TRANSFORMER

➢ a static (or stationary) piece of apparatus by

means of which electric power in one circuit is
transformed into electric power of the same
frequency in another circuit.

➢ the physical basis of a transformer is mutual

induction between two circuits linked by a common
magnetic flux.

➢ consists of two inductive coils which electrically

separated but magnetically linked through a path of
low reluctance
e = MdI/dt
(induced emf according to Faraday’s Laws of
Electromagnetic Induction)

Primary coil – the first coil in which electric energy

is fed from the a.c. supply mains

Secondary coil– in which energy is drawn out

Transformer:
1. transfers electric power from one circuit to
another
2. it does so without a change of frequency
3. it accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
and
4. where the two electric circuits are in mutual
inductive influence of each other

IDEAL TRANSFORMER
An ideal transformer is a lossless transformer.

𝐸 = 4.44𝑁𝑓ɸ𝑚 → ɸ𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝐸 = 4.44𝑁𝑓ɸ𝑚 𝑥 10−8 → ɸ𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠
ɸ𝑚
𝐵𝑚 =
𝐴
Where: E = voltage induced
N = number of turns in the windings
f = frequency
ɸ𝑚 = maximum flux in the core
𝐵𝑚 = maximum flux density in the core
A = cross-sectional area of the core

IDEAL TRANSFORMATION RATIOS

𝐸1 𝑁1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜: = =𝑎
𝐸2 𝑁2
𝐼1 𝑁2 1
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜: = =
𝐼2 𝑁1 𝑎
𝑅1 𝑋1 𝑍1 𝑁1 2
𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜: = = = ( ) = 𝑎2
𝑅2 𝑋2 𝑍2 𝑁2
Where: a = turns ration

Note: Subscript 1 for primary parameters while subscript

2 is for secondary parameters.

EXAMPLE 1: The primary of a transformer has 1000 turns

and is rated at 220V, 60 Hz. If the core cross
section is 10cm2, what is the operating flux
density?

EXAMPLE 2: A 1600 kVA, 200 Hz transformer is operated at

50 Hz. Its new kVA rating should be ___________.

EXAMPLE 3: A 40-kΩ resistance in series with a 20-kΩ

capacitive reactance is connected to the secondary
side of 1:100 turns ratio transformer, while 5-Ω
inductive reactance is connected at the primary
side. Determine the impedance seen by the primary.

NON-IDEAL TRANSFORMER
A non-ideal or a practical transformer has power losses
and voltage drops within its internal circuits
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A NON-IDEAL TRANSFORMER

R1,X1 = resistance and reactance of primary winding

R2,X2 = resistance and reactance of secondary
winding
XM = magnetizing reactance of the primary winding
RC = resistance representing the core loss
I0 = exciting current
V1 = supply voltage
V2 = load or terminal voltage

APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A LARGE TRANSFORMER

In a large transformer at rated load, I1>>I0, thus total
primary current, Ip ≅ I1. The core loss equivalent circuit
can be taken out from the circuit diagram.

Note: The core loss is only accounted when solving for

the efficiency of the transformer.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT REFERRED TO PRIMARY

𝑹𝟎𝟏 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝑹𝟐
𝒙𝟎𝟏 = 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝟐

R01 = equivalent resistance referred to the primary side

X01 = equivalent resistance referred to the primary side
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT REFERRED TO SECONDARY

𝑹𝟏
𝑹𝟎𝟐 = 𝑹𝟐 +
𝒂𝟐
𝑿𝟏
𝑿𝟎𝟐 = 𝑿𝟐 + 𝟐
𝒂
R02 = equivalent resistance referred to the secondary
side
X02 = equivalent resistance referred to the secondary
side

EXAMPLE 4: A 10 kVA single-phase transformer designed

for 2000/400 volts has the following constants, R1 =
5.5 Ω, R2 = 0.2 Ω; X1 = 12 Ω, X1 = 0.45 Ω. Calculate
the approximately value of the secondary voltage at
full load, 80% lagging, when the primary supply
voltage is 2000 volts.

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST ON TRANSFORMERS

Theory: Low side is supplied with rated voltage while
high side is left open circuited.

I0C = ammeter reading during the test

P0C = wattmeter reading during the test
V0C = voltmeter reading during the test
Note: During the test 𝐼1 ≅ 0, thus the series impedance
can be neglected (ideal analysis).

EXAMPLE 5: A 500kVA, 11/2.3kV, 60 Hz transformer has

been tested and gives the following open circuit
test data: 2.3kW, 2.3A, 4kW. Determine the
______________________.
(a) Core loss
(b) Resistance representing the core loss
(c) Magnetizing reactance

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON TRANSFORMERS

Theory: Low side is short-circuited while the high side
is supplied with voltage adjusted so that the high
side will draw rated high side current.

Isc = ammeter reading during the test

Psc = wattmeter reading during the test
Esc = voltmeter reading during the test

Note: During the test I1 >> I0, thus the magnetizing

branch can be neglected
ROH = equivalent resistance referred to the high side
XOH = equivalent reactance referred to the high side
ZOH = equivalent impedance referred to the high side

EXAMPLE 6: A 75-kVA, 230/115 volts, 60 Hz transformer

was given a short test with the following results:
9.5 V; 326 A, 1200 W. Determine the voltage induced
at the secondary when delivering rated load at 115
V, 0.8 pf lagging.

POWER LOSSES IN TRANSFORMERS

Copper loss (PCU) – losses due to heating in the
transformer windings due to resistance.

PCU = I12R1 + I22R2

= I12R01
= I22R02

Copper losses of the transformer at x-size of load:

PCU(x-load) = x2  PCU(full-load)
X = decimal equivalent for the size of load carried by
the transformer in reference to its full load value
Example: Given, full-load copper loss = 200 W
PCU(half-load) = (1/2)2(200) = 500 watts
PCU(80% load) = (0.8)2(200) = 128 watts

Core loss (PCO) – losses due to hysteresis and eddy

current losses in the magnetic circuit (core) of
the transformer

Hysteresis energy loss by Steinmetz law

Wh = nVBm1.6

Wh = hysteresis energy loss (ergs/cycle)

 V = volume (cm3)
n = constant, depending on material used
B = maximum flux density (Gauss)

Note: 1 joule = 1 x 107 ergs

Hysteresis loss (in watts):
PH = kf2Bm2 E = 4.44NfBmA
𝑃𝑒2 𝐸 2
PH = keE2 = (𝐸2 )
𝑃𝑒1 1
Note: Subscript 1 for condition 1; Subscript 2 for
condition 2

EXAMPLE 7: The hysteresis loss in a 6600 volt, 60 Hz

transformer is 480 watts. What will be the loss
when the transformer is connected to a 6900 volts,
40 cycle source?

