on GoNce AN % FR ff WS UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI A Project Report On “Design Of Zero Energy Building” Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of Degree In CIVIL ENGINEERING By Mr.Meet Amlani EU2201033, Mr.Vishal Yadav EU2201029 Mr.Ganesh Shelke EU2201027 Mr.Shubham Gosavi EU2201015 Mr.Nilambar Yadav BU2201034 Mr.Mann Amlani BU2191035 nce of Under The Gi Dr. Eknath Patil (Assistant Professor) DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ST. JOHN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, PALGHAR (B), 2022-2023CERTIFICATE This is to certify that it is a Bonafide record of Project work entitled “Design Of Zero Energy Building” By Mr.Meet Amlani £U2201033 Mr.Vishal Yadav £U2201029 Mr.Ganesh Shelke U2201027 Mr.Shubham Gosavi EU2201015 Mr.Nilambar Yadav BU2201034 Mr.Mann Amlani BU2191035 Submitted to the Mumbai University (MU) in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the Degree in Civil Engineering, Dr. Eknath Patil Project Supervisor Dr. B. J .Godboley Dr. Gopal Mulgund Head of Department PrincipalABSTRACT A zero-energy building, also known as a zero net energy (ZNE) building, net zero energy building (NZEB), or net zero building, is a building with zero net energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site. These buildings do not increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The wording “Net” emphasizes the energy exchange between the jet” building and the energy infrastructure. By the building-grid interaction, the Net ZEBs become an active part of the renewable energy infrastructure. Zero net energy (ZNE) has unprecedented potential to transform the way buildings use energy. This ultra-efficiency goal is one that owners can define, design teams can reach for and occupants desire. An increasing number of buildings are meeting this standard, raising confidence that a ZNE goal is realistic given current building technologies and design approaches. Keywords — Net zero energy building, Energy plus buildings, Near zero energy buildings, Energy reduction strategies, Zero net site energy use, Zero net source energy use, Net zero cost, Net off site zero energy use. ULINDEX Sr.No Table of Content Pg.No o1 Certificate u 02 Abstract m1 03 Index Iv 04 Introduction o1 05 Literature Review 04 06 Methodology 08 07 Case Study 13 07 Examples 15 08 Conclusion 23 09 References 24TRODUCTION India is a developing country and has become one of the major energy consumers in the world. This is due to industrial growth and globalization which increases the energy demand of the consumers. It is reported in the literature that the urban areas contribute 70% and the housing construction and estate development contribute 40% to the GHG emissions. Few researchers reported that the buildings contribute approximately 50% of the world’s air pollution, 42% of GHG emissions, 50% of water pollution and 48% of solid waste to the environment. The worldwide CO2 emission mitigation efforts, the growing energy resource shortage and the fact that buildings are responsible for a large share of the world’s primary energy use drives research towards new building concepts, in particular Zero Energy/Emission Buildings (ZEBs). Unfortunately, the lack of a common understanding for this new type of building results in misunderstandings, endless discussions, and moreover a number of unique approaches often applicable for a single ZEB project The ZEB concept is not a new idea. Literature exists from the 1970's, 80’s and 90’s which describes zero energy/emission buildings; Esbensen and Korsgaard (1977), Gilijamse (1995). It was the time when the consequences of the oil crisis. became noticeable and the issue of fossil fuels sources and energy use started to be broadly discussed. Over the decades, in many articles and research projects a number of ZEB’s were described and evaluated; however, almost for each case the ZEB was defined differently or no exact definition was adopted. Moreover, often the path for achieving the ‘zero goal’ significantly affected the ZEB definition. Yet, just a few years ago this concept attracted the attention of a wide international audience and a worldwide discussion began The main objective of this report is to give an overview of existing ZEB definitions. The review has shown that Zero Energy Building is a complex concept described with a wide range of terms and expressions. Based on the similarities and differences of the definitions from the existing literature, various approaches towards ZEB definitions are differentiated, Currently, there is almost no doubt about the processes of global warming on Earth in the scientific community. Partly, this is confirmed, including changes in regulatory documentation. So in an updated version of the standard building climatology (SP 131.13330) compared with the previous edition of this standard (SNIP 23-01-99*) for a large number of settlements, including Moscow and St. 1Petersburg, the calculated parameters of the climate were revised upwards the design temperature of outer air and decreased the duration of the heating season. In the history of our planet periodically climate change has happened before but for the first time these changes are associated with human