‫لرحمن الرحيم‬١‫بسم الله‬

In the name of Allah most gracious

most merciful

Differential Equation

Prof. Dr. A.T.M. Mahbubur Rahman

Dean, Faculty of Science and Engineering
&
Chairman, Department of CSE
Dhaka International University
E-mail: [email protected]
Mob.: 01720557279
 Chapter-3
Linear Differential Equations

A differential equation of the form

𝒅𝒚
+ 𝒑𝒚 = 𝑸
𝒅𝒙

Where P, Q are functions of x or a constants is

called the linear differential equitation of the
first order.

Integrating factor, I.F = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥

………………………………………………………………………………….
𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒑𝒙 = 𝑸
𝒅𝒚

Integrating factor, I.F = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑦

𝒅𝒙
+ 𝒑𝒙 = 𝑸
𝒅𝒕
Integrating factor, I.F = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑡
 𝒅𝒚
Problem: 1 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐱 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒
𝒅𝒙
Solution: Given
𝒅𝒚
𝐱 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒
𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒚 𝟐
+ 𝐲 = 𝒙𝟑 … . . … … … . . (𝟏)
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
Here,
𝟐
P=
𝒙
∴ I.F = 𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒅𝒙
𝟐
∫𝒙𝒅𝒙
=𝒆
𝟏
𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
=𝒆 𝒙

= 𝒆𝟐.𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝟏
∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒆 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙𝟐
=𝒆
∴ I.F = 𝒙𝟐 [ 𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒈 = 𝟏]
Now, multiplying both sides by 𝒙𝟐 in (1)

𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 [ + 𝐲] = 𝒙𝟐 . 𝒙𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒅
(𝒙𝟐 . 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟓
𝒅𝒙
Integrating both sides,
 𝒙𝟐 . 𝒚 = ∫ 𝒙𝟓 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒙𝟓+𝟏
𝒙 .𝒚 = +𝒄
𝟓+𝟏
𝒙𝟔
𝒙𝟐 . 𝒚 = +𝒄
𝟔
𝒙𝟒 𝑪
∴y = + 𝟐
𝟔 𝒙

Which is the required solution

𝒅𝒚
Problem: 2 Solve 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
𝒅𝒙

Solution: Given,
𝐝𝐲
𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 = 𝐱 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱
𝐝𝐱
𝒅𝒚 𝟐
+ 𝒚 = x 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 ……… (i)
𝒅𝒙 𝒙

Here,
𝟐
P=
𝒙
∴ I.F = 𝒆∫ 𝒑𝒅𝒙
𝟐
∫𝒙𝒅𝒙
=𝒆
𝟏
𝟐 ∫𝒙𝒅𝒙
=𝒆
 = 𝒆𝟐.𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙𝟐
= 𝒆
∴ I.F = 𝒙𝟐
Multiplying both sides by 𝒙𝟐 , in (i)
𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝒙𝟐 [ + 𝐲 ] = 𝒙𝟐 . 𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒅
→ (𝒙𝟐 . 𝒚)= 𝒙𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Integrating both sides,
𝒙𝟐 . 𝒚 = ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= ∫ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙. 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝒅
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ { (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙) ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙} 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝐝
[∫ 𝐮𝐯 𝐝𝐱 = 𝐮 ∫ 𝐯 𝐝𝐱 − ∫{ (𝐮) ∫ 𝐯 𝐝𝐱} 𝐝𝐱
𝐝𝐱

𝒙𝟒 𝟏 𝒙𝟒
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 −∫ . 𝒅𝒙
𝟒 𝒙 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 − ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝟒
= 𝒙𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 − +𝒄
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟒
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 − 𝒙 +𝒄
𝟒 𝟏𝟔
𝟏 𝟏 𝒄
∴ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐
𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝒙

Which is the required solution

 𝒅𝒚
Problem: 3 Solve (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏
𝒅𝒙

Solution: Given
𝒅𝒚
(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝒙𝒚 =𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒙 𝟏
− 𝒚 = …….….. (i)
𝒅𝒙 𝟏−𝒙𝟐 𝟏−𝒙𝟐

𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐞,
𝒙
𝐏= −
𝟏−𝒙𝟐

𝐈. 𝐅 = 𝐞∫ 𝐩𝐝𝐱
𝒙
∫− 𝒅𝒙 𝒇′ (𝒙)
=𝒆 𝟏−𝒙𝟐 [ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒇(𝒙)]
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
∫ − 𝒅𝒙
=𝒆 𝟐 𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝟏
= 𝒆 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏−𝒙 )𝟐
= 𝒆
𝟏
∴ I.F = (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟐

𝟏
Multiplying both sides by (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐
in (1)
𝟏 𝒅𝒚 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝟏 − 𝒙 ) [ − 𝒚] = (𝟏 − 𝒙 ) .
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
 𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
−𝟏
→ [(𝟏 − 𝒙 ) . 𝒚] = (𝟏 − 𝒙 ) (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐−𝟏
→ [(𝟏 − 𝒙 ) . 𝒚] = (𝟏 − 𝒙 )
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
−
→ [(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 𝒚] = (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐬,
𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟐
(𝟏 −𝒙 ) 𝒚 = ∫(𝟏 − 𝒙 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 𝒚 =∫ 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
(𝟏 − 𝟐
𝒙 )𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 𝒚 =∫ 𝒅𝒙
√(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )
𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
(𝟏 −𝒙 ) 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄

𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝒄
𝒚= 𝟏 + 𝟏
(𝟏−𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 𝟐
(𝟏−𝒙 )𝟐

Which is the required solution

 𝒅𝒚
Problem: 4 Solve 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝒅𝒙
Solution: Given
𝒅𝒚
𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏) − 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
- 𝒚 = 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)…………….(1)
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 (𝒙−𝟏)

𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐞,
𝟏
𝐏=−
𝒙(𝒙−𝟏)

𝟏
∫ − 𝒙(𝒙−𝟏)𝒅𝒙
∴ 𝐈. 𝐅 = 𝒆 x=0
𝟏 𝟏
− ∫{𝒙(𝟎−𝟏) + 𝟏(𝒙−𝟏)}𝒅𝒙
=𝒆 x-1= 0
𝟏 𝟏
− ∫(− + )𝒅𝒙
= 𝒆 𝒙 𝒙−𝟏 x=1
𝟏 𝟏
∫(𝒙 − 𝒙−𝟏)𝒅𝒙
=𝒆
𝟏 𝟏
∫𝒙𝒅𝒙−∫𝒙−𝟏𝒅𝒙
=𝒆
𝒇′ (𝒙)
= 𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙−𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙−𝟏) [ ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒙−𝟏 𝒂
= 𝒆 [ loga –logb = log ]
𝒃
 𝒙
∴ 𝐈. 𝐅 =
𝒙−𝟏
𝒙
Multiplying both sides by in (1)
𝒙−𝟏
𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒙
[ - 𝒚] = . 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝒙(𝒙−𝟏) 𝒙−𝟏

𝒅 𝒙
[ . 𝒚] = 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒙−𝟏

Integrating both sides,

𝒙
.𝒚 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒙−𝟏
𝒙 𝒙𝟑
.𝒚 = +𝒄
𝒙−𝟏 𝟑

𝒙𝟐 (𝒙−𝟏) 𝒄(𝒙−𝟏)
∴𝒚= +
𝟑 𝒙

Which is the required solution

 𝐝 𝐝 𝐝
(𝐮𝐯) = 𝐮 (𝐯) + 𝐯 (𝐮)
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱

𝒅 2 𝒅 𝒅
(𝒙𝟐 . 𝒚)= x (𝒚) + 𝒚 (𝒙𝟐 )
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 2 𝒅𝒚
x + y.2x
𝒅𝒙