EFFECIENCY OF TRANSFORMERS
Efficiency is a ratio between power delivered or output
to the power intake or input to the transformer.

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
 = =
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑐𝑢 +𝑃𝑐𝑜
Pout = (size of load)(Prated) P = S  pf
Note: size of load must be in decimal number

MAXIMUM EFFECIENCY
THEORY: To operate under maximum efficiency condition,
the copper loss and the core loss must be equal.

PCU = PCO for maximum efficiency condition

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑚𝑎𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
max = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑚𝑎𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) +2𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒

EXAMPLE 8: A 37.5 kVA transformer has a rated core loss

and copper losses of 300 W and 500 W. Determine the
(a.) Efficiency at 75% load at 0.85 pf lagging
(b.) Efficiency at 10% overload at unity pf
(c.) Maximum efficiency at 0.85 pf lagging
ALL DAY EFFICIENCY OR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
It is the ratio of the energy output or delivered within
a 24-hour period to the energy input in the same period
of time.

𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡
max = =
𝑊𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑊𝑐𝑢 + 𝑊𝑐𝑜

Win = input energy; Wout = output energy

Wcu = energy lost in copper windings
Wco = energy lost in the core
Wout = ( Pout  t) Pout = (size of load)(Srated  pf)
Wcu = ( Pcu  t) Pcu = (size of load)2PCU(FL)
Wco = Pco  t t = 24 hours if connected whole
day
t = time of transformer usage in hours

𝒑𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝒌𝑾
Size of load served = =
𝑺𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅  𝐩𝐟 𝒌𝑽𝑨 𝐩𝐟

EXAMPLE 9: A 5-kVA single-phase transformer has core

loss of 35 W and a full load copper loss of 40 W.
It operates full load, 80% pf lagging for 6 hours,
half load, 75% pf lagging for 12 hours and quarter
load at unity pf or 6 hours. Determine its all day
efficiency.

PER UNIT VALUE (APPLIED TO TRANSFORMER PROBLEMS)

The per unit value of any quantity is defined as the
ration of the quantity to its base expressed as decimal.

In single-phase system:
𝐼𝑅 𝐼𝑅 𝑉 𝑆𝑅
%IR = =
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉2
𝐼𝑅 𝐼𝑅 𝐼 𝑃𝑐𝑢
= =
𝑉 𝑉 𝐼 𝑆
𝐼𝑋 𝑆𝑋 𝐼 2 𝑋 𝑜𝑟 𝑄
%IR = =
𝑉 𝑉2 𝑆

%IR = percent resistance voltage drop

%IR = percent reactance voltage drop
𝑅 𝑅 𝐼 𝐼𝑅
Rpu = = same as %IR
𝑍 𝑍 𝐼 𝑉
In three-phase system:

𝑺𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝒁𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
Zpu =
𝑽𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 2
(𝑺𝟑− /3)(𝒁𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒)
= (𝑉𝐿 /√3)2
𝑺𝟑− 𝑍𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆
Zpu =
𝑉𝐿 2

EXAMPLE 10: A 3.5 kVA, 2300/230 V single-phase

transformer has an equivalent impedance of referred
to the high side of 4.23 ohms. Determine the per
unit impedance of the transformer.

EXAMPLE 11: The per unit impedance value of a

transformer corresponding to base values 13.2 kV
and 30 MVA is 0.2 per unit. The per unit value for
the base values 13.8 kV and 50 MVA is ___________.

VOLTAGE REGULATION
Voltage regulation of a transformer is the percent rise
in voltage in the secondary side after the load is
switch-off.

𝑉𝑛𝑜−𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 −𝑉𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐸2 −𝑉2

%VR = =
𝑉𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑉2

%VR = √(𝑐𝑜𝑠 + %IR)2 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ± %VR)2 − 1

𝐸2 = terminal voltage at no load
𝑉2= terminal voltage at rated load
(+sign), for lagging pf
(-sign), for leading pf

FOOD FOR THE BRAIN: If the operating pf is lagging,

voltage regulation is positive, while if operating pf is
leading, voltage regulation is negative.
EXAMPLE 12: A single-phase transformer rated 7.2 kVA,
1.2 kV/120 V, has the following winding
parameters: 𝑟1 = 0.8 , 𝑥1 = 1.2 , 𝑟2 = 0.01 , and
𝑥2 = 0.01. Determine the voltage regulation of
the transformer when it is delivering rated load
at 0.8 pf lagging.

PARALLEL OPERTAION

𝑍1 = equivalent impedance of 𝑇1 referred to secondary

𝑍2 = equivalent impedance of 𝑇2 referred to secondary
Using CDT,
𝑰𝑡 𝒁 2 𝑰𝑡 𝒁 1
I1 = ; I2 = ; I1 = I1 + I2
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 𝑍1 + 𝑍2
𝒁2 𝒁1
S1 = St(𝑍 ); S2 = St(𝑍 )
1 + 𝑍2 1 + 𝑍2
St = S1 + S2

FOOD FOR THE BRAIN: S1, S2 and St in the above formulas
are conjugate values, + for leading pf, and - for
lagging pf.
EXAMPLE 13: A 100-kVA, 42-kV/2.4-kV, 60 HZ transformer
is operated in parallel with a 75-kVA 42-kV/2.4-
kV, 60-HZ transformer. The respective impedances
referred to the secondary are (0.5+j4) and
(0.8+j6). The total load on the transformer is
120 kVA at 0.8 pf lagging power factor. Calculate
the kW load on the 100-kVA transformer.

EXAMPLE 14: Two 2,200/100 V transformer are operated in

parallel to share a load of 125 kVA at 0.8 pf
lagging. Transformers are rated as follows:
A: 100 kVA; 0.9% resistance; 10% reactance
B: 50 kVA; 1% resistance, 5% reactance
Find the kVA share B.
AUTOTRANSFORMER
Autotransformer is a transformer with only one winding
common to both primary and secondary.

Note: The current in the common winding is always equal

to the difference between currents I1 and I2.

EXAMPLE 15: A 10 kVA, 440/110 volt, two-winding

transformer is reconnected as a step-down
550/440-volt autotransformer. Determine a) new
kVA rating as an autotransformer
b) power inductively transferred c) power
conductively transferred

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
Current transformer(CT) – to be used in conjunction with
an ammeter to measure high current.
Potential Transformer(PT)- to be used in conjunction
with a voltmeter to measure high voltage.