activities Carbon dioxide (CO2) that is emitted during the combustion of fossil fuels changes the composition of our atmosphere. The uncontrolled use of fossil energy leads to the depletion of world reserves of non-renewable energy sources. In the future, to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the planet and protect the environment, mankind will be forced to do a lot less energy for heating than it still uses .If we add to this that the stocks of non-renewable energy resources are finite, it should be recognized that the main characteristic of the future buildings is ultra-low energy consumption and even energy consumption close to zero. While the existing old buildings spent from 200 to 400 kWh/(m2.year) thermal energy for heating, the need for heating energy for buildings of the future generation will be from 20 to 50 kWh/m2.And many countries establish similar standards of energy consumption. Beginning in 2020, all new federal buildings must be designed to achieve net zero energy building (NZEB) performance by 2030, in accordance with Executive Order (EO) 13514, titled “Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance.” NASA is supportive of this target, and has decided to establish short, medium-, and long-term objectives that will ultimately enable the agency to achieve the requirements. NASA has established several high-level targets in its Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan (SSPP), and has demonstrated a commitment to high performance buildings through a series of demonstration projects. However, an integrated plan tailored to NASA’s needs, with clear objectives, definitions, roles, and timetables, has not yet been established by NASA leadership and embraced by all Centre’s and communities of practice.Fig No: 01 Federal Leadership Environmental Centre NASA intends to use the roadmap to inform the NASA Construction of Facilities 5 year plan decision-making process, and to share with other federal agencies that are developing their own long-term plans to meet the EO 13514 requirements. The roadmap draws from NASA current resources, which include: Objectives of Zero energy Building: * To overcome energy crisis. * Reduces Energy Consumption. = Reduces greenhouse gases & Global warming. " Reduces dependence on fossil fuels. * Protects our environment for future generations.Literature: 01 Author: Saravan Devraj, N Kapilan, T Nagaraja, Albert M A. statistics provided by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India indicates that the per capita energy consumption has increased almost five folds in three decades during 1980-2010. This is due to the improved urban living standards and advanced means of energy consumption from households to the industrial sector. The energy use in Indian buildings is responsible for at least 30-40% of total energy consumption and this demand is growing annually at 11-12%. Most of this energy is consumed for heating, cooling, lightning and other appliances. It is suggested that the buildings are also prime generators of Greenhouse Gases (GHG), thus posing a threat to the environment. This is an alarming issue and hence it is necessary to develop energy efficient building which would facilitate minimization of energy consumption and reduce GHG. In recent years, buildings in India are designed to reduce the energy consumption, water requirements and technologies are developed to recycle used water for secondary usage. Literature: 02 Author: A.J. Marszala, P. Heiselberga, J.S. Bourrelleb, E. Musalle, K. Vosse, I. Sartori, A. Napolitano (2010) The study of various approaches for computing net ZEB balance is based on the methodologies proposed by participating researchers of the IEA SHC Task 40/ECBCS Annex 52 ‘Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Building’, the methodology suggested by Hemandez and Kenny. It should be noticed that the energy calculations collected within IEA SHC Task 40/ECBCS Annex 52 are just proposals without peer review or published sources. An overview is of the most important features of each methodology with regards to metric, period and type of the balance, types of energy use included, renewable supply options, primary energy and CO2 factors and unique features. The net ZEB definitions from the existing literature are inconsistent in the type of balance that should be used. The most favoured is the balance between the energy needs or consumption and the renewable energy generation. However, in the publications of Laustsen and Mertz et al. the energy balance reflects the status of the energy flows between the building and the energy infrastructure.Literature: 03 Author: J. Vijay, V. Vanitha, G. Janakiraman, 8. Lokeshwaran, D. Sriram (2020) A zero-energy building (ZEB) or net zero energy building may be a general term applied to a building's use with zero net energy consumption and 0 carbon emissions annually. Zero energy buildings are often used autonomously from the energy grid provided — energy is often harvested on-the-scene. Cyberspace zero style principle is overlaid on the requested comfort of the building occupier. Generally, the additional extreme exposure to the weather requires additional energy to realize the cushy surroundings of human use. The development