ (ADV-2014)
3. The number of real solutions of the equation
x
i
sin 1 x i 1 x
i 1 i 1 2
x i i
cos 1 x
2 i 1 2 i 1
1 1
lying in the interval , is _____
2 2
(ADV 2018)
4. The value of
1 10 7 k 7 k 1
sec1 sec sec in
4 k 0 12 2 12 2
3
the interval , equals _____
4 4
(ADV 2019)
KEY
1) 2 2) 3 3) 2 4) 0
29
SOLUTIONS
f 0 2, f 1/ 2 0
23
1. cot cot 1 n 2 n 1 1
n 1 one root between 0, 2
23 n 1 n total number of solutions = 2
cot tan 1
n 1 1 n n 1 1 10 7 k 7 k 1
4. sec1 sec sec
4 k 0 12 2 12 2
23 25 1 10 7 k 7 k
cot tan 1 sec1 sec co sec
25 23 4 k 0 12 2 12 2
2. f : 0, 4 0, , f x cos 1 cos x 1 10 1
sec
1
2 k 0 sin 7 . 1 k
10 x
points A, B, C satisfy f x 6
10
Hence, 3 points 1 1
sec1 sec1 1 0
2 sin 7
6
y = cos–1(cos x)
1 A
B
C
4
O 2 3 x
y 1
10
x
x2 x
sin 1
2
cos
1 x / 2
x
3. x 1 1 x 2 x 1 x
1
2 2
1 1
sin 1 x 2
x 1 2 x
1 1
cos 1 x
2 x 1 2 x
x2
sin 1
x 1 2 x
x
cos 1
2 1 x 2 x
x
sin 1
1 x 2 x
x 1
x 0
1 x 2 x 1 x 2 x
x 0 or x3 3 x 2 2 x x 2 3x 2
x3 2 x 2 x 2 0
Increasing function x
30
5. Which of the following is/are true
1 1 1 1 3
MULTIPLE ANSWER TYPE A) tan sin
3 2 5
QUESTIONS
1 1
B) tan cot 1 2
3 4
1 1 1 1 4
C) tan sin
3 4 2 5
1. L et f (x) = sin –1 x + cos–1x. Then /2 is equal
to 1 1
D) tan cot 1 3
3 2
1
A) f – B) f (k 2 – 2k 3), k R
2 KEY
01) A,C 02) B,C 03) A,B,C,D
1
C) f , k R D) f(–2) 04) A,B 05) A,B,C
1 k
2
f x e cos
1
sin( x / 3)
2. Let then SOLUTIONS
8 5 /18 8 13 /18 1 1
1. sin x cos x x [1, 1]
A) f e B) f e 2
9 9
1 11 13 13
7 7 11 /12 8 cos sin cos1 cos
D) f e e
9
/12 2. f 18
e
18
C) f 4 e e 9
4
7
7 cos
1
cos 1 cos
sin
2 3 2
2 2 f e
4 3
e 12
e 12
3. If sin 1 x sin 1 y sin 1 z ,
4
4
then the value of (x – y + z) can be
A) 1 B) – 1 C) 3 D) – 3 3. As sin 1 x – 1 x 1
2 2
4. Which of the following is/are true
2
1 1 2 x
A) 2tan x sin , when x 1
0 sin 1 x 4
2
1 x
3 2
2 2 2
B) 2 sin –1
x = sin –1
{ [2x (1 x )], when
2 0 sin 1 x sin 1 y sin 1 z
4
-1 1
2
<x<
2
2
sin 1 x sin 1 y sin 1 z
2
2 3 2
4
is
1 1 2 x possible if x, y, z {–1, 1}
C) 2tan x sin ,
2 , when x > 1
Possible values of x – y + z from the ordered
1 x
triplet (x, y, z) are as follows :
1 1 2 x
D) 2tan x sin ,
2 when x < –1
1 x
31
(x, y, z) x–y+z
__________________________ COMPREHENSION TYPE
(– 1, –1, –1) –1 QUESTIONS
(– 1, 1, 1) –1
(1, – 1, 1) 3 Passage-1
Let cos 1 4 x 3 3 x a b cos 1 x
(1, 1, – 1) –1
(1, 1, 1) 1
(1, – 1, – 1) 1 1
(– 1, 1, – 1) –3 1. If x 1, , then the value of a b is
2
(– 1, – 1, 1) 1
__________________________
Hence set of values of x – y + z is {±1, ± 3) A) 2 B) 3 C) D) 2
1 x 1 1 1
2. If x , , then the principal value of
2 2
4. (A) tan 1 x 2 tan 1 x
4 4 2 2 a
sin 1 sin is
1 1 b
x sin 1 x
2 2 4 4
A) B) C) D)
B) 3 3 6 6
2sin 1 x
2 2 1
3. If x ,1 , then the value of lim b cos y
2 y a
1 1 1 31 3 1 3
1 4
5. 2tan tan sin cos sin is
3 4 5 2 5 2 5
1 1 1 1 A) -1/3 B) -3 C) 1/3 D) 3
tan1 tan1 tan1 tan1 cot 1 2 Passage-2
3 2 4 3 4 2 4
While defining inverse trigonometric
functions, a new system is followed where
domains and ranges have been redefined as
follows.
Function Domain Range
3
sin 1 x 1,1 2 , 2
3
tan1 x R ,
2 2
cos 1 x 1,1 [ , 2 ]
cot 1 x R [ , 2 ]
4. sin 1 ( x ) is equal to
A) sin 1 x B) sin 1 x
C) 2 sin 1 x D) 3 cos1 1 x2 , x 0
32
5. If f ( x) 3sin 1 x 2 cos 1 x then f ( x ) is [Link] sin 1 ( x)
A) even function B) odd function
C) Neither even nor odd 3
x sin , = sin(2 )
D) even as well as odd function 2 2
6. The minimum of (sin 1 x)3 (cos 1 x )3 is equal 2 sin 1 x
to 2 sin 1 x sin 1 ( x )
63 3 63 3 125 3 125 3
A) B) C) D) 5. Let cos 1 ( x) , 2
8 8 32 32
7. If in another such system range of sin1 x is x cos
5 3
and sin -1x+cos 1 x 5π / 2 then x cos cos(3 )
2 , 2
the range of cos 1 x will be 3 cos 1 x
A) [4 , 5 ] B) [3 , 4 ] 3 cos1 x cos 1 ( x )
C) [6 , 7 ] D) [5 , 6 ] Calculate f ( x ) .
6. f (sin 1 x)3 (cos 1 x )3 , 1 x 1
KEY 1 1
01) C 02) A 03) D 04) C 05) B 06) A f 1 3(sin 1 x ) 2 3(cos 1 x ) 2 .
1 x2 1 x
2
07) A
f1 0
SOLUTIONS 3
Minimum value 2
3
1-3. For
2
1
x 1, , cos 1 4 x3 3 x 3cos 1 x 2
2 3 63 3
8 3
a 2 and b 3 a b 8 8
For 5 3
7. sin 1 x .
1 1 2 2
x , , cos 1 4 x 3 3 x 2 3cos 1 x
2 2 3 5
sin 1 x
a 2 and 2 2
3 5 5 5 5
a 2 sin 1 x
b 3 sin sin sin 1 sin
1
2 2 2 2 2
b 3
4 cos 1 x 5
3
sin 1
2 3
1
For x ,1 , cos 1 4 x 3 3 x 3cos 1 x
2
a 0 and b 3
lim b cos y lim 3cos y 3 .
ya y 0
33
TRIGONOMETRIC
EQUATIONS
SYNOPSIS means of periodicity of trigonometric functions.
The solution consisting of all possible solutions of
If trigonometric functions are involving in the a trigonometric equation is called its general
equation then the equation is called trigonometric solution.
equation.
Interv al in
Ex. a cos b sin c S
which Genera l
n Equation principal
Solution of a trigonometric equation: o
solution
Solution
A value of the unknown angle satisfying the given sin k , n 1 ,
n
equation is called the solution of the given equation. 1 1 k 1 2 , 2 nZ
Every other coterminal angle of a solution is also cos k , 0, 2 n ,
solution of the given trigonometric equation. 2
1 k 1 n Z
The trigonometric equation may have infinite tan k , n ,
3 ,
number of solutions and can be classified as k R 2 2 n Z
(a) Principal solution (b) General solution cos ec k , n 1 ,
n
2 , 2 0
(a)Principal solution: 4 k ( , 1] [1, ) nZ
If has infinitely many solutions among them, the sec k , 2 n ,
5 0,
least value with sign is called principal value of . k ( , 1] [1, ) 2 n Z
It is denoted by ' ' . 6
cot k , 0, n ,
kR n Z
(i) There exists a unique value of ' ' in ,
2 2
The general solution of sin 2 sin 2 (or)
satisfying sin k , k R, k 1 . This value of cos 2 cos 2 (or) tan 2 tan 2 is
' ' is called principal value of ' ' or prinicpal n , n Z
solution of sin k
Common Solution of Two Equations:
(ii) There exists a unique value of ' ' in 0, The general solution for the equations of the type
satisfying cos k , k R, k 1 . This value of sin sin , cos cos
is 2n where, is common angle lies
' ' is called principal value of ' ' or principal
between 0 and 2
solution of cos k
(iii) There exists a unique value of ' ' in Ex 1:
1 1
The solution of sin , tan is
, satisfying tan k , k R . This value 2 3
2 2
of ' ' is called principal value of ' ' or principal Sol: sin 0 and tan 0 Q3 ,
solution of tan k . principal common solution is / 6 7 / 6
(b) General solution: Since trigonometric 7
general solution 2n , nZ
functions are periodic, a solution generalised by 6
1
Some important values to remember: (vi) (a) If tan or sec is involved then
Angle Sin Cos should not be an odd multiple of / 2 .
3 1 3 1
(b) If cot or cosec is involved then should
150 2 2 2 2
not be a multiple of or 0
(vii) If two different trigonometric ratios, such as,
5 1 10 2 5 tan and sec are involved then after solving
180 4 4 we cannot apply the usual formulae for general
solution, because periodicity of the functions are
0
1 2 1 2 1 not same.
22
2 2 2 2 2 (viii) If [Link] the given trigonometric equation is
10 2 5 5 1 always less than or equal to k and R.H.S. is al-
360 4 4 ways greater than or equal to [Link] both the sides
5 1 10 2 5 are equal to k for same value of ,then solution
540 4 exist and if they are equal for different value
4
of ,then solution does not exist.
10 2 1 2 1 Solution of Inequations:
67
2 2 2 2 2 If a < b, then
10 2 5 5 1 (i) x a x b 0 a x b
720 4 4 (ii) x a x b 0 a x b
3 1 3 1
(iii) x a x b 0 x a or x b
750 (iv) x a x b 0 x a or x b.
2 2 2 2
EXERCISE - I
0
1
i) tan 150 = 2 3 , tan 22 = 2 1,
2
0
1
ii) cot 150 = 2 3 , cot 22 = 2 1 1. If 4Cos 2 3 then
2
i) The equation a cos b sin c has a 5 3 2
1) , 2) , 3) , 4)
6 6 4 4 3 3 2
solution if c a 2 b2 .
ii) The equation a cos b sin c has no 2. If cos 2 2sin 2 then
solution if c a 2 b 2 1) 300 2) 600 3) 450 4) 900
Important Points to Remember:
(i) For equations of the type sin = k or cos 3. The principal value of where
4
= k ,one must check that k 1. sin cos 1 is
(ii) Avoid squaring the equation, if possible, because
it may lead to extraneous solutions. 1) 00 2) 3) 4)
3 4 2
(iii) Do not cancel the common variable factor from
the two sides of the equations, because we may 4. If Tan Sec 3 , then the principal value
loose some solutions.
(iv) The answer should not contain such values of of is
6
which make any of the terms undefined or infinite.
(v) Check that denominator is not zero at any stage 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
while solving equations. 3 4 3 2
2
1) n ( 1) n
6
,n Z
5. If 3Tan 4 10Tan 2 3 0 then principal
values of ‘ ’ are 2) n ( 1) n , n Z
4
1) 45 0 ,36 0 2) 30 0 ,60 0
3) n ( 1) n
3
, n Z
3) 75 0 ,36 0 4) 60 0 ,15 0
4) Empty Set
6. If cot tan 2 then principal value of
x x
13. tan 4 2 tan 4 2 2 then the general
3
1) 2) 3) 4) solution of x =
4 2 8 4
7. If Sinx 28 0 Cos3 x 78 0 then x = 1) n
4
, n Z 2) n
4
, n Z
1) 370, 80 2) 390 3) 350, 80 4) 470
3) n , n Z 4) n , n Z
8. The smallest value of satisfying the 4
equation 3 Cot Tan 4 is 14. If TanA+Tan2A+ 3 TanATan2A= 3 then
A
2 the general solution of =
1) 2) 3) 4) 2
3 3 6 12
n
9. The most general value of satisfying the 1) , n Z 2) n , n Z
3 9 9
1 1 n n
equations Sin , Cos is 3) , 4) , n Z
2 2 6 18 n Z 3 4
3
1) 2n , n Z 2) 2n , n Z 15. The general value of satisfies the equation
4 4
TanTan 120 0 Tan 120 0 1
is
3) n , n Z 4) n , n Z 3
6 3
Cot 2 3
1
Cot 1 0 1) 6n 1 , n Z 2) 3n 1 , n Z
10. Solution of is 18 3
3
3) 6n 1 , n Z 4) 3n 1 , n Z
1) n , n , n Z 6 6
6 3
16. If Tanm Cotn then the G.S of =
2) n , n , n Z
6 3
k 1 2k 1
1) 2m n , k Z 2) 2m n , k Z
3) n
12
, n Z 4) n
4
, n Z 2k 1 2k 1
3) , k Z 4) , k Z
mn mn
tan 5 x tan 4 x
11. The general solution of 1 is 1
17. If Sin [Link] 60 x .Sin 60 x ,then x =
1 tan 5 x tan 4 x 0 0
8
1) n ; n Z 2) n , n Z
n
4 4
1) n 1 1n
n
2)
6 3 18
3) 4) n , n Z n
3) n 1 1n
n
6 4)
3 3 9
12. 3Sinx+4Cosx-6=0 then the general solution
of x= 18. The equation 3Sinx cos x 4 has
1) Only one solution 2) Two solutions
3) Infinitely many solutions 4) No solution
3
19. If y Cos Sin has a real solution then SOLUTIONS
1) 2 y 2 2) y 2 1. 4 cos 2 3
2
3) y 2 4) y 1 3
cos
2
n
20. If 1 Sin 2 3SinCos then the solution set 2 6
2. 1 2 sin 2 2 sin 2 , 4sin 2 1
in 0, is
2 1
sin , 300
1 1 1 1 2
1) 4 , Cos 3 2) 4 , Tan 2 3. sin cos 1
1 1 1 1 1
3) 3 , Tan 3
1
4) 6 , Sin 3
1
sin cos
2 2 2
21. The value of satisfying
1
sin , P.S of
Sin 7 Sin 4 Sin in 0 are 4 2 4 4
2
4. tan sec 3 sin 1 3 cos
1) , 2) , 3) , 4) 0,1
9 4 3 9 6 4
3 1 1
22. The values of satisfying 3 cos sin 1 cos sin
2 2 2
Sin 5 Sin 3 Sin and 0 are 1 1
2 cos cos sin sin cos
6 6 2 6 2
1) , 2) , 3) , 4) ,
6 3 6 4 4 3 4 2
23. The number of solutions of the equation P.S. of 6 3
5. 3 tan 4 10 tan 2 3 0
Sin 3 4 Sin .Sin x .Sin x
3 tan 4 9 tan 2 tan 2 3 0
where 0 for x in the interval 0, is
3 tan 2 1 tan 2 3 0
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 5
1 2
1 1
24. General solution of 2sin x 2cos x = 21 is
3
2
2
tan2 ; tan 2 3
3 3
5
1) n 2) 2n 300 , 600
4 4
3) n 1 4) 2n
n
4 4 6. cot tan 2 on verification satisfies
8
KEY
01) 1 02) 1 03) 3 04) 1 05) 2 cot 2 1; tan 2 1
8 8
06) 3 07) 3 08) 3 09) 2 10) 1
11) 1 12) 4 13) 2 14) 3 15) 1 7. 3x 780 90 0 x 28 0 or 90+x+280
16) 2 17) 2 18) 4 19) 1 20) 2
140 0
21) 1 22) 1 22) 2 23) 2 4x 90 0 28 0 78 0 140 0 x 35 0
4
x = 80
4
8. 2cosec2 =
3
4
3 tan 2A tan A
sin 2 2 ;
1 tan 2A tan A
3 tan 3A 3
2 3 6
1 1 n A n
3A n A
9. sin ; cos 3 3 9 2 6 18
2 2
1
IIquadrant 15. tan tan 120 tan 120
0 0
3
3
P.S. of 1 n
4 4 tan 3 3 n
3 6 3 18
3
G.S. of 2n , V nZ 1
4 n 6n 1
6 3 18
1
10. cot 3 cot 1 0
2
3
16. tan m cot n tan n
2
1
cot 2 3 cot cot 1 0
3
K
m K
n 2 2K 1
1
cot cot 3
3
cot 3 0 2 mn 2 m n
1 1 n
1 17. sin 3x 3x n 1
cot 3 cot
0
3
4 8 6
18. 3 sin x cos x 4 (no solution)
1 [ a cos x b sin x c has a solution
cot 3;cot
3
if a 2 b 2 c a 2 b 2 ]
1
tan ; tan 3 19. y sin cos It has solutions if
3
c a2 b2 2 y 2
n ; n
6 3 20. Divide both sides with cos 2
11. tan 5 x 4 x 1 sec 2 tan 2 3 tan
2 tan 2 3tan 1 0
tan x 1 x n , nZ 2 tan 1 tan 1 0
4
12. 3 sin x 4 cos x 6 , Here c a 2 b2 1
tan 1 or tan
There exists no solution
2
x x 1
13. tan tan 2 tan x or tan 1
4 2 4 2 4 2
2 tan x 2 tan x 1 21. sin 7 sin sin 4
2sin 4.cos3 sin 4
x n ,nZ
4 1
sin 4 0, cos 3
14. tan A tan 2A 3 1 tan A tan 2A 2
5
Tan Tan Tan Tan
3 1) 1 2) 0 3) -1 4) 4
4 3 9
4. If 0 < x, y < then the system of equations
2
22. sin 5 sin sin 3
[Link] = 3/4 and [Link] = 3 has a
2sin 3 .cos 2 sin 3 solution at ( Eamcet-2017)
1
sin 3 0 or cos 2 , , satisfies 1) x , y 2) x , y
2 6 3 6 6 3 3
23. 3 sin 4 sin 3 4 sin sin 2 x sin 2 3) x
12
,y
12
4) x , y
4 4
3 sin 4 sin 4 sin sin x 4 sin
3 2 3 5. If 32Tan 2Cos 3Cos and 3Cos 2 1
8 2
2 then the general value of ‘ ’ is
3 3
4 sin sin x 3 sin sin x
2 2
2
4 2 1) n 2) 2n 3) n 4) 2n
3 3 2
x n
6
,nz x 5
6
,
6
6. If Cos 20 0 k and Cosx = 2k2-1, then the
possible values of x between 00 and 3600 are
24. The given equality holds for minmum of 1) 1400 2) 400 and 1400
3) 40 and 320
0 0
4) 500 and 1300
sin x cos x i.e., 2
7. If x , such that
5 5
x G.S is 2n
4 4 y 1 cos x cos 2 x cos3 x ........
EXERCISE - II and 8 y 64, then [Link] values of x is
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
8. The equation (Cosp - 1) x + (Cosp) x + Sinp
2
1. If Cos 6 Cos 4 Cos 2 1 0 = 0, where x is a variable with real roots. then
for 0 , then = the interval of p may be any one of the
following. ( Eamcet- 2019)
5 3 5
1) , , 2) , , , ,
7 7 2 4 4 6 6
1) 0,2 2) ,0 3) 2 , 2 4) 0,
3 5 7 2 4 5
3) , , , , , 4) , , 9. Number of solutions of the equation
8 8 8 8 3 3 9 9 9
1
Tan x+Secx = 2 Cos x in the interval 0,2 is
2. If Cos 2 .Cos 3 .Cos for 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
4
0 , then ( Eamcet-2018) 10. The number of integral values of k for which
the equation 7 cosx+ 5 sinx=2k +1 has a
5 3 5
1) , , 2) , , , , solution is
7 7 2 4 4 6 6
1) 4 2) 8 3) 10 4) 12
3 5 7 2 4 5
3) , , , , , 4) , , 3 3
8 8 8 8 3 3 9 9 9 11. Cos3 Cos3 (1200 ) Cos3 (1200 )
4
3. If , , , are the four solutions of the
then the general solution of is
equation Tan 4 =3Tan 3 . No two of
1) 2) 2n , n Z
3
which have equal tangents, then the value of
6
Cosx - i Sin2x are conjugate to each other,
3) (2n 1) , n Z 4) n , n Z then the set of values of x =
2
12. The general solution of sin100 x cos100 x 1 is 1) n 2) 2n 1 3) {0} 4)
2
1) 2n ,n I 2) n , n I 20. If the equation k cos x 3sin x k 1 has a
3 4 solution for ‘x’ then ( Eamcet-2018 )
1) K 4 2) K 4
3) n , n I 4) 2n
,n I
2 3 3) 1 k 6 4) 0 k 8
13. The equation 4Sin2x + 4Sinx + a2 - 3 = 0 has
a solution if ( Eamcet- 2016 )
KEY
1) 2 a 2 2) 1 a 1 01) 2 02) 3 03) 2 04) 2 05) 2 06) 3
3) 3 a 3 4) 4 a 4 07) 4 08) 4 09) 3 10) 2 11) 1 12) 3
13) 1 14) 2 15) 4 16) 3 17) 3 18) 1
14. If 1/6 sinx, cosx, tan x are in G.P. then x =
19) 4 20) 1
1) n ,n z 2) 2n ,n z
3 3
SOLUTIONS
3) n 1 , n z 4) n , n z
n
1. cos 6 cos 4 cos 2 1 0 0
3 6
15. The sum of the solutions of the equaiton cos 6 cos 2 1 cos 4 0
tan [Link] 4x 1 for 0 < x < is 2 cos 4 cos 2 2 cos 2 2 0
3
5 2 cos 2 cos 4 cos 2 0
1) 10 2) 3)
4) 2
22 4 cos 2 cos 3 cos 0
16. If Tan 2 2 = Cot 2 then the general solution
is ( Eamcet-2019 ) 2n 1 or 2 2n 1 or 3 2n 1
2 2 2
1 3 5
1) n
4 2
, n Z ; , ; , ,
2 4 4 6 2 6
1
2) n , n Z 2. 4 cos 2 cos 3 cos 1 0
2 4
1
2 cos 2 cos 4 cos 2 1 0
3) n , n Z
2 2
2 cos 4 cos 2 2 cos 2 2 1 0
4)
1
n
, n Z 2 cos 4 cos 2 cos 4 0
4 2
1
17. If Sinx + Cosx = 1 + [Link] then x = --- cos 4 0 or cos 2
2
2) n 1
n
1) n 2
3 6
4 2n 1 , 2 2n
2 3
3) n 1
n
2n 4) n
2
2n 1 , n
18. The inequation 3Sin 3Cos 2 3 is true
2 2 8 3
1) for all real values of 3 5 7 2
, , , ; ,
2) some real values of 8 8 8 8 3 3
3) for imaginary values of
4) for no value of
19. If the complex numbers Sinx + i Cos2x and
7
1 tan 3 tan tan 3 2 sin 2 x sin x 1 0
3. 1 tan 3
1 3 tan
2
1
2sin x 1 sin x 1 0 , sin x
2
3 tan 4 6 tan 2 8 tan 1 0
but sin x 1 0 cos x 0)
tan tan tan tan 0
5
4. sin x sin y 3cos x cos y x , in 0, 2
6 6
1 3
cos [Link] y ; sin [Link] y 10. 49 25 2k 1 49 25
4 4
1 3 1 1 74 2k 1 74
cos x y
4 4 2 1 74
k
1 74
2 2
4
cos x y 1 k=-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3.