IL = ammeter reading •CT ratio

VL = voltmeter reading •PT ratio

POWER MEASUREMENTS USING CT AND PT

 P = Wattmeter reading •CT ratio •PT
Where, P = actual power drawn
CT ratio x PT ratio = meter multiplier

THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER BANKS

NOTE: Voltage and current ratios in a three- phase
transformer or three-phase transformer banks
are always phase values.

Y - Y Connection - has the advantage being all the

transformer windings are subjected only to
the line to line voltage divided by√3.

 -  Connection – used for moderate voltages, large

current operations.

 - Y Connection – used for stepping up voltages

 VL1 = VP1 ; VL2 = √3 VP2
IL1 = √3 IP1; IL2=IP2

Y- Connection – used for stepping down voltages

EXAMPLE 16: What should be the required turns ratio of a

three-phase transformer to transform 10 MVA
from 230kV to 4160V if the transformer is to
be connected delta-delta.

EXAMPLE 17: Three 30:1 step down transformers are

connected Y- for stepping down the 132,000
volts three-phase transmission voltage.
Determine the secondary line voltage.

Open delta of V-V Connection – this bank uses only two

transformers. It is used in applications where load is
small and the use of a closed  bank is unwarranted.
Also used if one of the transformers in a - bank fails
or under maintenance procedures.

VL1 = VP1 ; VL2 = VP2

IL1 = IP1 ; IL2=IP2
Sv-v = √3 (Srated) S = 3(Srated)
S = total VA rating of three-transformers connected in
delta
Sv-v = total VA rating of two transformers connected in
open delta
Srated = VA rating of one transformer

EXAMPLE 18: Two single-phase transformer are to be

connected open-delta. What is the minimum kVA
rating of each transformer if the load to be
supplied is 200 kW at 0.85 pf lagging?

Scott or T-T connection – this bank uses only two

transformers. It was first proposed by Charles F. Scott.

Smain(rating) = VL1Il1 = VL2IL2

Steaser(rating) = 0.866 • Smain(rating)

Note: The main transformer must have a 50% tap while the
teaser transformer must have an 86.6% tap.

EXAMPLE 19: Two T-connected transformers are used to

supply a 440-V, 3-phase supply of 3300 V. Calculate the
kVA rating of each transformer.
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF SCOTT-BANK
Use to transform from two-phase to three-phase or vice-
versa:

𝐼2𝑇 Ia 2 I 2
Ia = ; Ib = Ic = √( 2 ) + ( 2𝑀 )
0.866𝑎 𝑎
a = turns ratio
I2T = secondary current of the teaser transformer
I2M = secondary current of the main transformer

FOOD FOR THE BRAIN: If the phase 1 and phase 2 loads are
equal, the three line currents are equal.

EXAMPLE: Two electric furnaces are supplied with 1-phase

current at 800 V from a 3-phase 11,000 V system by
means of two single-phase Scott-connected
transformers with similar secondary windings. If
the load on the furnace is 500 kW (teaser
secondary) and on the other 800 kW (secondary of
main transformer), solve the currents in the three
lines.

Main transf.load 800,000

I2M = = = 200 A
Vpf 800(0.5)
Teaser transf.load 500,000
I2T = = = 1250 A
Vpf 800(0.5)
a = 11000/800 = 13.75
I2T 1250
Ia = = = 104.97 = 105 A
0.866a 0.866(13.75)

Ib = Ic =√(I2a )2 + (I2M
a
)2 = 154.63 = 155 A

CONCLUSION:
The three line currents are 105 A, 155 A and 155 A.
TEST YOURSELF

1. A 30 kVA, 2000/200V, single-phase, 50 HZ

transformer has primary resistance of 3.5 Ω and
reactance of 4.5 Ω. The secondary resistances are
0.015 Ω and 0.02 Ω respectively. Find equivalent
impedance referred to primary.
A. 5.4 Ω C. 6.5 Ω
B. 8.2 Ω D. 7.3 Ω

2. Three 1:10 transformers are connected delta-wye for

stepping up to 2.3 kV three-phase source. Calculate
the secondary line voltage.
A. 13.8 kV C. 23 kV
B. 39.8 kV D. 16.4 kV

3. The effective primary and secondary resistances of

a 500 kVA, 12,000/2400 volt 60 cycle transformer
are 1.52 and 0.049 ohms, and the corresponding
leakage reactances are 6.4 and 26 ohms. The no-load
core loss is 1700 watts. Determine the percent
regulation when the transformer is loaded at its
rated kVA and at unity pf.
A. 2.01% C. 1.42%
B. 1.05% D. 2.52%

4. Two single-phase transformers are connected open-

delta and deliver a balance three-phase load of
69.28 kW at a pf of 0.8. Calculate the minimum kVA
rating of each transformer.
A. 86.8 kVA C. 50 kVA
B. 43.3 kVA D. 120 kVA

5. A transformer working under the condition of

maximum efficiency has the total losses 1600 W.
While operating at half load, the copper loss will
be .
A. 800 W C. 400 W
B. 200 W D. 100 W

6. A 20-kVA, 500-Vload is to be supplied by an ideal

step-up autotransformer from 400-V source.
Determine the current in the common winding.
A. 10 A C.40 A
 B. 30 A D.20 A

7. The full load copper loss and the iron loss of a 75

kVA transformer are equal to 1 kW. During a given
day, the transformer is loaded as follows: full
load at unity pf for 8 hours, one-half load at
unity for 8 hours and no-load the rest of the day.
Calculate the all day efficiency.
A.98.23% C.97.47%
B.95.25% D.96.36%

8. A 13.8 kV/480 V, 10 MVA three-phase transformer has

5% impedance. What is the impedance in omhs
referred to the primary?
A.0.952 ohm C.0.876 ohm
B.0.809 ohm D.0.921 ohm

9. The secondary windings of a 60 Hz transformer has

50 turns. If the induced voltage of this windings
is 220 V, determine the maximum value of the core
flux.
A.12.3 mWb C.20.8 mWb
B.24.4 mWb D.16.5 mWb

10. A single- phase 50 kVA transformer has iron loss

of 400 watts and full load copper loss of 750
watts. Solve the efficiency at half load 0.8 pf.
A.97.14% C.98.32%
B.96.23% D.95.42%

11. A 15-kVA, 60 Hz, 240/120-volt transformer has core

loss of 350 W at rated voltage and frequency. The
full load copper loss is 650 W. Determine the
primary load in amperes at maximum efficiency.
A.42.4 A C.45.8 A
B.44.2 A D.40.2 A

12. Two single-phase transformers are connected in

open delta. The rating of each is 15 kVA, 2400/240
V. What 3-phase load in KW can the open delta bank
carry without overloading the transformers? The
load power factor is 0.707 lagging.
A.30 kW C.21.21 kW
B.26 kW D.18.4 kW
13. An autotransformer designed for 4000 to 2300 volts
operation supplies a load of 32 kW at a power
factor of 0.80. Calculate the transformed power.
A.14.6 kW C.13.6 kW
B.16.8 kW D.15.4 kW

14. The no-load current of a transformer is 4 A at

0.25 pf when supplied at 250 V, 60 Hz. Find the
magnetizing reactance.
A.65 ohms C.72 ohms
B.250 ohms D.108 ohms

15. What should be the required turns ratio of a

three-phase transformer to transform 10 MVA from
230 kV to 4160 V if the transformer is to be
connected wye-delta.
A.31.92 C.55.929
B.95.76 D.165.86

16. The eddy current loss of a given solid core is 80

W at 50 Hz. What would be the loss at 60 Hz if the
core flux density remained the same at the two
frequencies?
A.55.55 W C.96 W
B.66.67 W D.115.2 W

17. Three transformers, connected delta on the primary

side and wye on the secondary side, step the
voltage down from 13.2 kV to 460 V and deliver a 3-
phase 750 kVA, 0.8 pf load. Determine the current
in the primary windings.
A.18.94 A C.32.8 A
B.41 A D.23.67 A

18. A 75 kVA, 2400/240 V transformer has a percent

impedance of 5%. Determine the impedance of the
transformer referred to the primary.
A.2.22 Ω C.3.84 Ω
B.3.52 Ω D.2.63 Ω

19. A 5 kVA single-phase transformer has a full load

copper loss of 112 watts and a core loss of 40
 watts. Determine its efficiency at 25% overload and
80% pf lagging.
A.95.88% C.97.23%
B.96.54% D.98.57%

20. A 10-kVa, 2400/240 V, single-phase transformer has

the following resistances and leakage
reactances:R1 =3Ω, R 2 =0.03Ω, X1 =15Ω; X2 =0.15Ω. Find
the primary voltage required to produce 240 V at
the secondary terminals at full load, when the load
power factor is 0.8 pf.
A.2485.6 V C.2496.5 V
B.2427.4 V D.2482.5 V

21. A current transformer has a ratio of 100:5 and an

ammeter connected to its secondary reads 2.5 A. The
actual line current is .
A.12.5 A C.250 A
B.50 A D.0.125 A

22. A load of 800 kW at 0.8 pf lagging is supplied by

two 3-phase transformers rated 400 kVA and 600 kVA
operating in parallel. The transformers have the
same turns ratio and their per unit impedance are
(0.02+j0.04) and (0.01+j0.05) per unit respectively
by the 400 kVA transformer.
A.234 kVA C.325 kVA
B.436 kVA D.525 kVA

23. A 50 kVA single-phase transformer has full load

primary current of 250 A and the total resistance
referred to primary is 0.006 ohm. If the iron loss
amounts to 200 W, find the efficiency at half load
and 0.80 pf.
A.97.23% C.98.55%
B.95.47% D.96.14%

24. A 50 MVA, 33 kV/11 kV transformer has a 3 percent

impedance. What is the percent impedance at 100 MVA
base and 34.5 kV base?
A.5.02% C.6.24%
B.6.92% D.5.49%
25. A 50 kVA single-phase lighting transformer of
ordinary efficiency 96% works on full-load for 8
hours per day to burn street lights. Determine the
all-day efficiency if the copper loss is 60% of the
full load losses.
A.93% C.94%
B.95% D.96%

26. A 2200/200 V transformer draws a no load primary

current of 0.6 A and absorbs 400 W. determine the
magnetizing current.
A.0.456 A C.0.572 A
B.0.234 A D.0.326 A

27. The core of a 100-kVA, 11000/550 V, 1-phase, 50 Hz

core type transformer has a cross section of 20cm x
20cm. find the emf per turn if the maximum core
density is not to exceed 1.3 Tesla. Assume a
stacking factor of 0.9.
A.10.4 V C.9.3 V
B.11.5 V D.8.9 V

28. An open delta bank delivers a balanced three phase

load of 60 kVA at 460 volts. What kVA load does
each transformer carry?
A.34.64 kVA C.30 kVA
B.20 kVA D.104 kVA

29. Three 10:1 single-phase transformers are connected

wye-delta. Determine the secondary line to line
voltage of the primary is connected across 4,600
volts mains.
A.230.53 V C.352.22 V
B.256.21 V D.265.58 V

30. In a 400 V, 50 Hz transformer, the core loss is

2500 W. When supplied at 220 V, 25 Hz, the
corresponding loss is 850 W. Calculate the eddy
current loss at normal frequency and p.d.
A.2165 W C.2085 W
B.2280 W D.2020 W

31. A 25 kVA, 2300/230 V distribution transformer has

the following resistance and leakage reactance
 values (ohms): R1 =0.8Ω, X1 =3.2Ω, R 2 =0.009Ω, X2 =0.03Ω.
Calculate the percent of regulation for a leading
pf of 0.866.
A. -0.79% C. -0.82%
B. -0.65% D. -0.73%

32. Three single phase 37.5 kVA transformers are

connected in delta. Load is 85 kVa at 85% lagging
power factor. What is the overload of the remaining
units if one unit is brought for repair?
A.20 kVA C.65 kVA
B.30 kVA D.50 kVA

33. The output current corresponding to maximum

efficiency for a transformer having a core loss of
100 W and equivalent resistance referred to
secondary of 0.25 ohms is .
A.20 A C.25 A
B.5 A D.400 A

34. A 500 kVA,11/2.3 kV, 60 Hz transformer has been

tested and gives the following data:
Open circuit test: 2.3 kV, 2.3 A, 4 kW
Short circuit test: 600 kV, 45.4 A, 6 kW. Determine
the equivalent reactance referred to the secondary.
A.12.8 Ω C.0.563 Ω
B.2.91 Ω D.0.842 Ω

35. Two single phase transformers A and B with equal

turns have impedances of (0.5+j3) ohm and (0.6+j10)
ohm respectively with respect to the secondary. If
they operate in parallel, determine the kW share of
A if they share a total load of 100 kW at 0.8
lagging.
A.78.2 kW C.62.8 kW
B.67.4 kW D.58.5 kW

36. The no-load current of a transformer is 4 A at

0.25 pf when supplied at 250 V, 60 Hz. Find the
resistance representing the core loss.
A.200 ohms C.120 ohms
B.250 ohms D.180 ohms
37. A 10-kVA, 2300/230 transformer has an equivalent
resistance referred to the secondary winding of
0.05 ohm. The core loss of this transformer is 75
W. At what kVA load will this transformer operate
at maximum efficiency?
A.8.9 kVA C.9.0 kVA
B.9.2 kVA D.9.8 kVA

38. A 220/110-V, 10-kVA, non-ideal transformer has a

primary winding resistance of 0.25 ohm and a
secondary winding resistance of 0.625 ohm.
Determine the equivalent resistance referred to the
primary side.
A.0.5625 Ω C.0.375 Ω
B.1.0625 Ω D.0.5 Ω

39. A transformer has a core loss of 64 w and copper

loss of 144 watts when it is running 20% overload
current. The load at which this transformer will
operate at maximum efficiency is
A.80% C.66%
B.120% D.44%

40. A 167-kVA, 7967/240 V, 60 Hz transformer has a

percent resistance of 1.5%. Determine the
half load copper loss.
A.567.34 W C.622.42 W
B.626.25 W D.573.52 W

41. What should be the required turn ratio of a three-

phase transformer 10 MVA from 230 kV to 4160 V if
the transformer is to be connected delta-wye.
A.31.92 C.55.29
B.95.76 D.165.86

42. A 30 kVA, 2000/200 V, single-phase, 50 Hz

transformer has primary resistance of 3.5 Ω and
reactance of 4.5 Ω. The secondary resistance and
reactance are 0.015 Ω and 0.02 Ω respectively. Find
the total full load copper loss of the transformer.
A.1125 W C.1289 W
B.1063 W D.1184 W
43. The hysteresis loss in a 6600 volt, 60 Hz
transformer is 480 watts. What will be the loss
 when the transformer is connected to a 600 volts,
60 cycle source?
A.552 watts C.524 watts
B.542 watts D.51r5 watts

44. A 25-Hz 120/30 V, 500 VA transformer is to be

used on a 60 Hz source. If the core flux density is
to remain unchanged, determine the new (60Hz) VA
rating.
A.1200 VA C.1500 VA
B.1000 VA D.1800 VA

45. A short circuit test was performed on a 10 kVA,

2000/400 V single-phase transformer. The
instruments indicated 100 V, 5 A and 100 W.
Determine the equivalent complex impedance of the
transformer referred to the low voltage side.
A.4+j19.6 C.0.16+j0.784
B.2+j15.4 D.0.12+j0.562

46. A 20:1 potential transformer is used with a 150-

volt voltmeter. If the instrument deflection is 118
volts, calculate the line voltage.
A.5900 V C.2360 V
B.885 V D.1290 V

47. A 2-phase, 4-wire, 250 V system is supplied to a

plant which has 3-phase motor load of 30 kVA. Two
Scoot-connected transformers supply the 250 V motors.
Calculate the kVA of each transformer.
A. Main = 15 kVA; Teaser = 13 kVA
B. Main = 12.5 kVA; Teaser = 10.8 kVA
C. Main = 21.5 kVA; Teaser = 18.6 kVA
D. Main = 17.3 kVA; Teaser = 15 kVA

48. A 100V/10V, 50 VA transformer is connected to as

a 100V/110 V autotransformer, what will be the rating
of the autotransformer?
A.550 VA C.110 VA
B.500 VA D.100 VA

49. Determine the energy loss (joules/cycle) in a

core of sheet iron having a net volume 0f 40 cu.cm in
which the maximum flux density is 8000 gauss. Assume
for iron, n = 0.004.
A.0.0221 C.0.0281
B.0.0126 D.0.0193
50. A 400/200 V transformer has its LV resistance of
0.02 pu. The resistance when referred to the HV side
is .
A.0.02 pu C.0.04 pu
B.0.01 pu D.0.08 pu

51. A 10:1 step down 2200/220-V transformer, taps are

changed to reduce the number of primary turns by 5%.
The secondary voltage will be nearly
A.209 V C.231 V
B.240 V D.225 V

52. Three 1100/110V transformers connected delta-

delta supplying a lightning load of 100 kW. What
current is the secondary will flow in each
transformer?
A.909 A C.525 A
B.303 A D.255 A

53. A 20 kVA, 440/220 V, single-phase transformer has

an iron loss of 324 W and a copper loss of 100 W when
delivering half full load current. Determine the
efficiency when delivering full load current at 0.8
pf lagging.
A.94.35% C.96.27%
B.93.82% D.95.67%

54. A 40-kVA transformer with a ratio 2000/250 V

has a primary resistance of 1.15 ohm and a secondary
resistance of 0.0155 ohm. Determine the total copper
loss on full load.
A.865 W C.855 W
B.824 W D.890 W

55. A 100 kVA transformer is connected to the supply

line 24 hours a day, in 6 hours it delivers 90 kW at
0.90 pf, for 4 hours it supplies 25 kW at 0.50 pf and
for the rest of the day operates without load. Its
core loss at rated voltage is 1000 W and its copper
loss with full load current is 1680 W. What is its
all day efficiency?
A.92.15% C.94.71%
B.91.29% D.93.46%

56. An autotransformer is used to transform form500

t0 440 V. the load is 20 kW, at unity pf. Neglecting
lossed and magnetizing current, find the current in
the common winding.
A.85.45 A C.10.45 A
B.40 A D.5.45 A

57. Two single-phase transformers with equal parts

and turn ratios are operated in parallel to supply a
load of 180 kW at a lagging pf of 0.90. Transformer A
has an internal drop at full load resistance and
reactance of 1% and 6%, respectively. Transformer B
has corresponding drops of 2% and 5%. Calculate the
power delivered by transformer A.
A.58.87 C.79.77
B.65.15 D.84.75

58. Two single-phase transformers each rated 75 kVA

and connected open delta is overloaded while serving
a 3-phase load of 120kW at 0.8 pf lagging. To prevent
such overloading, what size (in kVAR) of a capacitor
bank needed?
A.50 C.45
B.48 D.40

59. A current transformer and a potential transformer

are connected to the current and voltage coils,
respectively of a wattmeter measuring power going
into a load. The wattmeter reading is 240 W, and the
turn ratios of the CT and PT are 100:5 and 10:1
respectively. What is the actual power supplied to
the load?
A.240 kW C.48 kW
B.120 kW D.64 kW

60. During the short circuit test of a 25-kVA,

480/120 volt transformer, 17.85 V causes the rated
current in the primary winding as 427 W is indicated
on the wattmeter. Calculate the percent impedance.
 A.3.42% C.3.13%
B.2.89% D.3.72%

61. A three-phase 75 kVA, 440-V, 0.8 lagging pf load

is to be supplied by three single-phase transformers
banked wye-delta. Calculate the primary current in
the windings of the transformers. Turn ratio is equal
to 2.
A.49.2 A C.28.4 A
B.56.8 A D.98.4 A

62. A 2200/200 V transformer takes 0.5 A at pf of 0.3 an

open circuit. Find magnetizing current.
A. 0.15 A C. 0.25 A
B. 0.345 A D. 0.447 A

63. the PTs of a transmission line have ratio of 132.76

kv/66.375 V and are connected wye-wye. A voltmeter
connected line to ground reads 66 volts. What is the
transmission line voltage?
A. 225.3 kv C. 138.2 kv
B. 132.0 kv D. 228.6 kv

64. A 500 kva, 22 kv, 3 phase transformer has per unit

reactance of 0.12 based on its rating, what is the per
unit reactance at 750 kva,25 kv base?
A. 0.139 C. 0.239
B. 0.158 D. 0.234

65. a 25 kva single phase transformer has a full load

copper loss of 400 W and a core loss of 250 W. find the
maximum efficiency of the transformer at a 0.85 pf
lagging.
A. 98.23% C. 97.83%
B. 97.10% D. 96.92%

66. A transformer has a turn ratio of 5, if a 100Ω

resistor is connected across the secondary, what is its
resistance referred to the primary?
A. 500Ω C. 1000Ω
B. 20Ω D. 2500Ω

67.A single phase transformer has 300 primary turns and

750 secondary turn. The net cross sectional area of the
core is 64 sq cm. if the primary voltage is 440 V, 50
c/s, find the maximum flux density in the core.
A. 1.33T C. 1.03T
B. 1.24T C. 1.11T

68. A 230 V, 2.5 kva single phase transformer has an

iron loss of 100 W at 40 Hz 70 W at 30 Hz. Find the core
loss at 50 Hz.
A. 125.56 W C. 128.65 W
B. 133.34 W D. 118.39 W
69. if the secondary of a 1:10 step transformer is
connected to the primary of a 1:5 steps up transformer,
the total transformation ratio will be
A. 1:2 C. 1:2500
B. 1:15 D. 1:50

70. A 50 kva, 2400/240 V single phase transformer has an

equivalent resistance and reactance referred to the high
voltage side of 1.38 and 5.6 ohms respectively.
Determine the percent voltage regulation when supplying
full load at rated voltage 80% power factor lagging.
A. 4.03% C. 3.53%
B. 3.92% D. 4.67%

71. A 4400 volt, 60 cycle transformer has core loss of

840 watts of which one third is eddy current loss.
Determine the core loss when the transformer is
connected to a 4600 volt, 60 cycle source.
A. 924 W C. 966 W
B. 996 W D. 907 W

72. The per unit impedance of a circuit element is 0.15.

if the based kv and MVA are halved, the new value of per
unit impedance of the circuit element will be___.
A. 0.075 C. 0.15
B. 0.30 D. 0.60

73. High voltage side short circuit data for a 20 Kva,

2300/230 V transformer are: P=250 W, I=8.7 A,E=50 V.
Find the transformer regulation at 0.70 of lagging.
A. 2.33% C. 2.89%
B. 2.57% D. 2.14%
74. A 100 ohm load has a power factor of 0.08. A 1000-
ohm generator supplies power to a load through
transformers. Best matching will be produced when
transformers turn ratio is approximately_______.
A. 3:1 C. 10:1
B. 8:1 D. 2:1

75. The per unit impedance of a transformer is 0.242. if

the base voltage is increased by 1.1 times, the per unit
value will be ______.
A.0.266 C. 0.22
B.0.242 D. 0.2

76. Two transformers, each rated at 50 Kva, are

connected in open-delta to form a three-phase system.
What total Kva can be obtained from the open delta bank
without overloading the transformers?
A. 100 kVA C.86.6 kVA
B. 173.2 kVA D. 50 kVA
77. Two single phase transformers A and B rated at 250
Kva each are operated in parallel on both sides.
Percentage impedance for A and B are (1+j6) and (1.2 +
j4.8) respectively. Compute the operating power factor
of transformer A when the total load is 500 kVA at 0.8
pf lagging.
A. 0.82 lag C. 0.71 lag
B. 0.86 lag D. 0.77 lag

78. A 100 KVa, 13.8 kv/240 V single phase transformer

has full load copper loss of 2 kw. Determine the
resistance referred to the secondary.
A. 0.0115 Ω C. 0.0123 Ω
B. 0.0132 Ω D. 0.0220 Ω

79. A 2400 V, 100 kVA transformers has an equivalent

impedance of 0.708+j0.92 ohm. Determine the per unit
equivalent impedance based on the transformer rating.
A. 0.0123 + j0.016 C. 0.0123 +
j0.012
B. 0.0156 + j0.012 D. 0.0156 +
j0.016

80. on the basis of a 4 hr full load and 20 hr no load,

the all-day efficiency of a 10 kva transformer is 0.947.
the full load copper losses at unity pf are 140 W.
calculate the core loss.
A. 63.43 W C. 72.52 W
B. 59.62 W D. 69.94 W

81. A single phase transformer has a net core area of 60

cm2. The primary with 400 turns is connected to a 500 V,
60 Hz supply. Determine the maximum flux density in the
core.
A. 6730 G C. 8932 G
B. 7024 G D. 7820 G

82. Calculate the regulation of the transformer in which

the equivalent resistance drop is 1% and the reactance
drop is 5% of the voltage, when the pf is 0.80 lagging.
A. 2.55% C. 2.89%
B. 3.86% D. 3.14%

83. Three 25 kva transformer are connected delta-delta.

To what kva should the load be reduce if one of the
transformer is removed sp that the bank operates V-V?
A. 43.3 kVA C. 50 kVA
B. 14.43 kVA D. 31.69 kVA

84. A two winding transformer rated 9 Kva, 120/9 V, 60

Hz is to be connected as an autotransformer to supply a
load at 120 V from 210 V source. What kva load can be
supplied without exceeding the current rating of the
winding? Assume ideal transformer.
A. 25 kva C. 21 kva
B. 90 kva D. 36 kva

85. A 25 Hz 120 V/30 V, 500 VA transformer is to use on

a 60 Hz source. If the core flux density to remain
unchanged, determine the maximum permissible primary
voltage.
A. 288 V C. 50 V
B. 180 V D. 250 V

86. Two parallel transformers have 8% reactance each.

One is rated 25 MVA load with a lagging pf of 0.8,
determine the MVA load carried by each transformer?
A. 18.50, 11.50 C. 18.75, 11.25
B. 19.25, 10.75 D. 16.45, 13.55
87. Two single phase furnace working at 100 Volt
connected to 3300 V, 3 phase mains through scott
connected transformers. Calculate the current on each
line of the 3 phase mains which the power factor taken
by each furnace is 400 kW with a power factor of 0.8
lagging. Neglect losses in transformer.
A. 87 A C. 175 A
B. 202 A D. 98 A

88. The eddy current loss in a 2300 V, 60 Hz transformer

is 280 W. what will be the eddy current loss if the
transformer is connected to a 2200 V, 50 Hz source
A. 280 W C. 256 W
B. 300 W D. 228 W

89. Two 100 Kva single phase transformer A and B are

connected in parallel. They have same KVA ratings but
their respective resistances are respectively 0.005 and
0.01 per unit and their leakage reactance 0.05 and 0.04
per unit. If A is operated on full load at of 0.8
lagging, what will be the operating pf of B?
A. 0.821 lag C. 0.878 lag
C. 0.804 lag D. 0.881 lag

90. A 2 kVA transformer an iron loss of 150 watts and

full load copper loss of 250 watts. The maximum
efficiency of the transformer would occur when the total
loss is _____________.
A. 150 W C. 300 W
B. 400 W D. 250 W

91. A single phase transformer has Z1 = (1.4 +j5.2) Ω and

Z2 = (0.0117 + j0.0465) Ω. The input voltage is 6600 V
and the turn ration is 10.6:1. The secondary feeds a
load which draws 300 A at a power factor of 0.80
lagging. Determine the secondary terminal voltage.
A. 615 V C. 605 V
B. 610 V D. 600 V

92. A 10 kVA transformer has 2% resistance and a rated

core loss of 150 watts. At what percent of its rated kVA
will this transformer operate to achieve maximum
efficiency.
 A. 86.6% C. 88.2%
B. 89.3% D. 91.2%

93. A 480/120 V, 5 kVa two winding transformer is to be

used as an autotransformer to supply power at 480 V from
600 V source. The kVa capacity as autotransformer will
be ________.
A. 10 kVA C. 15 kVA
B. 20 kVA D. 25 kVa

94. A short circuit test was performed upon a 10-kVA,

2300/230 Volt transformer with the following results: ESC
= 137 volts; PSC = 192 W; Isc = 4.34 A. Calculate the
equivalent impedance of the transformer in primary
terms.
A. 10.19 + j31.57 Ω C. 12.22 +
j29.87 Ω
B. 10.19 + j29.87 Ω D. 12.22 +
j31.57 Ω

95. A 500 kVA transformer is at full load and 0.60

lagging pf. A capacitor bank is added improving the pf
to 0.90 lagging. After improvement, what percent of
rated kVA is the transformer carrying?
A. 72.20 % C. 33.33 %
B. 66.67 % D. 90.09 %
96. A 25 kVA, 2400/240 V single-phase transformer draws
a current of 5 A at 25% pf during the open circuit test.
Determine the resistance representing the core loss.
A. 188 ohms C. 190 ohms
B. 192 ohms D. 194 ohms

97. A 60 Hz, 2200/220 V transformer is designed to

operate at a maximum flux density of 1 T and an induced
emf of 15 volts per turn. What is the cross sectional
area (in cm2) of the core?
A. 563 cm2 C. 275 cm2
B. 486 cm2 D. 358 cm2

98. An ideal 220/110 V transformer carriers a (6 +j8)

ohm load at 110 V. Under this condition, calculate the
input impedance (all referred to the 220 V side).
A. 10 ohms C. 100 ohms
B. 40 ohms D. 20 ohms
99. At a 115 kV substation, the PT ratio is 1000 and the
CT ratio is 1200/5. The potential going into the
wattmeter is 115 volts. What is the MW indicated when
the wattmeter reads 800 watts?
A. 186 C. 192
B. 190 D. 180

100. A 50 kVA single phase transformer has a full load

copper loss of 560 W and an iron loss of 500 W.
Calculate the efficiency at quarter load for a power
factor of 0.8 lagging.
A. 94.92 % C. 93.35 %
B. 90.22 % D. 91.24 %

101. The transfer of energy from primary to secondary

takes place to ___________________.
A. the changing current in the two windings
B. the flux linkage between the two windings
C. the difference in number of turns of primary and
secondary windings
D. none of these

102. Transformers are rated in ________________.

A. kW C. kV
B. kWh D. kVA

103. What is the common in the two windings of a

transformer?
A. electric circuit C. magnetic
circuit
B. winding wire gauge D. none of these

104. At every instant the direction of secondary current

in a transformer must be such as to oppose any change in
flux. This is in accordance with ______________.
A. Faraday’s Law C. Lenz’ Law
B. Joule’s Law D. Coulomb’s Law

105. Transformers are rated in kVA instead of KW because

______.
A. load power factor is often not known
B. kVA is fixed whereas kW depends on load pf
C. total transformer loss defends on load pf ampere
 D. it has become customary

106. In a transformer, the purpose of the breather is to

______.
A. provide insulation to the windings
B. provide cooling to the windings
C. take insulating oil from the conservator
D. extract moisture of the air

107. The efficiency of a transformer is normally in the

range of
A. 50% to 70% C. 60 to 75%
B. 80 to 90% D. 90 to 98%

108. Which of the following connections is best suited

for 3-phase, 4-wire service?
A. Δ – Δ C. Y – Y
B. Δ – Y D. Y – Δ

109. The steel construction of transformer core is made

so as to gave _______.
A. low permeability and high hysteresis
B. low permeability and low hysteresis
C. high permeability and low hysteresis
D. high permeability and high hysteresis

110. What is the typical use of an autotransformer?

A. toy transformer C. Control
transformer
B. variable transformer D. isolating
transformer

111. As compared to an amplifier a transformer cannot

_______.
A. increase output power
B. increase the output current
C. increase the output voltage
D. none of these

112. During short-circuit test, the iron loss of a

transformer is negligible because _______.
A. the entire input is just sufficient to meet Cu
losses only
 B. flux produced is a small fraction of the normal
flux
C. iron core becomes fully saturated
D. supply frequency is held constant

113. The transformer oil used in transformers provide

______.
A. cooling and lubrication
B. insulation and lubrication
C. insulation and cooling
D. insulation, cooling and lubrication

114. Which is the common method of cooling a power

transformer?
A. air-cooling C. air-blast
cooling
B. oil-cooling D. natural
cooling

115. The magnitude of mutual flux in a transformer is

A. low at low loads and high at high loads
B. high at low loads and low at high loads
C. same at all levels
D. varies at low loads and constant at high loads

116. a good transformer oil should be absolutely free

from ____.
A. Sulphur C. Alkalies
B. moisture D. all of these

117. The reactance of a transformer is determined by its

______.
A. leakage flux
B. size of the core
C. common core flux
D. permeability of the material of the core

118. A conservator consists of __________.

A. drum placed at the bottom of the transformer
tank
B. an air-tight metal drum fixed at the top of the
transformer tank
C. overload protective devices mounted at the top
of the transformer tank
 D. none of these

119. The main function of the iron core in a transformer

is to
A. provide strength to the windings
B. to decrease the hysteresis losses
C. decrease the reluctance of the magnetic path
D. reduce eddy current losses

120. The basic property of a transformer is that it

changes the voltage level of an AC signal _________.
A. without changing the power
B. without changing its shape
C. without changing its frequency
D. without changing power, frequency or shape.

121. The primary reason why open circuit test is

performed on the low voltage winding of the transformer
is that it _______.
A. draws sufficiently large on load current for
convenient reading
B. requires least voltage to perform the best
C. needs minimum power input
D. involves less core loss

122. The resistance of the low voltage side of a

transformer
A. is equal to resistance of its high voltage side
B. is more than resistance of its high voltage side
C. is less than the resistance of its high voltage
side
D. either (b) or (c) depending on design

123. Of the following statements concerning parallel

operation of transformers, the one which is not correct
is ___________.
A. transformers must have equal voltage ratings
B. transformers must have same ratio of
transformers
C. transformers must be operated at the same
frequency
D. transformers must have equal kVA ratings
124. The main purpose of performing open-circuit test on
transformer is to measure its ________.
A. Cu loss C. total loss
B. core loss D. insulation
resistance

125. A transformer operates _________.

A. always at unity power factor
B. has its own power factor
C. at power factor below a particular value
D. at power factor depending on the power factor of
the load

126. The path of the magnetic flux in a transformer has

____.
A. low reluctance C. high
reactance
B. high conductivity D. low
resistance

127. Which of the following is a correct statement about

eddy currents?
A. Eddy currents improve the efficiency of a
transformer
B. Eddy currents heat up the metal parts
C. Eddy currents do not influence the movement
D. Eddy currents are used for arc welding

128. The principle of working of a transformer is

________.
A. static induction C. dynamic
induction
B. mutual induction D. self
induction

129. In a transformer, the voltage per turn in primary

and secondary remains __________.
A. always different
B. always the same
C. always in the ratio of k
D. either the same or different

130. Distribution transformers have good all-day

efficiency due to _____.
 A. low copper loss
B. low iron loss
C. low copper and iron losses
D. low power factor

131. A transformer has negative voltage regulation when

its load power factor is __________.
A. zero C. unity
B. leading D. lagging

132. The resistance between the primary and secondary of

a transformer should be ____________.
A. as low as possible
B. as high as possible
C. low or high depending upon whether it is step up
or step down respectively
D. high or low depending upon whether it is step up
or step down respectively

133. What type of core is used for high frequency

transformer?
A. air core C. closed iron
core
B. aluminum core D. open iron
core

134. In a power transformer the winding which is nearer

to the iron core of the transformer is _________.
A. the HV winding
B. the LV winding
C. either the HV or LV winding
D. sandwiched between the two windings

135. Eddy current losses in a transformer core are

reduced by _.
A. increasing the thickness of laminations
B. decreasing the thickness of laminations
C. taking the wire of higher gause for winding the
transformer
D. decreasing the air gap in the magnetic circuit

136. The biggest advantage of T-T connection over the V-

V connection for 3-phase power transformer is that it
provides__.
 A. a set of balanced voltage under load
B. a true 3-phase, 4-wire system
C. a higher ratio of transformer
D. more voltages
137. If we increase the flux density in the case of a
transformer ______________.
A. the size of the transformer will reduce
B. the distortion of the wave shape will reduce
C. the hysteresis and eddy current losses will
reduce
D. none of these

138. Power transformers are designed to have maximum

efficiency at ________.
A. no load C. half load
B. near full load D. little more than
full load

139. No load primary input is practically equal to the

iron losses in the transformer because _____________.
A. primary current is small
B. secondary current is small
C. both the currents are small
D. no load input is not equal to iron losses

140. The laminations are made from _________.

A. low carbon steel C. silicon steel
sheets
B. nickel allow steel D. chrome steel
sheets

141. Eddy current losses in a transformer are minimized

by laminating the core, the lamination being laminated
from each other by ___________.
A. a light coat of core plate varnish
B. thin sheets of mica
C. thick paper insulation
D. either (a), (b) or (c)

142. No load test on a transformer is carries out to

determine
A. copper loss
B. magnetizing current
C. magnetizing current and no-load loss
 D. efficiency of the transformer

143. Electric power is transformed from one coil to the

other coil in a transformer _________.
A. physically C. magnetically
B. electrically D.
electromagnetically
144. Two transformers when operating in parallel will
share the load depending upon their __________.
A. magnetizing current C. leakage
reactance
B. per unit impedance D. efficiency

145. At relatively light loads, transformer efficiency

is low because ____________.
A. secondary output is low
B. transformer losses are high
C. fixed loss is high in proportion to the output
D. Cu loss is small

146. The use of higher flux density in transformer

design _____.
A. decreases the weight per kVA
B. increases the weight per kVA
C. increases the weight per kW
D. decreases the weight per Kw

147. While conducting short circuit test in a

transformer, which of the following side is short
circuited?
A. HV side C. LV side
B. primary side D. secondary
side

148. The kva rating of an ordinary two-winding

transformer is increased when connected as
autotransformer because ________.
A. transformation ratio is increased
B. secondary voltage is increased
C. energy is transferred both inductively and
conductively
D. secondary current is increased
149. As compared to an amplifier a transformer cannot
_______.
A. increase output power
B. increase the output current
C. increase the output voltage
D. none of these

150. the special silicon steel is used laminations

because ____.
A. hysteresis losses are reduced
B. eddy current losses are reduced
C. both hysteresis and eddy current losses are
reduced
D. copper losses are reduced