EE225: Analog Electronics II

Lab Report 1

Name: Shahil Shaneel Chand (S11197161)

: Shamal Shivneel Kumar (S11197158)

Date: 30th August 2022

Session: Tuesday (9 - 12pm)

 Operational Amplifier

Aim: The aim of the experiment is to understand the workings of amplifier circuits with Op-
Amp using LTSpice.

Introduction:

Operational amplifiers are analog circuit devices that take two differential voltages and give a
single voltage output as the result[1]. The basic structure of the operational amplifier has two
input pins, one output pin, and one positive and negative voltage terminal that supplies positive
and negative voltage to the device. An operational amplifier is considered to be an integrated
circuit which has the ability to amplify weak electric signals supplied to it[2]. The output voltage
is amplified with regard to the two differential input pins. An operational amplifier is similar or
equivalent to many transistors connected in series; a transistor is not as effective as the
operational amplifier. This does not make an operational amplifier a better option since
transistors have their own advantages as well. The most common type of op amp used is the
LM741 chip, which is basically found in almost all electronic circuits. When using an
operational amplifier, it has a lot of advantages as the circuit becomes more stable, input
impedance increases, output impedance decreases, and there is an increase in frequency at a
constant gain[3].

Figure 1: The diagram shows a symbolic representation of an Operational Amplifier

An inverting op amp is an operational amplifier circuit that has the ability to change or swap the
output voltage in the direction of the input voltage(moving in the opposite direction). In simple
terms, the circuit is 180 degrees out of phase[4].

Figure 2: The diagram shows an inverting om amp circuit

A non-inverting amplifier is an operational amplifier where the output voltage is in phase with
the input voltages. Both inverting and non-inverting circuits can be constructed with the same
operational amplifier but using different configurations [5].

Figure 3: The diagram shows a non inverting amplifier circuit

Equipment:

 Breadboard
 DC Power Supply
 Function Generator
 Oscilloscope
 Op-Amp: 1×LM741
 Resistors: 1×1KΩ, 1×10kΩ, 1×100kΩ, 2×12kΩ

Procedure:

PART A: INVERTING AMPLIFIER

1. The circuit shown above in Fig.1 was connected. Resistor 1 for the set-up was set at
10kΩ while Resistor 2 was set to 1kΩ ensuring that the set-up with prospering connected
to the power supply and ground.
2. Using the functional generator, 400mVp-p with 1kHz sine wave was connected at Vi and
the output was noted.
3. Later the input was changed to 500mVp-p and 600mVp-p respectively and the voltage
gain was calculated for each output.
4. Next Resistor 1 and Resistor 2 values were changed to 100kΩ and 10kΩ respectively and
the gain was calculated for input 400mVp-p, 500mVp-p and 600mVp-p.
5. Fig.1 and Fig.2 was connected at point x and using voltage division at Vi, Vo was noted
and the voltage gain was calculated.
Figure 4: Inverting Amplifier Circuit Figure 5: Voltage Divider Circuit

PART B: NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

1. In this part of the experiment, Fig.3 was implemented.

2. Similar steps to Part A were followed to determine the voltage of the non-inverting
amplifier.

Figure 6: Non-Inverting Amplifier Circuit

Results:

Av = Vo / Vi Av = Vo / Vi

= 100kΩ / 10kΩ = 10kΩ / 1kΩ

= 10 = 10

Theoretical Gain for this experiment was calculated to be 10.

PART A: INVERTING AMPLIFIER

Resistor at R1=10kΩ and R2=1kΩ

Vp-p 400mV 520mV 600mV
Vi 400mV 520mV 600mV
Vo 3.76V 4.64V 5.36V
Av = Vo / Vi 9.4 8.92 8.93
Resistor at R1=100kΩ and R2=10kΩ
Vp-p 400mV 520mV 600mV
Vi 400mV 520mV 600mV
Vo 3.36V 4.54V 5.52V
Av = Vo / Vi 8.4 8.77 9.2
After joining to point X using 100kΩ and 10kΩ
Vp-p 400mV 500mV 600mV
Vi 400mV 500mV 600mV
Vo 1.18V 1.44V 1.76V
Av = Vo / Vi 2.95 2.77 2.93

PART A: NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

Resistor at R1=10kΩ and R2=1kΩ

Vp-p 400mV 520mV 600mV
Vi 400mV 520mV 600mV
Vo 4.08V 5.04V 5.92V
Av = Vo / Vi 10.22 10.06 9.86
Resistor at R1=100kΩ and R2=10kΩ
Vp-p 400mV 520mV 600mV
Vi 400mV 520mV 600mV
Vo 3.84V 5.04V 5.84V
Av = Vo / Vi 9.6 9.69 9.73
After joining to point X using 10kΩ and 1kΩ
Vp-p 400mV 520mV 620mV
Vi 400mV 520mV 620mV
Vo 1.90V 2.54V 3.20V
Av = Vo / Vi 4.75 5.08 5.16
Conclusion:

In part A of the experiment, students were to construct an inverting circuit that was shown in the
procedure. The first step was to allocate the resistors 1 and 2, which were 10kΩ and 1kΩ
respectively, and using these resistors, the gain(AV) and voltage out were found, with the voltage
in varying from 400mV to 600mV with a 100mV interval. The output voltage came to 3.76V for
the 400mV voltage input and the gain came to 9.4V/V. The similar gain was for the rest of the
voltage input and voltage output varied since the voltage input was incremented. Then the
second step would be to exchange the resistors to R1 = 100kΩ and R2 = 10kΩ, respectively. The
voltage input interval remained the same and, after analyzing the circuit, similar gain and voltage
output were found for the (100kΩ - 10kΩ) and (10kΩ - 1kΩ) resistors. The common analysis for
similar results would be due to the fact that the resistors in steps 1 and 2 had the same factor if
divided. In the third step, the point labeled x would be connected to Setup 2 from the procedure,
which is basically a voltage divider circuit. After connecting the voltage divider circuit to the
inverting amplifier, the voltage output and gain had to be analyzed using the resistors from steps
1 and 2. After completing step 3, it came to notice that the gain has been reduced to one quarter
of the gain in step 1 and 2.

In part B of the experiment, a non-inverting amplifier circuit had to be constructed. This

amplifier circuit is the 2nd diagram shown in the procedure. Using the same resistor
combinations from part A, the voltage output and gain were noted for the voltage input 400mV
to 600mV with a 100mV interval. The gain and voltage output for both the resistor combinations
were similar to each other. The gain for both analyses for steps 1 and 2 for parts A and B was
approximately 10. In step 3, the point labeled x was connected to the voltage divider circuit and
the gain and voltage output were analyzed for both resistor combinations. After completing step
3, it came to notice that the gain in a non-inverting circuit had been reduced to half due to the
presence of the voltage divider circuit.

After completing this experiment, the implications for inverting and non-inverting circuits are
quite easy to comprehend. The values calculated theoretically were able to verify the
experimental values since the values were similar in nature. The presence of errors was evident
since small calibration errors were detected in the equipment.

Question:

1. ) Non-inverting amplifier

Reference:
[1] "Operational Amplifier Basics, Types and Uses| Article | MPS", Monolithicpower.com, 2022. [Online].
Available: https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/operational-amplifiers. [Accessed: 29- Aug- 2022].

[2] "What is an Operational Amplifier? - ABLIC Inc.", ABLIC Inc., 2022. [Online]. Available:
https://www.ablic.com/en/semicon/products/analog/opamp/intro/#:~:text=1.-
,What%20is%20an%20Operational%20Amplifier%20(Op%2Damp)%3F,between%20the%20two%20input%20
pins. [Accessed: 29- Aug- 2022].

[3] "Operational Amplifiers", Faculty.cord.edu, 2022. [Online]. Available:

https://faculty.cord.edu/luther/physics225/lectures/opamp.pdf. [Accessed: 29- Aug- 2022].

[4] "Glossary Definition for Inverting Op Amp", Maximintegrated.com, 2022. [Online]. Available:
https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/glossary/definitions.mvp/term/Inverting%20Op%20Amp/gpk/1218.
[Accessed: 29- Aug- 2022].

[5]"Glossary Definition for Non-Inverting Op Amp", Maximintegrated.com, 2022. [Online]. Available:

https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/glossary/definitions.mvp/term/Non-
Inverting%20Op%20Amp/gpk/1219#:~:text=A%20non%2Dinverting%20amplifier%20produces,resistors%2C%
20just%20in%20different%20configurations. [Accessed: 29- Aug- 2022].

Appendix: