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Maa 2.9 Logarithms

This document contains exercises on logarithms from an IB Mathematics textbook. It includes 15 practice problems testing various properties of logarithms, including: - Evaluating logarithmic expressions - Using logarithmic properties like log(xy) = logx + logy - Solving logarithmic equations The problems cover both common (base 10) and natural (base e) logarithms. They range from basic evaluations to multi-step logarithmic equations. The document is intended to help students practice and master foundational logarithm skills.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
69 views

Maa 2.9 Logarithms

This document contains exercises on logarithms from an IB Mathematics textbook. It includes 15 practice problems testing various properties of logarithms, including: - Evaluating logarithmic expressions - Using logarithmic properties like log(xy) = logx + logy - Solving logarithmic equations The problems cover both common (base 10) and natural (base e) logarithms. They range from basic evaluations to multi-step logarithmic equations. The document is intended to help students practice and master foundational logarithm skills.

Uploaded by

Muborak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 38

INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE

Mathematics: analysis and approaches

MAA

EXERCISES [MAA 2.9]


LOGARITHMS
Compiled by Christos Nikolaidis

A. Practice questions

BASIC PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

1. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]


Write down the following values

log 2 1  log 2 2  log 2 16 

log 5 1  log 5 5  log 5 25 

log 3 1  log 3 3  log 3 9 

1
log 3 27  log 3  log 3 3 
3

2. [Maximum mark: 9] [without GDC]


Write down the following values

log 100  log 10  log 1 

1 1
log  log  log 0.1 
100 10

log 10 2020  log 10  log 3 10 

3. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


Write down the following values

ln 1  ln e  ln e 2 
1 1
ln  ln  ln e 
e e2

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

4. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


Write down the value of x for each of the following equations

log 2 8  x x log1000  x x

log 2 x  3 x log x  3 x

log x 8  3 x ln x  3 x

5. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


Confirm the following properties for x  1000 and y  100

LHS =
log xy  log x  log y
RHS =

LHS =
x
log  log x  log y
y
RHS =

LHS =
log x  2 log x
2

RHS =

6. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]


Find the following integers

log 3 35  log105 

3log3 5  10log 5

32log3 5  102log5

33log3 5  103log5 

ln e5  log a a 5 

e ln 5  a loga 5 

e 2ln 5  a 2loga 5 

e3ln 5  a 3loga 5 

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

7. [Maximum mark: 4] [without GDC]


The diagram shows three graphs.
B
y
A

A is part of the graph of y  x , B of the graph of y  2 x ,


C is the reflection of graph B in line A . Write down:
(a) the equation of C in the form y  f ( x) . [2]

(b) the coordinates of the point where C cuts the x -axis. [2]

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8. [Maximum mark: 4] [without GDC]


The diagram shows three graphs.
B
y
A

A is part of the graph of y  x , B of the graph of y  e x ,


C is the reflection of graph B in line A . Write down:

(a) the equation of C in the form y  f ( x) . [2]

(b) the coordinates of the point where C cuts the x -axis. [2]

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

9. [Maximum mark: 28] [without GDC]

Let log x  a , log y  b and log z  c . Express the following in terms of a, b, c .

log xy

x
log
y

log x 3

log xyz

log x 2 y

log x

xy
log
z

log(10 x )

log(100 x )

y
log
10

y
log
100

xy
log
10 z

1
log
z

x2 y7
log
z

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

10. [Maximum mark: 28]

Let ln x  a , ln y  b and ln z  c . Express the following in terms of a , b, c .

ln xy

x
ln
y

ln x 3

ln xyz

ln x 2 y

ln x

xy
ln
z

ln(ex)

ln(e 2 x)

y
ln
e

y
ln
e2

xy
ln
ez

1
ln
z

x2 y7
ln
z

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

11. [Maximum mark: 26] [without GDC]


Let log 5 x  a , log 5 y  b and log 5 z  c . Express the following in terms of a , b, c .

log 5 xy

x
log 5
y

log 5 x 3

log 5 x

xy
log 5
z

xy
log 5
5z

1
log 5
z

x2 y7
log 5
z

log 25 x

log x 5

log x y

log z xy

log 25 xy

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

12. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


Solve the following equations

log 3 ( x  1)  2

log( x  1)  2

ln( x  1)  2

13. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]


Solve the equations

log 7 ( x  5)  0

log 7 ( x  5)  1

log( x  5)  0

log( x  5)  1

ln( x  5)  0

ln( x  5)  1

14. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]


Solve the equations

log(2 x)  2

ln(2 x)  2

log(2 x  4)  1

ln(2 x  4)  1

log(2 x  5)  0

ln(2 x  5)  0

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

15. [Maximum mark: 9] [without GDC]


Solve the equations
(a) log 2 x  log 2 ( x  1)  log 2 6 [3]

(b) log 2 x  log 2 ( x  1)  1 [3]

(c) log 2 ( x  5)  log 2 x  1 [3]

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

16. [Maximum mark: 12] [without GDC]


Solve the equations
(a) log x  log( x  1)  log 6 [4]

(b) log x  log( x  3)  1 [4]

(c) log( x  18)  log x  1 [4]

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

17*. [Maximum mark: 10] [without GDC]


Solve the equations
(a) log 2 ( x  14)  2 log 2 x  2 [4]

(b) log 4 ( x  14)  log 2 x  1 by using change of base on log 4 ( x  14) [3]

(c) log 2 ( x  14)  2  log 2


x by using change of base on log 2
x [3]

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

18*. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]


Solve the following equations

 ln x 
2
(a)  ln x 2  1  0 by letting y  ln x [3]

1
(b) ln x  2 by using an appropriate substitution. [2]
ln x
1
(c) log x  2 by using an appropriate substitution. [3]
log x

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

B. Exam style questions (SHORT)

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS

19. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]


(a) Find log 2 32 . [1]
 32 x
(b) Given that log 2  y 
can be written as px  qy , find the value of p and of q . [4]
 8 

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20. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]


2
 P 
Let log 10 P  x , log 10 Q  y and log 10 R  z . Express log10   in terms of x, y and z .
3 
 QR 

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

21. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]


 x2 y 
Let a  log x , b  log y , and c  log z . Write log  3  in terms of a, b and c .
 z 
 

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22. [Maximum mark: 5] [without GDC]


 x 
Let p  log10 x , q  log10 y and r  log 10 z . Write log10  2  in terms of p, q and r .
y z
 

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

23. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Let ln a  p , ln b  q . Write the following expressions in terms of p and q .

(a) ln a 3b [3]

 a
(b) ln  

[3]
 b 

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24. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


Given that p  log a 5 , q  log a 2 , express the following in terms of p and/or q .
(a) log a 10 [2]

(b) log a 8 [2]

(c) log a 2.5 [2]

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

25. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


(a) Let log c 3  p and log c 5  q . Find an expression in terms of p and q for

(i) log c 15 ; (ii) log c 25 . [4]

1
(b) Find the value of d if log d 6  . [2]
2

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26. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


Given that log 5 x  y , express each of the following in terms of y .
1
(a) log 5 x 2 (b) log 5   (c) log 25 x [2+2+2]
x

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

27. [Maximum mark: 4] [without GDC]


If log a 2  x and log a 5  y , find in terms of x and y , expressions for

(a) log 2 5 . [2]

(b) log a 20 . [2]

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28. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


Find the exact value of x in each of the following equations.

(a) 5 x1  625 [3]


(b) log a (3 x  5)  2 [3]

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

29. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


Solve log 2 x  log 2 ( x  2)  3 , for x  2

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30. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


(a) Given that log3 x  log3 ( x  5)  log3 A , express A in terms of x . [2]

(b) Hence or otherwise, solve the equation log3 x  log3 ( x  5)  1 . [4]

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

31. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


log 3 x
Solve the equation log 3 ( x  2)  1 
2

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32. [Maximum mark: 4] [without GDC]


1
Solve the equation log9 81 + log9 + log9 3 = log9 x.
9

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

33. [Maximum mark: [5] [without GDC]


Solve the equation log(10 x  20)  2 log x  1

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34. [Maximum mark: [5] [without GDC]


Solve the equation log 2 (4 x )  2 log 2 x  5

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

35. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Solve, for x , the equation log 2 (5 x 2  x  2)  2  2 log 2 x .

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36. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

Solve the equation log16 3 100 – x 2  1 .


2

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

37. [Maximum mark: 5] [with GDC]


Solve the equation log 27 x  1  log 27 ( x  0.4) .

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38*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


Solve the equation 2 log 3 ( x  3)  log 1 ( x  1)  2
3

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

39*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


Solve the equation log 2 x  log 4 ( x  6)

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40*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


Solve, ln( x  3)  1 . Give your answers in exact form.

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

41. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


Solve 2(ln x) 2  3ln x  1 for x . Give your answers in exact form.

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42**. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


Solve the equation 9 log x 5  log 5 x

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

43**. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


p

Solve the equation 9 log 5 x  25 log x 5 . Express your answers in the form 5 , p, q  Z . q

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44**. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]


Solve the equation 9 log 8 x  6  8 log x 8

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

45**. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]


2 3
Solve the simultaneous equations: 2x  4 y and log x y 
2

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46**. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]


Solve the simultaneous equations: 8 y  4 2 x3 and log 2 y  log 2 x  4

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

47**. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]


Solve the simultaneous equations log 2 ( y  1)  1  log 2 x and 2 log 3 y  2  log 3 x

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

48**. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]


Solve the simultaneous equations log 2 x  log 4 y  4 , log 2 ( x  2 y )  5

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

LOGARITHMS AND SEQUENCES

49*. [Maximum mark: 8] [without GDC]


Calculate the following sums
(a) ln 2  ln 22  ln 23  ⋯  ln 210 [3]
(b) ln 2  (ln 2)2  (ln 2)3  ⋯  (ln 2)10 [3]