of contemporary zero-energy buildings became attainable, not solely through the progress created in new construction technologies and techniques. It's also considerably improved by tutorial analysis on ancient and experimental buildings, which collected precise energy performance information. Today's advanced laptop models will show the effectiveness of engineering style choices. as Fig No: 02 Zero Energy BuildingLiterature: 04 Author: Gandhi Habash, Daniel Chapotchkine, Peter Fisher, Alec Rancourt, Riadh Habash, Will Norris (2014) The building sector currently accounts for about one-third of the total worldwide energy use and much of this consumption is directly attributed to building design and construction. A wide array of measures have been adopted and implemented to actively promote a better energy performance of buildings, including the nearly zero energy building (NZEB) concept, which is a realistic solution for the mitigation of CO2 emissions. The NZED concept is also a viable way of reducing energy use in buildings, in order to alleviate the current worldwide energy challenges of rising prices, climate change, and security of supply. The NZEB implies that the energy demand for electrical power is reduced, and this reduced demand is met on an annual basis from renewable energy supply which can be either integrated into the building design or provided, for example, as part of a community renewable energy supply system. It also implies that the arid is used to supply electrical power when there is no renewable power available and that the building will export power back to the grid when it has excess power generation, in many cases, selling this exported power to the local utility company through a Feed-In Tariff program. The objective of NZEBs is not only to minimize the energy consumption of the building with passive design methods but also to design a building that balances energy requirements with active techniques and renewable technologies. 6Literature: 05 Author: Elena Perlova, Maria Platonova, Alexandr Gorshkov, Xenyiya Rakova (2014) The acute problem of carbon dioxide emissions reduction into the atmosphere becomes more important due to the fact of global climate change. Housing stock consumes 30 to 40% of all energy resources, according to various estimates. As a result, it is possible to get carbon dioxide atmosphere emissions reduction due to energy consumption reduction. The problem of housing stock energy efficiency improvement becomes very important. Transition to low energy consumption buildings construction becomes a trend which in the nearest future will transform to the task of Applied Research in the field of design and construction. Such an exploration object is to design buildings with zero energy consumption or close, which is a planned construct on the site of the Polytechnic University. The novelty of the project consists in an integrated approach of the house design, which will be entirely autonomous and independent from the urban networks. Fig No: 03 Carbon Dioxide EmissionsMETHODOLOGY Design Strategy for Net Zero Energy Buildings Is key to designing net zero energy buildings are first reducing energy demand as much as possible, and then choosing good energy sources. Here is a simple order of operations, A, Passive Design Passive design maximizes the use of natural sources of heating, cooling and ventilation to create comfortable conditions inside buildings. It harnesses environmental conditions such as solar radiation, cool night air and air pressure differences to drive the internal environment. Passive measures do not involve mechanical or electrical systems. ‘An NZEB will only be cost- effective if all the passive strategies Like Form & Orientation, Shading, Cool Roofs, Fenestration, Insulation, Daylighting, Windows, Natural Ventilation, Thermal, Evaporative Cooling, Thermal Comfort and Vegetation are adopted in its design and construction. Five Elements of Passive Solar Design Summer sun Distribution Winter sun Control Absorber Aperture J Thermal —, “ Fig No: 04 Element Of Passive Solar DesignB. Lighting ghting energy accounts for more than a quarter of total energy Consumption in buildings. It is therefore important to optimize lighting energy used to achieve net zero goals. Energy efficient lighting fixtures like Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are now readily available in the market. These must work in conjunction with day lighting, Building form, orientation, and Fenestration design must take channel daylight into the building. Day lighting controls as well as occupancy sensors could further reduce lighting energy use. C. Efficient appliances Selecting the right appliances and good usage practices is reducing half energy load. Solar Appliances, Solar Lighting, Tubular Fluorescent Lamps (IFLs), Ceiling Fans, Electric Geysers and Color Television are the right alternative to conventional appliances D. Renewable energy Renewable energy systems are the final step to attaining zero energy goals. Once all possible measures to reduce energy demand are deployed, renewable energy systems must step in to balance residual energy demand. Performance of renewable energy systems determines the success of the net-zero buildings. Total grid connected renewable power capacity in India is 45,065 MW as of August 2016(Ministry of New and Renewable Energy-MNRE) ic.; wind power: 27,674 MW (61.3%), Solar power: 8,083MW (18%), Bio-power: 4,882 MW (10.9%), small hydro: 4,310MW (9.6%) and Waste-to-Power LISMW (0.3%). Economical Comparison shows that Wind Energy is most economical among all renewable resources. India targets 5 times (175MW) increasing renewable energy capacity by 2020. Fig No: 05 Renewable EnergyE. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) * Comfort systems contribute to nearly 40% of the energy used by commercial buildings in India. Many types of HVAC systems are available in the market ranging from low energy comfort systems to conventional systems. Design of a building, climatic zone and operational parameters governs the energy requirement for the comfort system. Reducing heating and cooling loads through passive design and enhancing the efficiency of HVAC systems are steps that are imperative for any building energy efficiency policy. Apart from selecting energy efficient equipment, itis important to select the correct system type, size, and design for optimized energy efficiency. This is a schematic diagram of the process of integrated zero-energy building planning methodology. vaieu gr target floor area rato. Tes Apping te peat ransniasion a ie makprol eran saving Sesh ‘standard fo te stulabon toe ¥ InatBhaor capacty of te tol wea eas a aah iar ab Noor aaa ‘Cslglation of eneigy demand and generat ees Satwheh te ‘etal minima — timing the cost of ingesting in he “ay carnsandt WS piicet Te peed eda Reap a takes nine pee eee ee Tata Sa iy ee Be ie —— Fs Talon th ential reasinant ———_ See SS pron a (VAG, Hat i ore ‘Opal sei gap 10Zero-energy building integrated planning methodology: First, the type of site where the project is being executed, the applicable building-to-land ratio and floor area ratio, and weather data of the area are collected as basic data, and then the building-to-land ratio and maximum floor area ratio or target floor area ratio are set with the client. As the basic data of energy simulation, the heat transmission rate of the building energy saving design standard of the site is applied, and the maximum solar installation capacity that can be installed in the roof area is calculated. The calculated data are used to determine the shape of the building, the S/V ratio, and the direction of the building in which the sum of energy consumption and energy production is minimized by performing energy simulation while repeatedly changing the shape and S/V ratio of the building. ‘The range or the cost of the project that can be invested in energy consumption and production are estimated.Exterior wall insulation and window insulation increase the build cost but decrease the ongoing energy consumption, and the cost inerease and energy production increase when investing in a solar system are compared. Finally, an optimal financial solution is found by optimizing the design of the cooling, heating, hot water, ventilation, and lighting Determination Determination Design of System Design cay tae i; I! of Renewable I, Emebpe l,| (HVAC, Hot ape Energy (Insulation water, Lighting, (SIV Ratio) Orientation Source and Windows) he The first element of Zero energy building planning is determining a shape of building that can fundamentally reduce the building load by decreasing the seasonal heating/cooling demand according to S/V of the building. The second factor is to orient the building so that it uses as ‘much solar energy as possible. The third factor is the design of a renewable energy system. The fourth factor is the design of insulation and windows as a shell that can reduce energy requirements. As the energy requirement decreases, zero energy can be achieved with less energy production, so improving the insulation performance and air-tight envelope are essential factors. The fifth factor is the design of a building system of heating, cooling, hot water, ventilation, and lighting that allows the energy demand to be met with the minimum input energy.Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages: + Isolation for building owners from future energy price increases. = Increased comfort due to more-uniform interior temperatures. = Reduced requirement for energy = Reduced Total cost of ownership due to improved energy efficiency * Reduced total net monthly cost of living * Minimized extra cost. Disadvantages: = Initial costs can be higher * Lack of skills or experience to build ZEBs = ZEB may not reduce the required power plant capacity. * Solar energy capture using the house envelope only works in locations unobstructed from the sun. * Without an optimized thermal envelope the embodied energy, heating and cooling energy and resources usage is higher than needed.CASE STUDY Table 1 presents a summary of the main technical features of the 9 projects selected from the IEA Task 40 project database for analysis (Musall 2012). As it can be seen from Table 1, buildings are characterized according to location, conditioned floor area, climate challenge and primary energy performance (consumption versus supply).Regarding the climate challenge, one can observe that case studies correspond