Introduction to Programming

with MATLAB

Lecture#8&9:
Working with datasets(Data
visualization and Plotting)
DR. Eman Abdulazeem Ahmed
 Import & Export of Data

❑ Most of your data starts off outside

matlab…you need to get it imported.
❑ Simple ascii files:
> load file.txt –ascii

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 Import Wizard
❑ The Import Wizard is a feature in MATLAB that
determines the type of data file and determines the
way to extract and display the information within
MATLAB.
❑ It can be used to extract data from ASCII files, Excel
spreadsheet files, among others.
❑ Import Wizard is opened by double clicking on a file
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name in theDifferential and
current directory window of the desktop.
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❑ If abc.xlsx Differential
have the coloumn
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❑ A=importdata(‘abc.xlsx’) abc.xlsx
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 uiimport Function
❑ Another way to open the Import Wizard is to
type uiimport('filename.extension') in the
command window.
❑ The single quotes around the name of the file
are very important; the wizard will not run if
they are omitted.
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 Importing an Excel data file

xlsread('filename.xls')
❑ Before you can use this command you need to
ensure that where ever the file is stored is in
your path. (File → Set path)
❑ Note that if Excel is not installed on the
computerDifferential
MATLAB MATLAB cannot and use xlsread or
xlswrite.
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 textread Function
❑ textread allows MATLAB to read ASCII files.
❑ The file must be formatted into columns, but each
column can be a different data type. The construct is:
[a,b,c,d…] = textread(‘filename’,
‘%f %d %d %d…’, n),
❑ a,b,c,d… represent the names of each variable,
❑ filename is the name of the file,
❑ ‘%f %d %d %d…’ is a string indicating the format
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of the variables in the text file,
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❑ n is number of rows toDifferential
be read. If n is not included in
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the entire file is read.
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GRAPHICS
 GRAPHICS

❑ Basic Plotting
❑ Linetypes, markers, colours, etc
❑ Subplots – creating multiple axes on a
single figure
❑ Annotating figures – titles, labels, legends
MATLAB
❑ Editing Differential and
figure properties
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❑ OtherMATLAB Differential
plotting functions
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 Basic 2D Plotting Commands
❑ figure : creates a new figure window

❑ plot(x) : plots line graph of x vs index

number of array

❑ plot(x,y) : plots line graph of x vs y

❑ plot(x,y,'r--') : plots x vs y with linetype
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specified in string.
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'r' = red, MATLAB Differential
'g'=green, etc
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'−' solid line, Cesar
for a limited set of '− −' dashed, DR. Eman Abdulazeem Ahmed
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basic Cesar Lopez
colours. 'o' circles 9
 Nomenclature for a typical xy plot.

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More? See
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Rocket Example
The following MATLAB session plots
y = 0.4 1.8x for 0  x  52,
where
y represents the height of a rocket after launch, in miles,
x is the horizontal (downrange) distance in miles.
x = [0:0.1:52];
y = 0.4*sqrt(1.8*x);
plot(x,y)
xlabel('Distance (miles)')
ylabel('Height (miles)')
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title('Rocket and as a Function of
Height
Downrange Distance')
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resulting plot is shown on the next slide.
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.

Result for Rocket Example

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Multiple data sets in one plot
❑ Multiple (x, y) pairs arguments create multiple graphs with
a single call to plot.
❑ For example, these statements plot three related functions
of
x: y1 = 2 cos(x), y2 = cos(x), and y3 = 0.5 ∗ cos(x), in the
interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
x = linspace(0,(2*pi),100);
y1 = 2*cos(x);
y2 = cos(x);
y3 = 0.5*cos(x);
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plot(x,y1,'--',x,y2,'-',x,y3,':')
axis([0 2*pi -3 3])
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 changing the appearance

❑ By default, MATLAB uses line style and

color to distinguish the data sets plotted in
the graph.
❑ However, you can change the appearance of
these graphic components or add
annotations
MATLAB to the graph
Differential andto help explain
your data
Integral MATLABfor presentation.
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 Plot(x,y,…properties)

