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PHYSICS : FORM 5
THEME : ELECTRICITY AND ELECTROMAGNETISM
CHAPTER 3 : ELECTRICITY

CURRENT AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

LEARNING STANDARD:
Explain electric field
Define strength of electric field, E
Explain behavior of charged particles in an electric field.
Define electric current
Define potential difference, V

Electric Fields
1. A positive or negative charge produces an in the the
charge.

2. Any other charge in the electric field experiences an acting on it.

3. Electric field is a where an electric _ experiences a

4. The electric field can be represented by

- - - - - - - - + + + + + + +
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Electric Field Strength
When a charge is placed in an , it experiences an .

(a) Point charge

The electric field strength, E at a given point in an elect

acting on positive charge placed at the point.

Where E = electric field strength

F = electric force
q = quantity of electric charge

The S.I. unit for electric field strength, E at a given point is is

(b)Parallel charge plate

The electric field strength, E produced by two parallel

where E = electric field strength

V = potential difference between two parallel plates
d = distance between two parallel plates

The S.I. unit for electric field strength , E by two parallel charged plates is

1. A charge of 2C is placed in an electric field with the strength

Potential
of 1.6
difference
NC-1. What
of 240V
is theiselectric
appliedforce
between
actedtwo
on parallel
the charge?[3.2
plates w
Calculate the electric field strength that generated
Calculate the distance between the parallel plates if the potential diff
[2400Vm-1, 20.8cm]
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The effect of an electric field
A) A ping-pong ball coated with a conducting material in electric field
A ping pong ball which is coated with a is hung between two metal plates by a

thread ( an ). The positive and negative terminals of a

are connected to each of the two plates respectively.

Step Observation Explanation

 The forces of attraction by the positive plate on
the ping-pong ball is to that of the
negative plate. F1 = F2.
 The ping-pong ball is electrically .

 When the ping-pong ball touches the negative plate,

The ping-pong ball
it receives and becomes
between the two plates.
charged. The negatively
charged ping-pong ball is by the
negative plate and by the positive plate.
 When the ping-pong ball touches the positive plate,
its negative charge is and it is
immediately charged . The positively
charged ping-pong ball is by the
positive plate and by the negative
plate.
 The ping-pong ball moves towards and touches the
plate and the cycle is .
The ping-pong ball until the voltage
supply is turned .

B) Spreading of a candle flame in electric field

1. A candle flame placed between two vertical metal plates

which are connected to the terminals of

2. The candle flame and

in both directions.
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Explanation:
 The heat of burning gases in the flame produces and
 The positive ions are pulled towards the plate, the negative ions are pulled towards the
plate.
 The heavier - occupy a proportion of the flame
 The lighter -occupy a proportion of the flame.
 Hence the flame is seen to spread out to the negative plate than the

C) Lightning
 When a negatively charged thundercloud passes above a tall

building , are induced on the roof.

 A strong between the cloud

and the roof produces a strong

between the opposite charged.

 will suddenly from the cloud

to the roof and this causes the building to be struck by

 A with sharp spikes is fixed on the part of the

roof to reduce the risk of lightning strikes in two ways:
a) The lighting conductor carries some induced charges to the and also
some of the charged on the cloud. This the chances of lightning
striking
b) If the lightning does not strike, the lightning conductor provides a for the
to pass to the ground without damaging the building

Electric current, I
1. Current defined as the

Unit of current : or

2. A current in a circuit is _1 A_ if the charge is flowing at the rate of

3. When free electrons move through the wire from B to A, the electric current, I flows from

A B Charge of an electron = 1.6 x10–19 C

Therefore,

= 6.25 × 1018 electrons

Quantity of charge, Q = ne
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1. Electric charges flow through a light bulb at the rate 2. A current of 2 mA is flowing through a conductor.
of 20 C every 50 seconds. What is the electric How long does it take for 10 C of charge to pass
current shown on the ammeter? \ [0.4A] through the conductor? [5 x10-3s]

3. When lightning strikes between two charged clouds, 4. A current of 2 A flows through a resistor. What is the
an electric current of 400 A flows for 5 ms. What is number of electrons that have passed through the
the quantity of charge transferred? [20C] resistor in 5 seconds? [6.25x1019]
[Given Electron charge = 1.6 x 1 0-19 C]

Potential Difference, V

 The electric potential at point A is than at point B because point A is to P.

