LEARNING EPISODE Selecting Non-Digital or

12 Conventional Resources
and Instructional
Material

To have a meaningful and successful accomplishment in this FS episode, be sure

to read through the whole episode before participating and assisting in you FS 2
Resource Teacher’s class. Note all the information you will need and tasks you
will need to do before working on this episode.

Target Your Intended Learning outcomes

At the end of the Learning Episode, I must be able to:
 Show skills in the selection, development and use of a variety of teaching
and learning resources, to address learning goals. (PPST 4.5.1)
 Show skills in the positive use of non-digital /conventional resources and
materials for student engagement in teaching and learning.
 Demonstrate positive attitude towards the use of resources and
instructional material.
 Use professional reflection and learning to improve practice. (PPST 7.4.1

Clarify Your Task

We choose the most appropriate or suitable resources or instructional materials
based on our lesson objectives or learning outcomes. Even when technology-based
educational materials abound, the teacher still needs to be competent in selecting and
developing resources and materials that are not ICT-based. Teachers should know how
to be resourceful in tapping nondigital or conventional resources and materials available
in the area and situation.

Any book on educational technology or instructional materials would usually devote

some pages to Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience. It is classic model articulating the
different types of audiovisual materials and how these audiovisual materials and how
these types relate to each other. Seventy-five years ago, in 1946, Dale already identified
ten classifications of instructional materials, which remain to be relevant today, namely:
(1) Direct, Purposeful Experiences; (2) Contrived Experiences; (3) Dramatic
Participation; (4) Demonstrations; (5) Field Trips; (6) Exhibits; (7) Motion Pictures; (8)
Radio / Recordings / Still Pictures; (9) Visual Symbols and (10) Verbal Symbols.

According to Dale, “The cone device is a visual metaphor of learning experiences, in

which the various types of audiovisual materials are arranged in the order of increasing
abstractness as one proceeds from direct experiences.” As such, the Cone of
Experience can be seen more as a continuum, not just hierarchy. It is a way to see
instructional materials in a continuum from increasing concreteness in one direction to
increasing abstractness in the other.

Jerome Bruner explained the three ways by which we can represent knowledge.
These representations are: 1 Enactive – which involves movement and physical
manipulation, 2. Iconic – which involves pictures and images; and 3. Symbolic, which
involves symbols like letters and numbers. Both the teachers and students make
representations of knowledge. The teachers, when they teach or impact knowledge, and
by learners when they show or demonstrate what they have learned.

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 Ideally, the more direct and real the experience given to students to learn
something, the better is the opportunity for learning. However, it is not always possible
to do so. For instance, during the pandemic, all classes switched to flexible learning
utilizing online modalities, TV, Radio, and printed modules. Situation and context
challenge teachers to choose the best instructional materials considering the limitations.

As you work on this episode, remember that you take the role of an FS student now
participation and assisting in the work of selecting non-digital or conventional resources
and instructional materials. You are not simply a detached observer, but you are now a
participant as well. You are more involved in the tasks, becoming more and more
teachers!

Be mindful that you are also developing yourself as a teacher researcher. Always
use your capacity to notice what is going well? Or what can be missing; what can be
improved? What can be a new way of doing things? Then focus on finding out the
answers to these questions. That as a teacher, you can always find ways to do things
better and more effectively. Also, aim to develop the confidence try and initiate to
continuously improve your skills.

Revisit the infographics on the Dale Cone of experiences showing types of

audiovisual instructional materials and the selection criteria and steps in using
instructional materials. (Today, some of these materials can be described as multi-
sensory, not just audio-visual.) They will prepare you to perform well in this episode. Go
FS student, go!

Revisit the Infographic/s

THE DALE CONE OF EXPERIENCE

AND EXAMPLES OF RESOURCES AND MATERIALS

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 Selecting Resources and Instructional Materials:
Some points to consider

The resource or instruction material:

• has accurate and meaningful content
• aligns to the learning objectives/ outcomes of the lesson
• elicits student interest and engagement
• is inclusive and free from cultural bias
• is developmentally appropriate
• fosters critical thinking/ aesthetic appreciation
• allows collaboration among learners
• Flexible for group or self-study
• Time and cost-efficient

The Proper Use of Instructional Materials (IM)

1. Prepare yourself
• Be clear on your lesson’s learning outcomes
• Have a plan on how you will use the IM
• Formulate the questions you will ask
• Determine how you will assess learning

2. Prepare your students

• Capture the students’ interest and attention
• Communicate the intended learning outcomes
• Provide scaffolding questions to guide them
• Communicate how their learning will be assessed

3. Present the material

• Ensure that you have the steps well-planned out
• Ensure that everyone has good visual and/ or auditory access to the
IM.
• Be ready to answer the students’ questions

4. Follow-up
• Encourage students to interact in sharing their experience with the
IM, their feedback and insights
• Assess the attainment of the learning outcomes
References: Instructional Media (Smith and Nagel) Educational Technology
(Corpuz and Lucido)

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 Participate and Assist
1. Consult your FS Resource Teacher about this episode. Let your teacher know that
the task for this episode is for you to assist the teacher by providing suggestions on
resources and materials that the teacher can use in delivering a lesson on a specific
topic.
2. Request your FS Resource Teacher for a topic/lesson he/she will be teaching soon.
You will also need the learning objectives/ outcomes for this lesson. Some teachers may
instruct you to write a complete lesson plan.
3. Refer to these guide points. Consider which one are applicable. The non-digital or
conventional resource or instructional material:
a. Has accurate and meaningful content
b. Aligns to the learning objectives/ outcomes of the lesson
c. Elicits student interest and engagement
d. Is inclusive and free from cultural bias
e. Is developmentally appropriate
f. Fosters critical thinking/aesthetic appreciation
g. Allows collaboration among learners
h. Flexible for group or self study
i. Time and cost-efficient

4. Fill out the table below.

Subject: Grade Level:

Topic:
Learning Objectives/Outcomes
Resources/Instructional What is the use or purpose of Explain why you selected the
Materials you plan to resource/ material? Describe resource/material based on
utilize in the lesson. how you will use the the guide points mentioned
resources/materials to attain above. How are these criteria
the learning met?
objectives/outcomes.

Resources/Instructional What is the use or purpose of Explain why you selected the
Materials you plan to resource/ material? Describe resource/material based on
utilize in the lesson. how you will use the the guide points mentioned
resources/materials to attain above. How are these criteria
the learning objectives/ met?
outcomes.

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 5. As the situation would permit, try out the resources/ materials with the students. Be
sure to follow the steps on using instructional materials found in the Infographics section
of this Episode.

Notice
After you participated or assisted in using resources/instructional materials in teaching-
learning, described what you observed and experienced by answering the items below.

1. How did you prepare for this activity?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________

2. Describe how you or the teacher utilized the resources/instructional materials.

Narrate your experience as you participated and assisted.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________

3. What were your feelings and thoughts while you were assisting with the use of
the resources/materials?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________

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 4. Describe how the students responded and participated.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________

Analyze
What worked well during the activity using the resources/materials?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________
What part can be improved?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________
What would you have done difficulty? What would I change? What will make it better
next time?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________
How does this connect with what you know about selecting and using instructional
materials?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________

Reflect

1. How ready am I in selecting and developing resources/instructional materials in

the teaching-learning process?

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 2. What do I still need to learn to select and develop resources/instructional
materials in teaching effectively?

3. What can I do to learn more about and practice the use of resources and
instructional materials?

Write Action Research Prompts

This part allows you to synthesize or put together what you noticed, analyzed, and
reflected on to come up with a possible topic to explore for an action research.

OBSERVE
1. Doing this episode on selecting and using resources/instructional materials, what
problematic situation/ challenges/area of improvement did I find?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

REFLECT
2. List at least three sources that you have read about this problem/challenge/area
of improvement_____________________________________________

Resource or Reference about the Key points/findings in what I read

Topic

On what theories/principles can this problem be anchored?

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 ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

3. What do I hope to achieve to address the challenge/area of improvement? What

challenge do I want to achieve?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

PLAN
4. What strategies/solutions/means can I employ to improve the situations/solve the
problem?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________

ACT
5. If you will conduct action research, what will be the title (Based this on your answers in
nos. 1-3):
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

Check for Mastery

Direction: Read the questions then choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. The Dale Cone of Experience can help a teacher be mindful of the choice of
resources or instructional materials in terms of ______.

A. Level of thinking
B. Extent of being flexible or fixed
C. Extent of being concrete or abstract
D. Extent of adaptation and modification

2. Miss Violo told the story of the Giving Tree in her toddler class. She used the
book itself to show the illustration to the two-year-olds and showed all thirty
pages of the book. Miss Violo struggled just to finish the book because the
toddlers were not focusing. Some lay on the floor stretching; others ran
around the room. Which criterion did she fail to consider in choosing a
material.

A. Collaboration among learners

B. Inclusive and free of cultural bias
C. Student interest and engagement
D. Developmental appropriateness

3. For a theme on Careers, Mr. Menggay let his students watch interview clips of
successful people in business who were all males. The clips seemed to send
a message that only men succeed in the business field, Mr. Menggay did
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 have any follow-up discussion on the clips. Which criterion in selecting
resources /materials should the teacher have considered?

A. Student interest and engagement

B. Inclusive and free of cultural bias
C. Developmental appropriateness
D. Time and cost-efficient

4. Which of the following gives the learners the most concrete experience?

A. Watching a theater play on The Death March

B. Listening to the teacher discuss about the first chapter of Noli Me
Tangere
C. Viewing a photo exhibit of the EDSA revolution
D. Independently reading the Biography of Andres Bonifacio

5. A teacher should consider all these criteria for choosing a resource or

material, EXCEPT:

A. Aligns to the learning objectives/outcomes of the lesson

B. Is the most expensive therefore the most durable
C. Is inclusive and free from cultural bias
D. Is developmentally appropriate

Work on my Artifacts
Attach pieces of evidence of what you accomplished n this episode.

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