PART

3
1

Section 15: Protection of Deck Openings

CHAPTER SECTION

Hull Structures and Arrangements

15 Protection of Deck Openings

General
All openings in decks are to be framed to provide efficient support and attachment to the ends of the half beams. The following Rules relate to vessels having minimum freeboards. Where the draft is less than that corresponding to the minimum freeboard, or for decks above the first deck above the freeboard deck, the heights of the coamings and the effectiveness of the closing arrangements may be modified. The proposed arrangements and details for all hatchways are to be submitted for approval.

3
3.1

Positions and Design Pressures (1 January 2005)

Positions of Deck Openings (1 January 2005) For the purpose of the Rules, two positions of deck openings are defined as follows.
Position 1 Position 2 Upon exposed freeboard and raised quarter decks, and upon exposed superstructure decks situated forward of a point located Lf /4 from the forward end of Lf. Upon exposed superstructure decks situated abaft Lf /4 from the forward end of Lf and located at least one standard height of superstructure above the freeboard deck. Upon exposed superstructures decks situated forward of a point located Lf /4 from the forward end of Lf and located at least two standards heights of superstructure above the freeboard deck.

3.3

Design Pressures (1 January 2005) The design pressures are not to be taken as less than the following. Values at intermediate lengths are to be determined by interpolation.
3.3.1 Cargo Hatch Covers in Position 1

For ships of 100 m (328 ft) in length and above: p = p0 + (pFP p0)(0.25 x/Lf)/0.25 kN/m2 (tf/m2, Ltf/ft2) For ships less than 100 m (328 ft) in length: p = R{15.8 + (Lf/N)[1 (5/3)(x/Lf)] 3.6x/Lf} kN/m2 (tf/m2, Ltf/ft2) For a position 1 hatchway located at least one superstructure standard height higher than the freeboard deck: p = 3.5 1.5x (100 Lf1) 76 kN/m2 (tf/m2, Ltf/ft2)

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3-2-A5

nb nt a si ti Ih e,
h, R1

= = = = = =
R2

4.75 (0.485, 215) 3.17 (0.323, 143) mean area enclosed by the outside lines of the rudder horn, in cm2 (in2) the girth length of each segment of the horn of thickness ti, in cm (in.) the thickness of each segment of horn outer shell of length si, in cm (in.) moment of inertia of horn section at
h

about the longitudinal axis, in cm4 (in4)

and

are dimensions as indicated in 3-2-A5/Figure 3, in m (ft).

FIGURE 3 Rudder Supported by a Horn with One Pintle

R1 h h 2 R2

wR1

kh wR 2

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3-2-A5

FIGURE 2 Rudder Supported by Shoe Piece

wR

ks
s

7
7.1

Rudders Supported by a Horn with One Pintle

Shear Force, Bending Moment and Reaction Forces Shear force, bending moment and reaction forces are to be assessed by the simplified beam model shown in 3-2-A5/Figure 3.
wR1 = = wR2 = = where CR1 CR2 kh = = = =
3 h

rudder load per unit length above pintle C R1

R1

kN/m (tf/m, Ltf/ft)

rudder load per unit length below pintle CR2

R2

kN/m (tf/m, Ltf/ft)

rudder force, as defined in 3-2-14/3.3 rudder force, as defined in 3-2-14/3.3 spring constant reflecting support of the horn 1 si 2 e ti nt a 2
h

kN/m (tf/m, Ltf/ft)

nb I h

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3-2-A5

FIGURE 1 Spade Rudder

cu R
Z

5
5.1

Rudders Supported by Shoe Piece

Shear Force, Bending Moment and Reaction Forces Shear force, bending moment and reaction forces are to be assessed by the simplified beam model given in 3-2-A5/Figure 2.
wR = = where CR ks = = = ns Is
s, R

rudder load per unit length CR

R

kN/m (tf/m, Ltf/ft)

rudder force, as defined in 3-2-14/3 spring constant reflecting support of the shoe piece ns I s
3 s

kN/m (tf/m, Ltf/ft)

= =
p

6.18 (0.630, 279) moment of inertia of shoe piece about the vertical axis, in cm4 (in4)

and

are dimensions as indicated in 3-2-A5/Figure 2, in m (ft).

