C++ Cheat Sheet

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Contents

Learn C++ Programming: Basics to Advanced

1.   Basic Syntax
2.   Output
3.   Input
4.   Comments
5.   Conditions and If Statements
6.   Data Types
7.   Arrays
8.   Vectors
9.   References and Pointers
10.   Functions
11.   String Functions
12.   Math Functions
13.   Iterative statements
14.   Object-Oriented Programming
15.   File handling

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Let's get Started
It is never easy to learn a new language. You must comprehend a large number of
concepts, words, and phrases. It's difficult not to become overwhelmed by the
amount of information available. This is why a beginner's cheat sheet is quite useful!
You can end up jumping back and forth between different pages or closing one tab
a er another without realizing it if you don't have it. However, using this C++ cheat
sheet, you can finally begin learning C++ quickly. From basic ideas like data types,
loops, and functions to more complicated features like strings, pointers, algorithms,
and more, everything you need is there at your fingertips. Learn More.
But before you jump into the coding section, you must have a little understanding of
the language you are going to learn. C++ is a general-purpose programming language
that was developed in 1979 by Bjarne Stroustrup. It is currently ranked as the second
most popular programming language in use today and is used in both small and
large programs to create any type of application. Its efficient and powerful syntax can
handle both procedural and object-oriented styles of coding, making it a viable
solution for any project. C++ can be compiled on any system as its compiler comes
with the package and doesn't need any other tools for compilation or linking. This
makes C++ a portable language that can be used on any operating system or
hardware platform. I guess you’re warm enough for the drill now. 

Learn C++ Programming: Basics to Advanced

1.   Basic Syntax

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// main() is where program execution begins.
int main() {
// This is where you write your code
return 0;
}

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 C++ Cheat Sheet

This is the basic structure of C++. You will have to use this structure almost every time
you write a C++ code. It contains the main function where the program execution
begins.

2.   Output

cout << "Hello World";

cout prints anything under the “ ” to the screen.

3.   Input
int variable;

cin >> variable;

cin takes the input from the screen and stores it in the variable.

4.   Comments

//This is a comment
/* C++ comments can also
* span multiple lines
*/

Anything a er // is ignored by the compiler. Multiple lines can be commented using

/*......*/.

5.   Conditions and If Statements

If statement

if (condition) {
// This block of code will get executed if the condition is True
}

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 C++ Cheat Sheet

If statement belongs to the category of decision-making statements. These

statements make decisions based on a condition. If the condition in the condition
block is true, the statements in the curly brackets { } are executed. Let’s see the
example given below.

if(2<3){
cout << "2 is less than three";
}

If-else statement
If-else is an extension of the if statement. If the conditions provided with if are not
true, the statements in the else block are executed.

if(2>3){
cout<< "2 is greater than 3";
}
else{
cout<< "3 is greater than 2";
}

else if
if can be paired with else if for additional conditions.

if(2>3){
cout<< "2 is greater than 3";
}
else if(2==3){
cout<< "2 is equal to 3";
}
else{
cout<< "3 is greater than 2";
}

Switch case

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 C++ Cheat Sheet

switch (grade) {
case 9:
cout << "Freshman\n";
break;
case 10:
cout << "Sophomore\n";
break;
case 11:
cout << "Junior\n";
break;
case 12:
cout << "Senior\n";
break;
default:
cout << "Invalid\n";
break;
}

A switch statement allows you to test an expression against a variety of cases. If a

match is found, the code within begins to run. A case can be ended with the break
keyword. When no case matches, default is used.

6.   Data Types
Char

char variable_name= 'c';

This stores characters such as ‘A’, ‘a’, ‘1’ etc. It takes 1 byte of the system’s memory.
Integer

int variable_name = 123;

This is the most commonly used data type. It is used to store integers and takes 4
bytes of memory.
Float

float pi = 3.14;

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 C++ Cheat Sheet

It stores single-precision floating-point numerals.

Double

double root_three = 1.71;

It stores double-precision floating-point numbers. It takes 8 bytes of memory.

Boolean

boolean b = false;

A boolean variable can either be true or false;

String

string str = "Hello";

In C++, the string is a collection of characters, enclosed by double quotes “ ”. It is

analogous to a character array. The string is not a built-in data type. Don’t forget to
include this line at the top of your code before using string class - #include <cstring>;

7.   Arrays

int main() {
string str[4] = {"Volvo", "BMW", "Volkswagen", "Ford"};
for(int i=0;i<4;i++){
cout << str[i]+ " ";
}
return 0;
}

Instead of defining individual variables for each item, arrays are used to hold these
values of the same data type in a single variable. It stores the values in a contagious
block of memory, that’s why we need to specify the number of values it is going to
hold beforehand.

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 C++ Cheat Sheet

Declare an array by specifying the variable type, the array name enclosed in square
brackets, and the number of elements it should store.

8.   Vectors

#include <vector>
int main() {
vector<int> grade(3);
grade[0] = 90;
grade[1] = 80;
grade[2] = 70;
return 0;
}

A vector in C++ is a dynamic list of things that can expand and shrink in size. It can
only hold values of the same type. It is important to #include the vector library in
order to use vectors.

vector<string> wishlist;
wishlist.push_back("Furniture");
wishlist.push_back("Basket");
wishlist.pop_back();
cout << wishlist.size(); // returns the output 1

push_back() function adds the value at the end of the vector.

pop_back() function removes the element from the end of the vector.
size() returns the size of the vector.

9.   References and Pointers

string variable1 = "Value1"; // a variable

string &variable2 = variable1; // reference to variable1

Reference is an alias for an already existing variable. Once it is initialized to a variable,

it cannot be changed to refer to another variable. In the above example, variable2 is a
reference to variable1.
A pointer is a variable that contains the memory address of another variable.

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 C++ Cheat Sheet

int var = 2, *p;

p = &var;// The variable p holds the address of the variable var

int *const ptr;

ptr in the above code is a constant pointer.

const int* ptr;

The above code shows how to declare a pointer to a constant. 

10.   Functions

int sum (int a, int b){ // Declaration

return a+b;
}
int main(){
int first_number= 10;
int second_number = 20;
cout<< sum(first_number, second_number); // Calling a function
}

When a function is called, it is a collection of statements that are all executed at the
same time. Every function has a name that is used to refer to it when it is called. A
function typically contains the following parts:
Return value: Return value is the value that the function return at the end of the
function. A function must return the value of the same data type as mentioned
in the function declaration.
Parameters: The parameters are the placeholders of the values passed on to
them. In the above code, a and b are the function parameters.
Declaration: It contains the name of the function, its return type, and
parameter list. 

11.   String Functions
append function

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 C++ Cheat Sheet

string firstName = "Ramesh ";

string lastName = "Babu";
string fullName = firstName.append(lastName);
cout << fullName;

This function concatenates one string a er another string. The output of the above
code will be: Ramesh Babu
You can also change any individual character of a string in C++.

string variable1 = "Hello World";

variable1[1] = 'i';
cout << variable1;

length function

string variable1 = "Find my length";

cout << "The length of the string is: " << variable1.length();

It returns the length of the string as an integer.

12.   Math Functions

cout << max(100, 110); // Returns max value

The above function returns the maximum value.

cout << min(1, 0); // Returns min value

The above function returns the minimum value.

cout << sqrt(625); // Returns square root

The above function returns the square root of the given value.

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 C++ Cheat Sheet

cout << ceil(a); // Returns ceil value

The above function returns the ceil value.

cout << floor(a); // returns floor value

The above function returns the floor value.

cout <<pow(a, b) // returns a raised to the power b

The above function returns a to power b.

13.   Iterative statements
Suppose you want to write  “Write it hundred times” hundred times. One way to do
this is to use cout 100 times. But don’t worry, there’s an easy way. You can use
iterative statements to write the same statements 100 times.
while loop

int i=1;
while(i <=100){
cout << "Write it hundred times \n";
i++;
}

The above code will print the statement 100 times (i.e. until the value of i is less than
101).
do-while loop

int i=1;
do{
cout << "Write it hundred times \n";
i++;
}
while(i<=100);

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 C++ Cheat Sheet

The do-while loop is very similar to the while loop. The difference is that in the while
loop the condition is checked first; and in the do-while loop, the condition is checked
a er certain tasks have been performed.
for loop
A for loop repeats a code block for a set number of times. It is divided into three
sections:
1. Initializing a counter.
2. Condition
3. The counter increment/decrement

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

cout << i << "\n";
}

The numbers 0 to 9 are printed on the screen in this example. 

14.   Object-Oriented Programming
Class

class City {
// Attribute
string name;
int population;
public:
// Method
void increase_population() {
population++;
}
};

In C++, a class is the fundamental building block of Object-Oriented programming. A

class typically consists of:
1. Attributes, o en called member data, are data about a specific instance of a
class.
2. Member functions, o en known as methods, are functions that are present in
the class.

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Objects

City Mumbai;

An object is an instance of a class that encapsulates its data and member functions.
The above code creates an instance of the class City named Mumbai.

15.   File handling

int main() {
// Create and open a text file
ofstream MyFile("filename.txt");
// Write to the file
MyFile << "File Handling in C++";
// Close the file
MyFile.close();
}.

File handling refers to reading and writing data in files. C++ provides us with functions
that allow us to do so. The above code creates a file and writes text in it.

getline();

The above function allows us to read the file line by line.

void open(const char* file_name,ios::openmode mode);

The above function opens a file.

Conclusion

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 C++ Cheat Sheet

There has been a lot of change in the world of C++ programming since its inception,
and it is becoming ever more important to be aware of the new syntax that is being
introduced. This article provides a summary of the most popular syntaxes in C++ and
has been designed to lay out all the basics for those who are early on in their
programming journey. For those who are more experienced, this article will provide
an overview of what is happening in the world of C++. We wish you a happy coding
journey!  
Useful Resources
Practice C++ Programs Online
C++ MCQ with Answers
C vs C++ 

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