 If a positive charge is placed at point A, it will be and in the direction of the
electric force passing point B.
 The positive charge moves because of the difference between points A and B.
 If a positive charge is moved from point B to point A, is done to overcome the
force between the positive charge and P.

1. The potential difference or between two points in an electric field can be defined as the
, W in one coulomb of charge, Q from one point to another.

Potential difference =

Unit of V : or

2. The potential difference between two points in a circuit causes an to move between the
two points.
3. An electron will move from a point of potential to a point of potential. Hence an
electric current, I will flow from a point of potential ( + ) to potential ( - )

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1. The energy released between points A and B shown in 2. A bulb labeled 3.0 V, 0.2 A was lit for 1
figure is 60J when a charge of 20 C flows from A to B. hour. Calculate:
(a) the electric charge [720C]
(b) the energy generated [2160J]

a) What is the potential difference between A and B?

b) if the time taken for the 20 C to flow between A
and B is 40s, what is the value of the current
flowing through the bulb? [3V, 0.5s]

Objective questions

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PHYSICS : FORM 5
THEME : ELECTRICITY AND ELECTROMAGNETISM
CHAPTER 3 : ELECTRICITY

RESISTANCE

LEARNING STANDARD:
Compare and contrast ohmic and non-ohmic conductor
Solve problems involving combination of series and parallel circuits
Describe factors that affect resistance of a wire through experiments
Define resistivity of wire, 
Communicate about applications of resistivity of wire in daily life
Solve problems involving the formula of wire resistance

OHM’S LAW
1. Ohm’s law states that the flowing through a conductor is
to the across the ends of the
conductor, if and other remain constant.

2. The constant is known as of the conductor.

3. The resistance, R of a conductor is defined as the of the

across the conductor to the flowing through the conductor.

The unit of resistance : or

The symbol of resistor :

4. The resistance of a conductor is 1  if when a current of flows, a potential difference of

exists across its ends.

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Ohmic conductor Non-ohmic conductor
Example: Copper wire, constantan wire, standard resistor Example: Tungsten wire, semiconductor diode
Ohm’s Law Experiment
Ohmic conductor: Constantan wire Non-ohmic conductor : Tungsten ( filamat bulb)

Inference: The potential difference across a conductor the current flowing through it

Hypothesis: The the current, the the potential difference across the conductor

Aim: To the current and the potential difference .

Variable: Variable:
a) Manipulated: Current, I a) Manipulated: Current, I
b) Responding: Potential difference, V b) Responding: Potential difference, V
c) Constant: Temperature, cross-sectional area & length of wire c) Constant: Length of tungsten wire in filament bulb
Apparatus: 1.5 V dry cell, cell holder, switch, connecting Apparatus: 1.5 V dry cell, cell holder, switch, connecting
wires, ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat, metre rule and wires, ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat and filament bulb
constantan wire s.w.g 24 (20 cm length) (2.5 V, 3 W)

X
Y
X Y

Procedure: Procedure:
1. The circuit is connected as shown in Diagram. 1. The circuit is connected as shown in Diagram.
2. A 20cm constantan wire is connected across XY. The 2. A light bulb is connected across XY. The switch is
switch is closed and the rheostat is adjusted until the closed and the rheostat is adjusted until the
current, I on the ammeter is 0.2A. current, I on the ammeter is 0.14A.
3. The reading of the potential difference, V on voltmeter 3. The reading of the potential difference, V on
is recorded. voltmeter is recorded.
4. The experiment is repeated with current , I = 0.3A, 0.4A, 4. The experiment is repeated with current , I = 0.16A,
0.5A, and 0.6A 0.18A, 0.2-A, and 0.22A
Tabulation of data: Tabulation of data:
Current, I (A) Potential Difference, V(V) Current, I (A) Potential Difference, V(V)
0.2 0.2
0.3 0.3
0.4 0.4
0.5 0.5
0.6 0.6

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Analysis data: Analysis data:

V is to I V with I

Obey Ohm’s Law => NOT obey Ohm’s Law =>

Gradient => Resistance : Gradient => Resistance :

Practice:
1. What is the current flowing through an immersion 2. A 9 V battery connected across a resistance wire
heater of resistance 24  when it is connected to produces a steady current of 0.3 A through the
a 240V supply? wire. What is the resistance of the wire? [30]
[10A]