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3-2-A5

3.3

Lower Stock
3.3.1 Shear Force

Lateral shear force at any section of the lower stock between the top of the rudder and the neck bearing, V , is given by the following equation: V = CR kN (tf, Ltf)

where CR is as defined in 3-2-A5/3.1.1

3.3.2 Bending Moment at Neck Bearing The bending moment in the rudder stock at the neck bearing, Mn, is given by the following equation:

Mn = C R where CR c , cu, and

R

(2 c c u ) 3 (c c u )

kN-m (tf-m, Ltf-ft)

rudder force as defined in 3-2-A5/3.1.1

are dimensions as indicated in 3-2-A5/Figure 1, in m (ft).

3.5

Moment at Top of Upper Stock Taper The bending moment in the upper rudder stock at the top of the taper, Mt, is given by the following equation:
Mt = C R where zt CR c , cu, ,
u
R

(2 c c u ) 3 (c c u )

R u

zt )

kN-m (tf-m, Ltf-ft )

= = and
R

distance from the rudder baseline to the top of the upper rudder stock taper in m (ft) rudder force, as defined in 3-2-A5/3.1.1 are dimensions as indicated in 3-2-A5/Figure 1, in m (ft).

3.7

Bearing Reaction Forces Reaction forces at the bearings are given by the following equations:
Pu = = Pn = = where Mn CR
u

reaction force at the upper bearing Mn

u

kN (tf, Ltf)

reaction force at the neck bearing CR + Mn

u

kN (tf, Ltf)

= =

bending moment at the neck bearing, as defined in 3-2-A5/3.3.2 rudder force, as defined in 3-2-14/3

is as indicated in 3-2-A5/Figure 1, in m (ft).

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PART

Appendix 5: Guidelines for Calculating Bending Moment and Shear Force in Rudders and Rudder Stocks

CHAPTER APPENDIX

2 5

Hull Structures and Arrangements Guidelines for Calculating Bending Moment and Shear Force in Rudders and Rudder Stocks (1993)

Application
Bending moments, shear forces and reaction forces of rudders, stocks and bearings may be calculated according to this Appendix for the types of rudders indicated. Moments and forces on rudders of different types or shapes than those shown are to be calculated using alternative methods and will be specially considered.

3
3.1

Spade Rudders
Rudder
3.1.1 Shear Force

Lateral shear force, V(z), at a horizontal section of the rudder z meters (feet) above the bottom of R is given by the following equation: V(z) = where z CR A c , cu and
3.1.2
R

zC R c A

z 2
R

cu

kN (tf, Ltf )

= = =

distance from the bottom of in m (ft)

to the horizontal section under consideration,

rudder force, as defined in 3-2-14/3, in kN (tf, Ltf) rudder blade area, in m2 (ft2)

are dimensions as indicated in 3-2-A5/Figure 1, in m (ft).

Bending Moment

Bending moment, M(z), at a horizontal section z meters (feet) above the baseline of the rudder is given by the following equation: M(z) = z 2CR c 2A
R

z 3
R

cu

kN-m, (tf-m, Ltf-ft)

where z, CR, A, c , cu and

are as defined in 3-2-A5/3.1.1.

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17.5

Diaphragm Plates Vertical and horizontal diaphragms are to be fitted within the rudder, effectively attached to each other and to the side plating. Vertical diaphragms are to be spaced approximately 1.5 times the spacing of horizontal diaphragms.
The thickness of diaphragm plates is not to be less than 70% of the required rudder side plate thickness or 8 mm (0.31 in.), whichever is greater. Openings in diaphragms are not to exceed one half their depth. Welding is to be in accordance with Section 2-4-1 and Section 3-2-19. Where inaccessible for welding inside the rudder, it is recommended that diaphragms be fitted with flat bars and the side plating be connected to these flat bars by continuous welds or by 75 mm (3 in.) slot welds spaced at 150 mm (6 in.) centers. The slots are to be fillet welded around the edges and filled with a suitable compound.

17.7

Watertightness The rudder is to be watertight and is to be tested in accordance with 3-7-1/Table 1.

19
19.1

Single Plate Rudders

Mainpiece Diameter The mainpiece diameter is calculated according to 3-2-14/7.3. For spade rudders, the lower third may be tapered down to 0.75 times stock diameter at the bottom of the rudder. Blade Thickness The blade thickness is not to be less than obtained from the following equation:
tb = 0.0015sVR + 2.5 mm tb = 0.0015sVR + 0.1 in. where s VR = = spacing of stiffening arms, in mm (in.), not to exceed 1000 mm (39 in.) speed, as defined in 3-2-14/3

19.3

19.5

Arms The thickness of the arms is not to be less than the blade thickness obtained in 3-2-14/19.3. The section modulus of each set of arms about the axis of the rudder stock is not to be less than obtained from the following equation:
SM = 0.0005sC12VR2Q cm3 SM = 0.0000719sC12VR2Q in3 where Cl Q = = = horizontal distance from the aft edge of the rudder to the centerline of the rudder stock, in m (ft) 1.0 for ordinary strength hull steel as defined in 3-2-1/5.5 for higher strength steel plate

s, VR are as defined in section 3-2-14/21.3.

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FIGURE 4
Z

r1 r2

6r1 6r1 6r2 6r2

X Note: r1 = corner radius of rudder plate in way of portable bolted inspection hole r2 = corner radius of rudder plate

For spade rudders and rudders with horns, the section modulus at the bottom of the rudder is not to be less than one-third the required section modulus of the rudder at the top of the rudder or at the center of the lowest pintle. Where rudders have an unsymmetrical foil section (e.g., reaction rudder) details of the rudder are to be submitted. Special attention is to be paid in design and construction of rudders with slender foil sections in the vicinity of their trailing edge (e.g., hollow foil sections, fishtail foil sections). Where the width of the rudder blade at the aftermost vertical diaphragm is equal or less than 1/6 of the trailing edge length measured between the diaphragm and the trailing edge, vibration analysis of the rudder blade is also to be submitted for review.

17.3

Side, Top and Bottom Plating The plating thickness is not to be less than obtained from the following equation:
t = 0.0055s where Q k1 k2 k3 d CR A = = = = = = = = = s b = = 1.0 for ordinary strength hull steel as defined in 3-2-1/5.5 for higher strength steel plate 1.0 (1.0, 0.305) 0.1 (0.981, 10.7) 2.5 (2.5, 0.1) summer loadline draft of the vessel, in m (ft) rudder force according to 3-2-14/3, in kN (tf, Ltf) rudder area, in m2 (ft2) 1.1 0.5 s / b
2

k1 d

k2C R / A

Q + k3 mm (in.)

maximum 1.0 for b/s

2.5

smaller unsupported dimension of plating, in mm (in.) greater unsupported dimension of plating, in mm (in.)

The thickness of the rudder side or bottom plating is to be at least 2 mm (0.08 in.) greater than that required by 3-2-10/3.1 for deep tank plating in association with a head h measured to the summer load line.
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17.1.1 Clear of Cutouts

Allowable stresses for determining the rudder strength clear of cutouts are as follows: Bending stress Shear stress Equivalent stress where K K Ke Q = =
17.1.2 In way of Cutouts
b

= K /Q

N/mm2 (kgf /mm2, psi) N/mm2 (kgf /mm2, psi)

= K /Q
e

2 b

= Ke/Q

N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)

SI units 110 50 120

MKS units 11.2 5.1 12.2

US units 15,900 7,300 17,400

1.0 for ordinary strength hull steel as defined in 3-2-1/5.5 for higher strength steel plate

Allowable stresses for determining the rudder strength in way of cutouts (see 3-2-14/Figure 4) are as follows: Bending stress Shear stress Equivalent stress where K K Ke Q = = SI units 75 50 100 MKS units 7.65 5.1 10.2 US units 10,900 7,300 14,500
b

= K /Q

N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi) N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)

= K /Q
e

2 b

= Ke/Q

N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)

1.0 for ordinary strength hull steel as defined in 3-2-1/5.5 for higher strength steel plate

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15.3

Rudder Carrier The weight of the rudder assembly is to be supported by a rudder carrier mounted on the hull structure designed for that purpose. At least half of the rudder carrier holding-down bolts are to be fitted bolts. Alternative means of preventing horizontal movement of the rudder carrier may be considered. Anti-lifting Devices Means are to be provided to prevent accidental unshipping or undue movement of the rudder which may cause damage to the steering gear. There are to be at least two bolts in the joint of the anti-lifting ring.