to only two different categories of climate challenges: heating dominated and heating and cooling dominated. With regard to energy balance, which takes heating, cooling, DHW and appliances into account, the Net Zero Site Energy definition applies to all cases. Table 1: Case studi: es - common parameters consider ‘Nama’ ConditonedGlimatg Annual Antal Annu locaton foorarea—chalenge —Enomy = Enowy Ee Pietire im consumgon Supply Balance ecto gp ae a2 a " cooing a Heating acd “ ‘ ros 6158-1824 Cooing A a a a Riedl 254 Heating == 9850 2403.90 ‘Canada a onmeus 7) Hating t052 10S, i ° 28 e Pus Energy Houses e859 Heating ©2050 180409 Avstia Pus Eneroy reso Heating «7651395 GermanyIn India IU’s India’s first net zero energy building that has been constructed with adoption of solar passive design and energy-efficient building materials Fig No 06 The Indira Paryavaran Bhavan Functional since a year, a tour of the Indira Paryavaran Bhavan, a building under the Central Government, was organised by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and the Association for Development and Research of Sustainable Habitats on Tuesday. It was aimed at reinforcing the need for more such buildings across the country.Examples of Zero Energy Building Kalpana Housing Location Auroville, Tamil Nadu Coordinates 12°N, 79° E ‘Occupaney Type Multi-residential cum office Typology New Construction Climate Type Warm and Humid Project Area 5,010 m2 Grid Connectivity Grid Connected Fig No: 07 Kalpana Housing 1Jaquar Headquarters Location Coordinates Occupancy Type ‘Typology Climate Type Project Area Date of Completion Grid Connectivity Architect & Architect of record Energy Consultants Fig No: 08 Jaquar Headquarters Manesar, Haryana 28°N, 77° E Corporate and Manufacturing New Construction ‘Composite 48,000 m2 2016 Grid-connected Gayathri & Namith Architects MEP Design Tree Service Consultants Environmental Design Solutions (EDS)Unnati Location Coordinates Occupancy Type Typology Climate Type Project Area Grid Connectivity EPL Greater Noida 29°N, 77° E Office New Construction ‘Composite 3,740 m2 Grid Connected 60 kWhim2/yr Fig No: 09 UnnatiAvasara Academy Location Lavale, Pune, Maharashtra Coordinates 18°N, 73° E Occupancy Type Academic ‘Typology New Construction Climate Type ‘Warm and Humid Project Area 11,148 m2 Grid Connectivity Grid Connected Fig No:10 Avasara AcademyInfosys- Pocharam Campus Location Hyderabad, Telangana Coordinates 17°N, 78° E Occupancy Type Office ‘Typology New Construction Climate Type Hot and Dry Project Area 27,8702 Grid Connectivity Grid Connected EPI 75Whim2iyr Fig No: 11 Infosys- Pocharam CampusIndian Green Business Centre (IGBC) Location Coordinates Occupancy Type Typology Climate Type Project Area Grid Connectivity EPL Hyderabad ITN, 78°E. Office Existing Building Hot and Dry 1,858 m2 Grid Connected 80 KWhim2/year Fig No: 12 Indian Green Business Centre (IGBC) 2Godrej Plant 13 Annexe Location Mumbai, Maharashtra Coordinates 19° N, 73° E Occupancy Type Office — Private Typology New Construction Climate Type ‘Warm and Humid Project Area 24,443 m2 Grid Connectivity EPI 75 kWhim2iyr Fig No: 13 Godrej Plant 13 Annexe 2CEPT, A Living Laboratory Location Ahmedabad Coordinates 23°N, 73° E Occupancy Type Office & Educational Typology New Construction Climate Type Hot and Dry Project Area 498 m2 Grid Connectivity EPI Grid connected 58 kWh/m2/yr Fig No: 14 CEPT, A Living Laboratory 2CONCLUSION It is Conclude That The planning methodology focused on a zero-energy building should minimize the energy consumption by applying passive technology and reduce the final energy demand by producing renewable energy. The process of planning a zero-energy building needs to integrate the energy consumption and production according to the building location. With the advancement in renewable technology, Net Zero Energy Buildings are the future. Many governments have framed Zero Energy building laws. Few governments are also providing subsidies to individuals and organizations for creating Zero Energy Buildings. But the goal of zero energy buildings would not be fulfilled till the time all the people don’t understand their responsibility and contribute towards reducing energy consumption.REFERENCES Appelbaum, A. (2015). The AIA 2030 Commitment. 2014 Progress Report. Retrieved from http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab 107447.pdf Architecture 2030. (n.d.). Advancing Net Zero Worldwide. Retrieved from http://architecture2030.org/advancing-net-zero-worldwide/ Architecture 2030. (n.d.). 2030 Implementation Guidelines: A Resource for Firms and Organizations Adopting the 2030 Challenge. Retrieved from http://www.architecture2030.org/files/2030ImplementationGuidelines.pdf Architecture 2030. (nd.). The 2030 Challenge. Retrieved from http://architecture2030.org/2030_challenges/2030challe nge/ Beyond Zero Emissions, Buildings Plan. (2013). Retrieved from http://bze.org.au/buildings-plan/ Building Design + Construction. (2015, September 28), Nation’s first zero energy retail store features metal roof, composite panels. Retrieved from https://www. bdcnetwork.com/nations- first-zero-energyretail- storefeatures-metal-roof-composite-panels https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy building