CHAPTER 5.

0: STATES OF MATTER

5.1: Gas
(a) Explain qualitatively the basic assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory of gases for an ideal
gas. (C2, C3)
In order to apply the kinetic model of gases, five assumptions are made:
1. Gas particles are in constant and random motion.
• they are frequently colliding with each other and with the walls of container
2. Volume of the gas particles are negligible.
• due to the size of gas particles are much smaller than the volume of container
3. Collisions between gas particles are completely elastic.
• no net loss or gain of kinetic energy when particles collide.
4. Intermolecular forces between the gas particles are negligible.
• total kinetic energy is constant
5. The average kinetic energy of the gas particles is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature of the gas.

(b) Define gas laws: (C1)

i. Boyle’s Law;
ii. Charles’ Law;
iii. Avogadro’s Law.
(c) Interpret the graphs of Boyle’s law and Charles’ law. (C2, C3)

BOYLE’S LAW CHARLES’S LAW AVOGADRO’S LAW

At constant At constant pressure, At constant
temperature, the the volume occupied temperature and
volume occupied by a by a fixed amount of pressure, the volume
fixed amount of gas is gas is directly of a gas is directly
inversely proportional proportional to its proportional to the
Definition to the pressure of a absolute temperature. number of moles of
gas. VαT the gas present.
V α 1/P where P and n are Vαn
where T and n are fixed where P and T are
fixed V/T = k, constant fixed
PV = k, constant V/n = k, constant
Formula

V versus P V versus T (in K) V versus n

Graph
CHAPTER 5.0: STATES OF MATTER

V versus 1/P V versus T (in °C) V/n versus V or n

V/n

PV versus V or P V/T versus V or T

V/T

V or n

V or T
• Gas pressure is a • As temperature • The more particles
measure of the increases, the there are in the gas
number of average kinetic sample, the more
collisions between energy of gas volume the
gas particles and particles increases. particles need at
the walls of • The frequency of constant P and T
container. collision between to avoid
• The smaller the the gas particles and increasing their
volume at constant wall of container collisions with the
Kinetic
n and T, increase increases. walls of the
Molecular
Theory the collisions • So, the P gas container.
between gas increases. • Thus, volume
particles. • Thus, volume increase as
• Thus, pressure of increases to lowers number of
the gas increases as the number of moles of gas
the volume collisions with the particles
decreases. walls until Patm = increase.
Pgas
CHAPTER 5.0: STATES OF MATTER

(d) Perform calculations involving gas laws and ideal gas equation. (C3)
COMBINED GAS LAW
Combining Boyle’s and Charles’s Laws:
1
Boyle’s law: 𝑉 α Charles’s law: 𝑉 α 𝑇
𝑃
𝑇
Combined gas law: 𝑉 α (n is fixed)
𝑃

𝑃𝑉
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101325 Pa = 101.325 kPa = 101325 Nm-2
Temperature is always in Kelvin (K) = °C + 273.15

Gas constant, R = 0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1

1L = 1 dm3 = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3
At STP, 1 mol of any gases = 22.4 L (P = 1 atm, T = 0°C)
At room temperature, 1 mol of any gases = 24 L (P = 1 atm, T = 25°C)

DERIVATION OF IDEAL GAS EQUATION

1
Boyle’s law: 𝑉 α Charles’s law: 𝑉 α 𝑇 Avogadro’s law: 𝑉α𝑛
𝑃
𝑛𝑇
Combined gas law: 𝑉 α
𝑃

𝑃𝑉
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑛𝑇
R is the gas constant

PV = nRT
CHAPTER 5.0: STATES OF MATTER

THE IDEAL GAS LAW AND REACTION STOICHIOMETRY

NFTF 1st HOUR

1. A sample of gas occupies a volume of 10.0 L

at the pressure of 2.0 atm. What would be the
pressure of the gas if it is allowed to expand
in a 50.0 L container at the same temperature?
2. A sample of gas occupies 100.0 mL at 25°C.
What volume would the gas occupy at 32°C if
the pressure remains constant?
Example:

If I have 5.6 liters of gas in a piston at a pressure of 1140 mmHg and compress the gas until its volume
is 4.8 L, what will the new pressure (in atm) inside the piston be?

Solution:

Step 1 - Take out all the information given in the question:

P1 = 1140 mmHg P2 = ?
V1 = 5.6 L V2 = 4.8 L T and n are fixed

Step 2 - convert unit if necessary

1140 mmHg x 1 atm = 1.5 atm

760 mmHg
Step 3 - use appropriate gas law

By using Boyle’s Law:

P1V1 = P2V2
(1.5 atm)(5.6 L) = P2(4.8 L)
P2 = 1.8 atm

Example:

A steel tank has a volume of 438 L and is filled with 0.885 kg of oxygen gas. Calculate the pressure
of oxygen gas at 21°C.