15.5

TABLE 5 Bearing Reaction Force (2009)

Bearing Type Pintle bearings Other bearings P, Bearing Reaction Force kN (tf, Ltf) P = B as defined in 3-2-14/13 Calculation of P is to be submitted. Guidelines for calculation can be found in Appendix 3-2-A5

TABLE 6 Bearing Pressure

qa Bearing Material lignum vitae white metal, oil lubricated synthetic material with hardness between 60 and 70 Shore D * steel and bronze and hot-pressed bronze-graphite materials Stainless and wear-resistant steel in an approved combination with stock liner. Higher values than given in the table may be taken if they are verified by tests. * Indentation hardness test at 23C and with 50% moisture, according to a recognized standard. Synthetic bearing materials to be of approved type. N/mm2 2.5 4.5 5.5 7.0 kgf/mm2 0.25 0.46 0.56 0.71 psi 360 650 800 1000

17
17.1

Double Plate Rudder

Strength Rudder section modulus and web area are to be such that stresses indicated in the following Subparagraphs are not exceeded.
In calculating the section modulus of the rudder, the effective width of side plating is to be taken as not greater than twice the athwartship dimension of the rudder. Welded or bolted cover plates on access openings to pintles are not to be considered effective in determining the section modulus of the rudder. Generous radii are to be provided at abrupt changes in section where there are stress concentrations, including in way of openings and cover plates. Moments, shear forces and reaction forces are to be obtained by direct calculation, which is to be submitted. Guidance for calculation of these values is given in Appendix 3-2-A5.

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TABLE 4 Minimum Bearing Force Bmin (2009)

Pintle Type Conventional two pintle rudder 3-2-A5/Figure 2 3-2-A5/Figure 3 3-2-13/Figure 3 * Bmin = CR where a/
a, p p

Bmin 0.5 CR lower pintle main pintle main pintle upper pintle 0.5 CR CR a/ p* CR a/ p* 0.25 CR

as described in 3-2-13/Figure 3

Kp

material factor for the pintle, as defined in 3-2-14/1.3

Threads and nuts are to be in accordance with 3-2-14/11.7. The depth of the pintle boss is not to be less than dp. In addition, the bearing length of the pintle is to be between 1.0 and 1.2 times the pintle diameter. The bearing pressure is to be in accordance with 3-2-14/15.1. For rudders on horns with two pintles, as shown in 3-2-13/Figure 3b, calculations are to include pintle bearing forces with the vessel running ahead at the maximum continuous rated shaft rpm and at the lightest operating draft.

15
15.1

Supporting and Anti-Lifting Arrangements

Rudder Stock and Pintle Bearings
15.1.1 Bearing Surfaces

Bearing surfaces for rudder stocks, shafts and pintles are to meet the following requirements: i) ii) where d
b

The length/diameter ratio ( b/d ) of the bearing surface is not to be greater than 1.2 The projected area of the bearing surface (Ab = d = =
b)

is not to be taken less than Abmin,

outer diameter of the liner, in mm (in.) bearing length, in mm (in.) k1 P qa mm2 (in2)

Abmin = k1 P qa = = =

1000 (2240) bearing reaction force, in kN (tf, Ltf), as specified in 3-2-14/Table 5 allowable surface pressure, as indicated in 3-2-14/Table 6 depending on bearing material, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi)

15.1.2 Bearing Clearance

With metal bearings, the clearance is not to be less than di /1000 + 1.0 mm (di /1000 + 0.04 in.) on the diameter, where di is the inner diameter of the bushing, in mm (in.). If non-metallic bearing material is applied, the bearing clearance is to be specially determined considering the materials swelling and thermal expansion properties. This clearance is in no case to be taken less than 1.5 mm (0.06 in.) on diameter.
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11.5

Keyless Fitting Hydraulic and shrink fit keyless couplings are to be fitted in accordance with the following:
i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) Hydraulic pressure is to be specially considered upon submittal of detailed preloading stress calculations and fitting instructions; The calculated torsional holding capacity is to be at least 2.0 times the transmitted torque based on the steering gear relief valve setting; Preload stress is not to exceed 70% of the minimum yield strength of either the stock or the bore; Prior to applying hydraulic pressure, at least 75% of theoretical contact area of rudder stock and rudder bore is to be achieved in an evenly distributed manner; The upper edge of the upper main piece bore is to have a slight radius; The locking nut is to be fitted in accordance with 3-2-14/11.7.

11.7

Locking Nut Dimensions of the securing nut, as shown in 3-2-14/Figure 3, are to be proportioned in accordance with the following and the nut is to be fitted with an effective locking device.
Height hn

0.6dg
dn dg

Outer diameter of nut External thread diameter

1.2du or 1.5dg whichever is greater 0.65do

In the case of a hydraulic pressure secured nut, a securing device such as a securing flat bar is to be provided. Calculations proving the effectiveness of the securing device are to be submitted.

13
13.1

Pintles
General Pintles are to have a conical attachment to the gudgeons with a taper on diameter of:
1/12 to 1/8 for keyed and other manually assembled pintles with locking nut. 1/20 to 1/12 for pintle mounted with oil injection and hydraulic nut. The diameter of the pintles is not to be less than obtained from the following equation. dp = k1 BK p where k1 B = = 11.1 (34.7, 1.38) bearing force, in kN (tf, Ltf), from submitted direct calculation but not to be taken less than Bmin as specified in 3-2-14/Table 4 mm (in.)

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3-2-14

FIGURE 3 Tapered Couplings (2009)

do

do

du

du

Locking Nut dg dn

hn Securing Flat Bar dg d1

a) Keyed Fitting

b) Keyless Fitting

11.3

Keyed Fitting (2010) Where the stock is keyed, the key is to be fitted in accordance with the following:
i) ii) iii) The top of the keyway is to be located well below the top of the rudder. Torsional strength of the key equivalent to that of the required upper stock is to be provided. The effective shear area* of the key is not to be less than Ak, given below. Ak where Ak S rmd YS YK iv) = = = = = shear area of key; mm2 (in2) required upper stock diameter; mm (in.); as determined by 3-2-14/7.1 offered radius of tapered stock at mid length of the bearing surface of the key; mm (in.) specified minimum yield strength of keyway material; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi) specified minimum yield strength of key material; N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi) YS S3 5.1rmd YK

In general, the key material is to be at least of equal strength to the keyway material. For keys of higher strength materials, shear and bearing areas of keys and keyways may be based on the respective material properties of the keys and the keyways, provided that compatibilities in mechanical properties of both components are fully considered. In no case, is the bearing stress of the key on the keyway to exceed 90% of the specified minimum yield strength of the keyway material.
The effective area is to be the gross area reduced by any area removed by saw cuts, set screw holes, chamfer, etc., and is to exclude the portion of the key in way of spooning of the key way.

* Note:

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9.5

Vertical Couplings
9.5.1 Coupling Bolts

There are to be at least eight coupling bolts in vertical couplings and the diameter of each bolt is not to be less than obtained from the following equation: db = 0.81ds K b / nK s where n = total number of bolts in the vertical coupling ds, Kb, Ks as defined in 3-2-14/9.3. In addition, the first moment of area, m, of the bolts about the center of the coupling is not to be less than given by the following equation: m = 0.00043ds3 mm3 (in3) where ds
9.5.2

mm (in.)

diameter, in mm (in.), as defined in 3-2-14/9.3

Coupling Flange

Coupling flange thickness, tf, is not to be less than db as defined in 3-2-14/9.5.1.

11
11.1

Tapered Stock Couplings

Coupling Taper (2011) Tapered stock couplings are to comply with the following general requirements in addition to type-specific requirements given in 3-2-14/11.3 or 3-2-14/11.5 as applicable:
i) ii) iii) iv) v) Tapered stocks, as shown in 3-2-14/Figure 3, are to be effectively secured to the rudder casting by a nut on the end. Taper length ( ) in the casting is generally not to be less than 1.5 times the stock diameter (do) at the top of the rudder. The taper on diameter (c) is to be 1/12 to 1/8 for keyed taper couplings and 1/20 to 1/12 for couplings with hydraulic mounting/dismounting arrangements, as shown in the following table. Where mounting with an oil injection and hydraulic nut, the push-up oil pressure and the push-up length are to be specially considered upon submission of calculations. Means of effective sealing are to be provided to protect against sea water ingress.

Type of Coupling Assembly Without hydraulic mounting/dismounting With hydraulic mounting/dismounting

c= 1/12 1/20

do c c

du 1/8 1/12

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where S M QR = = = upper stock required diameter from 3-2-14/7.1, in mm (in.) bending moment at the station of the rudder stock considered, in kN-m (tf-m, Ltf-ft) rudder torque from 3-2-14/5, in kN-m (tf-m, Ltf-ft)

Above the neck bearing, a gradual transition is to be provided where there is a change in the diameter of the rudder stock.

9
9.1

Flange Couplings
General Rudder flange couplings are to comply with the following requirements:
i) ii) iii) iv) Couplings are to be supported by an ample body of metal worked out from the rudder stock. The smallest distance from the edge of the bolt holes to the edge of the flange is not to be less than two-thirds of the bolt diameter. Coupling bolts are to be fitted bolts. Suitable means are to be provided for locking the nuts in place.

In addition to the above, rudder flange couplings are to meet the type-specific requirements in 3-2-14/9.3 (horizontal couplings) or 3-2-14/9.5 (vertical couplings) as applicable.

9.3

Horizontal Couplings
9.3.1 Coupling Bolts There are to be at least six coupling bolts in horizontal couplings, and the diameter, db, of each bolt is not to be less than obtained by the following equation:

db = 0.62 d s K b / nrK s where ds n r Kb Ks

9.3.2

mm (in.)

= = = = =

required rudder stock diameter, S (3-2-14/7.1 ) or S (3-2-14/7.3) as applicable, in way of the coupling total number of bolts in the horizontal coupling mean distance, in mm (in.), of the bolt axes from the center of the bolt system material factor for bolts, as defined in 3-2-14/1.3 material factor for stock, as defined in 3-2-14/1.3

Coupling Flange Coupling flange thickness is not to be less than the greater of the following equations:

tf = 0.9dbt K f / K b tf = 0.9dbt where dbt Kf Kb = = =

mm (in.) mm (in.)

calculated bolt diameter as per 3-2-14/9.3.1 based on a number of bolts not exceeding 8 material factor for flange, as defined in 3-2-14/1.3 material factor of bolts, as defined in 3-2-14/1.3

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5.5

Rudders Blades with Cutouts This paragraph refers to rudder blades with cutouts (semi-spade rudders) as defined in 3-2-14/3.3. Equations derived in this paragraph are based on a cutout blade with two quadrilaterals. Where more quadrilaterals are needed to define the rudder shape, similar rules apply.
Total rudder torque, QR, in ahead and astern conditions is to be obtained from the following equation: QR = CR1 r1 + CR2 r2 kN-m (tf-m, Ltf-ft)

but not to be taken less than QRmin in the ahead condition where QRmin = r1 r2 c1, c2 k1, k2 = = = = = 0.1CR (A1c1 + A2c2)/A c1( k1 ) c2( k2 ) m (ft) m (ft)

mean breadth of partial area A1, A2, from 3-2-14/Figure 2 coefficient as indicated in 3-2-14/Table 3 A1f /A1, A2f /A2 where A1f, A2f = area of rudder blade situated forward of the centerline of the rudder stock for each part of the rudder, as shown in 3-2-14/Figure 2

CR, CR1, CR2, A1, A2 are as defined in 3-2-14/3.3.

5.7

Trial Conditions Above equations for QR are intended for the design of rudders and should not be directly compared with the torque expected during the trial (see 3-2-14/1.5) or the rated torque of steering gear (see 4-3-4/1.11).

7
7.1

Rudder Stocks
Upper Rudder Stocks The upper stock is that part of the rudder stock above the neck bearing or above the top pintle, as the case may be. At the upper bearing or tiller, the upper stock diameter is not to be less than obtained from the following equation:
S = Nu 3 Q R K s where Nu QR Ks = = = 42.0 (89.9, 2.39) total rudder torque, as defined in 3-2-14/5, in kN-m (tf-m, Ltf-ft) material factor for upper rudder stock, as defined in 3-2-14/1.3 mm (in.)

7.3

Lower Rudder Stocks In determining lower rudder stock scantlings, values of rudder force and torque calculated in 3-2-14/3 and 3-2-14/5 are to be used. Bending moments and shear forces, as well as the reaction forces are to be determined by direct calculation and are to be submitted for review. For rudders supported by shoe pieces or rudder horns, these structures are to be included in the calculation model to account for support of the rudder body. Guidance for calculation of these values is given in Appendix 3-2-A5.
The lower rudder stock diameter is not to be less than obtained from the following equation: S =S
6

4 / 3 M / QR

mm (in.)
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5
5.1

Rudder Design Torque

General The rudder design torque, QR, for rudder scantling calculations, is to be in accordance with 3-2-14/5.3 or 3-2-14/5.5 as applicable. Rudders without Cutouts Rudder torque, QR, is to be determined from the following equation for both ahead and astern conditions:
QR = CR r where CR r c k Af A = = = = = = = rudder force as calculated in 3-2-14/3.1 c( k) but not less than 0.1c for ahead condition mean breadth of rudder area as shown in 3-2-14/Figure 1, in m (ft) coefficient as indicated in 3-2-14/Table 3 Af /A area of rudder blade situated forward of the rudder stock centerline, in m2 (ft2), as shown in 3-2-14/Figure 1 whole rudder area as described in 3-2-14/3.1 kN-m (tf-m, Ltf-ft)

5.3

TABLE 2 Coefficient k (2009)

Rudder/Propeller Layout Rudders outside propeller jet Rudders behind a fixed propeller nozzle All others k 0.8 1.15 1.0

TABLE 3 Coefficient (2009)

Rudder Position or High-lift Located behind a fixed structure, such as a rudder horn Located where no fixed structure forward of it High-Lift Rudders (see 3-2-14/Table 1B) Ahead Condition 0.25 0.33 Special consideration (0.40 if unknown) Astern Condition 0.55 0.66 Special consideration

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3-2-14

FIGURE 1 Rudder Blade without Cutouts (2009)

z (vert) b= Rudder Stock Centerline z3 + z4 - z2 - z1 2 x3 + x2 - x1 - x4 c= 2 A (see 3-2-14/3.1) 3 c b A Af Af (see 3-2-14/5.3)

2 1

x (fwd)

FIGURE 2 Rudder Blade with Cutouts (2009)

z (vert) Rudder Stock Centerline z3 + z4 - z2 - z1 2 x6 + x3 - x4 - x7 c1= 2 x2 + x5 - x1 - x7 c2= 2 b= A1 (see 3-2-14/3.3) A2 (see 3-2-14/3.3) A1f C1 A1 b 7 A2 C2 A1f, A2f (see 3-2-14/5.5)

4 3

6 5

A2f

x (fwd) 1 2

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TABLE 1A Coefficient kc for Ordinary Rudders (2009)

Profile Type 1 Single plate 1.0 NACA-OO Gttingen 1.0 kc Ahead Condition Astern Condition

1.1

0.80

Flat side 1.1 Mixed (e.g., HSVA) Hollow 1.35 0.90 0.90

1.21

0.90

TABLE 1B Coefficient kc for High-Lift/Performance Rudders (2009)

Profile Type 1 Fish tail (e.g., Schilling high-lift rudder) kc Ahead Condition Astern Condition

1.4

0.8

Flap rudder 2 Rudder with steering nozzle 3 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.3

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3
3.1

Rudder Design Force

Rudder Blades without Cutouts The rudder force, CR, upon which rudder scantlings are to be based is to be obtained from the following equation:
CR = nkRkck AVR2 where n kR b At A = = = = = 0.132 (0.0135, 0.00123) (b2/At + 2)/3 but not taken more than 1.33 mean height of rudder area, in m (ft), as determined from 3-2-14/Figure 1 sum of rudder blade area, A, and the area of rudder post or rudder horn within the extension of rudder profile, in m2 (ft2) total projected area of rudder blade, as illustrated in 3-2-14/Figure 1 in m2 (ft2) For steering nozzles, A is not to be taken less than 1.35 times the projected area of the nozzle. kc = coefficient depending on rudder cross section as indicated in 3-2-14/Table 1A and 1B. For cross section differing from those in 3-2-14/Table 1A and 1B, kc is subject to special consideration. coefficient as specified in 3-2-14/Table 2 vessel speed, in knots for ahead condition VR equals Vd or Vmin, whichever is greater for astern condition VR equals Va, or 0.5Vd, or 0.5Vmin, whichever is greater design speed, in knots, with vessel running ahead at the maximum continuous rated shaft rpm and at the summer load waterline maximum astern speed, in knots (Vd + 20)/3 kN (tf, Ltf)

k VR

= = = =

Vd Va

= =

Vmin =

3.3

Rudders Blades with Cutouts This paragraph applies to rudders with cutouts (semi-spade rudders), such that the whole blade area cannot be adequately defined by a single quadrilateral. See 3-2-14/Figure 2. Equations derived in this paragraph are based on a cutout blade with two quadrilaterals. Where more quadrilaterals are needed to define the rudder shape, similar rules apply.
The total rudder force described in 3-2-14/3.1 is applicable for rudders with cutout(s), with A being the summation of sub-quadrilaterals that make up the whole area of the rudder blade. Rudder force distribution over each quadrilateral is to be obtained from the following equations: CR1 = CRA1 /A CR2 = CRA2 /A where CR and A are as defined in 3-2-14/3.1. A1 and A2 are as described in 3-2-14/Figure 2. kN (tf, Ltf) kN (tf, Ltf)