(c) ln 2  (ln 2)2  (ln 2)3  ⋯ (infinite sum) [2]

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

50*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]

 ln2 , giving the answer in the form a ln 2 , where a 


50
r
Find .
r 1

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51*. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


Find an expression for the sum of the first 35 terms of the series
x2 x2 x2
ln x 2  ln  ln 2  ln 3  ⋯
y y y
xm
giving your answer in the form ln , where m, n  ℕ .
yn

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

LOGARITHMS AND FUNCTIONS

52. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


The function f is defined for x  2 by f ( x)  ln x  ln( x  2)  ln( x 2  4) .
 x 
(a) Express f ( x) in the form ln  . [2]
 xa
(b) Find an expression for f 1 ( x ) . [4]

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53. [Maximum mark: 6] [without GDC]


Let f ( x)  log a x , x  0 .
(a) Write down the value of (i) f (a ) (ii) f (1) (iii) f ( a 4 ) [3]
(b) The diagram below shows part of the graph of f .
On the same diagram, sketch the graph of f 1 .
y

1
f

–2 –1 0 1 2 x

–1

–2
[3]

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

54. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]


Let f ( x)  k log 2 x .

(a) Given that f 1 (1)  8 , find the value of k . [3]


2
(b) Find f 1   . [4]
3

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55*. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]


Let f ( x)  3ln x and g ( x)  ln 5 x 3 .

(a) Express g ( x) in the form f ( x)  ln a , where a  +


. [4]

(b) The graph of g is a transformation of the graph of f . Give a full geometric


description of this transformation. [3]

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

56. [Maximum mark: 7] [without GDC]

Let f ( x)  log 3 x , for x  0 .

(a) Show that f 1 ( x)  32 x . [2]

(b) Write down the range of f 1 . [1]

Let g ( x)  log 3 x , for x  0 .

(c) Find the value of f 1


 g  (2) , giving your answer as an integer. [4]

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57. [Maximum mark: 6] [with GDC]


Let f ( x)  ln( x  2) , x  2 and g ( x)  e ( x  4) , x  0 .

(a) Write down the x -intercept of the graph of f . [1]

(b) (i) Write down f ( 1.999) .

(ii) Write down g (4) [3]

(c) Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the graphs of f and g . [2]

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

C. Exam style questions (LONG)

58. [Maximum mark: 11] [without GDC]


The functions f ( x) and g ( x) are defined by f ( x)  e x and g ( x)  ln(1  2 x)

(a) Write down f 1 ( x ) . [1]


1
(b) Find g ( x) . [3]
(c) Find (i)  g  f  ( x) (ii)  f  g  ( x) [4]

 f  g
1
(d) Find ( x) [3]

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

59*. [Maximum mark: 16] [without GDC]


x
Let f ( x )  log 3  log 3 16  log 3 4 , for x  0 .
2
(a) Show that f ( x)  log 3 2 x . [2]

(b) Find the value of f (0.5) and of f (4.5) . [3]

ln ax
The function f can also be written in the form f ( x)  .
ln b
(c) (i) Write down the value of a and of b .
(ii) Hence on graph paper, sketch the graph of f , for 5  x  5 , 5  y  5 ,

using a scale of 1 cm to 1 unit on each axis.


(iii) Write down the equation of the asymptote. [6]
1
(d) Write down the value of f (0) [1]

The point A lies on the graph of f . At A, x  4.5 .

(e) On your diagram, sketch the graph of f 1 , noting clearly the image of point A. [4]

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

60**. [Maximum mark: 20]


The first 4 terms of a geometric sequence u n  are 5, 15, 45, a

(a) Find the value of a [1]


Consider the new sequence v n  : ln 5, ln 15, ln 45, ln a

(b) Write down the values of the terns v1 , v 2 , v3 , v 4 correct to 3 s.f. [3]

(c) Find the differences v 2 – v1 , v3 – v 2 , v 4 – v3 using the values found in (b).


What do you deduce? [3]

(d) Repeat the process (b) to (c) for the new sequence wn  by using log , the
logarithm to the base 10, instead of ln. Do you obtain a similar result? [4]

Consider now a geometric sequence u n  with first term a and common ratio 3.
(e) Write down the first three terms of the sequence in terms of a. [2]

Define a new sequence v n  as above (by using ln).

(f) Show, by using its first three terms that v n  is an arithmetic sequence. State the
common difference. [4]

The general term of a geometric sequence is given by u n  u1 r n 1


(g) State a proposition which can be derived by the process above and use the
n th term and the (n  1) th term to support your statement. [3]

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[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

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Page 37
[MAA 2.9] LOGARITHMS

61. [Maximum mark: 13] [without GDC]


Solve the following equations.
(a) log x 49  2 . [3]

(b) log 2 8  x [2]


1
(c) log 25 x   [3]
2
(d) log 2 x  log 2 ( x  7)  3 [5]

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