Solution:

Step 1 - Take out all the information given in the question:

V = 438 L mass of O2 = 0.885 kg P=? T = 21°C

Step 2 - Use appropriate gas law to find the pressure of oxygen:

Assume the gas is an ideal gas,

PV = nRT
n of O2 = mass of O2 (in grams)
molar mass
P = (885 g) (0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1) (21+273.15 K)
(32 g mol-1) (438 L)
= 1.524 atm
(e) Determine molar mass of a volatile liquid using ideal gas equation. (C3)
REARRANGEMENTS OF THE IDEAL GAS LAW - to find density and molar mass

Example:

Nitrogen oxide, NO2 is a reddish-brown gas that is a component of smog. Calculate its density at
0.950 atm and 24°C.
d=? P = 0.950 atm
T = 297.15 K Mr of NO2 = 46 gmol-1

d = P x Mr
RT
= (0.950 atm)(46 gmol-1)
(0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1)(297.15 K)
= 1.79 g L-1

THE IDEAL GAS LAW AND REACTION STOICHIOMETRY

divide by
Mass (g)
molar mass
stoichiometry
No of divide by Amount from balanced Amount ideal gas
equation law
particles Avogadro (mol) of (mol) of P, V, T
substance gas B of gas B
Volume at divide by
STP/ RTP /gas A
molar volume
ideal gas law
P, V, T
of gas A
Example:

An absorbent beds are regenerated when hot H2 reduces the copper(II) oxide, forming the pure metal
and H2O gas. On a laboratory scale, what volume of H2 at 765 torr and 225°C is needed to reduce
35.5 g of copper(II) oxide?

Solution:

Step 1 - Write a balanced equation

CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(g)

Step 2 - Find amount (mol) of CuO

n of CuO = 35.5 g
79.6 g mol-1
= 0.446 mol
Step 3 - Convert units if necessary

T = 225 + 273.15 = 498.15K

P = 765 torr x 1 atm = 1.007 atm
760 torr
Step 4 - Use stoichiometry to find mol of H2

From balanced equation

1 mol of CuO ≡ 1 mol of H2

0.446 mol CuO ≡ 0.446 mol of H2

Step 5 - Use ideal gas law to find volume of H2

V of H2 = 0.446 mol x 0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1 x 498.15 K

1.007 atm
= 18.10 L
 CHAPTER 5.0: STATES OF MATTER

(e) Determine molar mass of a volatile liquid using ideal gas equation. (C3)
𝑚
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 =
𝑀
𝑚
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑀
𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑀=
𝑃𝑉
NFTF 2nd HOUR
1. Derive an equation that relates the pressure of
gas, P to its density, ρ from the ideal gas
equation.

2. The density of gas X is 2.60 g L–1 at 25°C and

101 kPa. What is the molecular mass of gas X?

FTF 2nd HOUR

1. When an evacuated glass vessel weighing
134.74 g was filled with an unknown gas Y,
the pressure was found to be 99.3 k Nm–2 at
31°C, while the mass was 137.28 g. The glass
vessel was then filled completely with water
and the mass was 1067.90 g. By using the
ideal gas equation, determine the relative
molecular mass of gas Y.

2. A sample of gas A weighing 40.5 g occupies

a volume of 15.0 L at 25 °C and 1.5 atm.
Determine the molar mass of gas A.
CHAPTER 5.0: STATES OF MATTER

(f) Define Dalton’s Law. (C1)

(g) Perform calculations using Dalton’s Law. (C3)

Example:

gas A

gas B

A tank of fixed volume contains gas A at certain pressure. A sample of gas B is introduced into the tank.
Each gas behaves independently, so the ideal gas law expression for each:
PA = nA RT PB = nB RT
V V
By using Dalton’s Law: PT = PA + PB

Total pressure is due to the number of moles so partial pressure of gas A and B are,
PA = XA x PT PB = XB x PT

WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD - APPLICATION OF DALTON’S LAW

H2O
WATER DISPLACEMENT METHOD - APPLICATION OF DALTON’S LAW
CHAPTER 5.0: STATES OF MATTER

(h) Explain qualitatively the ideal and non-ideal behaviours of gases in terms of intermolecular
forces and molecular volume. (C2, C3)

COMPARISON BETWEEN IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL BEHAVIOUR OF GASES

IDEAL GAS REAL GAS (non-ideal behaviour)
𝑛2𝑎
PV = nRT (𝑃 + ) (𝑉 − 𝑛𝑏) = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑉2
gas that obeys all the gas laws Gas that does not obey the gas laws
Volume of gas particles are negligible Volume of gas particles are significant
Intermolecular forces between gas particles are Intermolecular forces between gas particles are
negligible significant

DEVIATION FROM THE IDEAL BEHAVIOUR

PV > 1
T
The horizontal line shows
that, for 1 mol of ideal
gas, PV/RT = 1 at all
PV < 1 Pexerted.
T

Positive deviation
At very high Pext real gases deviate significantly from ideal behaviour because of particle volume.

Negative deviation
At moderately high Pext, PV/RT values are lower than ideal values because of interparticle attractions.
 Plot of PV/RT versus the Pressure(P) of
1 mole of Various Gases at 273 K(0oC)
CH4
PV N2
H2
RT
NH3
Ideal gas
1.0

P / atm
5 atm

When P↑
Deviation from ideal behavior ↑ 97
 Plot of PV/RT versus the Pressure(P) of
1 mole of N2 at Various Temperature
PV 293 K
RT 203 K

673 K

1000 K
1.0 Ideal gas

P / atm

When T ↓ and P↑
Deviation from ideal behavior ↑ 98
CHAPTER 5.0: STATES OF MATTER

Effect of interparticle attractions:

• At normal Pext, the spaces between the gas particles are so large that attractions between gas
particles are negligible.
• As Pext rises, the volume of the sample decreases.
• The particles get closer together, so interparticle attraction is significant.

Effect of particle volume:

• At normal Pext, the spaces between the gas particles (free volume) are so large compared with
the volume of particles (particle volume).
• Free volume ≈ container volume because particle volume is negligible
• At moderately high Pext and as free volume decreases, particle volume becomes significant.

VAN DER WAALS EQUATION

𝑛2𝑎
(𝑃 + ) (𝑉 − 𝑛𝑏) = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑉2

a and b are the van der Waals constants

Value of a:
• indicates the strength of intermolecular forces between gas particles
• the greater value of a, the stronger the attraction force

Value of b:
• indicates the size of gas particles
• the larger the gas particles, the greater the value of b

(i) Explain the conditions at which real gases approach the ideal behaviour. (C2, C3)
Gas behaves almost ideally at:
1. Low pressure
✓ volume of the gas particles are negligible
✓ gas particles are far apart
✓ intermolecular forces between gas particles are negligible
✓ obey kinetic molecular theory

2. High temperature
✓ average kinetic energy of the gas particles are high
✓ gas particles are free from attractive force
✓ intermolecular attractions between gas particles are negligible
✓ obey kinetic molecular theory
CHAPTER 5.0: STATES OF MATTER

NFTF 3rd HOUR

1. Trimix is a breathing mixture of He, O2 and N2 used by deep-sea scuba divers. A tank of Trimix
has a total pressure of 204 atm and a partial pressure of He of 143 atm. What is the fraction of He in
the mixture?

Step 1 - Take out all the information given in the question:

PT = 204 atm PHe = 143 atm XHe = ?

Step 2 - Use appropriate formula to find the mole fraction of He:
PHe = XHe x PT

143 atm = XHe x 204 atm

XHe = 143 atm
204 atm
= 0.701
2. A gas mixture containing 2.45 g of N2 and 3.10 g of Ne occupies a volume of 2.5 L. Calculate the
total pressure of the gas in the mixture at 25°C?

3. Acetylene, (C2H2), is produced in the laboratory when calcium carbide, (CaC2) reacts with water.
For a sample of acetylene collected over water, total gas pressure is 738 torr and the volume is
523 mL. At the temperature of the gas (23°C), the vapour pressure of water is 21 torr. How many
grams of acetylene are collected?
CHAPTER 5.0: STATES OF MATTER

FTF 3rd HOUR

4. 4.0 L of nitrogen at a pressure of 400 kNm-2 and 1.0 L of argon at a pressure of 200 kNm-2 are
transferred into a 2.0 L container. Calculate:
i. the partial pressure of nitrogen,

ii. the partial pressure of argon,

iii. the total pressure of the mixture.

5. By using water displacement method, 128 mL of oxygen gas was collected from the
decomposition of potassium chlorate at 24°C and atmospheric pressure of 762 mmHg. Calculate
the mass of the oxygen gas obtained. The vapour pressure of water at 24°C was 24 mmHg.
LECTURE 5.1 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT PART 1

LECTURE 5.1 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT PART 2