Power Plant Engineering Engr. Edgar Allan J.

Vargas

MODULE 3
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE d. Cycle (Thermal) Efficiency, e
POWER CYCLES
W net
Internal Combustion Engine is a prime e=
Qa
mover in which the fuel is burned within the
engine and the products of combustion serve
as the thermodynamic fluid just like gasoline Alternate Formula for e :
and diesel engines.
1
e=1− k−1
r
OTTO CYCLE
It is an ideal thermodynamic cycle that e. Compression ratio, r
was introduced by Nicholas A. Otto (1832 –
1891) for gasoline engine. It is a constant V1 V4
volume combustion cycle and also referred to r= =
V2 V3
as spark ignition engine cycle.

T 3
P 3
V=c f. Volume Displacement, V d
4 2
V=c 4
V d =V 1−V 2
2

1 1
g. Clearance Volume, V c
V s
V c =c V d

Process 1 – 2 : Isentropic compression h. Percent Clearance, c

Process 2 – 3 : Isometric heat addition
Process 3 – 4 : Isentropic expansion V2 cVd
Process 4 – 1 : Isometric heat rejection =
V 1 c V d +V d

Performance of Otto Cycle Alternate Formula for c :

a. Heat Added, Q a
1+c
r=
Q a=mc v ( T 3−T 2) c

i. Mean Effective Pressure, Pm

b. Heat Rejected, Q r
W net
Q r =m c v ( T 4 −T 1 ) P m=
Vd

c. Net Work, W net

W net =Qa −Qr

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Power Plant Engineering Engr. Edgar Allan J. Vargas

[ ]
k
1 r c −1
e=1−
r k−1 k ( r c −1 )
DIESEL CYCLE
It is an ideal thermodynamic cycle that
was introduced by Rudolf Diesel (1858 –
1913) for diesel engine. It is a constant e. Compression ratio, r
pressure combustion cycle and also referred
to as compression ignition engine cycle. V1
r=
V2
P T
2 3 3
P=c
2 f. Cut-off Ratio, r c
4 V=c
4
V3
1 1 rc=
V2
s
V

g. Expansion Ratio, r e
Process 1 – 2 : Isentropic compression
Process 2 – 3 : Isobaric heat addition V4
Process 3 – 4 : Isentropic expansion re=
Process 4 – 1 : Isometric heat rejection
V3

Performance of Diesel Cycle:

h. Volume Displacement, V d
a. Heat Added, Q a
V d =V 1−V 2
Q a=mc p ( T 3 −T 2 )

i. Clearance Volume, V c
b. Heat Rejected, Q r
V c =c V d
Q r =m c v ( T 4 −T 1 )
j. Percent Clearance, c
V2 cVd
c. Net Work, W net =
V 1 c V d +V d
W net =Qa −Qr
Alternate Formula for c :

d. Cycle (Thermal) Efficiency, e

1+c
r=
c
W net
e=
Qa
k. Mean Effective Pressure, Pm
W net
Alternate Formula: P m=
Vd

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Power Plant Engineering Engr. Edgar Allan J. Vargas

[ ]
l. Relation between r , r c , and r e 1
k
r p r c −1
e=1−
r =r c r e r k−1 ( r p−1 ) +r p k ( r c −1 )

DUAL COMBUSTION CYCLE

It is an ideal thermodynamic cycle which e. Compression ratio, r
has a constant volume and constant pressure
combustion cycle. This is ideal for low speed V1
r=
diesel engine. V2

P 3 4 T 4
V=c P=c
3 f. Pressure Ratio, r p
V=c
5 2 5
2 P3
r p=
P2
1 1

s
V
Process 1 – 2 : Isentropic compression g. Cut-off Ratio, r c
Process 2 – 3 : Isometric heat addition
Process 3 – 4 : Isobaric heat addition V4
Process 4 – 5 : Isentropic expansion rc=
V3
Process 5 – 1 : Isometric heat rejection

Performance of Dual Combustion Cycle:

h. Expansion Ratio, r e
a. Heat Added, Q a
V5
Qa=Q 23+Q34 rc=
V4
Qa=mc v ( T 3−T 2) + mc p ( T 4−T 3 )

b. Heat Rejected, Q r i. Volume Displacement, V d

Qr =m c v ( T 5−T 1 ) V d =V 1−V 2

c. Net Work, W net j. Clearance Volume, Vc

W net =Qa −Qr V c =c V d

d. Cycle (Thermal) Efficiency, e k. Percent Clearance, c

W net V2 cVd
e= =
Qa V 1 c V d +V d

Alternate Formula for e : Alternate Formula for c :

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Power Plant Engineering Engr. Edgar Allan J. Vargas

1+c
r=
c

l. Mean Effective Pressure, Pm

W net
Pm=
Vd

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