4
3 3 3
2 cos 3 cos 3 3 1
x y 0, x y , x y 4 4
3 3
There exists no solution
3 1 ta n
2
1 1
5. 3 c o s 2 1 ta n 2 12. sin 100 x 1 cos 100 x
1 ta n 2 2
4 sin 100 x c a n n o t b e > 1
1
32 2 cos 2 3 cos
2 13. sin x
4 16 16 a 2 3
2 cos 2 3 cos 2 0 8
1 1 4 a 2
2 cos 1 cos 2 0 cos 1 1
2 2
2 2 1 4 a 2 2
2n
3
0 4 a2 3
6. cos 20 K; cos x 2K 1
0 2
4 a 2 0 a 2, 2
2 cos 2 20 0 1 cos 40 0
sin 2 x
14. 6cos x
2
on verification x 40 & 320 satisfies
0 0
cos x
1 6 cos x cos 2 x 1 0
3
7. y 1 cos x , 81 cos x 64 82
1
1
cos x , x 2n
2 3
1 1 1 15. sin x sin 4x cos x cos 4x 0
1 cos x , cos x cos x
2 2 2
cos x 4x 0 cos 5x 0
8. 0 cos 2 p 4 sin p cos p 1 0
5x 2n 1
cos p 4 sin p 1 cos p 0
2
2
3 7 9 5
cos 2 p 0 and 1 cos p 0 for all x , , , but x
10 10 10 10 10
values of p and sin p 0 for p 0 , . sum of solutions 2
sin x 1
9. 2 co s x co s x 0
co s x
8
2
16. tan 2 cot tan
2 2
2 3. Let 2sin 2 x 3 sin x 2 0 and x 2 x 2 0 (x
is measured in radians ). Then x lies in the
2 n
2
1
n
2 2
interval
5 5
17. sin x cos x sin x cos x 1 0 1) , 2) 1, 3) ( -1, 2) 4) , 2
6 6 6 6
sin x 1 1 cos x 0 4. The solution set of equation
sin x 1 or cos x 1 cos x 1 sin x is
5 4
1) n, n I 2) 2n, n I
x n 1
n
or x 2n
2
3) 4n, n I 4) n / 2, n I
18. 3sin 2 a , A.M G.M
5. The roots of the equation cos 7 x sin 4 x 1
3
a 3 in the interval , are
a a 3 , a 2 3
2 a a
19. sin x i cos 2 x cos x i sin 2 x 1) ,0, 2) , 3) 4)
2 2 2 2 2
sin x cos x and cos 2 x sin 2 x
6. If sin 4 x cos 4 y 2 4 sin x cos y and
No ‘x’satisfies both the above equations
simultaneously
0 x, y
then sin x cos y is equal to
2
20. Given k cos 3sin x k 1 has a solution 1) - 2 2) 0 3) 2 4) 5
7. Number of ordered pairs (a,x) satisfying the
k 1 equation sec 2 a 2 x a 2 1 0;
of 1 squaring on both sides
k 2 1 x is
k 1
2
k2 9 1) 2 2) 1 3) 3 4) infinite
8. The number of the solutions of the equation
k 2 2k 1 k 2 9
2k 8
cos x 4 cos x 1 is
k 4 1) > 2 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0
9. The most general values of for which
EXERCISE - III sin cos min(1, a 2 6a 11) are given by
aR
1. The number of points of intersection of the
1) n 1
n
,n I
two curves y 2sin x and y 5x 2 2x 3 is 4 4
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4)
2) n 1
n
2. The equation ,nI
4 4
x 1
2cos 2 sin 2 x x 2 2 ,0 x has
2 x 2 3) 2n , n I 4) n , n I
4 2
1) one real solution 2) no solution
3) more than one real solution 10. The number of values of x in 0, 2 satisfying
4) Two solutions
9
the equation cos x sin x 2, is 115 119
3) , 4) All the above
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3 24 24
11. Let [x] = the greatest integer less than or 17. If 0,5 and r R such that
equal to x and let f x sin x cos x . 2sin r 4 2r 2 3 then the maximum
Then the most general solution of number of values of the pair r, is
1) 8 2) 10 3) 6 4) 4
f x f are
10 18. The general solution of the equation
1 sin x .... 1 sinn x ..... 1 cos2x
n
1) 2n , n Z 2) n, n Z is
2 1 sin x .... sinn x ....... 1 cos2x
3) 2n , n Z 4) 2n or 2n 1) 1n n , n I
2 2 3
12. If 0 x 2 and cos x sin x, then n
2) 1 n , n I
6
1) x 0, 2) x ,2
4 4 3) 1
n 1
n , n I
6
3
3) , 4) 0,
4) 1
n 1
4 4 n , n I
3
13. The equation 1 sin 2 ax cos x has a unique 19. The least difference between the roots, in
solution then a is
1) rational 2) irrational the first quadrant 0 x ,of the equation
2
3) integer 4) whole number
4cos x (2 3sin 2 x) cos 2 x 1 = 0, is
14. If , are solutions of sin x a sin x b 0
2
and cos 2 x c cos x d 0 then sin 1) 2) 3) 4)
6 4 3 2
equals
20. The set of all x in , satisfying
2ac a c 2
2bd2
b d 2 2
1) 2 2) 3) 2 2 4) 4sin x 1 5 is given by
a c
2
2ac b d 2bd
15. If n be the number of solutions of the equation 3 3
1) , 2) ,
10 10 10
1
cot x cot x 0 x 2 , then n = 3
sin x
3) , 4) ,
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 10
1 tan x 21. The no. of values of x in the interval 0,3
16. If 1 tan x = tan y and x -y = , then x,y
6 satisfying the equation 2sin 2 x 5sin x 3 0
are respectively is
5 7 11 1) 1 2) 4 3) 6 4)2
1) , 2) ,
22. The solution set satisfying tan x > 1 is
24 24 24 24
10
1) n , n 2) n , n
4 2 4 SOLUTIONS
1. We have,
3) n , 4) 2 3
4 y 5x2 2 x 3 5 x2 x
5 5
5
23. The number of solution of cos rx 5 in the 1 3 1
2 2
1 14
r 1 5 x 5 x 2
5 5 25 5 5
interval 0, 2 is since y = 2sin x 2 , so there cannot be any
1) 0 2) 1 3) 5 4) 2 point of intersection.
2. Since x 2 x 2 x x 1 2 2 and
24. If the equation cot x 2 cos ec 2 x a 2 0
4 2
has at least one solution, then the sum of all
possible integral values of a is equal to x 2
2 cos 2 sin x 2.
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 0 2
the given equation is valid only if
25. The equation sin 4 x cos 4 x sin 2 x 0
x
is solvable for 2 cos 2 sin 2 x 2
2
5 1 x
1) 2) 3 1 cos sin x 1, which cannot be true
2 2 2
3 1 3. we have 2 sin 2 x 3sin x 2 0
3) 4) 1 1
2 2 2sin x 1 sin x 2 0
26. 0 a 3, 0 b 3 and the equation,
2sin x 1 0 sin x 2 0x R
x 2 4 3cos ax b 2x has atleast one
solution then the value of a + b sin x 1/ 2 x / 6,5 / 6 Also \
x2 x 2 0
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 4 3
x 2 x 1 0 1 x 2.
27. The number of solution of x 0, 2 for which
5
sin x cos x As 2 , we obtain that x must lie in , 2
6 6
3 sin x cos x (where [.] denotes the
4. cos5 x 1 sin 4 x Minimum value of R.H.S. is l
greatest integer function) is
and maximum value of L.H.S. is 1. So equality
1) 0 2) 4 3) infinite 4) 1
holds only when both sides are simultaneously 1.
KEY i.e., cos x =1 and sin x =0
01) 1 02) 2 03) 4 04) 2 05) 1 06) 3 cos x= 1 x 2n and sin x =0 x n
07) 3 08) 3 09) 2 10) 3 11) 4 12) 3
13) 2 14) 1 15) 1 16) 4 17) 3 18) 2 So, solution set x = 2n .
19) 1 20) 1 21) 2 22) 1 23) 4 24) 4 5. cos 7 x sin 4 x 1 in the interval , . In
25) 3 26) 4 27) 3
L.H.S. one term has to be one and one term is
0, otherwise it is not possible.
cos 7 x 0, sin 4 x 1 x
2
or cos7 x 1, sin x 0 x 0
11
6. We have sin 4 x cos4 y 2 4sin x cos y 10. Given equation is cos x sin x 2
sin x cos y 2 4sin x cos y 0
4 4
Since cos x sin x 1 1 2
sin x 1 cos y 1 2sin x
2 2 2 2 2
we must have cos x sin x 2
2 cos 2 y 4sin x cos y 0
sin2 x 1 cos2 y 1 2 sin x cos y 0
2 2 2
cos x 1 cos x 1, 1
4 4
Which is true if sin 2 x 1, cos 2 y 1
sin x = cos y. As, 0 x, y / 2. we get 3 7
x ,
sin x = cos y = 1 sin x cos y 2 4 4
7. Given equation is sec2 a 2 x a 2 1 0
11. Here f sin18 cos18
0 0
10
tan 2 a 2 x a 2 0
tan 2 a 2 x 0 and a 0 2 sin 450 180 2 sin 630
1
tan 2 2 x 0 x 0, , Since sin 63 sin 45
0 0
and 2 sin 630 1,
2 2 2
0, 0 , 0, / 2 , 0, / 2 are ordered pairs
satisfying the equation. 1 f 2 f 1
10 10
8. C learly, x 4 Since x 4 is real The equation is sin x cos x 1
so that x is also real . Again, 1
cos x cos
if cos x 1 then 4 2 4
cos x 4 1 (since their product =1) But x
4
2n
4
both of these are not possible (since cos cannot 12. We have,
be greater than 1)
cos x 4 1 and cos x sin x sin x 0 cos x 0
cos x 1 x , 2 If x 2 , cos 2 sin 2
x 4 0 and x 0
But x =0 is not possible x 4 is the only solution which is not possible x 0, , then
2
9 . We have sin cos min
aR
1, a 2 6a 11
cos x sin x x ,
Since a 2 6 a 11 a 3 2 2 for all a
2 4 2
sin cos 1
If x , , then cos x sin x
1 2
sin sin
4 2 4 cos x sin x cos x 0
3
n 1
n
4 4 tan x 1 x 2 , 4
n 1
n
where n Z .
4 4
12
3
x , , x 5 12n and y x
Options
4 2 2 4 24 6
(1)(2),(3) correspond to n =0,1, 10 respectively.
13. 1 sin 2 ax cos x
17. But max value of 2sin is 2 and it is attained at r
Minimum value of L.H.S is 1 and maximum value
of R.H.S is 1 , equality exist only when both
=1, -1 n 1
n
sin 2 ax 0 and cos x 1 2
sides are1 5 9
ax n and x 2n , , 0, 5
If a is rational, there are infinite or no common 2 2 2
solution but when a is irrational only one common The number of values of the pair
solution i.e., x =0 r , 2 3 6
14. sin + sin = - a, cos + cos = -c
18. The equation
Apply transformations and on dividing
1 sin x .... 1 sin n x .... 1 cos 2x
n
a 2ac
tan , sin 2 2 1 sin x ...... sin n x ..... 1 cos 2x
2 c a c
cot x, cot x 0 1 1 sin x 2sin 2 x
.
15. cot x 1 sin x 1 2cos 2 x
cot x, cot x 0
CASE I : cot x 0 2sin 2 x sin x 1 0
1 1 1 1 8 1 3
cot x cot x 0 sin x
sin x sin x 4 4
sin x , This is not possible. 1
CASE II : cot x < 0 sin x 1 or sin x
2
1 Since , sin x 1 , we have
cot x cot x
sin x
1
1 sin x sin ,
cos x cos 2 6
2 3
x n 1
n
6
cos x cos or cos
3 3
2 4
19. we have 4 cos x 3cos 2 x 1 2 cos 2 x 0
x ,
3 3 2 cos x 3cos x 2 2 cos x 1 0
4 either cos x 0 which gives
But, x cot x 0 , n 1
x / 2 or cos x 2 / 3
3
Which gives no values of x for which
16. tan x tan y tan x 0 x / 2 or cos x 1/ 2
4 6
which gives x = / 3
x y
6 So, the required difference =
6
5
x n x n 2 x 20. We have , 4sin x 1 5
4 6 12
13
As 1 cos ax b 1 and x 1 0
2
5 1 5 1
sin x
4 4 equation (i) is only possible if,
cos ax b 1and x 1 0 so
3 3
sin sin x sin
10 10 a b , (where a b 6 )
21. Given equation is 27. sin x cos x 3 sin x cos x
2 sin 2 x 5sin x 3 0 Maximum value of left - hand side is 1 and minimum
of right hand side is also 1
sin x 3 2sin x 1 0
sin x cos x 3 sin x cos x 1
1
sin x 3 or sin x 2 sin x cos x 1,
given 00 x 5400 , no. of values are 4. sin x 1, cos x 1
i.e., 300, 1500, 3900, 5100
22. Graph of y = tanx is as shown
EXAMPLES
For tan x 1 1. If cos 3 sin 2 then
2 4 5
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 3 3 3
Key:- 1
4 Sol:- Given cos 3 sin 2
a 1 b 3
Divided a 2 b 2 2 on both sides
1 3
n x n . cos sin 1
4 2 2 2
5
23. cos r x 5
r 1
cos x cos 2 x cos 3x cos cos
sin sin
1
3 3
cos 4 x cos 5 x 5
Which is possible only when
cos 1
cos x cos 2 x cos 3x 3
cos 4 x cos 5 x 1 and is satisfied by x=0 and
x 2 .
cos
3 cos 0 o
24. cot 4 x 2 cot 2 x 2 0
3 0
cot 2 x 1 3 , 3 0 , 1, 0,1
2
25. sin 4 x cos 4 x sin 2 x 0 3
Let sin 2x y . then the given equation becomes
2. If cos ec cot 3 then
y 2 y 2 1 0 where 1 y 1
2
1) 2) 3) 4)
1 sin 2 x 1 , for real, discriminant 0 6 3 6 3
Key:-2
26.. x 2x 4 3cos a b
2
Sol:- Given cos ec cot 3
x 1 3 3cos ax b
2
14
1 cos Hence, total number of solutions=8
3
sin 4. Let s 2 , 2 : 2 cos 2 3sin 0
1 cos 3 sin then the sum of the elements of S is
cos 3 sin 1 13 5
1) 2) 3) 2 4)
6 3
Here a 1, b 3
Key:- 3
Divide a 2 b 2 2 on bothsides Sol:- 2 cos 2 3sin 0
1 3 1 2 1 sin 2 3sin 0
cos sin
2 2 2 2 sin 2 3sin 2 0
1 2 sin 2 4sin sin 2 0
sin cos cos sin
6 6 2 2sin sin 2 1 sin 2
sin
6 sin 6 3
2sin 1 sin 2 0
1
3. The number of does not solutions of the equation sin or sin 2 not possible
2
log sin x 2 log 1 cos x in the interval
2
sin sin
0, 2 6
Key:- 8 n
General solution n 1
6
Sol:- Given log 1 sin x 2 log 1 cos x
2 2 put n 0
log 1 sin x log 1 cos x 2
2 2 Then
6
log 1 sin x cos x 2 7
2 Then
2
6 6
1 put n 1
sin x cos x
2
5
Then
1 6 6
2sin x cos x
2 put n 2
1 11
sin 2 x 2 , 2
2 Then 2
6 6
graph of y sin 2 x
5 1
1) , 1 2) 1,
4 2
1 1 3 5
3) , 4) ,
2 4 2 4
15
7 5 11 5x
Sum of solutions cos x cos sin x 0
6 6 6 6 2 2
22 x 5x
2 cos 0 or cos sin x 0
6 2 2
5. If the equation cos 4 sin 4 0 has real x 5x
cos 0 or cos sin x cos 90 x
solutions for ,then lies in the interval 2 2
x
Key:- 2 * If cos x 0 then G.S 2n 1
Sol:- Given sin 4 cos 4 2 2
x 2n 1
sin cos
2 2
2 2
put n 0
sin cos 2 sin cos
2
2 2 2 2
Then x
1 2sin 2 cos 2
x
7
4sin 2 cos 2
1 put n 1
2
5
sin 2 2 x
1 7
2
9
since 0 sin 2 2 1 n2 Then x
7
sin 2 2 1
0
2
sin 2 2 1
1
2 2
1
1,
2
3x x
6. If cos 3 x cos 2 x sin sin 0 x 2
2 2
then k
5 9 13 5 7 13
1) , , , , 2) , , , ,
7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6
2 2 13 2 7 5
3) , , , , 4) , , , ,
5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3
Key:- 1
3x
Sol;- Given cos 3 x cos 2 x sin sin x
2 2
5x
2 cos cos x 2 sin x cos x
2 2 2
16
ADVANCED LEVEL QUESTIONS 2
If m and n m are positive integers, the
SINGLE CORRECT number of solutions of the equation
n sin x m cos x in 0, 2 is
1)The greatest possible value of the ex- A) m B) n C) mn D) 4
pression
KEY- B
2
tan x tan x cos x
3 6 6 Let y n sin x m cos x
on the interval 5 /12, / 3 is The curve y n sin x
12 11 and y m cos x .
A) 2 B) 2
5 6
Intersect at 4 points in 0, 2 .
12 11
C) 3 D) 3 y
5 6
n •
KEY- D n s in x
Let u x / 6 then u / 6, / 4 m •
n cos x
and then 2u / 3, / 2 O π/2 π 3π/2 2π
X
tan x 2 / 3 cot x / 6 cot u
3
now
tan x 2 / 3 tan x / 6 cos x / 6 If sin x 2 cos x 3, x 0, 2 . denotes
cot u tan u cos u the greatest integer function), then x belongs
to
2
cos u
sin 2u 5 5
A) , B) ,
2 4 4
both and cosu monotonic
sin 2u 5 5
C) , 2 D) , 2
decreasing on / 6, / 4 and thus 4 4
KEY- A
the greatest value occurs at
u /6 [sin x] 2 cos x 3
i.e sin x 1 and 2 cos x 2
2 4 3 11 11 3 or 1 sin x 0
cos / 6 .
sin / 3 3 2 2 3 6 and 2 2 cos x 1
or 1 sin x 0
1
and 2 cos x
2
or 1 sin x 0
17
1 5
and 1 cos x
2 If y sin x and y cos x are two given
3 5
x , 2 and x 4 , 4
equations, then the number of solutions is
(where . denotes the greatest integer
3 5
x , 2 4 , 4
function)
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4
5 D) infinitely many solutions
x , 4 KEY- B
y sin x 1, 0,1
4 1 sin x 1
1 y 0
Values of x and y satisfying the equation
sin x 1, 0,1
sin y x x 9x 9 x x 4x 4
7 3 2 3 2
sin x 1
sec 2 y cos y
2 4
1 sin x 0
are Then, x 2n 1 , 2n 2 , n I
A) x 1, y n, n I
and y 0
B) x 1, y 2n , n I 0 y 1
2
C) x 1, y 2 n, n I
sin x 0
D) none of the above
0 sin x 1
KEY- B Then,
for x 1
x 2n, 2n 1 2n , n 1
sin y sec 2 y cos y
7 2 4
2
sin 7 y cos 2 2 y 1 cos 4 y cos 2 2 y and y 1,sin x 1
Since, LHS 1.
x 2n
and RHS 1 2
which is possible only when 1 y 2
sin y cos 2 y 1
7 2
y
sin 7 y 1 and cos 2 2 y 1
2
y
2 1
3
General value of y is 2n /2 2
2 x 2 3 2 / 2
x
0 /2
2
Hence, x 1 and y 2n , n I
2
y cos x y sin x
y
18
13 x y
n3 Then x For sin 1, 4t 2 4t 1 0
7 2
5 9 13 1
2t 1 0 t
2
Solutions are , , , ,
7 7 7 7 2
5x x y 1
2n 90 x cos
2 2 2
5 x 4n 180 2 x x y x y
,
4n 180 2 x 2 2 2 3
x
5 5 2
x y &x y
3
Hence, y sin x and y cos x infinite
5 5
points. Hence, number of solutions = infinite. 2x , 2y x ,y
3 3 6 6
MULTIPLE ANSWER TYPE For
QUESTIONS x y x y 3
sin 1 x y 3
2 2 2
1. For the smallest positive values of ‘x’ and ‘y’ 2 11 7
x y 2x & 2y
the equation 3 3 3
2 sin x sin y 2 cos x y 3 has a 11 7
x &y Ordered pairs are
solution then which of the following is/are 6 6
true
5 11 7
, & ,
x y 6 6 6 6
A) sin 1 2
2
Which of the following inequalities hold true
x y 1 in any ABC ?
B) cos
2 2
A B C 1
A) sin sin sin
C) number of ordered pairs x, y is 2 2 2 2 8
D) number of ordered pairs x, y is 3 B) cos
A B C 3 3
cos cos
KEY. A,B,C 2 2 2 8
A B C 3
C) sin
2
sin 2 sin 2
2 sin x sin y 2 cos x y 3 2 2 2 4
x y x y x y A B C 9
2 2sin cos 2 2cos2 1 3 D) cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 4
x y KEY. A,B,D
Let cos t
2
19
A B C . sin x [1 sin x ] [1 cos x]
Let k sin sin sin
2 2 2 sin x 2 [sin x] [ cos x ]
A B C
2k 2 sin sin sin At x sin x 2 1
2 2 2 2
sin x 1 -1 = 1 (impossible)
A B A B C
2k cos cos sin
2 2 2 At x 1 = 2 + 1- 0 1 = 3 (impossible)
2
A B C C At x , 0 1 (impossible)
2k cos sin sin 2
2 2 2
C C A B In x , 0 , sin x 2 1 0 1 (impossible)
sin sin cos
2
2k 0 2
2 2 2
C
sin is real In x 0, ,sin x 2 0 1 1 (impossible)
2
2
D0
In x , ,sin x 2 0 0 2 (impossible)
A B 2
cos 2 8k 1
2 In x , 3 / 2 , sin x 2 1 0 1(impossible)
A B 4)The solution of the equation
8k cos 2 1
2 9cos2 xcos2 2x16cos6 xcos2x6cos6 x2cos2x
1 is/are
k
8
Maximum occurs for equilateral triangle A) x n ,n I
2
Similarly for other choice has occurs for equilateral
1 4 2
triangle. B) x n cos 3 , n I
3)The equation sin x [1 sin x] [1 cos x ] has
(where [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal
1 4 2
C) x n cos 3 , n I
to x)
D) none of the above
A) no solution in ,
2 2
KEY. A,B,C
B) no solution in ,
2 9 cos 2 x cos 2 2 x 1 6 cos 6 x cos 2 x
6 cos 6 x 2 cos 2 x 0
3
C) no solution in , D) no solution for
3cos
2
2 6
x 1 cos 2 x 0
x R
cos 2 x 3cos 4 x 2 0
KEY. A,B,C,D
cos x 0
20
x n
, n I or cos x sin x cos x sin x 2
2
2 2cos x 2 cos 2
x sin 2 x 4
and cos x 4
3
cos 2 x sin 2 x 2 cos x
2
2 cos 2 x 4 cos x 5 0
cos 2 x
3
4 16 20
2 cos x 5 or1
cos x 4 2
3
But cos x 5 or cos x 1
2 x 2 n , n I .
x n cos 1 4 , n I
3
COMPREHENSION TYPE
5) cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x 2 sin x cos x , If QUESTIONS
A) sin x cos x 0 Passage - 1
B) x 2n, n I Consider the cubic equation
C) x n
,n I x3 1cos sin x2 cos sin cos sin x
4
sin cos 0
1 1
D) x 2n cos , n I whose roots are x1 , x2 , and x3 .
5
1. The value of x12 x22 x32 equals
KEY. A,B,C
A) 1 B) 2
The given equation can be written as C) 2 cos D) sin sin cos
cos 2
cos x sin x
x sin 2 x
2
2. Number of values of in 0, 2 for which
at least two roots are equal
2 cos x sin x A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6
3. Greatest possible difference between two of
cosxsinx cosxsinx the roots if 0, 2 is
cosxsinx}2 cosxsinx A) 2 B) 1 C) D)
2
Either cos x sin x 0 2 2K
tan x 1
KEY- 1)B 2)C 3)A
x n n I
4
21
1 MATRIX MATCHING TYPE
QUESTIONS
x3 1cossin x2 cossincossin x 1. Observe the following columns:
sincos0 Column-I
A) If , are the solutions of
Given cubic function is
f x x 1 x cos x sin . 1
sin x in 0, 2 and , are solutions of
2
Therefore, roots are 1, sin , and cos .
Hence, 3
cosx = in [0,2 π ] then
x12 x22 x32 1 sin 2 cos2 2 2
B) If , are the solutions of cot x 3
2 Now if 1 sin
2 in 0, 2 and , are the solutions of
if 1 cos 0, 2 and if
cos ecx 2 in 0, 2 , then
sin cos tan 1
C) If , are the solutions of
5
, 1
4 4 sin x in 0, 2 and , are the solutions
3. Again the maximum possible difference 2
between the two roots is 2
of tan x 1 in 0, 2 , then
1 sin 2 when 3 / 2 3
or 1 cos 2 when Column-II
P)
Q)
R)
1 S) 3
T) 2
KEY
01) A-Q,S, B-P,T, C-R,S,T
1
(A) sin x
2
sin
6
sin ,sin 2
6 6
7 11
x , ........(i)
6 6
22
3 7
and cos x cos x , .......(ii)
2 6 6 6
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), it is clear that
cos , cos
6 6 7 11
, ,
6 6 6
5 7
x , .........(ii) 3, S , 2 T , R
6 6
From Eqs. (i) and (ii). It is clear tht ......(ii)
7 11 5 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), it is clear that
, ,
6 6 6 11 5 7
, ,
3( S ), (Q ) 6 6 6
(B) cot x 3 2 T , P
cot
6
cot , cot 2
6 6
5 11
x , ........(i)
6 6
and cos ecx 2 cos ec
6
cos ec , cos ec 2
6 6
7 11 1
x , (C) sin x
6 6 2
sin
6
sin ,sin 2
6 6
7 11
x , .......(i)
6 6
1
and tan x
3
tan
6
tan , tan
6 6
23
z y2 zx
JEE MAINS , EAMCET QUESTIONS t3 t2 t 0,
2 4 8
a,b,c n , are
1. If 0 x 2 , then the number of real values 1) sin a,sin b,sin c
of x , which satisfy the equation 2) sin 2a,sin 2b,sin 2c
cos x cos 2 x cos3x cos 4 x 0 , is 3) cos a, cos b, cos c
1) 5 2) 7 3) 9 4) 3
4) cos 2a, cos 2b, cos 2c
2. The number of x 0, 2 for which
9. The value of ‘b’ such that the equation
2 sin 4 x 18cos 2 x 2 cos 4 x 18sin 2 x b cos x b sin x
equals 1 is: [JEE Mains -2016] 2 cos 2 x 1 cos x 3sin 2 x tan x
2
1) 2 2) 4 3) 6 4) 8 possess solutions, belong to the set
3. The number of solutions of sin 3x= cos 2x, in
1
1
1) , 2 2) , 2
the interval , is:{MAINS-2018]
2
1
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 3) , 4) , 2 1,
4. If 0 x , thenthe number of values of
2
x for which sin x sin 2 x sin 3x 0 is KEY
[JEE Mains 2019 ]
1) 2 2) 4 3) 3 4) 1 1) 2 2) 4 3)1 4)1
5)2 6) 2 7) 4 8) 3
5. The sum of all values of 0, satis-
2 9) 4
3 5
fying sin 2 cos 2 is 1)
2 4
2 ) 1. cos 4 x cos x cos3x cos 2 x 0
4 4
5x x
3 5x 3x x cos 2 cos x cos 0
3) 4) cos
2
cos cos
2
0 2 2
2 8 2
6. The number of solutions of the equation 3
7 3 9
x , ,, , , ,
5 2 5 5 2 5
1 x cos 1 x
3
sin log e x 1 is Number of solutions = 7
2 2
are 2. Use a 2 b 2 a b a b
1) 4 2) 6 3) 8 4) 10 3. Given sin 3 x cos 2 x 3sinx 4sin 2 x 1 2 sin 2 x
7. All solutions of sin x cos x sin 2 x , 4 sin 3 x 2 sin 2 x 3sin x 1 0
where represents greatest integer func- 4sin 3 x(sin x 1) 2sin x(sin x 1)
(sin x 1) 0
tion & x 0, 2 is
(sin x 1)(4sin 2 x 2sin x 1)
3 3 7 3
1) , 2) , , sin x 1 or 4sin 2 x 2sin x 1 0
4 4 4 4 2
1 5
3 7 5 3 4sin2 x 2sin x 1 0, sin x
3) , 4) , 4
4 4 4 4 2
We know that, sin x 0x ( / 2, )
8. If x sin a y sin 2 a z sin 3a sin 4 a ,
x sin b y sin 2b z sin 3b sin 4b , 5 1
and sin x 1 sin x
x sin c y sin 2c z sin 3c sin 4c then the 4
roots of the equation Therefore, number of solution is 1
24
9. Let us find domain of given equation
4. sin x sin 2 x sin 3x 0 x 0, 2
1 i) 2 cos 2 x 1 0 x n
6
sin 2 x 0 and cos x 2
n
ii) tan x 0 x
x 0 and x 3 two solutions 2
iii) cos x 3sin x 0 x n
2 2 2
3 1
5. 1 cos 2 2 cos 4 2
4
cos 2 2 0
2 6
1 Also, 2cos 2 x 1
cos 2 2 cos 2 2 n
2 4 4 2 cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x 3sin 2 x
5 Now given equation reduces to
n=0 n=1
8 2 8 8 b sin x b sin x
3
b
2 8 8 sin x ,sin ce 1 sin x 1
b 1
3
Sum of angles b 1
8 8 2 1 1 b or b 1 , when
6. On squaring both sides, we get b 1 2
1
1 sin 1 x log x 1
3
b ,sin x 1 which is not possible
2
3
sin x l n x 1
b or b 1
There are 6 solutions 3 right side of y axis 2
and 3 left side of y-axis
7. sin x cos x t , 2 t 2
t t 2 1
Solve to get 1 t 0 2
1 2 sin x 0 or x
4 4
3 7 3
Ans is , ,
4 4 2 4
8. x sin a y sin 2a z sin 3a sin 4a
x sin a 2 y sin a cos a 3sin a 3 4sin 2 a
2 sin a cos a 2 cos 2 a 1
8cos3 a 4 z cos2 a 2 y 4 cos a z x 0
cos a is a root of the given equation
8t 2 4 zt 2 2 y 4 t z x 0
Similarty cos b, cos c are roots of this equation.
25.
7. The number of solutions satisfying
JEE ADVANCED
sin x
x 2x 9x
in the interval
2 5 1 0
1. The number of solutions of the pair
equations 2 sin 2 cos 2 0 , 30, 40 is (where [.] is GIF)45. The number
of solutions of the equation
2 cos 2 3sin 0 , in the interval [0, 2 ]
is [ADV-2018] x
2 cos 3 x 3 x is
A) zero B) one C) two D) four 2
2. If sin cos , then the possible values of 8. Let a, b, c are three non-zero real numbers
such that the equation
1
are [IIT 2008]
3 a cos x 2 b sin x c , x , , has
2 2 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 two distinct real roots and with
3. Let , 0, 2 be such that b
. Then the value of is
3 a
2cos 1 sin sin tan cot cos 1,
2
2 2
3 KEY
tan 2 0 and 1 sin . Then
2
cannot satisfy [ADV- 2019] 1)C 2) AC 3) ACD 4)3
4 5) 3 6)1 7)1 8)0.5
(A) 0 (B)
2 2 3
4 3 3 1
From the given equations sin
2
(C) (D) 2 1.
4
and
3 2 2
1
4. The number of all possible values of where sin which has two solutions in [0, 2 ]
2
0 for which the system of equations
y z cos 3 xyz sin 3 2. sin cos cos cos
2
2 cos 3 2sin 3
; x sin 3 1
y z 2n ; 2 n
2 2
xyz sin 3 y 2 z cos 3 y sin 3 have a 0 and 2 are possible
solution x0 , y0 , z0 with y0 z0 0, is
2sin 2
[IIT 2010] 3. 2 cos 1 sin cos 1
sin
5. The number of values of in the interval 2 sin cos 1
n 2 cos 2 cos sin 2 sin cos 1
, such that , for n = 0, 1, 2
2 2 5
2cos 1 2sin
and tan cot 5 as well as sin 2 cos 4
is [IIT 2010] tan 2 0 tan 0 and
6. The number of solutions of the equation
3 3 , 5
x
2 cos 3 x 3 x is 1 sin
2 2 3
2
1
sin 1 ,
2
3 5 1 2cos 1
( 2
3 2
,
2
1 )
26
5
2 2 x x
6 6 now
5 2 5
2 max 2 min ;
6 6 1 4n 1 1 4n 1
4 = n 1
4 10 4 10
2 3 for any n.
4. y z cos 3 xyz sin 3 0 .......(1) 8. 3a cos x 2b sin x c
xyz sin 3 2 cos 3 z 2sin 3 y .........(2)
3a cos x 2b sin x c
y z cos 3 2 cos 3 z 3 3
1 sin x 3 3 1
2sin 3 y y 2 z cos 3 y sin 3 3a cos x.
2 2
2b
2
cos x sin x c
2
y cos 3 2sin 3 z cos 3 and 3
a
3
3 b cos x a b sin x c
2 2
y sin 3 cos 3 0
3 3
sin 3 cos 3 0 sin 3 cos 3 3b a cos x a 3b sin x 0
2 2
3 n
4 b 1
5. tan cot 5 cos 6
a 2
4 cos3 2 3cos 2 0
3
cos 2 0 or , sin 2 cos 4
2
2 sin 2 2 sin 2 1 0
5
, ,
4 12 12
6. AM GM 3x 3 x 2 RHS 2
x
now 2 cos 2
2
Equation will have a solution if
LHS = RHS = 2 for the same value of x = 0
is the only solution.
x x 2x 2x x 2x
7. sin x
2 2 5 5 2 5
RHS [0, 2)
now LHS 0,1 1, not possible
case-(i): sin x 0
1 4n 1 1 4n 1
then n 1
4 10 4 10
3 4
for 30 x 40.3 k 4 k k 1
x 10
case(ii): sin x 1 x 4n 1
2
27
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
SYNOPSIS
(iii) 1 degree (1) rad 0.01745 rad
ANGLE 180
c 180
degrees 5717 ' 46"
An angle is the union of two rays with common
(iv) 1 rad (1 )
end point ‘O’ together with the rotation in a plane
necessary to bring one ray (the initial side) into the
22 355
position of the other ray (the terminal side). The Note :(i)Value of (or ) (or )3.1416
end point O is calle the vertex of the angle. 7 113
If A and B are any two points such that A lies (ii) is an irrational number
on the initial side and B lies on the terminal side of circumference of the circle
(iii) π =
an angle then the angle is denoted by AOB diameter of the circle
If the rotation of an angle is of anti clock wise,
Trigonometric Identities :
then the angle’ ’ is regarded as positive and if
the rotation is of clock wise then the angle is i) sin cos ec 1, n , n Z
regarded as negative.
Measurement of an angle : ii) cos sec 1, 2n 1 ,nZ
2
Sexagesimal system:
iii) tan cot 1, 2n 1 , n
(i) One right angle = radian = 90º. 2
2
(ii) radian = 2 right angles = 180º. iv) sin 2 cos 2 1 sin 2 1 cos 2
(iii)1 60 minutes(60 ') v) sec 2 tan 2 1 sec 2 1 tan 2
(iv)1' 60 seconds(60 '')
(v)1º 0.001745 radian 2n 1 , n Z .
2
(vi)1radian 57 01714511 (approx)
(vi) cos ec 2 cot 2 1
Centisimal system:
(i) 1 right angle = 100 grades written as 100 g cos ec 2 1 cot 2 n , n Z
(ii) 1 grade or 1g = 100 minutes (100’)
Note: (i) If 2n 1 , n Z , then
(iii)1 minute or 1’ = 100 seconds (100”) 2
Circular system :
sec2 tan2 1 sec tan sec tan 1
Radian: A radian is the angle subtended at the
centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the 1
sec tan
radius of the circle. The length of arc l r . sec tan
(ii) If n , n Z then
(i) 1 revolution = 2 radians 360
1
cos ec cot
(ii) radians = 2right angles 2 90 180 cos ec cot
1
Trigonometric ratios of various angles:
Trig.
Ratio
0 30 45 60 90 EXERCISE - I
1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2 1. cos 23º cos ec 67º sin 23º sec 67º
3 1 1 1) 0 2) 2 3) 1 4) -1
cos 1 0
2 2 2 2. sin 48º sec 42º cos 48º cos ec 42º
1 1) 0 2) 2 3) 1 4) -1
tan 0 1 3
3 3. lo g ta n 1 7 º lo g ta n 3 7 º
2
cos ec 2 2 1 log tan 53º log tan 73º
3 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
2
sec 1 2 2 4. cos5º cos24º cos175º cos204º cos300º
3
1) 1/2 2) 1 3) 3/2 4) 2
1
cot 3 1 0 5. sec tan 3 lies in the quadrant
3
1) I 2) II 3) III 4) IV
90o 6. sin10º sin 20º sin 30º ...... sin 360º
1) 0 2) 1 3) – 1 4) 2
Q2 Q1 7. 3[sin x cos x] 6[sin x cos x]
4 2
Sin>0, Cosec All Positive
others negative 4[sin 6 x cos6 x]
1) 3 2) 6 3) 4 4) 13
180o 0o or 360o
Q3 sin 2 tan 2
Q4 8. cos 2
Tan>0, Cot Cos>0, Sec 1 cot 2 (1 tan 2 ) 2
others negative others negative 1) – 1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
9. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle ABC
270o
3A 2B C AC
Note : i) sin n tan n cos 2n 1 0, n Z then cos cos
2 2 2
1) 0 2) 1 3) cosA 4) cosC
ii) sin 2n 1 1 and cos n 1 , nZ
n n
2 1 cot co sec
10.
Domain and range of trigonometric 1 cot cos ec
functions : sin sin
1) 2)
1 cos 1 cos
1 cos 1 sin
3) 4)
sin cos
2 4 8
11. sin
2
sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
18 18 18 18
7 5
sin 2 sin 2
18 18
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
12. If A B C D is a quadrilateral then
2
A B 1) 1 2) -1 3) 3 4) 3
tan
4 24. x a sec3 tan , y b tan 3 sec then
CD CD sin 2 =
1) cos 2) cot
4 4 x y x y xy ay
1) 2) 3) 4)
a b a b ab bx
CD CD
3) cos 4) cot 25. If x a sec n ; y b tan n then
4 4
13. If cos 1 cos 2 cos 3 cos 4 cos 5 5
2 2
x n y n
then sin 1 sin 2 sin 3 sin 4 sin 5 a b
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0 1) 0 2) -1 3) 1 4) 2
14. 9 cos 2 x 4sin 2 x 5 tan x 26. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle such that A
is obtuse then
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
1) tanA tan B > 1 2) tan B tan C <1
15. cos x cos2 x 1 sin8 x 2sin6 x sin4 x 3) tan C tan A > 1 4) tanA tan B tanC>1
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) -1 2 3
27. 4a sin 4 3 a tan 225º 2a cos 315º
2 2 2
16. If tan cot 2 then tan cot
1) 2 2) 2 2 3) 2 4) 4 2 1) 0 2) a 3) 2a 4) a 2
17. 1 sin A1 sin B 1 sin C 1 sin A p p sin q cos
28. If tan then
q p sin q cos
1 sin B 1 sin C k k
1) sin A sin B sin C 2p 2 pq
1) 2)
2) cos A cos B cos C p q2
2
p2 q2
3) sec A sec B sec C p2 q2 q2 p2
4) ± cosec A cosecB cosecC 3) 4)
p 2 q2 p 2 q2
18. tan 2 sec 5 sec
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) -1 29. If A,B,C are in arcthmetic progression and B
4
19. logsin1º . logsin 2º........logsin179º Then tan A tan B tan C
1) 1 2) 0 3) – 1 4) 2
20. If tan( ) 3, tan( ) 1 then 30. If the value of 1 tan11 tan 2 1 tan 3
ta n 6 = 1 tan 44 1 tan 45 is 2 .Then the sum of the
1) –1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2 digites of the number =
21. sin A cos B cos A sin B
2 2 2 2
sin 2 A sin 2 B cos 2 A cos 2 B
1) -1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2 KEY
22. If x sin130º cos130º then 01) 1 02) 2 03) 1 04) 1 05) 4 06) 1
1) x 0 2) x 0 3) x 0 4) x 0 07) 4 08) 3 09) 1 10) 3 11) 3 12) 4
3 5 7 9 15 13) 4 14) 2 15) 2 16) 3 17) 2 18) 2
23. cot .cot .cot .cot .cot .cot
20 20 20 20 20 20 19) 2 20) 3 21) 3 22) 3 23) 2 24) 4
3
25) 3 26) 2 27) 4 28) 3 29) 1 30) 5 cos ec cot 1
10.
SOLUTIONS 1 cot cos ec
We know cos ec 2 cot 2 1
1. cos23ºcos ec 90º 23º sin23ºsec 90º 23º
11 0 cos ec cot cos ec 2 cot 2
2. sin 480 cos ec 480 cos 480 sec 480 1 1 2 1 cot cos ec
3. log tan 7 log tan 37o log tan 53 log tan 73o
o
cos ec cot 1 cos ec cot
1 cot cos ec
log tan17 o tan 73o tan 53o tan 37 o
1 cos
We know A B 90o Then tan A tan B 1
sin
log 11 log1 0
11. If A B then sin 2 A sin 2 B 1
4. cos 5o cos 24o cos175o cos 204o cos 300o 2
cos 5o cos 24o cos 180 5 A B C D
12. A B C D 360º 4
2 4
cos 180 24o cos 360 60o
cos 5o cos 24 o cos 5o cos 24o cos 60o 13. Put 1 2 3 0º
1 14. Given 9 cos 2 x 4sin 2 x 5
2 Divide by cos 2 x on both sides
5. Given see A tan A 3 1 9 4 tan 2 x 5sec2 x
Using sec 2 A tan 2 A 1 9 4 tan 2 x 5 1 tan 2 x
1 4 tan 2 x
seeA tan A
seeA tan A tan x 2
seeA tan A 1
3 2 15. Given cos x cos 2 x 1
cos x 1 cos 2 x
10
Adding (1) and (2) 2 seeA 3 1 3 cos x sin 2 x
3
cos 2 x sin 4 x
seeA 5 0
3 sin 4 x 1 sin 2 x
1 8 sin 4 x sin 2 x 1
1 2 2 tan A 3
3 3 squaring on both sides
4 sin x sin 2 x 1
4 2
tan A 0
3
A lies IV Quadrant sin 8 x 2 sin 6 x sin 4 x 1
6. A B 360 sin A sin B 0
16. Put
7. Put x 90o 8. Put 45o 4
9. A = B = C = 600 17. k 2 1 sin A1 sin B 1 sin C 1 sin A
1 sin B 1 sin C
4
K 2 1 sin 2 A 1 sin 2 B 1 sin 2 C p tan q p 2 q 2
p tan q p 2 q 2
K 2 Cos 2 [Link] 2 [Link] 2C
K CosACosB CosC
29. Given angles A,B,C are in A.P and B 45o
18. tan 2 sec 5 , Sec 1 sec 5 ,2
Then A , C
Sec sec 6 0 , sec 2 or 3
2
4 4
19. log sin 900 0
Hence tan A tan B tan C tan 4 0 tan 4 tan 4
20. Let 600 1 tan 1 tan
1
45 0
2 15 6 45
0 0
1 tan 1 tan
1
21. sin2 A cos2 B sin2 B cos2 A sin2 B cos2 B or
30. If A B 45o
Put A B 00
tan A B tan 450
22. x sin 50º cos 50º
23. A B 90º cot A cot B 1 tan A tan B
1
1 tan A tan B
y b tan 3 sec b 2
24. sin tan A tan B 1 tan A tan B
x a sec3 tan a
25. Given x a sec n , y b tan n tan A tan B tan A tan B 1
1 tan A tan B tan A tan B 2
y
x sec n , tan n 1 tan A1 tan B 2
b
1 1
L.H.S= 1 tan11 tan 44 1 tan 2 1 tan 43 1 tan 45
x y
n n
sec , tan 222 1 1
a b
2 2
223 2
x n y n
23
sec2 , tan 2
a b Sum of the digits of is=2+3=5
We know sec 2 tan 2 1
x n y
2 2
n
1
EXERCISE II
a b
1. f x x3 2 x 2 3 x 5
26. A is obtuse B C 90º tan B tan C 1
2 2 5 3
1 1 f sin f sin
3 a 1 2a
2
27. Given 4a
2
2 2
2 2
1) 10 2) -10 11) 14 4) -14
p 2. cosA, sinA, cotA are in GP then
28. Given tan
q tan 6 A tan 2 A
p sin q cos 1) –1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
Now divide by cos Nr and Dr
p sin q cos
5 [Link]-5
3. If ABCD is a cydic quadrilateral such that
x , p, q N
p
2
y2
12 tan A 5 0 and 5cos B 3 0 , then is independent of
xy
q
cos C tan D
then
16 16 13 23
1) 2) 3) 4) 1) p q 6 2) 4 p 5q
13 13 16 16
4. If tan , 2 tan 2 , 3tan 3 are in G.P then 3) 4q 5 p 4) pq 16
7 5cot sin x cos x tan x
12. If k then
the value of is a b c
9 4 sec2 1
1 ak
bc is
12 33 33 12 ck 1 bk
1) 2) 3) 4)
5 28 100 13 1 1 1 1 a
5. Which of the following is correct? 1) k a 2) a 3) 2 4)
a k a k k
13. If a sin x b cos x sin x cos x
3 3
1) sin10 sin1 2) sin10 sin1
and a sin x b cos x then a 2 b 2
3) sin10 sin1 4) sin 10 sin 1
180 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
1 14. f x sin 2 x cos ec 2 x
6. cos ecA 4p cos ecA cot A
16p
1) f x 1 2) f x 1
1 1 1
1)8p 2) 3) 8p (or) 4) 8p (or) 3) 1 f x 2 4) f x 2
8p 8p 8p
15. Which of the following is not possible ?
7. If 1 sin x sin2 x ..... to 4 2 3,0 x and
5 1 a2
1) sin 2) cos ,|a | 1
7 1 a2
x then x
2 5
1) 30º, 60º 2) 60º, 120º 3) tan 100 4) sec
2
3) 90º, 120º 4) 30º, 45º
2 2 16. If sin 2
x sin 4 x sin 6 x ..... log 2
8. cos 5º cos 10º e 8 and
cos 2 15º .... cos 2 360º cos x
0 x then
1) 18 2) 27 3) 36 4) 45 2 cos x sin x
3 1 3 1 2 2
cos 2 sin 2 cos 4 sin 4 1) 2) 3) 4)
9. If then 2 2 3 1 3 1
a b a b
2 2
1 1 17. If 0 x ,81sin x 81cos x 30 then x =
1) 2)
ab (a b) 2
1 1 1) 2) 3) 4)
3) 2 2 4) a + b 6 4 15 8
a b
10. Eliminate from x 1 tan , y 2 cot 18. If 2 sin x 5 cos y 7 sin z 14 then
1) xy 1 x y 2) xy 2 2 x y x
7 tan 4 cos y 6 cos z
3) xy 1 2 x y 4) xy 1 2 y x 2
1) 4 2) -3 3) 11 4) 5
11. If x a cos3 sin 2 , y a sin 3 cos 2 and
19. If sin and cos are the roots of
px 2 qx r 0 then q2 p2
6
1) 0 2) –2pr 3) 2qr 4) 2rp cot 2 A cos ec 2 A 1
KEY 2
1
01) 4 02) 3 03) 1 04) 2 05) 2 4P 1
16 p
06) 4 07) 2 08) 3 09) 1
2
10) 3 11) 2 12) 2 1
cot A 4 P
2
13) 2 14) 4 15) 2 16) 2 16 p
17) 1 18) 3 19) 4
1
cot A 4p
SOLUTIONS 16 p
3 5 1
1. sin 1, sin 1 Now cos ecA cot A 8 P or
2 2 8P
2. Given cos A, sin A, cot A are in G.P a
7. Use formula S for G.P , a 1
sin A cos [Link] A
2
1 r
cos A r sin x
sin 2 A cos A
sin A a
42 3
tan 2 A cos ecA 1
Now tan 6 A tan 2 A cos ec 3 A cos ecA 1
4 2 3
1 sin x
cos ecA cos ec 2 A 1
1
cos [Link] A 2 1 sin x
42 3
1
cos ecA.
cos ecA
tan 2 A cos ec 42 3
1 sin x
=1 4
3. A C 180º , B D 180º 42 3 3
sin x 1
5 4 2
Given tan A 00 A C
12 2 2
x 60o ,120o
3
cos B 0 B 0 D
5 2 2 8. If A B 3600 or A B 1800
12
then cos 2 A cos 2 B and A B 900 then
4
cos C ; tan D
13 3
4. (2 tan 2) 2 tan (3 tan 3) cos 2
A cos 2 B 1
tan 2 5 tan 4 0 tan 1, 4 cos 2 sin 2 b
9. Given tan 2
but tan 4 only satisfies above condition a b a
5. 1 10 Now
1
6. Given cos ecA 4 P
16 P
We know cos ec 2 A cot 2 A 1
7
cos 4 sin 4 a b 1 1 1 3 1
a b a b a b
2 2 G.E
a b 1 tan x 1 3 2
b sin 2 x 2 81
tan 17. If 81 y 81cos x
a y
a 81
cos y 30 y2 30 y 81 0 y 27,3
y
ab
b 18. put x = , y = 0, z = .
sin 2 2
ab
q r
19. sin cos p , sin cos p
10. x 1 tan , y 2 cot
Multiply two equations now sin cos 1 2 sin cos
2
x a
p p
2
y2 2
sin 4 cos 4
11.
xy a cos
q 2 q
sin 5 5
a 2 p sin cos
4p
sin 4 sin 2 1
a 2 q sin cos
5q
cubing on both sides
which is independent of , if 4p=5q sin 4
sin 2 1
1 ak
12. bc sin12 sin 6 3sin10 3sin 8 1
ck 1 bk
campassing with
sin x cos x(1 cos x) sin 2 x
a sin12 b sin10 c sin 8 d sin 6 1
k2 sin x(1 cos x)
a 1, b 3, c 3, d 1
a 1 a 1 1 1
a
k sin x k ak k a bc 6
Now 3
13. Put sin x b and cos x a ad 2
a 2 b 2 cos 2 x sin 2 x 1
2
14. f x sin x sin 2 x 2
1 EXERCISE - III
1 1. tan 2 1 p2 , then sec tan 3 cos ec
a 2 for any real number a > 0
a 3 3
1) (2 p2 ) 2 2) (1 p2 ) 2
5
15. for a 2, cos not possible
3 3) (2 p 2 ) 2
3
4) (1 p 2 ) 2
3
sin 2 x
16. sin x sin x ... tan 2 x
2 4
1 sin 2 x 1 cos 1 cos
2.
2 1 cos 1 cos
tan 2 x 2
elog e 2
8 2 tan x
23 tan x 3 1) 2sec 2) 2sec
3) 2 cos ec 4) 2cos ec
3. If sin is the G.M. between sin and cos
8
then cos sin 2 cos 2
2
tan 2 tan 2 2 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 1
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) -1 then the value of sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 =
x2 y2 1 1) 0 2) -1 3) 1 4) 2
4. If sin 2 then x must be
2x
11. Let 0, and t1 tan ,
tan
1) -3 2) -2 3) 1 4) 3 4
5. sin x sin 2 x sin 3 x 1 cos 6 x 4 cos 4 x
t2 tan , t3 cot
cot tan
,
8 cos x 2
t4 cot
cot
1) 4 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0 then
6. cos cos 2 1 ,
1) t1 t2 t3 t4 2) t4 t3 t1 t2
12 10 8
a sin b sin c sin 3) t3 t1 t2 t4 4) t2 t3 t1 t4
bc 12 Two arcs of same length of two different circles
d sin 6 1 =
ad subtended angles of 25o and 75o at their
centres respectively. Then the ratio of the
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 6
radii of the circles is
2 c tan x 1) 3 : 1 2) 1 : 3 3) 1 : 2 4) 2 : 1
7. a sin x b cos x and
1 tan 2 x
1
13. If f k ( x) sin k x cos k x where
a 2 b 2
2
kc 2 a 2 b 2 k k
x R, k 1 then f 4 x f 6 x
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
(MAINS-2014)
8. The greatest among sin1 cos1 ,
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
sin1 cos1 , sin1 cos1 and 1 is 6 3 9 12
tan A cot A
1) sin1 cos1 2) sin1 cos1 14. The expression can be
1 cot A 1 tan A
3) sin1 cos1 4) 1 written as (MAINS-2013)
9. If a sin 2 x b cos 2 x c , b sin2 y a cos2 y d 1) sin A cos A 1 2) sec A cos ecA 1
a2 3) tan A cot A 4) sec A cos ecA
and a tan x b tan y then =
b2 15. In a PQR , if 3 sin P + 4 cos Q = 6 and 4 sin
(a d )(c a ) (b c)(b d ) Q + 3 cos P = 1 then the acute angle ‘R’ is
1) 2) equal to [AIEEE-2012]
(b c)(d b) (a c)(a d )
3 5 5
(b c)(d b) (d a )(c a ) 1) 2) 3) 4)
4 4 6 6
3) 4)
(a d )(c a ) (b c)(d b)
KEY
10. If tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2
01) 3 02) 3 03) 4 04) 3 05) 1 06) 2
07) 4 08) 2 09) 1 10) 3 11) 2 12) 1 13) 4
14) 2 15) 4
9 [Link]-9
HINTS
sin 3 cos
1. sec 1 cos3 sin
a tan 2 x b c sec 2 x
sec 1 tan 2 sec3 c b
(a c) tan 2 x c b tan x
2
ac
sec 2 2 P2
3/ 2 3/ 2
d a
similarly tan y
2
bd
2
2. Simplifying we get 2 cos ec a 2 tan 2 y
sin 2
but a tan x b tan y 2
b tan 2 x
sin is positive in II quadrant.
10. Let tan 2 x, tan 2 y , tan 2 z
3. sin 2 sin cos
4. sin 2 1 tan2 x
sin2 sin 2 sin2
5. sin x 1 sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 tan
2
1 x
( x y z ) ( xy yz zx 2 xyz ) xy yz zx xyz
Squaring both sides we get
(1 x )(1 y )(1 z )
1 cos x 2 cos x
2
2 2
cos 4 x
1 x y z xy yz zx xyz
Simplify further 1
(1 x)(1 y )(1 z )
6. sin 4 sin 2 1
cubing on both sides
11. In 0, , tan 1 and cot 1
4
sin 4
sin 2 1
cot cot tan tan
cot tan tan cot
sin sin 3sin 3sin 1
12 6 10 8
campassing with t4 t3 t1 t2
a sin12 b sin10 c sin 8 d sin 6 1 12. Length of arc, l r
a 1, b 3, c 3, d 1 l
r1 1 2 75 3
bc 6 r2 l / 2 1 25 1
Now 3
ad 2
13. f 4 x 1 2 sin 2 cos 2 and
7. Take a sin x b cos x c tan 2 x l
l l l f 6 x 1 3 sin 2 cos 2
sin x , cos x , tan 2 x
a b c sin A cos A
Elimination l we get cos A sin A sin2 A cos2 A
14. sin A cos A sin Acos A sin A cos Asin A
a b 2 4c 2 a 2 b 2 K 4
cos A
2
2
1 1
sin A cos A
8. sin1 sin1 sin 2 1
sin3 A cos3 A sin2 A sin Acos A cos2 A
cos1 cos1 cos 2 1
sin Acos A sin A cos A sin Acos A
Adding
sin1 cos1 sin1 cos1
1 sin A co s A
sec A co s ecA 1
sin 2 1 cos 2 1 s in A co s A
15. Squaring both the equations and adding both
sin1 cos1 sin1 cos1 1 the given equations then we get the angle p and
9. a sin x b cos x c
2 2
q as the sum of angles in triangle is 180
10
JEE MAINS, EAMCET QUESTIONS
12. Let 0, and t1 tan ,
tan
1. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle ABC
3A 2B C AC 4
then cos cos t2 tan , t3 cot ,
cot tan
2 2
2. If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then
t4 cot
cot
co s(180 º A ) cos(18 0 º B ) then
c o s(1 8 0 º C ) s in (9 0 º D ) 1) t1 t2 t3 t4 2) t4 t3 t1 t2
3. If sinx cosecx 2 then sin8 x cosec8x 3) t3 t1 t2 t4 4) t2 t3 t1 t4
4. In a ABC , if cot A cot B cot C 0 then the 13 Two arcs of same length of two different circles
triangle is subt ended angl es of 25o and 75o at their
1) acute angled 2) right angled centres respectively. Then the ratio of the
3) obtuse angled 4) can’t be decided radii of the circles is
5. If tan , 2 tan 2 , 3tan 3 are in G.P .P 1) 3 : 1 2) 1 : 3 3) 1 : 2 4) 2 : 1
7 5cot 1
14. If for real values of x, cos x , then
then the value of is x
9 4 sec2 1
1) is an acute angle 2) is right angle
12 33 33 12 3) is an obtuse angle
1) 2) 3) 4)
5 28 100 13 4) no value of is possible
6. In a triangle ABC, C = 900, then the
equation whose roots are tanA, tanB is 15. In ABC , tan A B C
1) ab x 2 c 2 x ab 0 2) ab x 2 c2 x ab 0 1) sin 2 A 2) 1 3) tan 2 A 4) 0
3) ab x 2 c 2 x ab 0 4) ab x 2 c 2 x ab 0 16. If ABCD is a quadrilateral then
7. If 1sinx sin2 x ..... to 4 2 3,0 x and A B
tan
4
x then x C D CD
2 1) cos 2) cot
1) 30º, 60º 2) 60º,120º 3) 90º, 120º 4) 30º, 45º 4 4
8. f x sin 2 x cos ec 2 x CD CD
3) cos 4) cot
1) f x 1 2) f x 1 4 4
17. If tan cot 2 then tan cot
3) 1 f x 2 4) f x 2
1) 2 2) 2 2 3) 2 4) 4 2
9. If sin 2
x sin 4 x sin 6 x ..... log 2
and
e 8 18. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle such that A
cos x is obtuse then
0 x then 1) tanA tan B > 1 2) tan B tan C <1
2 cos x sin x
2 2 3) tan C tan A > 1 4) tanA tan B tanC>1
3 1 3 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 19. If cosA, sinA, cotA are in GP then
2 2 3 1 3 1
10. If sin is the G.M. between sin and tan 6 A tan 2 A
1) –1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
cos then cos sin 2cos 2
2
20. I f ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral such that
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) -1 12 tan A 5 0 and 5cos B 3 0 , then
11. If tan tan tan tan
2 2 2 2
cos C tan D
tan 2 tan 2 2 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 1 16 16 13 23
then the value of sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 = 1) 2) 3) 4)
13 13 16 16
1) 0 2) -1 3) 1 4) 2 21. 1 cos x cos x ... to 4 2 3 then x =
2
1) 30º 2) 60º 3) 45º 4) 90º
11
22. If e1 sin x sin x .... log 2 16 , then tan 2 x
2 4
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 KEY
23. If sin and cos are the roots of 01)0.00 02) 0.00 03) 2.00 04) 1 05) 2
06) 4 07) 2 08) 4 09) 2 10) 4
px 2 qx r 0 then q2 p2 11) 3 12) 2 13) 1 14) 4 15) 3
1) 0 2) –2pr 3) 2qr 4) 2rp 16) 4 17) 3 18) 2 19) 3 20) 1
1 21) 1 22) 3 23) 4 24) 4 25) 2
24. If f k ( x) sin x cos x where
k k
k 26) 4 27) 3 28) 4 29)4 30) 4
SOLUTIONS
x R, k 1 then f 4 x f 6 x 1. A = B = C = 600
( JEE MAINS-2014) 2. A C 1800 , B D 1800
1 1 1 1 3. Put x 900
1) 2) 3) 4)
6 3 9 12 4. cot A cot B cot C 0
tan A cot A cot A , cot B , cot C are positive
25. The expression can be
1 cot A 1 tan A ABC is acute angled
written as (JEE MAINS-2013)
1) sin A cos A 1 2) sec A cos ecA 1
5. (2 tan 2) 2 tan (3 tan 3)
3) tan A cot A 4) sec A cos ecA tan 2 5 tan 4 0 tan 1, 4
26. In a PQR , if 3 sin P + 4 cos Q = 6 and 4 but tan 4 only satisfies above condition
a b
sin Q + 3 cos P = 1 then the acute angle ‘R’
6. tan A , tan B and a 2 b 2 c 2
is equal to (AIEEE-2012) b a
3 5 Find sum and product of roots
1) 2) 3) 4) a
4 4 6 6
7. Use formula S for G.P
10
r 1 r
27. cos 3
1
r 1 3 8. f x sin 2 x 2
sin 2 x
1 7 9 1 1
A) B) C) D) a 2 for any real number a > 0
8 8 8 8 a
28. Let
P : sin cos 2 cos and
9. sin 2 x sin 4 x ...
sin 2 x
tan 2 x
Q : sin cos 2 sin be two sets. 1 sin 2 x
tan 2 x 2
Then (IIT-2011)(JEE Mains-2016) elog e 2
8 2 tan x
23 tan x 3
(A) P Q and P (B) Q P
1 1 3 1
(C) P Q (D) P Q G.E
1 tan x 1 3 2
29. For any 10. sin sin cos
2
, , the expression
4 2 Cubing both sides we get the answer
3(sin cos ) 4 6(sin cos ) 2 4sin 6 11. Let tan 2 x, tan 2 y , tan 2 z
equals (JEE MAIN-2019)
tan2 x
1) 13 4 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin sin sin
4 2 2 2
2) 13 4 cos 2 6 sin 2 cos 2 1 tan
2
1 x
( x y z ) ( xy yz zx 2 xyz ) xy yz zx xyz
3) 13 4 cos 2 6 cos 4
(1 x)(1 y )(1 z )
4) 13 4 cos 6 1 x y z xy yz zx xyz
1
1 (1 x )(1 y )(1 z )
30. .Let f k ( x ) (sin x cos x ) for k=
k k
k
12. In 0, 4 , tan 1 and cot 1
1,2,3.... Then for all x R, the value of
cot cot tan tan
cot tan tan cot
f 4 ( x) f 6 ( x) is equal to [MAINS-2019]
t4 t3 t1 t2
12
[Link] of arc, l r ;
29. 3(sin cos )4 6(sin cos )2 4sin 6
l
r 1 2 75 3 3(1 2sin cos ) 2 6(1 2sin cos ) 4(1 cos 2 )3
1
r2 l / 2 1 25 1 13 4cos6
1 1
30. f k ( x ) (sin x cos x )
k k
14. x 2 no value of is possible
k
x
15. B C 180 º A tan A A 180 º tan 2 A 1 1
f 4 ( x) f6 ( x ) (sin 4 x cos 4 x) (sin 6 x cos 6 x)
4 6
AB CD 1 1 1
16. A B C D 360º
4 2 4 4 6 12
17. Put
4
18. A is obtuse B C 90º tan B tan C 1 ******
19.. sin 2 A cos [Link] A sin 3 A cos 2 A
tan 2 A cos ecA and simplify
20. A C 180º , B D 180º Given
5
tan A 00 A C
12 2 2
3
cos B 0 B 0 D
5 2 2
12 4
cos C ; tan D
13 3
a
21. Use formula S for G.P
1 r
1 1
22. elog 2 1sin 2 x 16 2 cos
2
x
24
sec 2 x 4 tan 2 x 3
q r
23. sin cos , sin cos
p p
now sin cos 1 2 sin cos
2
1
24. f4 x 1 2 sin 2 x co s 2 x and
4
1
f6 x 1 3 sin 2 x co s 2 x
6
sin A cos A
cos A sin A sin2 A cos2 A
25. cos A sin A cos A sin Acos A sin A cos Asin A
1 1
sin A cos A
1 sin A co s A
sec A co s ecA 1
s in A co s A
26. Squaring both the equations and adding
27. Use Standard angles.
28. In set P,
sin
2 1 cos tan 2 1
In set Q,
2 1 sin cos
1
tan 2 1 P Q
2 1
13
COMPOUND ANGLES
SYNOPSIS cos sin
IV i) tan 45º
cos sin
Definitions and Formulae :
1 tan
The algebraic sum of two or more angles cot 45º
is called a compound angle. i.e., 1 tan
A B, A B , A B C , A B C , ...etc., are cos sin
ii) tan 45º
called compound angles. cos sin
I If A and B are any two angles then 1 tan
i) sin (A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B cot 45º and
1 tan
ii) sin (A-B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B
iii) cos (A+B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B iii) tan 45º .tan 45º 1
iv) cos (A-B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A tan B
v) tan A B 1 tan A tan B EXERCISE - I
tan A tan B 1. sin11º19| cos18º 41| cos11º19| sin18º 41|
vi) tan A B 1 tan A tan B
3 1
cot A cot B 1 1) 1 2) 3) 4) 0
2
vii) cot A B 2
cot B cot A
2. If 0 and 2sin 3cos10º sin10º
2
cot Acot B 1
viii) cot A B then
cot B cot A
1) 70º 2) 50º 3) 60º 4) 40º
II i) sin A B sin A B 2sin A cos B
ii) sin A B sin A B 2 cos A sin B 3. If tan 22º tan 38º 3 k tan 22º tan 38º
then k =
iii) cos A B cos A B 2 cos A cos B
1) -1 2) 3 3) 0 4) 1
iv) cos A B cos A B 2sin A sin B
1 tan 2º cot 62º
4. If k 3 then k =
v) cos A B cos A B 2sin A sin B tan152º cot 88º
III i) sin (A+B) sin (A-B) = sin2A - sin2B 1 1
1) -1 2) 3) 1 4)
= cos2B - cos2 A 2 2
ii) cos (A+B) cos (A-B) = cos2A - sin2B
5. If tan A B p, tan A B q then
= cos2B - sin2A
cot 2B
tan 2 A tan 2 B
iii) tan A B tan A B 1 pq 1 pq 1 pq 1 pq
1 tan 2 A tan 2 B 1) 2) 3) 4)
pq pq pq pq
14
6. If sin cos then tan 1 1
tan A 1 , tan B tan C .Then
2 5 8
1 tan 1 sin 1 tan 1 cos
1) 2) 3) 4) A B C
1 tan 1 sin 1 tan 1 cos
1 1
7. cos 52 º sin 22 º
2 2 1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 12 6 4 2
KEY
3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3
1) 2) 3) 4) 01) 3 02) 1 03) 2 04) 1 05) 1 06) 3
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
07) 4 08) 1 09) 3 10) 2 11) 1 12) 4
sin A B .sin A B 13) 1 14) 1 15) 3 16) 3
8. In ABC , cos 2 A cos 2 B
SOLUTIONS
1
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 1. sin11º19| cos18º 41| cos11º19| sin18º 41|
2
1
9.
tan 80º tan10º
sin 11º19| 18º 41| sin 30º
2
tan 70º
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3 3 1
2. sin cos10º sin10º
tan160º tan110º 2 2
10. if tan 20º p then 1 tan160º tan110º
sin 60º 10º sin 70º
2p 1 p2 1 p2 2p 3. 22º 38º 60º
1) 2) 3) 4) tan60º tan22º tan38º tan60ºtan22ºtan38º
1 p2 2p 2p 1 p2
3 tan22º tan38º tan22º tan38º 3
1 tan 33º 1 tan12º
11. 1 cot 88º cot 62º cot 88º cot 62º 1
1 tan18º 1 tan 27º 4.
cot 62º cot 88º cot 88º cot 62º
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 3 cot150º 3
12. sin 20º sin 40º sin 80º
5. cot 2 B cot A B A B
1) -1 2) 1 3) 2 4) 0
13. cos 20º cos100º cos140º 1 1
1
1) 0 2) -1 3) 1 4) 2 p q 1 pq
1 1 pq
sin a b tan
q p
14. sin a b tan
6. tan 1 tan tan 1 tan tan
1) a b 2) b a 3) a 2b 4) a b tan 1 tan 1 tan
1 tan
1 tan
15. If sin ,sin B, 0 A B then 1 tan
10 4
1º 1
º
1º 1
º
A B 7. cos 52 2 22 2 cos 52 2 22 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 3 4
16. if ABC are acute angles of triangle and if
15
3 1 3
cos 75º cos 30º
2 2 2
cos 2 B cos 2 A
EXERCISE II
8. =0
cos 2 [Link] 2 B 4
9. 70º 10º 80º 1. If A, B are acute angles, sin A ,
5
tan80º tan70º tan10º tan10ºtan70ºtan80º 5
tan 80º tan10º 2 tan 70º tan B then sin A B
12
1
p 36 65 65 63
10. tan 20 º co t 2 0 º p 1 p2
1) 2) 3) 4)
1 tan 2 0 º co t 2 0 º 2 2p 65 56 63 65
11. 12º 33º 45º 1 tan12º 1 tan33º 2 3 5
2. In a ABC , A is obtuse, sin A , sin B
5 13
12. sin 20º sin 60º 20º sin 60º 20º 0
then sin C
13. cos20º cos 120º 20º cos 120º 20º 0
33 16 4 12
1) 2) 3) 4)
sin sin a b a b 65 65 5 13
14. sin sin a b a b
3. If B, A B are acute angles ,
2sin cos a tan a 12 5
sin A B ,sin B then sin A
2 cos sin b tan b 13 13
1 1 119 119 169 169
1) 2) 3) 4)
15. Given sin A ,sin B 169 169 119 119
10 5
A,Bare lies in Q, and also A+B lies in Q 5 15
4. If cos A , tan B ,
cos 1 sin 2 A cos B 1 sin 2 B 13 8
270º A 360º , 90º B 180º , then the
3 2
quadrant to which A+B belongs is
10 5
1) IV 2) III 3) II 4) I
A B 2 4
4 5. If x cos y cos z cos
3 3
1 B 1 1
16. Given tan A , tan , tan C 1 1 1
2 2 5 8 then the value of
Now x y z
tan A B C
tan A tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C 1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 3cos
1 tan A tan B tan B tan C tan C tan A
6. If cos A B 3 5 and tan A tan B 2 then
1 1 1 111
which one of the following is true
2 5 8 258
1 1 11 11 = 1
1 1) sin A B 1 5 2) sin A B 1 5
2 5 58 82
3) cos A B 15 4) cos A B 1 5
= A B C
4
16
7. If cos cos 0 sin sin then yz zx
tan , tan then
xr yr
cos
1) 0 2) 1 3) -1 4) 2 1) 2) 3) 2 4) 3
4
8. cot Acot B 2,cos A B 3/5 sin [Link] B
17. In ABC if cot A cot B cot C 3 then
1) 2 5 2) 1 5 3) 4 5 4) 3 5
ABC is
1 1) equilateral triangle 2) right angled triangle
9. If sin x cos y and 3 tan x 4 tan y then
4 3) isosceles 4) scalene triangle.