❑ Plot(x,y,cml) – plot with a basic colour-

marker-line combination (cml)
❑ Examples: ‘ro-’, ‘g.-’, ‘cv--‘

cml
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 Plot(x,y,…properties) (cont'd.)
❑ More detailed plot options can be specified through the
use of property:value pairs
❑ Plot(x,y,’o-’,’property’,value)
‘property’ is always a string naming the propery,
value can be a number, array, or string, depending on the
property type:
‘color’ : [R G B] color is specified with a [red green blue]
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value array, and
each in range 0-1.
Integral – pure red
[1 0 0]MATLAB Differential
[1 0.5 0] – orange
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Labels
❑ Labels and titles allow for strings to be added as axis labels

❑ All three work very similarly

>> title(‘My plot’)
>> xlabel(‘Time (s)’)
>> ylabel(‘Frequency \lambda’)

❑ In addition to any string the properties of labels and title can be set
using the text properties list
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❑Integral MATLAB
Just like every Differential
other component labels and titles should be added
before moving on to the next subplot
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 Example:
%%% Custom RGB colour vectors
% divide element by element on 255 to ensure the range not exceed 1
colour_teal = [18 150 155] ./ 255;
colour_lightgreen = [94 250 81] ./ 255;
colour_green = [12 195 82] ./ 255;
colour_lightblue = [8 180 238] ./ 255;
colour_darkblue = [1 17 181] ./ 255;
colour_yellow = [251 250 48] ./ 255;
colour_peach = [251 111 66] ./ 255;
%%% 1) draw solid line through data points
x = 0:0.01:2*pi;
y = sin(x);
plot(x,y, 'LineWidth', 2, 'Color', colour_teal); hold on;
%%% 2) draw just circle markers at data points, no
% connecting line (LineWidth sets width of marker edges)
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x = 0:0.2:2*pi;
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y = sin(x+(0.25*pi));
plot(x,y, 'ko', 'LineWidth', 3, 'MarkerEdgeColor',...
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colour_green, 'MarkerFaceColor', colour_lightgreen,...
'MarkerSize', 15);
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 Example (cont'd.):
%%% 3) draw solid line with square markers at
data points
x = 0:0.2:2*pi;
y = sin(x+(0.5*pi));
plot(x,y, '-ks', 'LineWidth',3, 'Color',...
colour_lightblue, 'MarkerEdgeColor',...
colour_darkblue, 'MarkerFaceColor', ...
colour_yellow, 'MarkerSize', 8);
%%% 4) draw thick dashed line through data
points (sometimes only renders correctly when
printing)
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x = 0:0.01:2*pi;
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y = sin(x+(0.75*pi));
plot(x,y, 'k--',
and Integral 'LineWidth',
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colour_peach);
Lopez, Cesar Lopez
DR. Eman Abdulazeem Ahmed See the results Next slide 19
 Subplots
❑ subplot(m,n,p) : create a subplot in an array of axes

>> subplot(2,3,1);
>> subplot(2,3,2);
>> subplot(2,3,3); P=1 P=2 P=3
>> subplot(2,3,4);
m
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P=4
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 ‘Handle’ Graphics
❑ MATLAB uses a hierarchical graphics model
❑ Graphics objects organised according to their
dependencies: e.g. lines must be plotted on axes,
axes must be positioned on figures
❑ Every object has a unique identifier, or handle
❑ Handles are returned by the creating function
❑ ax = subplot(3,2,n)
❑ H = plot(x,y)
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❑ Handles can be used to identify an object in order to
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inspect (get) or modify (set) its properties at any time
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‘Handle’ Graphics Axes example
❑ To add axes properties to an existing axis use the command set
set(gca, ’box’, ’on’, ’Fontsize’, 8)
❑ Axes parameters control both the style and look of the axes as well
as things like tick marks and spacing
set(gca, ’xtick’, [0:2:10], ‘XAxisLocation’, ‘top’)

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 Other Types of 2-D Plots
❑Polar Plots
❑ Logarithmic Plots

❑ Bar Graphs

❑ Pie Charts

❑ Histograms

❑ Function Plots
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Polar Plots
❑ MATLAB provides plotting capability with polar
coordinates:
polar(theta, r)
❑ generates a polar plot of angle theta (in radians) and radial
distance r .
❑ For example, the code

x = 0:pi/100:pi;
y = sin(x);
polar(x,y)
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❑ generates the plot in Figure 5.16 . A title was added in the
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usual way:
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title('The Calculus,
sine function plotted in polarCesar
coordinates is a circle.')