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1
1.1

PART

Section 14: Rudders

CHAPTER SECTION

Hull Structures and Arrangements

14 Rudders (2009)

General
Application Requirements specified in this Section are applicable to:
i) ii) Ordinary profile rudders described in 3-2-14/Table 1A with rudder operating angle range from 35 to +35. High-lift rudders described in 3-2-14/Table 1B, the rudder operating angle of which might be exceeding 35 on each side at maximum design speed.

Rudders not covered in 3-2-14/Table 1A nor in 3-2-14/Table 1B are subject to special consideration, provided that all the required calculations are prepared and submitted for review in full compliance with the requirements in this section. Rudders provided on Ice Classed vessels are subject to additional requirements specified in 6-1-1/43.

1.3

Rudder and Rudder Stock Materials Rudder stocks, pintles, coupling bolts, and keys are to be of steel, in accordance with the requirements of Part 2, Chapter 1. The Surveyor need not witness material tests for coupling bolts and keys. The surfaces of rudder stocks in way of exposed bearings are to be of noncorrosive material.
Material factors of castings and forgings used for the shoe piece (Kg), horn (Kh), stock (Ks), bolts (Kb), coupling flange (Kf), pintles (Kp), and nozzles (Kn) are to be obtained for their respective material from the following equation: K = (ny/Y)e where ny Y U e = = = = = 235 N/mm2 (24 kgf/mm2, 34000 psi) specified minimum yield strength of the material, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi), but is not to be taken as greater than 0.7U or 450 N/mm2 (46 kgf/mm2, 65000 psi), whichever is less minimum tensile strength of material used, in N/mm2 (kgf/mm2, psi) 1.0 for Y 235 N/mm2 (24 kgf/mm2, 34000 psi) 0.75 for Y > 235 N/mm2 (24 kgf/mm2, 34000 psi)

1.5

Expected Torque The torque considered necessary to operate the rudder, in accordance with 4-3-4/21.7.1i), is to be indicated on the submitted rudder or steering gear plan. See 3-2-14/5.7 and 4-3-4/1.11.
Note that this expected torque is not the design torque for rudder scantlings.

1.7

Rudder Stops Strong and effective structural rudder stops are to be fitted. Where adequate positive mechanical stops are provided within the steering gear in accordance with 4-3-4/5.11, structural stops will not be required.
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3 Hull Construction and Equipment 2 Hull Structures and Arrangements 13 Stems, Stern Frames, Rudder Horns, and Propeller Nozzles

3-2-13

7.7

Nozzle Section Modulus The minimum requirement for nozzle section modulus is obtained from the following formula:
SM = d2 b Vd2 Q n cm3 (in3) where d b Vd Q = = = = = = = = n = nozzle inner diameter, in m (ft) nozzle length, in m (ft) design speed in ahead condition, in knots, as defined in 3-2-14/3.1 reduction factor conditional on material type 1.0 0.78 0.72 0.68 for ordinary strength steel for H32 strength steel for H36 strength steel for H40 strength steel

Q factor for steel having yield strength other than above is to be specially considered. nozzle type coefficient taken equal to 0.7 (0.0012) for fixed nozzles

FIGURE 4 Nozzle Ring Section View (2009)

Zone 4 Zone 3 Zone 2 min. b/4 Zone 1

7.9

Welding Requirement The inner and outer nozzle shell plating is to be welded to the internal stiffening ring webs with double continuous welds as far as practicable. Plug/slot welding is prohibited for the inner shell, but may be accepted for the outer shell plating, provided that the nozzle ring web spacing is not greater than 350 mm (13.8 in.).

Inspection of Castings
The location of radiographic or other subsurface inspections of large stern-frame and rudder-horn castings is to be indicated on the approved plans. See applicable parts of Part 2, Chapter 1.

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