3. When the potential difference across a resistor is 6V, 4. A light bulb is labeled 3.0 V, 0.35 A. What is the
the current flow is 1 .5 A. What is the potential resistance of the filament in the bulb when the bulb
difference across the resistor if the current flow is lighted with normal brightness? [8.57]
is 2.0 A? [8V]

5. Diagram shows a torchlight that uses two 1.5 V dry 6. Calculate the unknown quantities in each of the
cells. The two dry cells are able to provide a current of following diagrams. [2A,
0.3 A when the bulb is at its normal brightness. What is 1600V]
the resistance of the filament? [10]

(a) (b)

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Series and parallel circuits
Bulbs / Resistors in a series circuit Bulbs / Resistors in a parallel circuit

Resistors are arranged in one line Resistors are arranged in more rows

The passing through each resistor is The total current leaving a junction is equal to the sum
the same. of current entering a junction.

I = I1 = I2 = I3 I = I1 + I2 + I3

The potential difference across the dry cell is The potential difference across the dry cell is the
to the of the as the potential difference across each resistor.
potential differences across all the resistors.
V = V1 = V2 = V3
V = V1 + V2 + V3

V is to R ( from :V= IR ) I is to R (from: I = 𝑽 )

𝑹

From : V = V1 + V2 + V3 From : I = I1 + I2 + I3

The value of the effective resistance, R in a series The value of the effective resistance, R in a parallel
circuit is than each of the individual circuit is than each of the individual
resistors. resistors.
Advantages of parallel circuit:
1. If one of the bulb faulty, the other bulb still can function independently.
2. effective resistance, current flows.
3. The potential difference across each bulb in parallel circuit is than the
potential difference across each bulb in series circuit.

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Practice:
1. Find the effective resistance for each of the following circuits.

2. Figure (a) shows a simple circuit. You are supplied with 3 identical resistors. Based on Figures (b), (c) and (d),
choose an arrangement to connect the resistors to XY so that the maximum current flows in the circuit.

Circuit:

Reason:

3. What is the effective resistance of P and Q in the 4. A simple circuit is connected as shown in the diagram
above diagram? below. Calculate the currents I1 , I2 and I3

5. Calculate the current flowing in the circuit. 6.

Determine
(a) the reading on the ammeter [0.25A]
(b) the value of R, [10]
(c) the reading on the voltmeter if it is connected across
the 8 resistor. [2V]

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7. P and Q are identical lamps. Each lamp lights 8. Three resistors of 1 , 3  and 6  are connected to a 6 V
up normally when connected to a 12 V supply. supply as shown..
The two lamps are connected
(a) in series as shown in Figure (i),
(b) in parallel as shown in Figure (ii)

(a) What is the potential difference across the 1  resistor?

Why are the lighted lamps, P and Q less bright in (b) What is the current flowing through the 3 resistor?
(i) compared to (ii)?

9. Two resistors of 2 and 3 are connected to a 10. Six resistors of 6  each are connected as shown.
3 V supply as shown.

(a) What are the readings on ammeters A1, A2 and A3 ?

What is the ammeter reading [0.55A, 0.27A,0.18A]
(a) if switch S is in the open position? [0.6A]
(b)
What is the voltmeter reading? [3.27V]
(b) if switch S is closed? [1.5A]

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11. When a resistor is connected in parallel with a 12. Three resistors with resistances of 2 , 3  and 4
connecting wire, the effective resistance is zero. respectively are connected to a 6 V battery as shown.
Why? The resistance of the ammeter A can be neglected.

(a) What is the effective resistance in the circuit? [2 ]

(b) What is the reading of the ammeter A? [3A]
(c) Find the values of I1 and I2 [1A, 2A]

13. A 6 V power supply is connected in series with 14. Three resistors of 3  each are connected to a 6 V power
two 3  resistors. A switch is connected in supply as shown in the diagram below. When the switch is
parallel with the resistor P. When the switch S is in the open position, the voltmeter reading is V1 and when
in the open position, the ammeter reading is I1 the switch is closed, the voltmeter reading is V2.
and when the switched is closed, the ammeter
reading is I2.

Calculate the ratio, V1 : V2.

Calculate the ratio, I1 : I2

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1

4
5
2

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Describe factors that affect resistance of a wire through experiments

Factors affecting the resistance, R of a conductor (iii) Resistivity of wire, 

(i) Length of wire, l (ii) Cross sectional area of wire, A

Inference depends on depends on

Hypothesis
The longer the length of wire, l , the greater the The larger the cross-sectional area of wire, A,
resistance, R the lower the resistance, R
Aim To investigate relationship between the length To investigate relationship between the cross-
of wire, l and resistance, R sectional area of wire, A and resistance, R
Variable Manipulated: Manipulated:
Responding: Responding:
( ) (
Constant: )
Constant:
Apparatus Two 1.5 V dry cells, cell holder, switch, connecting Two 1.5 V dry cells, cell holder, switch, ammeter,
and wires, ammeter, voltmeter, crocodile clips, voltmeter, connecting wires, crocodile clips,
materials rheostat, metre rule 110.0 cm of s.w.g. 24 rheostat, metre rule, micrometer screw gauge,
constantan wire 30.0 cm constantan wires of diameter 0.5mm,
1.0mm, 1.5mm and 2.0mm.
Set up
diagram

Constantan wire

Procedure 1. The apparatus is set up as shown. 1 The apparatus is set up as shown.

2. A constantan wire of length, l = 20.0cm is 2 A 30cm constantan wire of diameter 0.5mm
connected across XY. is connected across XY. Cross-sectional
3. The switch is turned on , rheostat is area of wire, A is calculated by using A=
adjusted until ammeter reading, I = 0.5A. r 2 and recorded.
The voltmeter reading, V is measured and 3 The switch is turned on , rheostat is
recorded. The resistance is calculated by adjusted until ammeter reading, I = 0.5A.
using , R = 𝑽 and recorded. The voltmeter reading, V is measured and
𝑰
4. The experiment is repeated by using wire of recorded. The resistance is calculated by
length of wire, l = 30.0cm, 40.0 cm, using , R = 𝑽 and recorded.
𝑰
50.0cm. 60.0cm. 4 The experiment is repeated by using wire of
diameter 0.5mm, 1.0mm, 1.5mm and 2.0mm.
Tabulation l (cm) I ( A) V(V) R ( )
data d(mm) A 1
(mm-2) V R
20.0 0.5 (mm2) 𝐴 I (A) (V) ( )
30.0 0.5 0.5 0.5
40.0 0.5 1.0 0.5
50.0 0.5 1.5 0.5
60.0 0.5 2.0 0.5
2.5 0.5
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Analysis
data

Conclusion
R is
to A
OR
R is to l
R is
1
to
𝐴
Precaution Observer’s eyes must be to the of
to

(iii) Resistivity of wire, 

 The resistivity of a conductor,  is a measure of a conductor’s ability to the flow of electric
current.
 The unit of resistivity is ohm-meter ( m).
 The value of resistivity depends on the temperature and the nature of the conductor material.
Inference The resistance of a wire depends on the resistivity of the wire
Hypothesis The greater the resistivity of a conductor, the greater the resistance of the wire
Aim To investigate the relationship between the resistivity and the resistance of a wire
Variable (a) Manipulated: Resistivity of the wire, 
(b) Responding: Resistance, R
(c) Constant: Length, diameter and temperature of the wire
Apparatus Two 1.5 V dry cells, cell holder, switch, connecting wires, ammeter, voltmeter, crocodile clips, rheostat and
and metre rule, 35.0 cm of s.w.g. 24 copper wire, 35.0 cm of s.w.g. 24 constantan wire, 35.0 cm of s.w.g. 24 silver
materials wire, 35.0 cm of s.w.g. 24 aluminium wire and 35.0 cm of s.w.g. 24 nichrome wire
Set up
Remark: Same as the set up apparatus for factor length and cross-sectional area on resistance
diagram
Procedure 1. The apparatus is set up as shown.
2. A constantan wire of length, l = 30.0cm is connected across XY.
3. The switch is turned on , rheostat is adjusted until ammeter reading, I = 0.5A.
The voltmeter reading, V is measured and recorded. The resistance is calculated by using ,
R = 𝑽 and recorded.
𝑰
4. The experiment is repeated by using copper wire , silver wire and nichrome wire.

Tabulation Type of wire Resistivity (m) I ( A) V(V) R ()

data and Resistivity: Nichrome > Constantan> Aluminium > Copper > silver
analysis data silver 1.59 ×10 −8
0.5
copper 1.68 × 10–8 0.5
Aluminium 2.65×10−8 0.5
constantan 49 × 10–8 0.5
nichrome 100 × 10 –8
0.5

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Based on the result of R
the experiments, R => R=
R

Where  is the of a substance

(Different substance with different value of resistivity. The greater the R, the greater the
)

Applications of Resistivity of Conductors in Daily Life

Heating element ( ) Connecting wire ( )

High resistivity Low resistivity
 Higher  Lower .
 Releases a large amount of  To prevent the wire from heating
once heated up too quickly when current flows
through it.
High melting  Not easily melt at Low rate of

point high temperature oxidation
 not easily corrode
 Not easily at
high temperature
density Lighter, easy to carry density Lighter, easy to carry

Comparison between non-conductors, semiconductors, conductors and superconductors

Insulator Semiconductor Conductor Superconductor
conducts electricity
Doesn’t conduct conductivity between Conduct electricity without any resistance at critical
electricity insulator and conductor.
temperature
Highest Resistivity between insulator Zero resistivity at
resistivity
resistivity and conductor

Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples:

plastic and wood. silicone and germanium iron and carbon Caesium at a temperature of 1.5 K
or lower

None

Handle of kettle Silicon chip in CPU Copper as a connecting Superconductor coil in MRI
wire

Uses of Superconductors
1. They are used as superconducting coils in electromagnets to produce very powerful magnetic fields in
scanning devices in hospitals such as the CT-Scan and MRI (magnetic-resonance imaging).
2. They are used for making strong superconducting electromagnets in MAGLEV (magnetic levitation)
trains. The strong magnetic repulsion between the base of the train and the railway tracks helps the train to float

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about 1cm above the tracks. The train can thus slide at high speed (500 km/hr) without friction.

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Practice:
1. Calculate the resistance of a aluminium wire with a 2. Calculate the total resistance of a coil of copper
length of 80.0 cm and a diameter of 0.6 mm. Given the wire with a length of 50.0 m and a cross-sectional
resistivity of aluminium is 2.65×10−8  m. area of 2.5 mm2, given that the resistivity of copper
[0.075] at a temperature of 20°C is 1.72 × 10–8  m.
[3.44 x10-7]

3. A wire of resistance 3  has length 0.2 m and cross 4. A wire P of length, l with a cross-sectional area, A
sectional area 0.02 mm2. What is the resistance of and a resistance, R. Another wire, Q is a conductor
another wire of the same value of resistivity, but with with the same resistivity with a length of 3l and
twice the cross- sectional area of P.
length 0.80m and cross sectional area 0.04 mm2? [6 ] What is the reistance of wire Q in terms of R
[1.5R]

0.80m

5. Given PQ is a piece of uniform wire of length 1 m with 6. A 160 cm wire which has a resistance of 20  is
a resistance of 10 . Q is connected to an ammeter, a bent into the shape of a circle.
PQ is equal to one-quarter of
2 resistor and a 3 V battery. What is the ammeter
the perimeter length of the circle.
reading? [ 0.75A] What is the effective resistance
between points P and Q? [3.75]

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Objective questions
2

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Penang Trial SPM 2020
3. A student carried out an experiment to investigate the relationship between the resistance R of a
copper wire and its cross-sectional area. The results of the experiment are shown in the graph of
R
1
against .
𝐴

Based on the graph,

(a) (i) State the relationship between R and 1 , Show on the graph how you determine the
𝐴
relationship.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[2 marks]

(ii) Determine the cross-sectional area when the resistance of the wire is 1.6 Ω. Show on the graph
how you determine the value of the cross sectional area. [3 marks]

(iii) Calculate the gradient, m of the graph. [3 marks]

𝑙
(b) (i) The resistance of the wire is given by, R 𝐴 , where l is the length and  is the resistivity
=
of the wire. Using the formula and the gradient obtained in (a)(iii), find the resistivity  when
the length of the wire is, l  150 mm. [3 marks]

(ii) State one precaution for the experiment in order to improve the experimental result. [1 mark]

….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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PHYSICS : FORM 5
THEME : ELECTRICITY AND ELECTROMAGNETISM
CHAPTER 3 : ELECTRICITY

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE, emf AND INTERNAL RESISTANCE

LEARNING STANDARD:
Define electromotive force, Ɛ
Explain internal resistance, r
Conduct an experiment to determine e.m.f and internal resistance in a dry cell
Solve problems involving e.m.f and internal resistance in a dry cell

1. A source of electrical energy such as a , an , a solar cell can

provide to the electrical components in a circuit.
2. The ( e.m.f ), Ԑ of a cell or any other electrical source is defined as the
by the cell to move of charge in a complete
circuit.

Electromotive force =

Units : or

3. If a dry cell has an e.m.f , Ԑ = 1.5V, the dry cell will provide of electrical energy to every
of charge passing through the cell. These energy is transferred to parts of the circuit.
4. In order to measure the e.m.f. , Ԑ of a dry cell, a voltmeter is connected across the dry cell in
circuit.

5. In the circuit shown in figure ,

When the switch is open, ( OPEN CIRCUIT// COMPLETE CIRCUIT)

a) currents flow in the circuit
b) The voltmeter reading =
c) Work done by an electrical source to move one coulomb of
charge in a complete circuit.

When the switch is closed, ( CLOSED CIRCUIT)

a) currents flow in the circuit
b) The voltmeter reading = across the resistor, R
c) The voltmeter reading is than the e.m.f., Ԑ due to the
across the of the dry cell.

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6. Internal resistance, r , of a dry cell is the resistance caused by the in the dry cell.
It causes: a) in the cell
b) Potential difference across the terminals of the cell to be the e.m.f.
where :
Ԑ = Electromotive force
V = Potential Difference
I = Current
r = Internal resistance

Ԑ – V = Potential drop =

Comparison between potential difference, V and electromotive force, Ԑ

Potential difference, V Electromotive force, Ԑ

Work done or to move a unit by a cell to

of charge across points in a move a unit of charge through the complete circuit.

Unit : Unit :

V= I R, R is the total resistance Ԑ = I ( R + r) , where ( R + r) is the total resistance of

the whole circuit.
Represented by the reading in an Represented by the reading in an

Practices
1. Diagram shows a simple circuit consisting of a 2 V 2. A cell with e.m.f. 2 V and internal resistance 1 is
dry cell with an internal resistance of 0.5. When the connected to a resistor of 4 . What is the reading on
switch is closed, the ammeter reading is 0.4 A. the voltmeter when it is connected across the 4 
resistor? [1.6V]

Calculate
(a) the resistance, R, [4.5]
(b) the voltmeter reading in closed circuit. [1.8V]

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3. Diagram shows a dry cell, with an electromotive 4. Three resistors are connected to a 3 V battery as
of 1.5V, connected to a resistance, R. The shown. The internal resistance of the battery is 1 
voltmeter and ammeter readings are 1.2V and
0.3A respectively.

R
.

Calculate (c) What is the voltmeter reading? [0.5V]

(a) The resistance of R, [4]
(b) The internal resistance, r of the dry cell. [1]

5. Mr Brown arranges circuit (b) instead of circuit (a) to 6. Two 2  resistors are connected in series to a battery
make a light bulb brighter. Explain why? with an electromotive force, Ԑ and internal
resistance, r. The current flow is 0.4 A. When the
same two resistors are connected in parallel, the
current flow is 1.2 A. Calculate the electromotive
force, Ԑ, and the internal resistance of the battery.
[1.8V, 0.5]

7. When a battery with an electromotive force, Ԑ and 8. A voltmeter registers a reading of 1.5 V when it is
internal resistance, r is connected to a 2  resistor, connected directly to a dry cell. When a resistor, R is
the current flow is 0.6 A. When the 2 resistor is connected to the cell, the voltmeter reading
replaced by a 7  resistor, the current flow is 0.2 decreases to 1.4 V. The current flowing is 0.2 A.
A. Calculate
Calculate (a) the internal resistance of the cell, [0.5]
(a) the internal resistance, r [0.5] (b) the value of R. [7 ]
(b) the value of Ԑ. [1.5V]

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9. A thick wire is connected to the positive and 10. Which of the following circuits can be used to
negative terminals of a lead-acid accumulator with determine the electromotive force of a battery?
an e.m.f. of 2 V and an internal resistance of 0.01.
What is the maximum current that can be supplied
by the accumulator?

Determining the e.m.f. and Internal Resistance of a Dry Cell

Aim: To determine the electromotive force, Ԑ and the internal resistance, r of a dry cell

List of apparatus and material: A dry cell, dry cell holder, rheostat,
ammeter, voltmeter, switch, connecting wires.
Procedure:
1. The circuit is set up as shown in diagram.
2. The switch is turned on and rheostat is adjusted until the
ammeter reading is I = 0.2 A.
3. The voltmeter reading is measured and recorded as V.
4. The experiment is repeated with current A, 0.4 A, 0.6 A, 0.8 A and 1.0A.

Current, I (A) Potential Difference, V (V)

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

Conclusion: Ԑ=V+Ir V= -Ir+ԐV=- rI +Ԑ

1. From the graph obtained, which is a straight line, we can
conclude that potential difference V decreases as current Compared with y = m x + c
I through the cell increases

2. E.m.f of the cell, Ԑ =

3. Internal resistance, r =

Precautions:
1. Switch circuit immediately after taking measurement to avoid to
the wires.

2. Observer’s eyes must be to the of

to avoid

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11. Diagram shows the circuit used to measure the 12. A bulb M is connected to a battery by means of
potential difference V across a battery and the a switch. A voltmeter is also connected across
current I passing through it. the battery as shown. When the switch is open,
Graph shows how the potential difference, V varies the voltmeter reads 6.0V. When the switch is
with current I in that circuit. closed, the voltmeter reads 4.8 V.

(a) What is the e.m.f. of the battery?

(b) If the resistance of the bulb M is 8 , what is
Based on the graph shown, determine the current passing through M when the switch
(a) the e.m.f. of the battery, is closed? [0.6A]
(b) the internal resistance of the battery, (c) Find the value of the internal resistance, r, of
(c) how much is the total energy provided by the the battery. [2Ω]
battery when a current of 2.0 A flows for 10
minutes?

Objective questions:
5
1 3

2 4

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10

11

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13
12

14

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15

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16

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PHYSICS : FORM 5
THEME : ELECTRICITY AND ELECTROMAGNETISM
CHAPTER 3 : ELECTRICITY

ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER

LEARNING STANDARD:
Formulate relationship between electrical energy (E), voltage (V), current (I) and time (t)
Formulate relationship between power (P), voltage (V), and current (I)
Solve problems involving electrical energy and power in daily life
Compare power and rate of energy consumptions in various electrical appliances
Suggest ways to save usage of electrical energy in household

1. Electrical energy is the energy supplied by the source such as a to all

the connected in the whole circuit when a current flows in the circuit.
2. Electrical energy usually converted to various forms of such as
in the heating elements of a kettle, light energy in the of a bulb; , ,
energy and energy in a hair dryer.
3. The unit of electrical energy is ( ).
4. From the formula of potential difference :
E=
V=

From the formula of charge :

Q=

𝑉
V = IR =
𝑅

ELECTRICAL POWER
1. Power is defined as the of transfer of OR electrical energy
transferred per second.
2. The unit of power is or

P=

From E = VIt From E = I2 Rt From E = 𝑉2 t

𝑅

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POWER RATING AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES.
1. Practically all household electrical appliances that work on the heating effect of current are marked with
and
2. An electrical kettle which is marked 240V, 1500 W means that the electric kettle will consume
of electrical energy every if it is connected to the main supply.
3. The amount of electrical energy consumed in a given time can be calculated by
: Energy consumed = power rating x time

4. The unit used to calculate the cost of using electrical energy is the ( )
5. A meter is fixed in every household used to measure the amount of electrical energy used by household each
month. The meter measure electrical energy in .
One kilowatt-hour is being referred to as a “ ” of electricity.

1 unit = 1 kilowatt x 1 hour = W x s = J

1. Solution:

[24.1kWh; RM 39.86]
2. a) Electrical energy is sold in Units of kilowatt hour (kWh). One l. . is the energy used by a 1 kW electrical
appliance in one hour. Table 1 shows the tariff rate (cost of electricity) for domestic electricity usage.

Table 2 shows the electrical appliances that a particular household user and the time of usage per day.

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(i) Find the number of units of electricity used by each kind of electrical appliances per day in Table 2
(ii) Calculate the total number of units of electricity used by the household per day.

(iii) Using one month as 30 days, calculate the electricity bill of this household per month. [10 marks]

b) A student conducts an experiment to compare the heating effect of immersion heaters X, Y and Z. The
volume of water and the initial temperature of the water in each measurement are the same. Table 3
shows the result of the experiment.

(i) Describe the energy change that occurs when the immersion heater is switched on. [1 mark]
(ii) Calculate the energy supplied by each of the immersion heater, X, Y and Z to start boiling the water.
[4 marks]

(iii) Using the information given in Table 3, suggest with a reason, which immersion heater is the
most suitable to heat water.
[2 marks]

c) A small heating coil is rated 12 V, 36 W and is connected directly across a 12 V power supply. [5 marks]
Calculate
(i) the current through the coil
(ii) the resistance of the coil
(iii) the energy dissipated by the coil in 2 minutes

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EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

Efficiency = x 100% Efficiency = x 100%

Efficiency = Efficiency =

1. The efficiency of all electrical appliances are 100% because energy input
is converted into useful energy output.
2. Tungsten- filament Lamp and Fluorescent Lamp
 Both type of lamp produces and
 The fraction of the electrical energy that is lost as heat is
 Efficiency of electrical device = useful output energy x 100%
Electrical energy supplied

3. Ways to increasing energy efficiency

a) the energy output.

b) Use in electrical devices :

 A fuse is a short piece of which overheats and if current of more than

a certain value floes through it.
 A fuse is made of fine or wire which has a melting point and
heat capacity.
 A fuse always connected to the of a plug.
 If a fault such as short circuit develops in the appliance, a current which is too high will flow. The fuse
will “ blow” causing the circuit will be broken. This prevent of the wire that
can cause a fire

d) Each electrical appliances is connected to the mains supply at home through a

Live wire, L : the potential of this wire alternates between

positive and negative .A flows in
and out through the circuit
Neutral wire , N : Although a current passes through this wire,
it is at potential.
Earth wire, E : this is a wire, which connects the
metal body of the appliance to . If a live wire touched
the metal body of the appliance, a current would
immediately flow to the earth and breaks the . This
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e) Reduces the loss of energy as waste heat;
the appliance in good working condition
Operating the appliance ( adopting good operating practice)

1. 2.

[13.33% , 1.87 x 105 J, 44.44%]

3. A current of 2 A is allowed to flow through a 3  resistor. What is the heat energy produced in 5 minutes?
What is the energy produced if the current is doubled? [3600J, 14400J]

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4. 5. Diagram shows three resistors L, M and N connected
to a battery with an internal resistance of 1.

[24,450J, 0.5A, 1800J]

[ 1A, 180J]

6. Diagram shows a battery connected to two lamps X 7. Diagram shows a lamp with two filaments P and Q
and Y with power ratings of 12 V, 12 W and 12 V, rated at 50 W and 100 W respectively. The circuit of
24 W respectively. The resistance of the filaments each filament can be closed independently.
of X and Y are R1 and R2 respectively.

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8. An electric motor is used to lift a load of mass 600 9. A lamp with a power rating of 12 V, 24 W is
g to a height of 5 m in 8 s. If the supply voltage is normally lit. What is the resistance of the lamp? If
10 V and the flow of current in the motor is 0.6 A, the efficiency of the lamp is 45%, what is the heat
calculate the efficiency of the motor. [62.5%] energy produced in 1 minute? [6, 792J]

10. An electric kettle is connected to a mains supply of 11. The diagram shows three light bulbs A, B and C
240V through a fuse as shown in Diagram. connected to a power supply of 2 V.
(a) State which wire P or Q is “LIVE” and which
is “NEUTRAL”.

(b) The power of a kettle is 2.5 kW. Among

the fuses(5 A, 10 A and 13 A), which one is
suitable for use in the kettle?

[ 4A]

12. The diagram shows two resistors of 1  and 2  13. The diagram shows two resistors of 1  and 2 
connected in series to a 12 V battery. connected in parallel to a 12 V battery.

Calculate What is the power dissipated by each resistor.

(i) the current, I flowing, [4A] [144W, 72W]
(ii) the energy dissipated by each resistor.
[16W, 32W]

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Objective questions
8
1 5

6
9

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10

14

11

15

12

13

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16

18

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******************* END OF CHAPTER 3 ***********************

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