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 Logarithmic Plots

❑ A logarithmic scale (base 10) is convenient

when
❑a
variable ranges over many orders of
magnitude, because the wide range of values
can be graphed, without compressing the
smaller values.
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❑ data varies exponentially.
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Bar Graphs and Pie Charts
❑ MATLAB includes a whole family of bar graphs and pie
charts
❑ bar(x) – vertical bar graph
❑ barh(x) – horizontal bar graph
❑ bar3(x) – 3-D vertical bar graph
❑ bar3h(x) – 3-D horizontal bar graph
❑ pie(x) – pie chart
❑ pie3(x) – 3-D pie chart

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Example

clear, clc
x = [1,2,5,4,8];
y = [x;1:5];
subplot(2,2,1)
bar(x),
title('A bar graph of vector x')
subplot(2,2,2)
bar(y),
title('A bar graph of matrix y')
subplot(2,2,3)
bar3(y),
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title('A three-dimensional bar graph')
subplot(2,2,4)
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pie(x),
title('A pie chart of x')
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Histograms
❑ A histogram is a plot showing the distribution of a set of
values
x = [100,95,74,87,22,78,34,35,93,88,86,42,55,48];
hist(x)

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 >> peaks;

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Peaks is an example function, useful for demonstrating 3D
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data, contouring, etc. Figure above is its default output.
Lopez,P=peaks;
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 Animation
The two functions that are used to create a movie are
A(k) = getframe
which captures the kth movie frame of a total of N frames and
movie(A, nF, pbs)
which is used to play nF times the N frames captured in the matrix A
by getframe.
This function plays the movie at a playback speed pbs, which, if
omitted, uses a default value of 12 frames per second.
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Animation

To create a movie in the avi (audio/video interleaved) format

from the movie created by movie, one uses
movie2avi(A, 'FileName.avi', 'KeyWord',
'KeyWordValue');
The variable A is the variable used in movie.
To create movies that can be shown in Microsoft Power
Point, we set
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'KeyWord' Differential
= 'compression' and
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'KeyWordValue' = 'none'Differential
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Example – Animation of a slider-crank
mechanism
The horizontal distance that
the slider moves as a
function of the rotation angle d

 of the crank arm a is  c

e b
a f
s
s = a cos  + b − ( a sin  − e )
2 2

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 Animation of a slider-crank mechanism

Let:
0    2 at n = 40 equally-spaced positions
a=1
b = 2.5
e = 0.25
c = 0.5
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d = 1 Differential and
f = 0.06
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The number of times that the 40 frames is to be
and repeated
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(played over) is 5 Cesar
(= nF).
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n = 40; phi = linspace(0, 2*pi, n);
a = 1; b = 2.5; e = 0.25; nF = 5;
c = 0.5; d = 1; f = 0.06;
ax = a*cos(phi); ay = a*sin(phi);
s = real(ax+sqrt(b^2-(ay-e).^2));
v = [1.1*min(ax), 1.1*(max(s)+d/2) 1.1*min(ay), 1.1*max(ay)];
xgnd = [min(ax), max(s)+d/2, max(s)+d/2, min(ax), min(ax)];
ygnd = [e, e, e-f, e-f, e];
slidery = [e, e+c, e+c, e, e]; % Vertical component of slider is constant
d

 c

s = a cos  + b 2 − ( a sin  − e )
2
e b
a f
s

for k=1:n
fill(xgnd, ygnd, 'r') % Thin horizontal bar
hold on
plot(ax, ay, 'b--', 0, 0, 'ko'); % Dashed circle and center of circle
sliderx = [s(k)-d/2, s(k)-d/2, s(k)+d/2, s(k)+d/2, s(k)-d/2];
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fill(sliderx, slidery, 'm'); % Slider position
plot([0 ax(k)], [0;ay(k)], 'ko-', 'LineWidth', 2);
plot([ax(k), s(k)], [ay(k), e+c/2], 'ko-', 'LineWidth', 2);
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axis(v)
axis off equal
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SliderCrankFrame(k) = getframe;
hold off
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movie(SliderCrankFrame, nF, 30)
VideoWriter('D:\SliderCrankAvi.avi');
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