sin x y sin A B C
1 7 3 3 18. tan A tan B tan C
cos A cos B cos C
1) 2) 3) 4)
16 16 4 16
1) tan A tan B tan C 2) sin A sin B sin C
10. If sin A sin B 3 cos B cos A then
sin 3 A sin 3B
3) cos A cos B cos C 4) tan A tan B
1) 0 2) 2 3) 1 4) -1 1
19. In a A B C , if cos A cos B cos C , then
11. If 2 tan A cot A tan B then 3
the value of
cot A 2 tan A B
tan A tan B tan B tan C tan C tan A is
1) -1 2) 0 3) 14) 1 2 1) 1 2) 4/3 3) 4 4) 3
20. If tan A 1, tan B 2, tan C 3 then A+B+C =
1 tan A B
12. If sin B .sin 2 A B then n
5 tan A ,n z
1) 2) n , n z
2
1) 5 3 2) 2 3 3) 3 2 4) 3 5
n 2n
13. If tan , tan are the roots of the equation 3) ,n z 4) ,n z
4 3
x 2 px q 0 p 0 then 21. In a ABC , tan A tan B tan C 6 and
tan A tan B 2 then the triangle ABC is
1) cos 1 q 2) sin p
1) right angled isosceles 2) acute angled isosceles
p p 3) acute angled 4) equilateral
3) tan 4) cot
q 1 q 1 3
22. cos x y cos y z cos z x
2
14. If and cot , cot , cot are in cos x
2
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
A.P then cot .cot
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 x sin B
23. If tan A and
1 x cos B
2sin A sin C
15. In a ABC if tan B sin A C then y sin A sin A
tan B then
1 y cos A sin B
tan A, tan B , tan C are in
1) x / y 2) y / x 3) x y 4) x y
1) A.P 2) G.P 3) H.P 4) A.G.P.
xy
16. If x2 y2 z 2 r 2 and tan ,
zr
17
KEY k k 2 k 4
cos . cos . cos
01) 4 02) 2 03) 2 04) 4 x y 3 z 3
05) 3 06) 4 07) 3 08) 4 09) 1 1 1 1 2 4
10) 11) 1 12) 2 13) 3 14) 3 k cos cos cos
x y z 3 3
15) 3 16) 3 17) 18) 3 19) 1
cos cos 120º cos 120º 0
20) 1 21) 3 22) 2 23) 3
31) 1 32) 1 6. cos A cos B sin A sin B 3 5 and
SOLUTIONS sin A sin B 2 cos A cos B
4 12 3 5 63 cos A cos B 1 ,sin A sin B 2
1. sin A B 5 13 5 13 65 5 5
1 2
2. A B C 180º A B 180º C cos A B 1
5 5 5
3 12 4 5 16 7. cos cos 0 ..... (1)
sin C
5 13 5 13 65 sin sin 0 ..... (2)
3. sin A sin A B B
(1)2 + (2)2 2 2cos 0
sin A B cos B cos A B sin B
cos 1
12 12 5 5 119
13 13 13 13 169 8. cos A cos B 2sin Asin B and
5 15 3
4. Given cos A , tan B cos A B
13 8 5
3
27o A 360,90 B 1800 cos A cos B sin A sin B
5
8 2sin A sin B sin A sin B 3
cos B 5
17
3 s in x 4 s in y
15 9. sin x cos y 1 4 , c o s x c o s y
sin B
17 3sin x cos y 4 cos x sin y
12 3
sin A cos x sin y
13 16
1 3 1
Now sin A B sin A cos B cos A sin B sin x y
4 16 16
12 8 5 5 96 75 10. sin A 3 cos A 3 cos B sin B
0
13 17 13 17 221
1 3 3 1
cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B sin A cos A cos B sin B
2 2 2 2
5 8 12 15 40 180 sin A 60º sin 60º B
0
13 17 13 17 221 A 60º 60º B , sin 3 B sin 3B 0
A B Q 11. 2 tan A cot A tan B
2 4 tan A tan B
cot A 2
5. x cos y cos z cos k 1 tan A tan B
3 3
18
cot A tan B 2 tan A 2 tan B
18. Take A B C 3
1 tan A tan B
cot A cot A 19. tan A tan B tan B tan C tan C tan A
0
1 tan A tan B sin AsinBcosCsinBsinCcos Asin AsinCcos B
1
12. Given sin B sin 2 A B cos AcosBcosC
5
cos A B C cos A cos B cos C
sin 2 A B 5
cos A cos B cos C
sin B 1
Apply component and divided to rule 1
1
3 4
sin 2 A B sin B 5 1 1
sin 2 A B sin B 5 1 3
2sin A B cos A 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
20. tan A B C 0
2 cos A B sin A 2 1 1.2 2.3 3.1
A B C n / n z
tan A B 3
21. Take tan A 1, tan B 2, tan C 3
tan A 2
A , B , C
sin C sin B 2 sin
C D cos C B 4 2 2
2 2 ABC is acute angled triangle.
22. x y y z z x 120º
sin C sin D 2 cos
C 1 sin C 1
2 2 y x 120º , z x 120º
13. tan tan p, tan tan q cos x cos x cos x 120º cos x 120º 0
p p sin A x sin B
tan 23.
1 q q 1 cos A 1 x cos B
14. cot , cot , cot are in A.P.. sin A x sin A cos B x cos A sin B
2 cot cot cot sin A x sin A B
since 2 cot cot similary sin B y sin A B
cot cot cot cot cot cot
3cot cot cot cot
sin A cos C cos A sin C 2
15.
sin A sin C tan B
cot C cot A 2 cot B
cot A, cot B , cot C are in A.P
tan A, tan B , tan C are in H.P..
16. put x = y = z
17. Take A B C 3
19
cos cos cos cos
EXERCISE III 1)
1 cos cos
2)
1 cos cos
cos cos cos cos
n tan 3) 4)
1 cos cos 1 cos cos
1. If tan = then tan( )
1 (1 n) tan 2
1) (1+n) tan 2) (1-n) tan
KEY
3) - (1+n) tan 4) -(1-n) tan 01) 2 02) 1 03) 4
2. If sec tan 1, then root of the equation 04) 1 05) 3 06) 4 17) 3 08) 3
a 2b c x2 b 2c a x c 2a b 0 is
1) sec 2) tan 3) sin 4) cot SOLUTIONS
3. If tan , tan are the roots of the equation tan tan
1. tan 1 tan tan
x 2 px q 0 p 0 then
n tan
sin2 p sin cos q cos2 ta n
1 1 n t a n 2
1) 0 2) 1 3) p 4) q
n ta n
1 ta n
1 (1 n ) ta n 2
4. If tan 2sin sin cos ec , then tan 1 n tan 3 n tan
1 n tan
1 1 n tan 2 n tan 2
cot , cot and cot are in
1) A.P. 2) G.P. 3) H.P 4) A.G.P 2. sec tan 1
5. If an angle is divided into two parts A & B 0 is the solution of the above equation.
such that A - B = x and tan A : tan B = K : 1, sec 0º 1 is a root of the equation
then the value of sinx is
k 1 k
a 2b c x2 b x a x c 2a b 0
1) sin 2) sin 3. tan tan p, tan tan B q
k 1 k 1
k 1 k p
3) sin 4) sin tan
k 1 k 1 q 1
sin2 psin cos 2cos2
6. If tan tan a
4 4 1
tan2 p tan q
3 3 sec
2
then tan tan
4 4
1 p2 p2
1) 0 2) a 3) 3 a 4) a 3 3a q q
p2 q 1 q 1
2
cos x 1
7. If 2 and cos x y 3 then tan y q 1
2
cos y 2
1) 3 4 2) 3 1 3) 3 4 4) 3 1 sin 2
4. ; cot cot 2 cot
sin sin tan
cos x cos sin 2 cos
8. If then cos x = cot , cot cot are in A.P..
cos x cos sin 2 cos
sec in a root of the given equation.
20
5. A B , A B x JEE MAINS, EAMCET QUESTIONS
tan A k tan A tan B k 1
tan B 1 tan A tan B k 1 sin A B .sin A B
sin A B k 1
1. In ABC , cos 2 A cos 2 B
sin k 1
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 1/2
sin A B k 1 sin x k 1
2. A B C 180º then the value of
cos ecA sin B cos C cos B sin C
3 3
6. tan tan 1) 1 2) -1 3) 0 4) 2
4 4
3
3. In a ABC , A is obtuse, sin A ,
3 5
tan tan 5
sin B then sin C
4 4 13
33 16 4 12
1) 2) 3) 4)
3tan tan tan tan 65 65 5 13
4 4 4 4
4. If and cot ,cot , cot
2
a 3 1 a a 3a
3 3
are in A.P then cot .cot
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
3
7. cos x y x y cos B C
2 6 5. In a ABC , sin B sin C
6. In a ABC , tan A tan B tan C 6 and
x y cos x 2 cos y tan A tan B 2 then the triangle ABC is
6
1) right angled isosceles
3 1 2) acute angled isosceles
cos y sin y 2 cos y 3) acute angled 4) equilateral
2 2
sin A B C
7. tan A tan B tan C
3 4 1 cos A cos B cos C
cos y sin y tan y 3 4
2 2 1) tan A tan B tan C 2) sin A sin B sin C
3) cos A cos B cos C 4) tan A tan B
8. The given relation can be written as 1
8. In a ABC , if sin A sin B sin C then
3
cos x sin 2 cos sin 2 cos the valueof cot A cot B cot B cot C cot C cot A is
1) 1 2) 4/3 3) 4 4) 3
cos 2 sin 2 sin 2 cos 2 9. Match the following:
List -I List -II
cos2 1 cos2 1 cos2 cos2
cos x 1. cot .cot a. 0
cos 1 cos2 cos 1 cos2 4 4
2. sin 450 cos 450 b. tan 560
cos2 cos 2 cos cos cos110 sin110 3
cos cos 1 cos cos 1 cos cos 3.
cos110 sin110
c.
2
21
1) 1-d, 2-a, 3-b,4-c 2) 1-a,2-b,3-c,4-d KEY
3) 1-c,2-b,3-d,4-c 4) 1-b,2-c,3-a,4-d 01) 1 02) 1 03) 2 04) 3 05) 4.00
06) 3 07) 1 08) 1 09) 1 10) 4 11)
10. Statement (I) : If 0 , , 3 12) 2 13) 3 14) 1
4
a b
sin , cos SOLUTIONS
1 a2 1 b2
cos B cos 2 A
2
then tan
ab
.
1. cos 2 [Link] 2 B
= sec 2 A sec 2 B 0
ab 2. cos ecA sin B C cos ecA sin A 1
Statement (II) : If tan A B m, 3. A B C 180º A B 180º C
mn 3 12 4 5 16
tan A B n then tan 2 B sin C
mn 5 13 5 13 65
1) Only I is true 2) Only II is true 4. cot , cot , cot are in A.P..
3) Both I and II are true 2 cot cot cot
4) Neither I nor II are true
11. Statement (I): If A B C since 2 cot cot
A, B, C 0 and the angle C is obtuse then cot cot cot cot cot cot
tan A tan B 1 . 3cot cot cot cot
Statement (II): If A,B,C are acute positive cos B cos C sin B sin C
angles such that A B C and 5. sin B sin C
1
cot A cot B cot C K then K 3 3 cot B cot C 1 1 3 4
Which of the above statements is correct? 6. Take tan A 1, tan B 2, tan C 3
1) Only I 2) Only II A , B , C
3) Both I and II 4) Neither I nor II 4 2 2
ABC is acute angled triangle.
4
12. If 0 , , cos , 7. Take A B C 3
4 5
5 8. cos A cos B sin C sin A B C sin A sin B sin C
sin then tan 2 sin A sin B sin C sin A sin B sin C
13 1
0
(AIEEE-2010) 3 1
1
33 56 16 14 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
56 33 63 63 9.
cot tan cos 450 sin 450
13. If tanA and tan B are the roots of the qua 4 4
dratic equation, 3 x 2 10 x 25 0 , then the cos110 sin110 1 tan110
value of 3sin 2 ( A B) 10sin(A B) . cos110 sin110 1 tan110
tan tan ab
cos(A B) 25cos 2 ( A B) is: 10. (I) : tan 1 tan tan 1 ab
1) -10 2) 10 3) -25 4) 25
14. If sin 4 cos 4 2 4 2 sin cos ; (II) : tan 2 B tan A B A B
, [0, ] , then cos( ) cos( ) tan A B tan A B m n
is equal to:
(JEE MAIN-2019) 1 tan A B tan A B 1 mn
1) 2 2) 0 3) –1 4) 2
22
MULTIPLE & SUBMULTIPLE
ANGLES
SYNOPSIS A
2 tan
If A is an angle, then its integral multiples i) sin A
2
A
A 2n 1 , n Z
2A,3A,4A,.... are called "Multiple angles of A. 1 tan 2
2
A A
The multiples of A by fractions like , ,... A
2 3 1 tan 2
are called submultiple angles of A 2 A 2n 1 , n Z
ii) cos A A
i) sin 2 A 2 sin A cos A 1 tan 2
2
ii) cos 2 A cos 2 A sin 2 A 2 cos 2 A 1 i) sin 3A = 3 sin A - 4 sin3 A
1 2 sin A
2
ii) cos 3A = 4 cos3A - 3 cos A
2tan A 3 tan A tan3 A
iii) tan2A A,2A 2n 1 , n Z iii) tan3A ,
1 tan A
2
2 1 3 tan2 A
cot 2 A 1 n
iv) cot 2 A A ,n Z A, 3A 2n 1 , n Z
2 cot A 2 2
i) 3 cot A cot3 A n
iv) cot 3 A , A , nZ
2 tan A
2
1 3 cot A 3
sin 2 A A 2n 1 , n Z
1 tan A
2
2 1 cos 2 A
ii) i) sin A
2
1 tan 2 A
cos 2 A A 2n 1 , n Z ii) cos A
1 cos 2 A
1 tan A
2
2 2
i) s i n A 2 s i n A c o s A
2 2 1 cos 2 A
iii) tan A A 2n 1 , n Z
A A 1 cos 2 A 2
ii) cos A = cos
2
sin 2
2 2 In above formulae, sign is based on quadrant.
A A
2 cos 2 1 1 2 sin 2
2 2 A 1 cos A
i) sin
A 2 2
2 tan
2 A , A 2 n 1 , n Z
iii) tan A
2 A 2 2
A 1 cos A
1 tan ii) cos
2 2 2
A
1
cot 2 A 1 cos A
iv) cot A 2 A n , n Z iii) tan
2
1 cos A
A 2n 1 , n Z
A
2 cot
2 In above formulae, sign is based on quadrant.
23
A
1 tan vi) tan A tan A 2 tan 2 A
A 2 4 4
i) tan A
4 2 1 tan vii) tan A + 2 tan 2A + .........+ 2n-1 tan 2n-1 A
2 +2n cot 2n A = cot A
(or)
A A
cos sin cot A - tan A - 2 tan 2A.......-2n-1 tan2n-1 A
2 2 1 sin A
= A A 1 sin A n
cos sin
2 2 = 2n cot 2n A A ,n Z
2
1 sin A
cos A If 60º(or)120º(or)240º(or) 300º then
=
cos A 1 sin A
1
i) sin .sin .sin sin 3
4
where A 4n 1 ,nZ
2
1
ii) cos . cos . cos cos 3
A 4
1 tan
A
ii) tan 2 iii) tan .tan .tan tan 3
4 2 1 tan A
2
where ,3 2n 1 ,n Z
2
A A
cos sin
2 2 1 sin A iv) cot .cot .cot cot 3
= A A 1 sin A
cos sin n
2 2 where ,nZ
3
1 sin A cos A
v) tan tan tan 3 tan 3
cos A 1 sin A
where ,3 2n 1 ,nZ
Where A 4n 1 ,nZ 2
2
vi) cot cot cot 3 cot 3
Standard results :
n
i) sin 4 cos 4 1 2 sin 2 cos 2 where ,nZ
3
1 2
= 1 sin 2 tan tan 60º tan 120º
2
tan tan 120º tan 240º
3 tan 3
ii) sin 6 cos6 1 3sin 2 cos 2 tan tan 240º tan 300º
tan tan 300º tan 60º
3 2
= 1 sin 2
4 where ,3 2n 1 ,n Z
2
n
iii) cot A + tan A=2 cosec 2A A ,n Z cot cot 60º cot 120º
2
cot cot 120º cot 240º
n
cot cot 240º cot 300º
iv) cot A - tan A = 2 cot 2A A ,n Z
2 cot cot 60º cot 300º
= 3 cot 3
v) tan A tan A 2sec 2 A
4 4 n
where ,nZ
3
24
sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 3 2 2 2 ......... 2 2 cos
cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 = 2
2 cos n
2
where 60 º (or) 120 º (or) 240 º (or) 300 º Where 'n' is the number of square roots and
If A B 60º then 0
2 2 3
2 2 2 ....... ... 2 c o s n 1
i) sin A sin B sin A sin B 2
4
3 Where 'n' is the number of square roots
2 2
ii) cos A cos B cos A cos B sin 2n
4 cos .cos 2 .cos 22 ..........cos 2n 1 n
2 sin
º Where n
If A B 60 then
2 3
2 2 3 cos cos cos
i) sin A sin B sin A sin B 2n 1 2n 1 2n 1
4
4 n 1
2 2 3 cos ......cos n
ii) cos A cos B cos A cos B 2n 1 2n 1 2
4
1 sec 2 1 sec 22 ....... 1 sec 2n
sin sin
3 3
60º sin 60º
3
sin sin
3 3
120º sin 3 120º
=
tan 2n
tan
sin 3 sin 3 240º sin 3 240º
i) 1 sin 2A cos A sin A
sin sin
3 3
300º sin 3 300º
A A
3
sin 3 ii) 1 sin A cos sin
4 2 2
cos3 cos3 60º cos3 60º iii) 1 sin 2A cos A sin A
cos3 cos3 120º cos3 120º A A
iv) 1 sin A cos sin
cos cos
3 3
240º cos3 240º 2 2
cos3 cos3 300º cos3 300º A A
Let C cos ; S sin , then
2 2
3
cos 3
4 C S 1 sin A , C S 1 sin A
sin 3 sin 3 60º sin 3 120º
sin 3 sin 3 120º sin 3 240º
sin 3 sin 3 240º sin 3 300º
sin 3 sin 3 60º sin 3 300º
3
sin 3
4
cos3 cos3 60º cos3 120º
cos3 cos3 120º cos3 240º
cos3 cos3 240º cos3 300º
cos3 cos3 60º cos3 300º
3
cos3
4
25
EXERCISE - I
11. cos 2 250 cos 2 950 cos 2 1450
sin sin 2
1. 1 3 3 1
1 cos cos 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 4 2
1) tan 2) cot 3) tan 4) tan 12. The value of
2 2
sin 2 46 0 sin 2 14 0 sin 46 0 sin14 0
2 º
1 tan 7½
2. = 1 3 5 1
2 tan 7½ º 1)
4
2)
4
3)
4
4)
2
1) 2 3 2) 2 3 3) 2 1 4) 2 1 13. cos 3 100 cos3 1100 cos 3 130 0
sin12 A cos12 A 3 3 3 3 3 3
3. 1) 2) 3) 4)
sin 4 A cos 4 A 4 8 8 4
1) 6 2) 4 3) 2 4) 1
14. sin 3 10º sin 3 250º sin 3 310º
4. 4 cos3400 - 3 sin 500 =
1 1 3 1 1) 3 8 2) 3 8 3) 18 4) 3 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2 2
15. , 2 2 2 2cos8 k cos k
1 1 3 1 16
5. cos a then cos 3 K a 3
2 a a 1) 2 2) 4 3) 8 4) 16
where K is equal to
1 1 3 16. 2 2 2 2 2
1) 2) 3) 1 4)
2 2 2
3 1) cos 2) 2 cos 3) 2 cos 4) cos
6. If 180 270 ,sin , then cos =
0 0
32 32 64 64
5 2
1 1 1 sin x
1) 2) 3) 4) 10
10 10 10 17. sin x
8
1
7. sin cos 1
4 4
f then f x x x x x x
2 4 1) 8 cos cos cos 2) 8 cos sin sin
8 4 2 8 4 2
1) 1 2) 0 3) 1 2 4) 1 4 x x x x x x
3) 8 sin sin sin 4) 8 sin sin cos
8 4 2 8 4 2
1 cos B 18. cos 36º cos 72º
8. tan A tan 2 A tan B
sin B 1 1
1) 0 2) 1 3) 1/2 4) 1/4 1) 1 2) 0.5 3) 4)
4 8
9. cos 6 A sin 6 A 1 k sin 2 2 A k
1 1 3
1) 2) 3) 4) 1 1 cos x 1 cos x
4 2 4 19. If x 2 then is
1 cos x 1 cos x
10. sin12 sin 48 sin 54
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 1) tan 1 2 2) tan x 2
2 4 8 16 4 4
26
3
4
3) tan x
4) tan x
4
1
8
1
a
1
4 a 3 a 1
2 a
KEY 1
3
a 1 3 a 1
01) 4 02) 2 03) 3 04) 4 05) 1 06) 1 2 a a
07) 1 08) 1 09) 3 10) 3 11) 2 12) 2
13) 3 14) 1 15) 1 16) 3 17) 1 18) 2
1
a3 1 3
2 a
19) 2 k1
2
SOLUTIONS
1. Use, sin 2 2sin cos and 4
6. cos ; Use, 2 co s 2 1 co s
5 2
cos 2 2 cos 2 1
1
sin sin 2 sin 2sin cos 7. sin 4 cos 4 1 .sin 2 2
2
1 cos cos 2 1 cos 2 cos 2 1
sin 1 2 cos 1 cos B 2 sin 2 B / 2
tan A
cos 2 cos 1 8. sin B 2sin b cos b
2 2
sin 2 cos 1
tan tan A tan B
cos 2 cos 1 2
1 tan 2 A B
2
2. cot 2 .
2 tan 2A B
. Now tan 2 A tan B tan B tan B 0
sin12 A cos12 A sin 3 4 A cos 3 4 A 3 2
3. 9. cos A sin A 1 sin 2 A
6 6
sin 4 A cos 4 A sin 4 A cos 4 A 4
10. sin120 sin 48o sin 54 o
3sin 4 A 4sin 3 4 A 4 cos 4 A 3cos 4 A multiply and divided by sin 72
3
sin 4 A cos 4 A sin12o sin 48o sin 72o sin 54o
3 4 sin 2 4 A 4 cos 2 4 A 3 sin 72o
6 4 sin 2 4 A cos 2 4 A sin12o sin 60 12o sin 60 12o sin 54o
6 4 1 2 sin 72o
1 sin 3 12 sin 54
o o
4. 4 cos3 40º 3sin 50º 4 cos3 40º 3cos 40º
1 4 sin 72o
cos3 40º cos120º
2 1 2sin 36o cos 36o 1 sin 72o
1 1
5. Given cos a 8 sin 72o 8 sin 72
2 a
1
3
1 1 8
cos3 a
8 a 3
Now cos 3 4 cos3 3cos
2 0
2 0
11. cos cos 120 cos 120
2
2
27
12. A B 46º 14º 60º then EXERCISE - II
3
sin 2 A sin 2 B sin A sin B 1. 3cos ec200 sec200 (EAM-2008)
4
1) 2 2) 3 3) 1 4) 4
3
13. cos cos 120º cos 120º cos3
3 3 3
2. tan 9 0 tan 27 0 tan 630 tan 810
4
(EAM-2014, 08)
3
14. Use, sin sin 240º sin 300º sin3 1) 0 2) 2 3) 1 4) 4
3 3 3
4
b ab ab
8 3. tan 0
a 4 ab ab
15. n = 3, given = 2 cos 3 2 cos
2
2sin 2 cos
1) 2)
2 2 2 ....nterms 2 cos n 1 sin 2 cos 2
16.
2
2cos 2 sin
x x x x x 3) 4)
17. sin x 2sin cos 4 sin .cos .cos sin 2 cos 2
2 2 4 4 2
4. The value of the expression
x x x x tan 6 20º 33 tan 4 20º 27 tan 2 20º is
8sin .cos .cos cos
8 8 4 2
18. 1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
cos 36o cos 72 o
5. If Q3 , then
5 1
5 1 5 1 5 1 2 1
4 4 4 4 2
4sin 4 sin 2 2 4cos2
4 2
19. Given x 2 1) 2 2) – 2 3) 0 4) 1
6. If cos cos a , sin sin b and
1 cos x 1 cos x
Now cos 3
1 cos x 1 cos x 2 , then
cos
2 cos 1 2 sin x 1) a 2 b 2 2 2) a 2 b 2 3
2
2 cos 2 sin x
x 3) 3 a 2 b 2 4) none
7. If sec cos 1 , then tan
2
x
cosx sinx 1 tan 2
2
1) 2) 3) 2 5 4) 0
cosx sin x 1 tan 2 52 5 2
1 a
8. cos 4 sin 4 a then
tan x 1 a
4
1) tan 2 2) cot 3) tan 2 4) cot 2
2
9. If tan cos ec sin , then cos 2 =
2 2
3 1 5 1 3 1 5 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 4 4 4
28
tan then
3 5 cos
4sin 60 20 4 sin 40
10. If 2 tan 5 3 cos 4
2 2 sin 2 20 sin 40
1) cos 2) sin 3) tan 4) cot
2. tan 9o tan 81 tan 27o tan 63o
3 5 7
11. sin
4
sin 4 sin 4 sin 4 tan 9 cot 9 tan 27 cot 27
8 8 8 8
1 1 3 3 sin 9 cos 9 sin 27 cos 27
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 4 2 4 cos 9 sin 9 cos 27 sin 27
2 3 4 5 1 1
12. cos cos cos cos cos
11 11 11 11 11 sin 9 cos 9 sin 27 cos 27
1 1 1 1 2 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 8 16 32 sin 8 sin 54
13. The quadratic equation whose roots are
8 8 5 1 5 1
2 0 2
sin 18 , cos 36 0 8
15 1 5 1 4
1) 16 x 2 12 x 1 0 2) x 2 12 x 1 0
2 2 4 .
3) 16 x 2 12 x 1 0 4) 16 x 2 12 x 1 0
14. If cos x tan y, cot y tan z , cot z tan x then ab a b 2a 2
sin x ( Eamcet - 2017) 3. a b ab a 2 b2 b2
1
KEY a2
01) 4 02) 4 03) 2 04) 4 05) 1 06) 2 3tan 20º tan 3 20º
4. tan 60º tan 3 20º
07) 2 08) 1 09) 2 10) 1 11) 3 12) 4 1 3 tan 2 20º
13) 1 14) 2 sin18o 5. Given Q3
SOLUTIONS 4sin 4 sin 2 2 4 cos 2
4 2
1. Given 3 cos ec 20o sec 20o
1 cos 2
3 1 2 4
4sin 4sin cos 4
4 2 2
sin 20 cos 20 2
3 cos 20o sin 20o
sin 20o cos 20o 1 cos 2
cos 2
3 2
1
2 cos 20 sin 20
2 2 2 sin 2 sin 2 cos 2 2 2 cos
sin 20 cos 20 2
4 sin 60 cos 20 cos 60sin 20 2 sin 2 2sin
2sin 20 cos 20 2sin 2 2sin Q3
=2
6. Given cos cos a (1)
29
sin sin b (2) sin
2 1 sin
2
Squaring and adding 9. sin 2 sin 2 cos 2
cos 2
cos cos sin sin 2
2 2
a2 b2
2
cos 2 cos 2 2 cos cos 2 1 cos2 2cos2 1
2 2
sin 2 sin 2 2sin sin 5 1
4cos4 2cos2 1 0 cos
a b 2 2
2 2 2 4
1 tan 2
1 12 cos a 2 b 2 2 2 2
10. 4 tan tan , use cos 2
2 1 cos 2 a 2 b 2 2 2 1 tan
2
4 cos 2 a 2 b 2 1
19.1Use, sin cos 1 sin 2
4 4 2
2
cos 3 4 cos3 3cos sin 2n
Now 4 cos 2 3 12. cos .cos 2 .cos 22 ..........cos 2n1
cos cos 2n sin
a 2 b2 3 13. sin 2 18º , cos 2 36º
7. Given sec cos 1 x2 ()x 0; , are roots
1 cos 2 .
1 14. Gien cos x tan y cot y tan z, cot z tan x
cos
1
1 cos 2 cos cos x
cot y
cos 2 cos 1 0
1
1 4 5 1 cos x cot z
cos tan z
2 2
cos x tan x
5 1 cos 2 x sin x
1
1 cos 2 3 5 1 sin 2 x sin x sin 2 x sin x 1 0
tan
2
1 cos
1
2
5
1
1 5
sin x
1 1 4
5 1
2
5 1
2 1 2 4
tan 2
3 5 1 5 2sin18o
1 5 1 5
33 5 5 5
4
84 5
52
4
8 cos 4 sin 4 a
cos 2
sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 a
1 a 1 cos 2 2sin 2
Now tan 2
1 a 1 cos 2 2 cos
2
30
EXERCISE - III 6. If , , , are the smallest positive angles in
ascending order of magnitude which have their
2 tan x sines equal to the positive quantity K the
1. If f 1 tan 2 x
value of
cos 2x 1 sec 2 x 2 tan x
then f 4 = 4sin 3sin 2sin sin
2 2 2 2 2
1) 1 2) 3 3) 0 4) 5 1) 2 1 K 2) 2 1 K 3) 2 K 4) K 1
2. If sin is geometric mean between sin and
cos , then cos 2 =
7. If cos , cos , cos are in H.P,,
2 2
1) 2 sin or 2 cos then cos sec
4 4 2
1 1
2 2
2) 2 sin or 2 cos 1) 2) 2 3) 1 4)
3 3 2 2
8. If cos 1 2 cos 2 , then
2
3) sin or cos
2
4 4 1 2
tan tan 1 2 is equal to
2 2
2 2
4) sin or cos 1 1
3 3 1) 2) 3) 1 4) –1
3 3
3. If cos cos 0 sin sin , then
9. If cos cos cos , then
cos 2 cos 2 is equal to
1) 2sin 2) 2cos tan
2
tan
2
is equal to
3) 2sin 4) 2 cos 1) tan 2 / 2 2) tan 2 / 2
1
cos 3) tan 2 / 2 4) cot 2 / 2
4. If Q 4 and sin
2 2 2
then sin 2 10. The value of tan 2 tan 4 is equal to
16 8
3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7
1) 2) 3) 4)
8 16 4 8 1) cot 2) cot 3) cot 4 4) 0
8 16 16
tan 3 A sin 3 A
5. If k , then 22 264
tan A sin A 2
11. cos cos ......cos
2 1 2 1 2 1
64 64 64
3k 2k 1
1) ,k R 2) , k ,3
k 1 k 1 3 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 0
1616 88 3232
2k 1 k 1 1
3) , k , 3 4) , k , 3
k 1 3 2k 3
31
KEY 1 2 1 2
01) 4 02) 1 03) 2 04) 4 05) 3 06) 2 8. tan tan
2 2
07) 2 08) 2 09) 2 10) 2 11) 1
sin 1 2 sin 1 2 sin 2 1 sin 2 2
2 2 2 2
SOLUTIONS 1 2 1 2
2 1 2 2
cos cos cos sin
2 tan x 2 cos x 1 tan x
2 2
2 2 2 2
1. f
1 tan x 1 cos 1 1 cos 2
2
2 1
1 tan 2 x 2 tan x 2 tan x 1 cos 1 1 cos 2 3
1
1 tan x
2
1 tan 2 x
9. tan tan
f x 1 x, whenever defined 2 2
f 4 5 tan 2 / 2 tan 2 / 2
1 tan 2 / 2 tan 2 / 2
2. sin sin cos ,
2
1 cos 1 cos
cos2 1 2sin cos (sin cos ) 2
1 cos 1 cos
1 cos 1 cos
cos cos sin sin
2 2
3. 0 1 .
1 cos 1 cos
cos 2 cos 2 2 cos cos
sin 2
sin 2 2 sin sin 0
10. tan cot 2 cot 2 , put ,
16 8
cos 2 cos 2 cos
sin 2n
4. Squaring on both sides 11. cos .cos 2 .cos 2 ....cos 2
2 n 1
2n sin
1 3 7
1 sin sin , cos
4 4 4
tan 3 A k 3
5. k tan 2 A >0
tan A 3k 1
sin 3 A 4 tan 2 A
and 3 4sin A 3
2
sin A 1 tan 2 A
6. 1800 , 3600 , 5400
then 4 sin 3sin 2sin sin
2 2 2 2
= 4sin 3cos 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
= 2 1 sin = 2 1 k
1 1 1
7. , , are in A.P
cos( ) cos cos( )
2 1 1
and simplify
cos cos( ) cos( )
32
JEEMAINS, EAMCET QUESTIONS
09. The value of
cos 2 .cos 3 ...........cos 10 .sin 10 is
01. If f n x 2 2 2 2
sin x sin 3 x sin 32 x sin 3n 1 x
1 1 1 1
.... 1) 2) 3) 4)
cos 3 x cos 32 x cos 33 x cos 3n x 256 2 1024 512
2 sin 1 1 cos 2β 1 π
Then f 2 4 f3 4 = 10. and
1 cos 2 7 2
10
, α,β 0,
2
02. Let f n tan 2 1 sec 1 sec 2 1 sec 4
then tan( + 2 ) is equal to :(jee main-2020)
11. The value of
..... 1 sec 2 , then
n
sin100 sin 300 sin 500 sin 700 is
(JEE MAIN - 2019)
f 2 f3 f4 f5 1 1 1 1
16 32 64 128 1) 2) 3) 4)
1) 0 2) 2 3) 4 4) 8 36 32 16 18
1
03. cos 9º sin 9º 5 k . Then k 12. The value of
2
1
0 cos 2 100 cos100 cos 500 cos 2 500 is
04. 4 cos 360 cot 7 = ( JEE MAIN - 2019)
2 3 3
1) 1 cos 20 2) cos 20
0 0
1) 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 4
2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 3
3) 4)
3) 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 4
4) 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 5
13. If cos , sin and
05. The acute angle of a rhombus whose side is a 5 13
mean proportional between its diagonals is
1) 15º 2) 20º 3) 30º 4) 80º 0 , , then tan 2 is equal to
4
(JEE MAIN - 2019)
06. 1 cos ec cos ec cos ec 63 63 21 33
4 8 16
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 52 16 16 52
1) cot 2) cot 3) cot 4) cos ec
8 16 32 16
2 2 2
2 64
07. cos 264 1 cos 264 1......cos 264 1 KEY
1 1 1 1 01)-1.00 02) 3 03) 5.00 04) 1 05) 3
1) 16 2) 8 3) 32 4) 64
16 8 32 64 06) 3 07) 1 08) 1 09) 4 10) 1.00
08. Consider the following two statements: 11) 3 12) 4 13) 2
Statement p: The value of sin 1200 can be de-
rived by taking 2400 in the equation
2sin 1 sin 1 sin
2
Statement q: The angles A,B,C and D of any
quadrilateral ABCD satisfy the equation
1 1
cos ( A C ) cos ( B D ) 0
2 2
Then the truth values of p and q are respec-
tively
1) F,T 2) T,F 3) T,T 4) F,F
33
SOLUTIONS Therefore, statement q is true.
cos cos(21 ).cos(22 .......
09.. sin 2n
01. f 2 x f3 x cos(2n 1 ) n
2 sin
1 1
= tan 9 x tan x tan 27 x tan x
2 2 cos 2 cos 3 .cos 4 ..........cos 10 sin 10
2 2 2 2 2
f2 4 f3 4 = 12 1 1 12 1 1 1
cos 10 cos 9 .cos 8 ..........cos 2 sin 10
02. f n tan 2n 2 2 2 2 2
cos 9º sin 9º
2
03. 1 sin18º sin 29. 10
2 .sin sin
1 cos 10 2 1
04. use cot 2
, put 15o 29 sin 10 29 512
2 1 cos 2
05. Let BC a and ABC given that
2 sin 1 1
BC AC BD . 10. tan
2 cos 7 7
06. Use, cos ec cot cot
2 1 1 3
sin tan tan 2
sin 2 n
10 3 4
07. cos .cos 2 .cos 22 ....cos 2n1 n
2 sin
08. For statement p: tan tan 2
tan 2 1
2400 1 tan tan 2
2400 1
2 sin 1 sin 240 1 sin 240
0 0
11.
2
sin 100 sin 600 100 sin 600 100
2 3
12. If A B 600 then cos2 A cos 2 B cos A cos B 4
3 3
2 sin1200 1 1 13. tan 2 tan
2 2
3 42 3 42 3
2
2 4 4
( 3 1) 2 ( 3 1) 2
3
4 4
3 1 3 1
3 (Not equal value)
2 2
3 1 Therefore, statement p is false.
For statement q:
1 1
cos ( A C ) cos ( B D ) 0
2 2
AC BD
A B C D 2
2 2
AC BD BD
cos cos cos
2 2 2
BD
cos 0
2
34
TRANSFORMATIONS
SYNOPSIS b2 a 2
iii) cos x y
b2 a 2
The sum or difference of the trigonometric ratios
2ab
are transforms into their products is said to be iv) tan x y 2 2
transformation between trigonometric ratios and a b
vice versa. If cos x cos y a,sin x sin y b then
i) Sin (A + B) + Sin ( A - B)= 2 SinA CosB x y a
i) tan
ii) Sin (A + B) - Sin ( A - B) = 2 CosA Sin B 2 b
2ab
iii) Cos (A + B) + Cos ( A - B) = 2 CosA CosB ii) sin x y 2
iv) Cos (A - B) - Cos (A + B) = 2 Sin A Sin B a b2
b2 a 2
C D C D iii) cos x y 2 2
i) SinC+ Sin D = 2 Sin Cos b a
2 2 2ab
iv) tan x y 2
C D C D a b2
ii) SinC - Sin D = 2 Cos Sin If cos x cos y a,sin x sin y b then
2 2
x y b
C D C D i) tan
iii) CosC+CosD=2 Cos Cos 2 a
2 2 2ab
ii) sin x y 2
a b2
C D C D
iv) CosC-CosD = -2Sin Sin a 2 b2
2 2 iii) cos x y 2
a b2
C D DC 2ab
= 2Sin Sin iv) tan x y 2 2
2 2 a b
If cos x cos y a ,sin x sin y b then 1
sin 9 = 4 3 5 5 5
x y b
i) tan
2 a 4 10 2 5
=
2ab 8
ii) sin x y 2
a b2 1
= 8 2 10 2 5
a2 b2 4
iii) cos x y 2
a b2 = cos810
2ab
iv) tan x y 2 2 1
cos9 = 4 3 5 5 5
a b
If cos x cos y a, sin x sin y b then
4 10 2 5
x y a =
i) tan 8
2 b
2ab 1
= 8 2 10 2 5
ii) sin x y 2 4
a b2
= sin 810
35
cos [Link] 2 [Link] 4 x.........cos(2n x) tan A tan B tan C 3 3 tan A tan B tan C
1 sin 2 x
n 1
tan 2 A tan 2 B tan 2 C 27
= n 1
2 sin x tan A tan B tan C 3 3
i) sin sin sin 2 ....sin n 1
tan A tan B tan C 3 3
n :
sin
2 sin n 1 2. In ABC , prove that
sin 2
2 3
cos A cos B cos C .
ii) cos cos cos 2 ....cos n 1 2
n Sol: Let cos A cos B cos C x
sin
2 cos n 1
sin 2 A B A B 2 C
2 cos cos 1 2 sin x
2 2 2 2
1 x 1 x
x R , tan x tan 2 tan 2 . . . . C A B 2 C
2 2 2 2 2sin cos 1 2sin x
2 2 2
1 x
. .... n 1 tan n 1 C A B C
2 2 2sin2 2cos sin x 1 0
1 x 2 2 2
= n 1 cot n 1 2 cot 2 x
2 2 C
, are the solutions of a cos b sin c , this is quadratic in sin which is real. So,
2
then discriminant D 0
b
i) tan A B
2 a 4 cos 2 4 2 x 1 0
2ab 2
ii) sin 2 A B
a b2 2 x 1 cos 2
2
a2 b2
iii) cos 3
a 2 b2 2 x 1 1 x
2
2ab
iv) tan 3
a b2 Thus, cos A cos B cos C
2
2
EXAMPLES 3. Find the least value of sec A sec B sec C
in an acute angle triangle.
1. In ABC , tan A tan B tan C 3 3 , Sol.: In an acute angle triangle, sec A,sec B, sec C
where A, B, C are acute angles. are positive.
Sol.: In ABC , Now A.M . H .M .
tan A tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C , sec A sec B sec C 3
A.M G.M 3 cos A cos B cos C
3
but in ABC , cos A cos B cos C
tan A tan B tan C 3 2
tan A tan B tan C
3
36
sec A sec B sec C cos 700 2sin 1800 400
2
3
sin 700
sec A sec B sec C 6
sin 200 sin 400 sin 400
4. In ABC , prove that sin 700
A B C 2sin 300 cos100 sin 400
cos ec cos ec cos ec 6 .
2 2 2 sin 700
Sol: In ABC we know that
sin 800 sin 400 2sin 600 cos 200
A B C 1 3
sin sin sin sin 700 sin 700
2 2 2 8
Now A.M G.M 6. The absolute value of the expression
A B C 5 9 13
cos ec cos ec cos ec tan tan tan tan is ___
2 2 2 16 16 16 16
3
Sol: Let 8
1 16 2
A B C 3
cos ec cos ec cos ec y tan tan 5 tan 9 tan13
2 2 2
y tan cot tan 5 cot 5 [as
A B C
cos ec cos ec cos ec tan13 tan 8 5 cot 5 and
2 2 2
3 tan 9 tan 8 cot ]
1
3 tan cot cot 3 tan
1
2 cot 6 cot 2
A B C
sin sin sin
2 2 2 cos 6 cos 2
y 2
sin 6 sin 2
A B C
cos ec cos ec cos ec
sin 2 cos 6 cos 2 sin 6
1
2 2 2 8 3 2
3 sin 6 sin 2
A B C sin 4
cos ec cos ec cos ec 6 2 4 6 2
2 2 2
cos 2 sin 2 2
5. The value of cot 70 4 cos 70 is
0 0
Hence, absolute value 4 .
Sol: cot 700 4 cos 700
cos 700 4 sin 700 cos 700 2
7. If , then
sin 700 7
tan tan 2 tan 2 tan 4 tan 4 tan
cos 700 2sin1400
2
sin 700 Sol: 7 2 cos 7 1
7
tan tan 2 tan 2 tan 4 tan 4 tan
37
sin sin 2 sin 2 sin 4 sin 4 sin
3) cos 11 4) tan 11
cos cos 2 cos 2 cos 4 cos 4 cos
cos sin2 sin4 sin cos2 sin4 sin sin2 cos4 -21
8. π < α - β < 3π , sinα + sinβ = ,
cos cos2 cos4 65
cos cos 2 cos 4 cos 2 4 -27 α -β
cosα + cosβ = cos 2 =
cos cos 2 cos 4 65
1 1 6 3 3 6
1 1) 2) 3) 4)
cos cos 2 cos 4 1 1 7 65 130 130 65
8 4 2
9. cos x cos y , cos x cos y
5 7
EXERCISE - I x y
14 tan
x y
5cot
2 2
1. cos48 0 .cos12 0 = 1) 0 2) 1/4 3) 5/4 4) 3/4
1 5 5 3 sin x y a b tan x
1) 2) 10. sin x y a b tan y =
8 8
5 1 5 1 1) b / a 2) a / b 3) 1 4) 0
3) 4) 11. The value of
8 8
2015 2015
2. cos660 + sin840 = cos A cos B sin A sin B
=
sin A sin B cos A cos B
15 3 15 3
1) 2) 2015 A B
4 4 1) 0 2) cot
2
15 3 15 3
3) 4) 2015 A B 2015 A B
4 4 3) cot 4) 2tan
θ 7θ 3θ 11θ 2 2
3. Sin .Sin + Sin .Sin - sin2θ.sin5θ
2 2 2 2 cos A C
1) 0 2) 1 3) -1 4) 2 12. cos 2 B tan A, tan B , tan C are
cos A C
4. 4sin 4200 - α cos 600 + α = in
1) A.P. 2) H.P 3) G.P. 4) A.G.P
1) 3 2sin 2 2) 3 2sin 2 13. A B C 1800
3) 3 2 cos 2 4) 3 2 cos 2 cos2A cos2B cos2C
5. cos 45 cos 15 cos 15
2 0 2 0 2 0
1) 1 4sin A sin B sin C
2) 1 4sin A sin B sin C
1) 0 2) 1 3) 1/ 2 4) 2 3) 1 4 cos A cos B cos C
6. cos200.cos400.cos600.cos800 4) 1 4 cos A cos B cos C
1) 3/16 2) 1/32 3) 1/16 4) 1/8 14. A B C 1800
sinα.sin3α + sin3α.sin7α + sin5α.sin15α
7. = cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2 C =
sinα.cos3α + sin3αcos7α + sin5α.cos15α
1) 1 2 cos A cos B cos C
1) sin 11 2) cot 11 2) 1 2sin A sin B sin C
38
3) 1 2cos A cos B cos C 1
6. Use Cos .Cos(60- ).Cos(60+ ) = cos 3
4) 1 2sin A sin B sin C 4
15. A B C 00 sin A sin B sin C
sin sin 3 3 sin 7 sin 5 sin15
A B C A B C 7.
1) 2 sin sin sin 2) 2 sin sin sin sin cos 3 sin 3 cos 7 sin 5 cos15
2 2 2 2 2 2 multiply and divide by 2
A B C A B C
3) 4 sin sin sin 4) 4 sin sin sin 2sin sin 3 2sin 3 sin 7 2sin 5 sin15
2 2 2 2 2 2 2sin cos 3 2sin 3 cos 7 2sin 5 cos15
apply 2sin A sin B cos A B cos A B
KEY
2 sin A cos B sin A B sin A B
01) 2 02) 3 03) 1 04) 1 05) 3 06) 3
cos 2 cos 4 cos 4 cos10 cos10 cos 20
07) 4 08) 2 09) 1 10) 2 11) 1 12) 3
sin 4 sin 2 sin10 sin 4 sin 20 sin10
13) 4 14) 3 15) 4
cos 2 cos 20
sin 2 sin 2
SOLUTIONS 2sin 11 sin 9
1. Multiply and divide by 2 and 2 CosA. CosB =
Cos(A+B) + Cos(A-B) 2 cos11 sin 9
2. Write Sin840=Cos60 and Apply CosC+CosD
7 3 11 sin11 sin 9
3. sin 2 sin sin sin sin 2 sin 5 tan11
2 2 2 cos11 sin 9
multiply and divided by 2
21
2 sin sin
7 3
2 sin sin
11
2sin 2 sin 5 8. Given 3 , sin sin
65
2 2 2
2 27
cos cos
Apply 2sin A sin B cos A B cos A B 65
Squaring and adding
0
21 27
2 2
4. 4 sin 420o cos 60o sin sin cos
2 2
65
2
2 2 sin 420 cos(60
sin 2 sin 2 2 sin sin cos 2
2 2 sin 60 cos(60
cos 2 2 cos cos
2 sin 60 60 sin 60 60
441 729 1170
2 sin120o sin 2 65 65 65 65
2 sin 180 60o sin 2 1 1 2 cos
234
65 13
3
2 sin 2
2
3 2sin 2
5. Put 00 and verify
39
tan A, tan B, tan C arein G.P
1 cos 65117
13 Apply componendo and dividendo
13. Put A = B = C= 600 and verify
9 9
2 cos 2 cos 2 14. Put A= B = C= 600 and verify
2 65 2 130 15. Put A = B = 600 , C= -1200 and verify
3 3
cos
2 130 2 2 2
4
9. Given cos x cos y , cos x cos y
5
2
7 EXERCISE - II
x y x y 4
2 cos cos (1) cos 6 6cos 3 15cos 2 10
2 2 5 1. =
cos5 5cos3 10
x y x y 2 1) sin 2) cos 3) 2sin 4) 2 cos
2sin sin 7 (2)
2 2 cos cos3 sin 8 sin 2
2.
1 cot x y cot x y 4 7 sin 5 sin cos 4 cos 6 =
2
2 2 5 1) 1 2) -1 3) 2 4) -2
3. In a Quadrilateral ABCD,
x y
cot cos [Link] B sin C sin D
2
14 1) cos C cos D sin A sin B
x y
tan
2 2) cos C cos D sin A sin B
3) sin C sin D cos A cos B
x y x y
5cot 14 tan 0 4) sin A sin B sin C sin D
2 2
10. Apply componendo and dividendo 5 7
4. K sin sin sin K
cos Acos B
n
sin AsinB
n 18 18 18
11. If n is odd then 0 1) 1/4 2) 1/6 3)1/8 4) 1/2
sin Asin B cos AcosB
cos 2 cos A C sin 3 sin .sin 2 2
12. Given 1 cos A C 5. cos x x=
sin sin 2 .cos
1) 4 2) 2 3) 4) 3
1 cos A C
cos 2 B cos A B
6. sin cos m sin 6 cos 6 =
Apply componend and divided rule
4 3 m 2 1 4 3 m 2 1
2 2
1 cos 2 B cos A C cos A C 1) 2)
4 4
1 cos 2 B cos A C cos A C 3 4 m 2 1
2
4 3 m 2 1
2
3) 4)
2 cos 2 2 cos A cos C 4 4
7. If cos x cos y cos z 0
2sin1 2sin A sin C
sin x sin y sin z then tan x y
cot 2 cot A cot C 1 1
tan A tan C tan B 2 1) 3 2) 3 3) 4)
3 3
40
2 4
8. x cos y cos z cos cos 2 3 2sin 2
3 3 cos x
xy yz zx 3 2sin 2
1) 1 2) 1 3) 0 4) 2 cos x cos 2
2 x y x 2
9. x tan y tan x y =
6 3
m2 1
sin cos m 2 sin cos
2
1) cos 2 2) 2cos 2 3) sin 2 4) 2sin 2 6.
2
Write sin6 cos6 sin 2 cos2
10. If E cos 2 7i cos 2 49o cos 7i cos 49o 3 3
Then the value of loE is equal to
1)7.5 2)2.5 3)1.5 4)10.5 1 3sin 2 cos 2
KEY 7. Given cos x cos y cos z 0
01) 4 02) 1 03) 1 04) 3 05) 2 06) 2 cos x cos y cos z (1)
07) 2 08) 3 09) 2 10) 1 sin x sin y sin z 0
sin x sin y sin z (2)
SOLUTIONS (1) and (2) squaring and adding
1. 0 ° and verify
cos x cos y sin x sin y
2 2
cos 2 z sin 2 z
2sin 2 sin 2 sin 5 cos 3
2. 1
2 cos 3 sin 2 2 sin 5 sin cos 2 x cos 2 y 2 cos x cos y
3. Use A+B+C+D =360, (A+B) = [360-(C+D)] sin 2 x sin 2 y 2sin x sin y 1
cos(A+B) = cos(C+D)
1 1 2 cos x cos y sin x sin y 1
4. k sin10 sin 60 10 sin 60 10
2 1 cos( x y 1
1 1
sin 30
4 8 x y
2(2 cos 2 1
sin 3 sin sin 2 2 2
5. cos x
sin sin 2 cos x y 1
cos 2
3sin 4sin 3 sin 4 sin 2 cos 2 4
cos x
sin 2sin cos 2 x y 1
cos
2 2
sin 3 4sin 2 4sin 2 cos 2
cos x
sin 1 2 cos 2 x y
60o
2
3 6 sin 2 2sin 2 4sin 2 cos 2
cos x Now tan x y tan 120o tan 180 60o
1 2 1 sin 2
tan 60o 3
3 1 2sin 2 2sin 2 2 cos 2 1
cos x
3 2sin 2 8. Given
41
2
sin 6
3
2 2
x cos y cos sin 4
3 6
3
4 sin 90 2
z cos k say
cos 2
2 cos 2
sin 150
3 o
sin 30
Put 0
x y
Now 2 cos 2
2 4 x y
x k , y cos K , Z cos k
3 3 10:- Given = cos 2 7i cos 2 49 cos 7i cos 49o
4 4 1 cos142 1 cos 98 1
z cos k z cos k 2 cos 7i cos 49o
3 3 2 2 2
xy yz zx k 2k 2k 2k 2k K 1 1
1
2
cos142 cos 98o cos120o cos 22
2
2 k 2 4 k 2 2 2 =0
2 cos120 cos 22 cos 22
1 1 1
1
2 2 2
2
9. Given x tan y tan 1 1 1
6 3 1 cos 22 cos 22
2 4 2
2 3
tan E
x 3 4
y
tan 15
6 10 E 7.5
2
apply component divide do rule
x y tan 2 3 tan 6
x y
tan
2
3
tan 6
3
sin 2 sin
6
x y cos 2 3 cos 6
x y sin 2 sin
3 6
cos 2 cos
3 6
x y
sin 2
3
cos cos
6
sin 6
2
3
sin 2 cos cos sin 6
x y 2
3 6 3
42
3) f n 1 f 2 4) f n 2 f 2
EXERCISE - III KEY
1. The value of 01) 2 02) 1 03) 2 04) 5) 4 6) 1
sin 47 0 sin 610 sin110 sin 250 is 7) 2
1) sin 7 0 2) cos 7 0 3) sin140 4) cos140 SOLUTIONS
2. If A, B, C, D are four angles then 1. The given expression
sin A B .cos A B sin B C
sin 47 0 sin 610 sin110 sin 250
.cos B C sin C D .cos C D
2 sin 540 cos 7 0 2sin180 cos 7 0
sin D A .cos D A
= 2 cos 7 0 sin 540 sin180
1) 0 2) 1
3) [Link] 2 cos 7 0.2 cos 360.sin180
4) 4cosAcosBcosCcosD
3. The value of the expression 5 1 5 1
2 cos 70.2. cos 7 0
4 4
1 4sin100 sin 700
1
2 sin100 2. [2 sin A B cos A B 2sin B C
1) 1/2 2) 1 3) 2 4) 1/3 2
4. If 1 , 2 , 3 ,..... n are in A.P. then cos B C 2sin C D cos C D
sin 1 sin 2 ... sin n 2sin D A cos D A ]
cos 1 cos 2 ... cos n 1
[sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2 B sin 2C
1) 0 2) tan 1 n 2
sin 2C sin 2 D sin 2 D sin 2 A] 0
1 n 1 n
3) tan 4) tan
2 2 1 4sin100 cos 200
3.
5. In a triangle ABC, cos A cos B cos C 2sin100
1) < 1 2) > 1
1 2 sin 300 sin100
3) > 1but not > 2 4) >1 but not >3/2 1
6. The smallest positive value of x (in degrees) 2sin100
for which 4. sin 1 sin 2 ... sin n
tan x 100 0 tan x 50 0 .tan [Link] x 50 0 n
sin
is 2 .sin 1 n
2
1) 30 0 2) 45 0 3) 55 0 4) 15 0 sin
2
7. Let f n 2cos nx, n N , then
cos 1 cos 2 ... cos n
f 1 f n 1 f n is equal to
1) f n 3 2) f n 2
43
n sin x 50 sin x cos x 50 cos x
sin
2 .cos 1 n sin x 50 sin x cos x 50o cos x
2
sin
2
sin x 100 x 50o cos x 50 x
where is the common difference of angle
sin x 100 x 50 o
cos x 50 x
5. cos A cos B cos C
1 4 s in
A
s in
B
s in
C
1
sin 2 x 50o cos 50o
sin 180 30o
2 2 2
cos 2 x 50
A B C
as neither of of sin ,sin ,sin is – ive
2 2 2
or zero sin 2 x 50o cos 2 x 50o cos 50o sin 30o
again cos A cos B cos C
A B A B
2 cos cos
2 2
2 sin 2 x 50o cos 2 x 50o cos 50o
C C C
1 2 sin 2 2 sin .1 1 2 sin 2
2 2 2
sin 2 2 x 50o sin 40o
A C 3
1 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2 2
sin 4 x 100o sin 40o or sin 220o
6. Given
4 x 100 220o
tan x 100 tan x 50 tan x tan x 50 4 x 120o
x 30o
tan x 100
tan x 50 tan x
tan x 50
6
sin x 100 cos x 50 7. f n 2 cos nx f 1 f n 1 f n
cos x 100 sin x 50
4cos x cos n 1 x 2 cos n
sin x 50 sin x
2 cos n 2 x f n 2
cos x 50 cos x
Apply componendo and dividendo rule
sin x 100 cos x 50o cos x 100 sin x 500
sin x 100 cos x 50o cos x 100 sin x 50o
44
ADVANCED 3 m
6
3 . If sin x sin 3 x cm cos x, where
m 0
QUESTIONS c0 , c1 ,...., c6 are constants, then
A) c0 c2 c4 c6 0 B) c1 c3 c5 6
C) 2c2 3c6 0 D) c4 2c6 0
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE KEY . A
QUESTIONS
SOL . sin 3 x sin 3 x sin 3 x 3sin x 4 sin 3 x
sin 4 x 3 4 sin 2 x
1. sin 20 (4 sec 20 ) =
o o
1 cos 2 x 3 4 1 cos 2 x
2
1
A) B) 2 C) 3 D) 1
2
1 2 cos 2 x cos 4 x 4 cos 2 x 1
KEY : C
4 cos 6 x 9 cos 4 x 6 cos 2 x 1
sin 20 o
2sin 40 sin 20
o o
SOL : o
(4 cos 20o 1) So that
cos 20 cos 20o
c0 1, c2 6, c4 9, c6 4
sin 40o sin 40o sin 20o
cos 20o and c1 c3 c5 0
sin 40 o cos10o sin 40o sin 800 c0 c2 c4 c6 0
cos 20 o cos 20 o
2sin 60o 3 2 4
4. sin sin sin
7 7 7
2. 0 a 3,0 b 3 and the equation
7 7 7
A) B) C) D) 7
x 4 3cos(ax b) 2 x has at least one
2
8 4 2
solution then the value of (a+b)
KEY . A
A) B) C) D)
2 4 3 2 4
KEY : D SOL . sin sin sin
7 7 7
SOL :
1 3 4
cos cos sin
x 2 x 4 3cos(ax b)
2
2 7 7 7
x 1 3 3cos( ax b)
2
1 5 3
sin sin sin sin
4 7 7 7
As 1 cos( ax b) 1 and x 1 0
2
equation (i) is only possible if, 1 2 4 8 7
sin sin sin 8
cos( ax b) 1 and ( x 1) 0 4 7 7 7
so a b ,3 ,5 ,......
and 3 6
a b where a b 6
45
KEY. D
5. If the mapping f ( x ) ax b, a 0 maps
[-1,1] onto [0,2] then for all values of SOL . rom the given equation we get
, A cos 2 sin 4 is such that S1 tan 1 tan 2 tan 3 tan 4 sin 2
1 S2 tan 1 tan 2 cos 2
A) f A f (0) B) f (0) A f ( 1)
4 S3 tan 1 tan 2 tan 3 cos
1
C) f A f (0) D) f (1) A f ( 1) and S4 tan 1 tan 2 tan 3 tan 4 sin
3
S1 S3
KEY . A Now, tan(1 2 3 4 ) 1 S S
2 4
SOL. Given, f(x) = ax + b sin 2 cos cos (2sin 1)
cot
f '( x ) a 1 cos 2 sin sin (2sin 1)
since, a< 0 f(x) is a decreasing fucntion
f(-1) = 2 and f(1) = 0 7. The maximum value of the expression
-a + b = 2 and a+b=0 sin 2
x 2a 2 (2a 2 1 cos 2 x)
a=-1 and b=1
Thus, f(x) =-x + 1 where a and x are real numbers is (ADV- 2016)
A) 3 B) 2 C) 1 D) 5
1 3
clearly, f(0) =1, f , f (2) 3
4 4
KEY .B
1 2
f , f (1) 2 SOL. For maximum value
3 3
2a 2 1 cos 2 x 0
2
1 cos 2 1 cos 2 cos 2 x 2a 2 1
Also, A
2 2 104 sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x (2 2a 2 )
1 1 1 1 1 2a 2 sin 2 x 2
cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 2
2 2 4 2 4 Maximum value of
3 1 1 cos 4
7 1
cos 4
sin 2
x 2a 2 (2a 2 1 cos 2 x
4 4 2 8 8
| 2 0 | 2
3
A 1
4
1
f A f (0)
4
6. If tan 1, tan 2 , tan 3 and tan 4 are the
roots of the equation x 4 x 3 sin 2
x 2 cos 2 x cos sin 0
then tan(1 2 3 4 ) is equal to
A) sin B) cos C) tan D) cot
46
MULTI - [Link],
tan 3 A
tan A
k
CORRECT
tan 3 A tan A
tan A
k 1
sin 2 A
k 1
1. For 0 < < / 2, if cos 3 A sin A
2 cos A
k 1
x cos2 n , y sin2 n and cos 3 A
n 0 n 0
cos A k 1
cos 3 A 2
z cos2 n sin2 n then xyz =
n 0 a is incorrect.
(A) xy + z (B) xz + y
tan 3 A
(C) x + y + z (D) yz + x Again, k
tan A
KEY . A,C
sin 3 A cos A
. k
cos 3 A sin A
SOL. x = cos cos ec
2n 2
sin 3 A 2 2k
n 0
k.
sin A k 1 k 1
y sin2n sec 2 b is correct.
n 0
1 3sin A 4sin 2 A 2k
z cos 2 n sin2 n
n 0 1 cos 2 sin 2 sin A k 1
1 2k k 3
xy 3 4sin 2 A or 4sin 2 A
= 1 1 = xy 1 k 1 k 1
xy
k 3
so xyz = xy + z or xyz = x + y + z as xy = x + y. 0 4 sin A 0 or 1
k 1
k 3
tan 3 A Now, 0
2. If k k 1 then k 1
tan A
cos A k 2 1 sin 3 A 2k k ,1 3,
A) B)
cos 3 A 2k sin A k 1 k 3
1 and 4
C) k D) k 3 k 1
3
3k 1
KEY: B,C,D 0
k 1
k ,1/ 3 1,
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
1
k and k 3 .
3
47
[Link] the equation sin x(sin x cos x) k has real 5. x a 2 cos 2 b2 sin 2
solutions then k may lie in the interval
a 2 sin 2 b2 cos 2 ,
2 1
A) 0, 2 B) 2 3, 2 3
then x 2 a 2 b 2 2 p a 2 b 2 p 2 ,
1 2 1 2 where p is equal to
C) 0, 2 3 D) 2 , 2 A) a 2 cos 2 b 2 sin 2
B) a 2 sin 2 b 2 cos 2
KEY . A,C,D
1 2
a b 2 a 2 b 2 cos 2
C)
SOL . Given expression is 1-cos2x + sin 2x = 2k 2
sin 2 x cos 2 x 2k 1 1 2
D) a b a b cos 2
2 2 2
2k 1 2
sin 2 x
4 2 KEY . A,B,C,D
2k 1 x a 2 cos 2 b 2 sin 2
1 1
2
a 2 sin 2 b2 cos 2
1 2 1 2
k
2 2 (a 2 cos 2 b 2 sin 2 )
x a b 2
2 2 2
(a 2 sin 2 b 2 cos 2 )
3 3
4. The equation x3 – x=– is satisfied by
4 8 a 2 b 2 k . where
5 7
(A) x = cos (B) x = cos k a2 b2 (a2 sin2 b2 cos2 ) a2 sin2 b2 cos2
18 18
23 7
(C) x = cos (D) x = -sin x a 2 b2 2 (a 2 b 2 ) P P 2
18 9
KEY . A,B,C,D where P a 2 sin 2 b 2 cos 2
SOL . Let x = cos q
a2 b2
[12th, 13th 07-01-2007] or P (1 cos 2 ) (1 cos 2 )
2 2
3
4 cos3q – 3 cos q = –
2 1 2 2
a b (a 2 b 2 ) cos 2
5 2
cos 3q = cos Þ 3q = 2np ±
6 also,
5 2n 5
Þq= ±
6 3 18 a 2 b 2 2 (a 2 cos b 2 sin 2 )
x2
5 a 2 b 2 a 2 cos 2 b 2 sin 2
put n = 0, q =
18
2 5 17
n = 1, q =
3
+
18
=
18
; a 2 b2 2 a 2
b2 P P 2
2 5 7 where , P a 2 cos 2 b 2 sin 2
q= – =
3 18 18
48
COMPREHENSION TYPE cos 2 r cos( 2 )
QUESTIONS cos 2 r (cos cos 2 sin sin 2 )
(1 r cos ) cos 2 r sin sin 2
Passage - 1 1 r cos
tan 2
r sin
A line OA of length r starts from its initial position Next, cos 3 sin sin 3 cos
OX and traces an angle AOB= in the
r[cos( 3 ) sin sin( 3 ) cos ]
anticlockwise direction. It then traces back
in the clockwise direction an angle BOC=3 sin cos r sin( 2 )
(where 3 ). L is the foot of the sin 2 2 r[sin cos 2 cos sin 2 ]
perpendicular from C on OA. (1 2r cos ) sin 2 2r sin cos 2
sin 3 cos3 1 2r cos
1 cot 2
CL OL 2r sin
from (A) and (B) we get
1 r cos
1. is equal to 1 r cos 2r sin
r sin
A) tan 2 B) cot 2 C) sin 2 D) cos 2 r sin 1 2r cos
1 r cos 2r cos 2r 2 cos 2 2r 2 sin 2
2r sin
2. is equal to 2r 2 1
1 2r cos cos
A) tan 2 B) cot 2 C) cot 2 D) tan 2 r
Passage - 2
2r 2 1
3. is equal to
r Given, cos 2 m cos 2 m 1 ....cos 2n
A) sin B) cos C) sin D) cos
sin 2n 1
2n m1 sin 2m
KEY . 1) A
where 2m k , n, m, k I solve the
2) D
following
3) B
9 11 13
1. sin sin sin is equal to
SOL OL r cos( 3 ) 14 14 14
CL r sin( 3 ) 1 1 1 1
A) B) C) D)
sin 3 cos3 64 64 8 8
so 1
r sin( 3 ) r cos( 3 )
3
2. cos 2 cos 24 cos 25 ....cos 210
sin 3 cos3 10 10 10 10
r is equal to
sin( 3 ) cos( 3 )
Now cos 4 sin 4 cos (r cos( 3 )) 1 1
A) B)
128 256
sin ( r sin( 3 ))
49
2 2
1 5 1 3 5 5
C) sin D) sin sin16 11 5 2sin 11 cos 11 1
512 10 512 10
=
.cos
16sin 11 32 sin 1024
11 11
2 3 10
3. cos cos cos ....cos is equal to MATRIX MATCHING TYPE
11 11 11 11
QUESTIONS
1 1 1 1
A) B) C) D)
32 512 1024 1024 [Link] the following
COLUMN-I
KEY . 1) A)When is fixed constant then the maximum value
2) of cos(2 A ) cos(2 B )
3)
B) The maximum value of cos 2 A cos 2 B
SOL .
where (A+B) is constant and A,B (0, / 2 ), is
9 11 13 5 3
sin sin sin sin sin sin C) The minimum value of {sec 2 A sec 2 B} ,
14 14 14 14 14 14
where (A+B) is constant and A,B (0, / 4 ), is
2 3 2 4 D) The minimum value of
= cos cos cos cos cos cos
7 7 7 7 7 7
{tan cot 2cos 2( A B)} , where A,B
8 are constant and (0, / 2) is
sin
7 1 COLUMN-II
8
8 sin p) 2 sin( A B )
7
q) 2 sec ( A+B)
Hence, (c) is the correct answer r) 2 cos (A+B)
s) 2 cos (A-B)
10
cos 23 cos 2 4 cos 25 ....cos 2 KEY . A s; B r;C q; D p
10 10 10 10
SOL . A) cos 2 A cos 2 B
11
sin 2
10
1 2 cos A B cos A B
3 256
256sin 2 Maximum value is 2cos(A-B) when
10
cos A B =1
2 3 10
cos cos cos ...cos B) cos 2 A cos 2 B
11 11 11 11
2
2cos(A+B)cos(A-B)
2 3 4 5 Maximum value is 2cos(A-B) when cos (A+B)=1
= cos cos cos cos cos
11 11 11 11 11 C) For y = sec x, x (0, / 2) , tangent drawn to
2 it any point lies completely below the graph of
2 4 8 5
sec 2 A sec 2 B
= cos cos cos cos cos y sec x, thus sec( A B )
11 11 11 11 11
2
sec 2A sec 2B 2sec( A B)
Hence minimum value is A+B
50
D) tan cot 2cos 2( A B) B) f5 = cot 14
28 4 28
2
tan cot 2 2cos 2( A B)
= cot = 2 1 = 3 2 2
8
2
tan cot 4sin 2 ( A B) 1
C) f7 = cot 20 = cot
Minimum value occurs when tan cot 60 4 60 12
and Minimum value is
= 2 3 = 7 4 3 ]
4sin 2 ( A B ) 2sin( A B)
2. Letfn( ) = INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
7
cos cos 2 cos ...... cos (3n 2)
2 2 2. 1o
7 1. If 4cos36 o
cot 7 =
sin sin 2 sin ....... sin (3n 2)
2 2 2 2
Then match the entries of column-I with their n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6
corresponding values given in column-II.
Column-I Column-II 6
3
then the product of the digits in n
i 1
i
2
=
(A) f3 (P) 2 – 3
16
KEY .91
(B) f5 (Q) 3 2 2
28
1o 1 cos15o
SOL cot 7
(C) f7 (R) 2 1 2 sin15o
60
(S) 74 3 3 1
1
2 2 2 2 3 1
KEY . (A) R; (B) Q; (C) S 3 1 3 1
2 2
SOL . e have fn(q) = cot (3n 1)
4
3 1 3 3
2 2 3 1
3 1
A) f3 = cot 8 = cot 2
16 4 16 8
2 6 2 2 3 3 3 1
= 2 1 2
6 2 2 3
51
2 3 4 6
2 2 2
and tan 2 cot 2 tan 2 cot
16 16 16 16
5 1
4 cos 36o 4 5 1 5 1 3 3
4 tan 2 cot 2 1
16 16
1o
Hence, 4cos36 o
cot 7 2
2
2
2
2 tan cot tan cot
16 16 16 16
= 1 2 3 4 5 6
2
3 3
n1 1, n2 2, n3 3, n4 4 tan cot 2 2 2 1
11 16
n5 5 and n6 6
1 1
6
ni2 n22 n32 n42 n53 n62
2
2 2
2
i 1 sin cos sin cos
16 16 16 16
12 22 32 42 52 62
= 91 1
2
5
3 3
2 2 2 2 3 sin cos
2. If tan tan tan 16 16
16 16 16
7 4 4 4
5
... tan 2 and if
= sin 2 2 3
16 sin sin 2
8 4 8
x y x, y , Z
y x
then the sum of the
digits in x y is 1 1
4 4.2 5
KEY. 35 sin 2 sin 2 3
8 8
2 2 7
SOL . tan tan
16 16 1 1
4 3
2 2 6 sin 2 cos 2
tan 2 tan
16 16 8 8
3 5 4
4
3
tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 2
16 16 16
sin cos
8 8
7
tan 2 cot 2
16 2 16
52
JEE MAINS, EAMCET QUESTIONS
16
2
3
sin 1. ABC , minimum value of
4
35
tan A tan B tanC , where A, B, C
are acute angles is
2. In ABC , maximum value of
.3. The number of integral values of such cos A cos B cos C is
3. The least value of sec A sec B sec C in an
that sin x cos 3 x cos x sin 3 x 0 does not acute angle triangle is
4. In ABC , minimum value of
have any real root other than 2n 1 , n 1 A B C
2 cos ec cos ec cos ec is
for any real value of x , is 2 2 2
5. The value of cot 70 4 cos 70 is
0 0
6. The absolute value of the expression
KEY 3 5 9 13 is ___
tan tan tan tan
16 16 16 16
SOL. sin x cos3x cos x sin3x 0 ...(i) 7.
2
0
2
cos 45 cos 15 cos2 150
0
sin x cos 3 x 8. cos20 .cos40 .cos60 .cos800
0 0 0
cos x sin 3x
tan x
tan 3 x
tan x(1 3tan 2 x )
KEY
3tan x tan 3 x
01) 5.19 02)1.50 03)6.00 04) 6.00
1 3 tan 2 x 05) 1.73 06) 4.00 07) 0.50 08) 0.062
....(ii)
3 tan 2 x
For real vlaue of x, RHS of 2nd never lies between SOLUTIONS
1
3 , 3
1. In ABC , tan A tan B tan C
Number of integral points {1,2,3} tan A tan B tan C , A.M G.M
3 points tan A tan B tan C 3
tan A tan B tan C
3
tan A tan B tan C 3 3 tan A tan B tan C
tan 2 A tan 2 B tan 2 C 27
tan A tan B tan C 3 3
tan A tan B tan C 3 3
53
1
3
1
2. Let cos A cos B cos C x A B C
sin sin sin
A B A B 2 C 2 2 2
2 cos cos 1 2 sin x
2 2 2 A B C
cos ec cos ec cos ec 1
2 2 2 83
C A B 2 C
2sin cos 1 2sin x 3
2 2 2 A B C
cos ec cos ec cos ec 6
C A B C 2 2 2
2sin2 2cos sin x 1 0this is 5. cot 700 4 cos 700
2 2 2
C cos 700 4sin 700 cos 700
quadratic in sin which is real. So, sin 700
2
discriminant D 0 ; cos 700 2sin1400
A B sin 700
4 cos 2 4 2 x 1 0
2 cos 700 2sin 1800 400
A B sin 700
2 x 1 cos 2
2 sin 200 sin 400 sin 400
3 sin 700
2 x 1 1 x
2 2sin 300 cos100 sin 400
3
Thus, cos A cos B cos C sin 700
2 sin 800 sin 400 2sin 600 cos 200
3. In an acute angle triangle, sec A, sec B, sec C are 3
positive. sin 700 sin 700
Now A.M . H .M .
6. Let 8
sec A sec B sec C
3 16 2
3 cos A cos B cos C y tan tan 5 tan 9 tan13
3
but in ABC , cos A cos B cos C y tan cot tan 5 cot 5
2
sec A sec B sec C [as tan13 tan 8 5 cot 5 and
2
3
tan 9 tan 8 cot ]
sec A sec B sec C 6
A B C 1 tan cot cot 3 tan
. In ABC we know that sin sin sin
2 2 2 8
Now A.M G.M 2 cot 6 cot 2
A B
cos ec cos ec cos ec
C cos 6 cos 2
y 2
2 2 2 sin 6 sin 2
3 sin 2 cos 6 cos 2 sin 6
1 2
sin 6 sin 2
A B C 3
cos ec cos ec cos ec sin 4
2
4 6 2
2 2 2 cos 2 sin 2 2
A B C Hence, absolute value 4 .
cos ec cos ec cos ec
2 2 2 7. Apply cos 2 A cos 2 B formulae
3 1
8. Use cos .cos 60 .cos 60 cos3
4
54
PERIODICITY &
EXTREME VALUES
SYNOPSIS Periods of trignometric functions are given below:
Function Period
Periodic function: A real function
2
f : A R is said to be a periodic function if 1. Sin ax b a
there exists a positive real number p such that
2
f x p f x , x A . Least value of p is
2. Cos ax b a
known as the fundamental period of f .
p
The period of f ax b 3. Tan (ax b) a
a
2
C f x C2 f 2 x
Let g x 1 1 (where 4. Co sec ax b a
C3 f 3 x C 4 f 4 x
2
f1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 4 are trigonometric functions, and C1, 5. Sec ax b a
C2, C3. C4 are constants).
Then period of g x L.C.M. of period of 6. Cot ax b a
f1 , f 2 , f 3 , f 4
Note: i) Numerator and Denominator can be
Period of x is 1. where
. denotes the
extended to sum of any number of trignometric fractional part.
functions. Standard results :
ii) If p and q are rational [Link] i) Period of sin x , cos x , tan x ,
LCM of p and q exists
cot x , sec x , cos ec x is
iii) If p and q are irrational, then LCM of p and
q does not exist unless they have same irrational
ii) Period of sin x cos x , tan x cot x is
surd. 2
iv) LCM of rational and irrational is not possible. iii) Period of sin x cos x , sin x cos x is
a c e L.C.M a, c, e iv) Period of tan x cot x , tan x cot x is
2
v) L.C. M , , G.C.D b, d , f
b d f v) If n z , the period of sin 2 n x cos 2 n x ,
If ' f ' is a periodic function with fundamental
sec 2 n x cos ec 2 n x, tan 2 n x cot 2 n x is
1 2
period 'p' then '- f ' and are also a periodic vi) Period of
f
functions with period p. a sin 2 n x b cos 2 m x, a sec 2 n x b cos ec 2 m x ,
A constant function is periodic but does not have a tan 2 n x b cot 2 m x is n, m z
a fundamental period.
55
Maximum and minimum values : 6. Period of cosx cos 60 0 -x cos 60 0 +x is
i) Minimum value of sin x is -1
ii) Maximum value of sin x is 1 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 3 3
iii) Range of sin x is 1,1
π x π x
i) Minimum value of cos x is -1 7. If f x =sin + -sin - ,
2 2
ii) Maximum value of cos x = 1
8 2
8 2
then the period of f is
iii) Range of cos x is 1,1
Minimum value of 1) 2) 4) 2
3)
2 3
a cos x b sin x c is c a 2 b 2 8. Sine function whose period is 6 is
Maximum value of a cos x b sin x c is 2πx πx πx 3πx
1) sin 2) sin 3) sin 4) sin
c a b 2 2
3 3 6 2
Range of a cos x b sin x c is 2sin2x - 5cos2x
c a 2 b 2 , c a 2 b 2 9. Period of 7cosx - 8sinx is
The minimum value of a 2 sin 2 b2 cos ec 2 ,
1) 2) 2 3) 4)
2 3
a 2 cos 2 b 2 sec 2 , a 2 tan b 2 cot is 2ab.
sin x+a
EXERCISE - I 10. Period of
cosx
1. Period of tan (x + 2x + 3x + ...+ nx) is 1) 2) 3) 2 4) 3
2
2 4
1)
n(n 1)
2)
n(n 1) 11. Period of sin etanx +e cotx is
6 3
3) 4) 1) 2) 3) 4) 2
n(n 1) n(n 1) 2 2
2. Period of tan ( x + 4x + 9x+...+ n2x) is
12. The period of sin sin is
2 4
1) 2)
n(n 1)(2n 1) n(n 1)(2n 1)
1) 2)
3) 2 4)
6 8 2 4
3) 4) 13. The minimum and maximum values of
n(n 1)(2n 1) n(n 1)(2n 1)
x x 2 2cosx+sinx are
3. Period of cos x+ + 2 +........ is 1) - 1, 1 2) - 2 2 ,2 2
3 3
2 4 3) 1,8 4) -3,3
1) 2) 3) 4) 14. The minimum and maximum values of
3 3 3
4. Period of cos6 x + sin6 x is 8cos 3x 15sin 3x are
3 1) -7,7 2) -23,23 3) -17,17 4) -15,8
1) 2) 3) 4) 2 15. The maximum value of
2 2
5. Period of 6 cos x - 7 sin x is
4 4 3
3 5sinx -12cosx+19
1) 2) 3) 4) 2
2 2
56
1 1 1 1) 32 2) 25 3) 20 4) 49
1) 1 2) 3) 4)
2 3 4 25. The minimum value of 27 tan 2 3cot 2 is
16. The range of sin6 x+cos 6 x 1) 15 2) 18 3) 24 4) 30
1 1 1 1 1 1
1) 4 , 4 2) 4 , 2 3) 4 ,1 4) 2 , 4
1 26. The period of sin x 8 x 27 x n3 x
2 4
17. cos 2 60 0 -x +cos 2 60 0 +x 1) n 2 nA 2 2) n 2 nA 2
1 1 1
1) 2 , 2 2) 2 ,1 6 8
3) n 2 nA 2 4 )
n nB
2 2
1 3 3
3) 2 , 2 4) 2 ,2 KEY
01) 1 02) 3 03) 4
m m 04) 1 05) 2 06) 3 07) 4 08) 2 09) 2
18. cos 60 +x -cos 60 -x - ,
2 0 2 0
10) 2 11) 2 12) 3 13) 2 14) 3 15) 2
2 2
16) 3 17) 3 18) 4 19) 3 20) 3 21) 3
m
22) 2 23) 2 24) 1 25) 2 26) 4
1) 1 2) 3 3) - 3 4) 3 SOLUTIONS
k k 2
19. sin 60 +x -sin 60 -x - , k =
2 0 2 0
p
2 2 1. a n(n 1) n(n 1)
2
1) 3 2) 2 3) 3 4) 2
6
20. sinθsin 600 -θ sin 60 0 +θ -k,k k = 2. p a n(n 1)(2n 1) n(n 1)(2n 1)
1 1 1 3 6
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 3 4 4 1 1 1 3
21. The maximum value of 3. 1 2 .....
3 3 1 1/ 3 2
cos x 1-sin x 3 2 4
cosx + P eriod of cos x
1-sin x cosx is 2 3/ 2 3
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1 4. When coefficients are equal and powers are even
22. A + B = 90 cos A cos B
0
then period is
1 1 1 1 2
1) 3 , 3 2) 2 , 2 5. When coefficients are different and power are even
period is
1 1 3 3 1
3) 4 , 4
4) 4 , 4
6. cos x cos 60 x cos 60 x cos 3x
4
23. A + B = 900 sin A + sin B 2
1) [-1,1]
2) 2 , 2 Period
3
3) 3 , 3 4) 2,2
24. Minimum value of 9 sec 2 4 cos ec 2 7 is
57
2 x 2 maximum c a 2 b2 0 17 17
7. Given f x sin sin x 2
8 2 8 minimum, maximum 17,17
sin A sin B sin A B sin A B
2 2
x x x 16. sin 6 x cos 6 x 1 3 sin 2 2x
f x sin sin
8 2 8 8 2 8 2 4
17. If f x =cos 2 α-x +cos 2 α+x
1
sin sin x sin x
4 2 1 3
for = 60°, 120°, 240°, 300° , range is ,
2 2 2
The period of sin x is 2
1 18. If f x =cos 2 α-x -cos 2 α+x
Period of f x is 2 for = 60°, 120°, 240°, 300°
2 3 3
6 a
8. a 3 range is 2 , 2
2 sin 2 x 5cos 2 x 19. If f x sin 2 x sin 2 x
9. The period of f x
7 cos x 8sin x
for = 60°, 120°, 240°, 300°
2
The period of sin 2x is
2 3 3
range is 2 , 2
2
The period of cos 2 x is
2 1
The period of cos x is 2 20. If f sin sin sin sin 3
4
The period of sin x is 2
1 1
The period of f x is L.C.M of for 60,120, 240, 300 ,range is ,
4 4
, , 2 , 2 2 cos 2 x
1 sin x = 2
21.
10. Cosa. Tanx + Sina, period is 1 sin x
11. L.C.M of period of Tanx, Cotx is 22. A B 90 cos A cos B
12. Period of sin
1 1 1
sin 2A ,
13. Min a 2 b 2 ; Max a 2 b 2 2 2 2
14. Min a 2 b 2 ; Max a 2 b 2 23. A B 90 sin A sin B
15. Given f x 8cos 3 x 15sin 3x sin A cos A 2, 2
comparing with a cos b sin c 24. A.M. G.M.
a 8, b 15, c 0 25. A.M G. M
Now a 2 b 2 64 225 17
maximum c a 2 b 2 0 17 17 26. given, sin 13 23 33 n3 x
58
then n =
n 2 n 12
sin x 1) 3 2) 2 3) 6 4) 1
4
x x
7. The period of the function sin
3
cos 5
2 5
2
since the period sin ax is a is
1) 2 2) 10 3) 8 4) 5
2
8 8. The function sin x 2 cos x is
Here n n 1 n 2 n 1
2 2 2
1) Periodic with period
4 2) Periodic with period 2
3) Periodic with period 0
4) Not a Periodic function
EXERCISE - II
9. sin 2 x+cos 4 x
1 1 3 3 3 3
1) , 2) ,1 3) 1, 4) ,
4 2 4 4 4 4
3πx πx
1. Period of sin +cos is
2 2 10. The minimum and maximum values of
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
π
2. The period of f x =sinx+ x , where x is cosx+3 2sin x+ +6 are
4
fractional part of x is 1) 1, 11 2) 11,-1 3) 6,5 4) 5, 6
1) 0 2) 1
π
sinx+cosx
2
3) 2 4) Does not exist 11. +cos 2 +x
4
πx πx
3. The period of f x =sin n! -cos n+1 ! is 1) [0,1] 2) [0,2] 3) [1,2] 4) [0,3]
12. A sin 8 cos14 , then for all values of
1) n 1 ! 2) 2 n 1! 1) 0 A 1 2) 1 2A 3
n 1 1
4) 0 A
3) 2 n ! 4) 3) A 1
2
2!
4. The value of integer n for which the function 13. For any real the maximum value of
sinnx cos 2 cos sin 2 sin is
f x = has 4 as its period is
sin x/n 1) 1 2) 1 sin 2 1
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
3) 1 cos 2 1 4) 2 cos 2 1
5. Let f x =cos p x where p= a where 14. If 5 cos x 12 cos y 13, then the maximum
x is the integral part of x. If the period of value of 5sin x 12 sin y is
f x is , then a
1)12 2) 120 3) 20 4)13
1) 4,5 2) 4,5 3) 4,5 4) (4, 5)
π π
cos sin nx 15. cos x+ cos x-
, n N is 6 6 6
6. If the period of
tan x n
59
1 1 3 3 9. sin 2 x cos 4 x sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x
1) , 2) ,
4 4 4 4
sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x
1 3 1 1
3) , 4) , 1
1
2 sin x cos x
2
4 4 2 2 4
1
KEY 1 sin 2 2 x
4
01) 4 02) 4 03) 2 04) 1 05) 2 06) 3
07) 2 08) 4 09) 2 10) 1 11) 3 12) 1 1 1 cos 4 x
13) 2 14) 2 15) 3 1
4 2
SOLUTIONS
1 1
4 1 cos 4 x
1. L.C.M of , 4 4 8 8
3
2. Does not exists 7 1
cos 4 x
3. L.C.M of 2n!, 2 n 1 ! 2 n 1! 8 8
2 x 1 7
4. Period of sin nx , Period of sin 2n Here a b 0 c
n n 8 8
2n 4 n 2 7 1 3
minimum c a b
2 2
8 8 4
5. Given f x cos px where p a
7 1
maximum c a b 1
2 2
2 8 8
since period of cos ax is a
3
Range ,1
4
p 2
p4 1 1
11. cos x 3 2 sin x cos x 6
2 2
a 4
3sin x 4cos x 6
a 4,5
2
12. sin x cos x cos x
2
4
6. The period of cos sin nx is
n 2sin 2 x cos 2 x
x 4 4
period of tan is n . 13. Clearly we know that A > 0.
n
c o s 1 4 c o s 2 1 and
s in 8 s in 2 1
Thus, 6 LCM , n
n A 1 , Hence 0 A 1 .
By checking n = 6 17. cos 2 cos sin 2 sin
x
7. The period of sin
3
2 sin 2 cos sin 2 cos
2
1 sin 2 sin sin 2 cos , which is
x
The period of cos
5
5 , LCM is 10 . maximum when cos 0, sin 1
5
Maximum value is 1 sin 2 1 .
8. It is not a periodic function
60
14. Given 5 cos x 12 cos y 13 (1) 1
cos
5sin x 12 sin y k (2) 4
squaring and adding (1) and (2)
5 2 7 32
5 cos x 12 cos y 5sin x 12 sin y
2 2
132 6 2 m 2 2 4
4 16 16
25cos 2 x 144cos 2 y 12 cos x cos y
25sin 2 x 144sin 2 y * Let
120 sin x sin y 132 k 2
f x cos x sin x sin 2 x sin 2 where
25 144 120 cos x cos y sin x sin y 169 k 2
is [Link] maximum
120 cos x y k 2
value of is (eamcet -15)
since maximum of cos x y is 1 1) 1 cos2 2) cos
k 2 120 3) 1 sin 2 4) sin
2
15. cos x cos x cos sin x
2
Key:-3
6 6 6
3 Given
sin x2
4
EAMCET QUESTIONS
f x cos x sin x sin 2 x sin 2
f x sin x sin x sin 2 x sin 2
f x sin x sin x
2
sin 2 x sin 2
1 Let the maximum and minimum e
value of the expression f x sin x sin x 2 f x tan x sin x sin
2 2 2 2 2
2 cos 2 cos 1 is M and m f 2 x tan x 2 f x tan x f 2 x sin 2 0
respectively then the value of
since tan x is rual
M
m is (where [.]is the greatest b 2 4ax 0
4 f 2 x 4 f 2 x f 2 x sin 2 a
Integer function (eamcet - 2016)
key:- 4 1 f 2 x sin 2
cos 1
Sol:- 2 cos
2
cos 1 2 cos 2
2 2 7 7
and m 2 0
1
2
7
16 8
cos
4 16
M 4 32
Hence 4
Given expression is maximum m 7 7
when cos 1 and minimum when 8
61
f 2 x 1 sin 2 sin x cos x
5. The period of f x sin x cos x
is
f x 1 sin 2
maximum value of f x is 1 sin
2 1)
2
2) 2 3) 4) 4
3. The maximum value of
key . 3
sin x cos x
3cos 5sin for any real value sol. Now f x sin x cos x
6
of (eamcet -15) sin x cos x sin x cos x
1) 2) f x
34 31 sin x cos x sin x cos x
3) 4)
79 f x f x
19
2
Period of f x is
Key: 3
Sol: f 3cos 5 sin cos 6 cos sin 6
5 3
3cos sin cos
2 2
1 5 3
cos sin
2 2
1 5 3
Here a b C 0
2 2
Maximum value of
1 75
c a2 b2 19
4 4
[Link] f x f x sin x 2 cos x g has
the period is equal to 2 . The period
sol. Given f x sin x 2 cos x g has
the period 2
We know period of sin x cos x is 2
2
Here
1
62
JEE MAINS , EAMCET QUESTIONS
8. If f x satisfying the relation
f x f x 4 f x 2 f x 6 x,
1. The range of the function then the period of f x is-----------
f x ln cos x
cos x
1 , x 0, i s
2 KEY
1
1 e
1, K 1) 2.00 2)1 3) 2 4) 2 5) 3 6)3
e then K is--- 7)2 8) 8.00
2. Let f be a real valued function defined for all SOLUTIONS
real numbers ' x ' such that for some fixed
1
a 0, f x a f x f x
2
2 1. Since x 0, 0 cos x 1
2
x .and f x 1, 2. the function f x
is periodic with period=----------------
f x ln cos x
cos x
1 y say
1) 2a 2) a 3) 3a 4) 5a
y ln cos x 1
cos x
3. If f : R R is a function satisfying the
property. f 2 x 3 f 2 x 7 2, x R.
Now range of ln cos x 1 in 0, =
cos x
Then the period of f x is---------- 2
1) 4 2) 3 3) 5 4) 6 Range of ln x x 1 in (0, 1)
4. If f a x f a x and x 0 ,
2
for y ln x x 1
all real x, where a,b a b are constants Let g x x x 1 e x ln x 1
then prove that f(x) is a periodic function.
1) b 2) 2b 3) 3b 4) 4b g | x e x ln x 1 ln x
5. Let f be a real valued function with domain 1
R. Now if for some positive constant a, the g | x 0 for x and g | x 0 for
equation e
1 1
x Hence g(x) is minimum at x
1
f x a 1 2 3 f x 3 f x f x
2 3 3
e e
1
holds good for x R , then prove that f(x) is 1 1 e
a periodic fuction. Minimum value of g(x) is g 1
1) a 2) 2a 3) 3a 4) 4a e e
6. If the periodic function f(x) satisfies the equa- and maximum value of g(x) is g(1) =1 + 1 =2
tion f x 1 f x 1 3 f x x R then
1
f x a f x a
2
find the period of f(x). 2. f x a a
1) 8 2) 4 3) 12 4)16 2
7. If a,b be two fixed positive [Link] 1 1 1
f x f x . f x f x
2 2
that f a x b
2 2 2
1 1
f x f x
2
b 1 3b f x 3b f x f x
3 2 2 3 13
2 4
1 1
x R Then f x is a periodic f x f x
function with period .
2 2
1) a 2) 2a 3) b 4) 2b
63
6. We have
3. Given f 2x 3 f 2x 7 2 1
f x 1 f x 1 3 f x x R ......(1)
Replace x by x 2 Replacing x by x-1 and x+1 in eq(1) then
f 2x 7 f 2x 11 2 2 f x f x 2 3 f x 1 .......(2)
from 1 2 ,we get. and f x 2 f x 3 f x 1 ...(3)
f 2 x 3 f 2 x 11 0. Adding (2) and (3), we get
2 f x f x 2 f x 2
f 2 x 3 f 2 x 11 = T 4
3 f x 1 f x 1
4. Given f b x f b x
2 f x f x 2 f x 2 3. 3 f x
Replacing x by x b (from (1))
Then f x 2b f b x b f x f x 2 f x 2 f x .....(4)
Again replacing x by -x then Replacing x by x+2 is equation (4) then
f x f 2b x f 2b x f x 4 f x f x 2 .......(5)
Adding (4) & (5), we get
f a x f a x and a b here a 2b
f x 4 f x 2 0 ..........(6)
f 2b x f x Again replacing x by x+6 in eq(6) then
f x 10 f x 4 0 ........(7)
Hence f(x) is periodic with period 2b.
1
5. Given f x a 1 2 3 f x 3 f x f x Subtracting (6) from (7), we get
2 3 3
f x 10 f x 2 0 .........(8)
..........(1)
1
1 1 1 f x
3 3
Replacing x by x+2 in eq(8) then
Replacing x by (x+a) then f x 12 f x 0 (or) f x 12 f x
Hence f(x) is periodic function with period 12.
1
f x 2a 1 1 1 f x a f a x b
3 3
7.
13
1
1 b3 3b2 f x 3b f x 2 f x 3
1 1 f x a1
3 3
13
b 1 b f x
3
.......from (1)
1
1 1 1 1 f x
3 3
13
f a x b 1 f x b
3
1
1 1 f x a x
3 3
1
1 1 f x f x 1 x 3 where x f x b
3
1
x 2a 1 x a
3 3
x 2a x
f x 2a b f x b
f x 2a f x
f x is periodic with period 2a .
64
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